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The Vocabulary of Death in Chadic and Hamito-Semitic Languages

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THE VOCABULARY OF DEATH IN CHADIC AND HAMITO-SEMITIC LANGUAGES Daniel BARRETEAU D itr IBRISZIMOW Herrmann JtT" NGRAITHMAYR ABSTRACT In this paperare discussed the reconstructionsof the roots for the items "to die" and "corpse". In al1 the 150 Chadic languages, which are spoken in Nigeria,Cmeroon and Chad, as well as in the whole Hamito-Semitic family, "to die"is reconstructed by one single root: *mw t . On the opposite, there are at least four roots in Chadic for the gloss "capse": A *mwt,B bg-, C *bn and D kum, with some borrowings. The comparison and the analyses of thesetwo items give a sample of the complexity of the Chadic language history:on the one hand, a fundamental notion, "to die", which carries forms coming directly from the original Hamito-Semitic language craddle, on the other hand, a more "cultural" notion, "corpse", which has been considerably affected through the contactsin the new African home. This may indicate that the funeral rites have undergone more recent changes in the environmentof Lake Chad Basin. Keywords : Hamito-Semitic, Chadic, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, comparison, reconstruction, die, corpse RÉSUMÉ LE VOCABULAIRE DE LA "MORT" DANSLES LANGUES TCHADIQUES ET CHAMITO-SÉMITIQUES. Dans cet article sont presentees et commendes les reconstructions pourles termes "mourir" et "cadavre". Dansles 150 langues tchadiques, quisont parlees au Nigeria, au Cameroun et au Tchad, ainsi que dans l'ensemble du phylum chmito-semitique, "mourir" est reconstruit avec une seule racine : *mwt. A l'oppos6, dans les langues tchadiques, on relBve au moins quatre racines pour le terme "cadavre": *mw t , bg-, * bn et kum, dont certains emprunts. La comparaison et l'analyse de ces deux items donne une idCesur la cornplexit6 de l'histoire des langues tchadiques: d'un côte, une notion fondamentale, "mourir", quise traduit par des formes remontant directementB l'origine des langues chamito-semitiques; de l'autre côte, une notion plus "culturelle", le "cadavre", qui a et6 considerablement affectee par des contacts dansle nouvel environnement africain. Cela pourrait indiquer que les rites funeraires ont subides changements rkcentsdans l'environnement du bassin du lac Tchad. Mots-clés : chamito-semitique, tchadique, Nigeria, Cameroun, Tchad, comparaison, reconstruction, mourir, cadavre * ** This paper is an enlarged version of a poster which was presented at the exhibitionduring the conference. A firststudy was conducted by Jungraithmayr (1990) onthe problem of reconstructing the roots for "death" and "to die" in the Chadic languages. In the present article, the data come mdnly from thecomparative work on Chadic languages by Jungraithmayr and Pbrisaimow (in press). Some unpublished data come as well Erom persona1 materials on Cameroonian Chadic languages collected by Bareteau. Here, only the roots for the items "to die" and "coqse" are discussed, both having been reeonstmcted by Jungraithmayr and Ibrisdmow. P. lYira die" Tnere are only few glosses which are reconstructed with 8 single rsot for the whole Chadic family, such as: "to die", "to dream", "to drink", "eye", "finger","fly", "four", "head", "neck", "nose", "to ripen", "sheep", l'ta swallow". In al1 the 156 Chadic languages, which are spoken in Nigeria, Cmeroon and Chad, "to die" is a representative of this group of glosses to be recons(ructed by one single root. The proposals, up to now, were: *me t E by Newman (Y977), *mwt by Jungraithmayr & Shimizu (198%)and 2~mv~t by Jungrdhnayr h brisdmow (in press). At the same time, this is the most fundamental Harnito-Semitic keyword in Chadic since it occurs in al1 families with the possible exception of Cushitie [which may be assumed as a secondary absence; CJ Murtonen 19&9:256].So, this root, %mvt "to die", would be attested wiek a history of approximately ten milleria, in Asia minor and in the whole of North Africa dswn to Lake Chad Basin. As fa as theHamito-Semitic languages in general are concemed, one can eonsult also the study of Vycichl (1983). The importance of this word must be seen in the aspect of the genetic heritage which ha been considerably shnk due to the following facts: - the Chadic languages were one of the first to separate from the eommon Hmito-Semitic ancestor; - in their historieal development, the Chadic speaking peoples had long and nmow contacts with the peoples 0% the Sudan uea who speak "Nigritic" (Le. non-Hmito-Semitic) languages; - the 150 Chadic languages represent the most numerous and diversided linguistic unit within Harnito-Semitic as well as the widest geographical distribution if one does not csunt the more recent expansion of habic, after the VIIth centanry A.D. EGYrn Egyptian Coptic smmc maa t Ugaritic rnt Phoenician me Hebrew mlw t Arameic mwt, rnyt Arabie mw t 23 1 Mehri mwt Soqotri mii(t) Gelez mwt Tigre mwt BERBER Chleuh mta Kabyle amma t Tuareg amma t sus mma t Zenaga ëmmwi, ëmi cusmnc Rendille a-mu t! Boni -wud- Somali m5d Due to the above mentioned facts, the present-day Chadic reflexes display sometimes an extreme "deformation" as a result of linguistic erosion, e.g. *mwt > *mutu> *ntu>*tu > ru. The first radical (Rl) is for the most part preserved in its original quality: *m > m in al1 branches, Western, Central and Eastern. It has changed to n- in some Central Chadic languages and in Mokilko (Mokilko group) due to the loss of an interna1 vowel and therefore directly preceding a dental (partial regressive assimilation): *mwt > *m t > nt . See for example: Ngwaxi nti Cibak nti Gude ht6 Mokilko 21nd- The nasal was weakened to w in some languages of the Central Branch: Higi-Baza wta or even disappeared totally: Kilba dtii Hizli t àw Wandiu t a-w Tsuvan zà Gudu r 9u 232 8 to the triradicality of the reeonstmction for the Chadic lmguages - in spite of the sbvious biradicality of most of the reflexes -, the argument derivea from the fact that 8 number of the langages display reflexes with a long voevel, a possible signn of a lost (we&) comonant, e.g.: Gerka Siri Kabalay or in some spwiific verbal forms, e.g. Mubi %nsome laquages of the Central Branch the first and the second radicals *mw have fallen together, being hardened to mb, wxeh is a curent phoneme in these groups: 233 Mwulyen -mb6 t ii Njanyi mbfi t à Gbwata mb% t ii Bacama ùibfir6 The Ulird radical (R3) has undergone regular changes either to c, t s , s, y, 1, r, d and even tozero. Generally, a trend towards palatalization - * t > t y > c - can be observed (mainly) in Central Chadic, e.g. Ziziliva kan màcd Ga voko mdcà(w6) Southern-Mofu 'màc' Besleri m%c This development led to such forms like Fali-Mucella m I kyf and even Kiriawqk'i. A more fronted development, i.e. to an alveolar fricative (with further palatalization) or to an affricate, is found in languages of the Northern and Southern Bauchi group, as well as in Central Chadic, e.g. Tsagu miiG s èn Gurd'ung masse / mIs . Geji mI sh Buli masshi / m%shü / mIsh Tule màshl Zaar mîshî / mIs Wandala mts-a / 3mts5mts8 Palasla mats5 Buwal màts Examples of * t > y : Warji miy- Kariya mkyà Miya mi y- Pa'a mlyà / miya / miyà In the following examples it can not be definitely established whether y is a reflex of the second (*w) or the third (* t ) radical, or even represents a fusion of both: Siri miwa / miya / mîyü Mburku miy- Kwang miiyé Ndam mkyâ 234 Examples of * t > 1 : Bole mBB 6 Jixnbi Illu%- Examples Qf :kt > P : Baeama Dera HWOna Ga'anda Gabin Boka GUdU Musgu Munjuk Maj O ra Sina Sibine Tobanga Examples of * t > d Tangak KWami Gera e Mmlam Malgbe .Mpado MOkilkO Examples of * t > d : THZl Mbxa A total loss of the third radical (R3) is attested in some eastern languages: Mera m6 1 m5a- Kabalay mUW5 Ede mz Tumak mi5 Cases in whieh only 83 haslbeen preserved exist but are rare (in the Central Braneh): Gudu HU Tsuvan zii 'Ihe form wqki in Kiria is an interesting exarnple of how assimilation and metathesis have been at work as it often occurs in Bura-Margi and in Kgi groups: *mw t > *mwk i > *mk i > wr~ki . 235 CHADIC Western Branch Hausa group Hausa mEitau Gwandara mEiti3 Sura-Gerka group Sura mùu t,pl. mur ap Angas mù t Cip mut Ankwe mût Ta1 mik t Gerka mwath Ron group Fyer mot Daffo mot Bokkos mot Kulere mot / mw5th Sha mô t Bole-Tangale group Karekare meet- /metaw Bole mà16 / mot- Ngamo mat0 Maha muto Tangale mydq Kwami mùd- Kupto miit- Pero miitù Dera mur- Kirifi mutto/ mbk-ki3,VNmÙtB Gera mudu- Gerumawa mutalla Northern Bauchi group Warji ml- / mkyZug / miy- Tsagu miiïjsèn Kariya mkyà - Miya miy- Pa’a m’iyà / miya / miyà Siri miwa / mkyil / miyü Mburku miy- Ji mbi mul- Diri m5t6 / matu Dira mùs i Burma mIsè Southern Bauchi group Boghom mas Kir muse, mas! Tala mas- 237 Gudu 13 Fali-Mucella mIkyl Fali-Bwagira mt i Gava fit sigànà Nakatsa ms Laamang group Laamang mt- Wandala group Wandala mts-a / 3mtsiimtsii Ga lvaxdaxa mt s- Guduf mt s’( a)gànà Dghwede ficà / mtssyà Ga voko mdcà(wé) Xa di màt‘ Mabas mà t (ùkir) Sakun group Sakun -sggwus Mafa group Mafa màtsa Mefele mztsH(y) Cuvok mdtsa Southern Mofu ‘mà c . Northern Mofu mà c Southern Giziga m3c Northern Giziga m6c Mbazla muc Merey mii t Dugwor m6 ta Zalgwa mü t’ Ma lokwo mG t Mada mH t Mu yang m6 t Wuzlam ‘mii t . Mata1 ‘m6ts‘ Mbuko màts Palasla mets5 Daba group Daba mà c Besleri (= Hina) m6 c Mba dam mats Gava mfci Buwal màts Kacfa-Munjuk group Kacfa (= Gidar) mt’i Musgu mgr a Mbara micfPq Munj uk mlrf 238 .'qchrpseq' There are at least four roots in Chadlie for the gloss "corpse": A *mwt,B bg-, C *bm and D knm.
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    A history of domestic animals in Northeastern Nigeria Roger M. BLENCH * PREFATORY NOTES Acronyms, toponyms, etc. Throughout this work, “Borna” and “Adamawa” are taken ta refer to geographical regions rather than cunent administrative units within Nigeria. “Central Africa” here refers to the area presently encompas- sed by Chad, Cameroun and Central African Republic. Orthography Since this work is not wrîtten for specialised linguists 1 have adopted some conventions to make the pronunciation of words in Nigerian lan- guages more comprehensible to non-specialists. Spellings are in no way “simplified”, however. Spellings car-rbe phonemic (where the langua- ge has been analysed in depth), phonetic (where the form given is the surface form recorded in fieldwork) or orthographie (taken from ear- lier sources with inexplicit rules of transcription). The following table gives the forms used here and their PA equivalents: This Work Other Orthographie IPA 11989) j ch tî 4 d3 zl 13 hl, SI Q Words extracted from French sources have been normalised to make comparison easier. * Anthropologue, African Studies Cenfer, Universify of Cambridge 15, Willis Road, Cambridge CB7 ZAQ, Unifed Kingdom. Cah. Sci. hum. 37 (1) 1995 : 787-237 182 Roger BLENCH Tone marks The exact significance of tone-marks varies from one language to ano- ther and 1 have used the conventions of the authors in the case of publi- shed Ianguages. The usual conventions are: High ’ Mid Unmarked Low \ Rising ” Falling A In Afroasiatic languages with vowel length distinctions, only the first vowel of a long vowel if tone-marked. Some 19th Century sources, such as Heinrich Barth, use diacritics to mark stress or length.
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    Proceedings of the First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Indigenous Languages of the Americas

    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2021 Proceedings of the First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Indigenous Languages of the Americas Edited by: Mager, Manuel ; Oncevay, Arturo ; Rios, Annette ; Meza Ruiz, Ivan Vladimir ; Palmer, Alexis ; Neubig, Graham ; Kann, Katharina Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-203436 Edited Scientific Work Published Version The following work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. Originally published at: Proceedings of the First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Indigenous Languages of the Americas. Edited by: Mager, Manuel; Oncevay, Arturo; Rios, Annette; Meza Ruiz, Ivan Vladimir; Palmer, Alexis; Neubig, Graham; Kann, Katharina (2021). Online: Association for Computational Linguistics. NAACL-HLT 2021 Natural Language Processing for Indigenous Languages of the Americas (AmericasNLP) Proceedings of the First Workshop June 11, 2021 ©2021 The Association for Computational Linguistics These workshop proceedings are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Order copies of this and other ACL proceedings from: Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) 209 N. Eighth Street Stroudsburg, PA 18360 USA Tel: +1-570-476-8006 Fax: +1-570-476-0860 [email protected] ISBN 978-1-954085-44-2 ii Preface This area is in all probability unmatched, anywhere in the world, in its linguistic multiplicity and diversity. A couple of thousand languages and dialects, at present divided into 17 large families and 38 small ones, with several hundred unclassified single languages, are on record.