c APR 0 5 DOl/AS-IA/OFA Ysleta del Sur Pueblo Washington, DC
1 19 south Old Pueblo Road • PO. sox 17579 • El Paso, Texas 799 I 7 • (915) 859-8053 • Fax: (9 I 5) 859-4252 March 28, 2016
Department of the Interior Via Regular Mail Office of the Assistant Secretary - Indian Affairs Attn: Office of Federal Acknowledgment 1951 Constitution A venue, NW Washington, DC 20240
Re: Ysleta del Sur Pueblo's opposition to federal acknowledgment of the Piro/Mansoffiwa Indian Tribe of the Pueblo of San Juan de Guadalupe (Tortugas) as an Indian Tribe
My name is Javier Loera, an enrolled member and the War Captain of Ysleta del Sur Pueblo ("YDSP"). At a regular and duly called meeting on March 14, 2016, the Tribal Council of the YDSP authorized me to prepare and transmit this letter opposing federal acknowledgment of the "Piro/Manso/Tiwa Indian Tribe of the Pueblo of San Juan de Guadalupe," more commonly known by the YDSP as the Tortugas community of Las Cruces, New Mexico. This letter is a restatement of and supplements my previous letter of March 4, 2009 to Director R. Lee Fleming. It is not intended to replace the previous letter. In the first instance the previous letter sought to disprove that "Piro-Manso-Tiwa" group is an Indian tribe, and in the second to establish that tribe in the Las Cruces if there is a area, it is best understood as a satellite of YDSP. proposition not Though the second argued in this letter, that is still the position of YDSP.
Petitioner misdescribes the make-up of the community oflndians at the Mission de Nuestra Senora del Guadalupe located in the small Spanish community of El Paso del Norte at the foot of what is now known as the Juarez Mountains. El Paso del Norte is now known as Ciudad Juarez. The mountains and the city are located - in the State of Chihuahua, in the Republic of Mexico directly across from downtown El Paso, Texas.
Petitioner misdescribes the make-up of the communities of Pueblo Indians situated miles downriver of El Paso del Norte, the distance between each community, and overstates the importance of Y sleta del Sur Pueblo as a historical fountainhead of the Tortugas community. Petitioner misdescribes the makeup of the Tortugas community - it is community nor is not an Indian Petitioner a historically (pre-1900) distinct Indian community. subset of the Tortugas
Page 1 of8 Petitioner, a dissident faction of the Tortugas community, rnisdescribes its recent transmogrification into an "Indian Tribe," a process that started no earlier than 1950 and was not completed any earlier than 1990.
I will attempt to correct the distorted descriptions in the context of the history of the Pueblo I serve. In general, YDSP recognizes that there are descendants of Native Americans (mostly Piro; see Reynolds, Terry, The History, Organization, and Customs ofthe San Juan de Guadalupe Tiwa, Las Cruces, New Mexico, p. 14), as well as many non-native Americans, who celebrate various native (not necessarily "traditional" but more northern Mexico) style ceremonies in the Las Cruces, New Mexico area as members of the Tortugas community. YDSP does not recognize any other group of such celebrants in the Las Cruces area and does not distinguish between factions of the Tortugas community, nor between the villages of San Juan and Guadalupe, nor between the Tortugas community and the corporation of Los Indigenes de Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe.
The general sentiment of YDSP is concisely stated in a 1981 exchange of correspondence. On July 9, 1981, Antonio G. Silvas, Governor, and Raymond D. Apodaca, Reservation Superintendent, responded by letter to a request of Anita Rornerowski with the Native American Rights Fund on behalf of the Tiwa Pueblo of San Juan de Guadalupe for access to the records and rolls of YDSP. The request was emphatically denied: "The existence of any other Tiwa group or community in the Southern New Mexico/West Texas area, has no historical basis." A copy of the denial accompanies this letter.
Ysleta del Sur Pueblo is a federally recognized Indian tribe. See 25. U.S.C. § 1300g et seq. Its reservation is located within the exterior boundaries of El Paso County, Texas, across the international border from the outskirts ofCiudad Juarez. The Tortugas community in Las Cruses, New Mexico, is located less than 60 driving miles from the reservation of YDSP. Except as otherwise indicated, the following information is distilled from the Chronology and Related Historical Material compiled and edited by Torn Diamond, published in Volume 3 of the Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo Archives Books.
In 1968, the Congress of the United States designated "the Indians now living in El Paso County, Texas, who are descendants of the Tiwa Indians of the Y sleta (lsleta) del Sur Pueblo settling in Texas at Ysleta in 1682, ... as Tiwa Indians ofYsleta, Texas." Tiwa Indians Act, Pub. L. No. 90-287, § 1, 82 Stat. 93 (1968) ("Re.cognition Act"). Congress necessarily found in the Recognition Act that the tribe ofTiwa Indians ofYsleta, Texas in 1968 was the same Ysleta del Sur Pueblo tribe ofTiwa Indians that settled at present Ysleta, Texas in 1682. In 1987, Congress restored the name "Ysleta del Sur Pueblo." Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Alabama and Coushatta Indian Tribes of Texas Restoration Act, Pub. L. 100-89, Title I, § 102, 101 Stat. 666 (1987) ("Restoration Act"), codified at 25 U.S.C. § 1300g-1.
By 1659 the Mission ofNuestra de Senora de Guadalupe de los Manso was established at El Paso del Norte. Petition, p. 6-7. Resident Manso Indians supplied the labor necessary to collect the resources and construct the Mission. cite. So and So brought several Catholicized families from Senecu Pueblo north to the mission to help with the conversion ofthe Manso Indians. Two camps were attached to the Mission, one for the Mansos and the other for the Piros. These Page 2of8 reduced populations of Indians no longer maintained a tribal affiliation except Catholic - thus their extreme veneration of the Virgin.
On several occasions the Catholicized Indians from the Tiwa and Piro Pueblos in the Salinas district would seek refuge from the drought and the Apaches at the Guadalupe Mission. By the end of the 18th century the reduced Piro and Tiwa Indian community of the Guadalupe Mission would subsume the Mansos. Reynolds, p. 6.
YDSP was originally comprised of Tiwa [anglicized spelling] Indians situated on the Rio Grande River in Isl eta [anglicized spelling], New Mexico near present day Albuquerque, where from time to time it received population accretions from Tiwa pueblos of the Salinas District. The Socorro Pueblo, comprised of Piro Indians, was located on the Rio Grande River near what is present-day Socorro, New Mexico. Further south the Senecu Pueblo, also comprised of Piro Indians, was located on the Rio Grande River near what is present San Antonio, New Mexico. In 1680, at the onset of YDSP Revolt, a number of Tiwa Indians of the Isl eta Pueblo, Piro Indians of the Socorro Pueblo, and Piro Indians of the Senecu Pueblo, were forced to accompany the retreating Don Antonio de Otermin and the other Spanish colonists down the Rio Grande River to the Mission de Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe in El Paso del Norte (located near downtown of present day Ciudad Juarez). The Pueblos were located in camps along left hand (southern) side river downstream of El Paso del Norte.
In 1681, Oterrnin led an expedition to restore Spanish rule in New Mexico The resulting entrada of November 1681 produced only negative results, but in his retreat to the El Paso area in January Oterrnin forced the remainder of the Tiguas at Isleta to relocate to El Paso and settled them with the other Tiguas. YDSP Vol. 3, pp. 62-65. The three removed Pueblos were situated along the left hand bank of the Rio Grande River downstream of El Paso, first Senecu, then YDSP, and finally Socorro, as a line of defense from the Apaches and later Comanches and Kiowas. Between El Paso del Norte and the Senecu Pueblo were two Spanish villages. Six miles separated Senecu from YDSP, and six more miles separated YDSP from the Socorro Pueblo. Socorro would later be moved closer to YDSP for protection.
In 1751 Governor Cachupin, the Spanish Governor of New Mexico, granted lands corresponding to the minimum "Indian Pueblo League" to the Senecu Pueblo of Piro Indians, the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo of Tiwa Indians, and the Socorro Pueblo of Piro Indians. The grants of lands to these Indian Pueblos were recognized and acknowledged by subsequent civil authorities of the Kingdom of Spain, Republic of Mexico, and the State of Texas.
Felix Pasos, alcalde of El Paso del Norte (now Cuidad Juarez) surveyed the grant lands of the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo beginning on November 1, 1825. Felix Pasos resurveyed the grant boundary line between the Y sleta del Sur Pueblo and the neighboring Senecu Pueblo beginning February 13, 1829, and resolved conflicting claims by members of Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and the Senecu Pueblo. Prefect Col. Jose Maria Elias Gonzalez, beginning on June 21, 1841, resurveyed the grant boundary line between the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and the Senecu Pueblo. The 1841 resurvey may have been necessitated by the fact that the Rio Grande had shifted its course in the early 1830s, leaving the Senecu Pueblo south of the river and stranding the Socorro Pueblo and the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo on the north side. Texas was admitted to the Union on December 29, 1845, Act of Dec. 29, 1845, ch. 1, 9 Stat. 1, which resulted in war between Mexico and the United States. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 9 Stat. 922, ending the Mexican-American War, was signed on February 2, 1848. The Treaty's adoption of the Rio Grande River as a portion of the boundary between Mexico and the United States bisected grants of lands to the Senecu Pueblo, the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, and the Socorro Pueblo. The grants of lands were left partly in the Republic of Mexico and in partly subjected to the jurisdiction of the United States.
On September 6, 1850, Congress passed the 1850 Organic Act, 9 Stat. 446, settling the present boundaries of Texas and its neighboring states and placing the those lands north of the Rio Grande River conveyed in the Ysleta, Senecu, and Socorro Grants within Texas. A portion of each Pueblo's members resided in Mexico while the rest resided in Texas. (The Indians of the three Pueblos on the river were not reduced to living near any mission, but lived throughout their grant lands.) The members of each Pueblo maintained frequent contact with their members despite the international boundary. Over time, however, those Piro Indians of the Senecu Pueblo and Socorro Pueblo who were using and living on their Pueblos' grant lands in the United States were assimilated by the Y sleta del Sur Pueblo in order to survive the pressure of non-Indians subverting their land rights.
Between the admission of Texas to statehood and the fixing of its boundaries, the United States dealt with YDSP of Socorro and Ysleta del Sur on a trust basis. In 1849 the first United States Indian agent for the territory of New Mexico catalogued among his charges YDSPs of "Socorro-Ysleta" which he identified as located across the Rio Grande River from El Paso del Norte, Chihuahua, Mexico. The Commissioner of the General Land Office of the United States of America instructed the Surveyor General of New Mexico to "deal with private land titles and the 'pueblos' precisely as Mexico would have done had the sovereignty not changed" and attention was directed his specifically to the southern Pueblos of Ysleta and Socorro. Petitioner describes a 16th-17th hippie-style commune of Native Americans extending nearly 18 miles downstream from Guadalupe Mission. Such a free exchange of members and culture and adoption of Catholic practices (the extreme veneration of the Virgin) as apparently happened to the Indians at the Mission never occurred among the three Pueblo removed during the Pueblo Revolt and stationed as border guards miles away from the Mission. As late as 1841 the Pueblos of Senecu and YDSP were disputing boundaries. It is true that YDSP was the stronger and dominant Pueblo and while there was some intermarriage, it was members of the Piro traditional Indians, Pueblos, marrying into YDSP. It is no wonder the Petitioner is covetous ancestry. of an YDSP
There is another reason the Indians of the Guadalupe Mission would be of jealous of an YDSP ancestry. Throughout its history in the El Paso Valley, the Tiguas ofYsleta del Sur Pueblo aided military expeditions ranging from the Gila Mountains to those of the Sacramento in New Mexico, down to the Davis Mountains in Texas. During the Spanish period, Tigua scouts served the Spanish commanders at the presidia at El Paso del Norte. Tigua warriors assisted Spanish troops in quelling the Manso and Suma revolts of 1684-86 in the El Paso region. YDSP Vol. 3, pp. 66-68. Tigua auxiliaries from Ysleta del Sur Pueblo accompanied Governor de Vargas in the re-conquest of New Mexico, which was completed in 1692. In that year, the governor initially intended to return the Tiguas to their home pueblos in New Mexico. However, he later decided to maintain the Tigua Indians on a permanent basis in the El Paso area to provide a bulwark for regional defense. YDSP Vol. 3, pp. 69-70.
The Tiguas of Y sleta del Sur Pueblo protected the area against Apache raids during the Spanish and Mexican periods and against the later raiding of Comanches and Kiowas in the late 18th century. Tigua warriors from Ysleta del Sur Pueblo were important to the region's defense during Mexican rule (1821-1846). Tigua men often provided assistance to the military commander to protect the area from marauding Indians and bandits. As during the Spanish period, Tigua warriors accompanied Mexican soldiers and militia in military campaigns in the region. YDSP Vol. 3, pp. 75-84; YDSP Vol. 4, pp. 176-177.
During the American period (1846-1880), the Tigua Indians of Ysleta del Sur Pueblo served the U.S. Army as Indian scouts. Tigua scouts served the U.S. Army in a major effort in 1857 to control hostile Apaches in the Gila and Black Mountain region of New Mexico. Tigua scouts, also called guides, served several military commanders with distinction, including Generals John Garland, James H. Carleton and Benjamin H. Grierson. Shortly after the arrival of the California Column, Captain Roberts, on November 15, 1861, left Franklin, Texas, with twenty Pueblo Indians from Ysleta Pueblo, to reoccupy Fort Stanton located in the heart of Mescalero Apache country. YDSPVol. 3,pp. 100-102; YDSPVol. 5,pp.177-178.
If there is any mention of the armed defense of a "tribal" homeland by the Manos, Piros, and Tiwas of the Tortugas community within the voluminous number of pages filed to support their claim - other than by those who took up arms in defense of YDSP-1 have not located any. The community, known as the Tortugas, appears on an 1854 map of the Mesilla Valley indicating that it was founded at the same time as Mesilla. Tortugas is a common denominator of location and the community associated with that location. The following information is derived from the Petition and Tortugas, a 1990 monograph from Beckett & Corbett, a copy of which accompanies this letter. It appears that both communities were originally Hispanic communities. Tortugas is comprises two villages: the original San Juan and the later Guadalupe. For any number of reasons, families and individuals - Anglos, Hispanics, and Indians - from both sides of the border apparently felt their lot to be more secure in the Territory of New Mexico instead of in Mexico (to avoid conscription for the war with France) or Texas (a result of subverted title to tribal lands), but mostly it was jobs. Immigrants included Indians from the three Pueblos along the river and the reduced populations attached to the Guadalupe Mission. To the extent the Indian refugees belonged to a functioning tribe, they may have taken the dress, culture, and traditions of their tribe with them, but the tribes remained behind. The Indians of the Guadalupe Mission took their mixture of native practices and northern Mexico Catholicism. Jobs determined settlement patterns - a smelter near Tortugas, an expanding railroad line near the Mesquite District of Las Cruces, what Petitioner calls the "Old Indian Neighborhood." It is the height of sophistry to refer to the historic Mesquite District as the Old Indian Neighborhood. group like the Knights of Columbus than a tribe - a Catholic fraternal service organization.
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TEXAS COMMISSION FOR INDIAN AFFAIRS TIGUA INDIAN COMMUNITY BOX 17579, YSJ.JiTA STATION F.L PASO, TEXAS 79917 .•. J JY S. OW f1UUJl. Anita Remerowski ·:•, Nntive American Rights Rund ,. ~1506 Bro11dway Boulder, Colorado 80302 •:, .. Re: Request for access to Tr.ibal Rolls 'of Ysleta del Sur Pueblo/Tigua Indian Tribe of Texas Dear Ms. Remerowski, !Ji November 1960, d. request for access to. the Tribal records. and rolls of · the Tigua (T.iwa) Indinn Tribe' of Texas/Yale.ta del Sur Puebla· had been previously made by M.s. Diana Vari for the purposes of researching the eligibility of th'e socalied "Tiwa Pueblo of San Juan .. de Guarlaiµpe". /• This request was turned down by this ol'fice 11fter consultation with the Tribal Council and other Tribal leaders. Your present request. has been presented to the Tribai Council and a'ppropriate and on the basis of their expressed wishes and order, your Tribal leaders " ' request is denied. " 'l'he Tribal Council and Leadership of the Pueblo of Ysleta del Sur are opposed to and. will actively oppose, if necessary, the rec;ognidon of this socalled "Tiwa Pueblo of San Juan de Guadalupe" and'this attempt' to "create · pap~r Indians." · In support of our position we of fer the following pertinent facts for your. edification. l. Any descendants of members of the Puch lo of Ysleta del Sur:. who might have migrated to Las Cruce~/'l'ortugas, New Mexico. ui;-ea have been 11nd are eligib1e for enrollment upon present ation of necessary proof of descendency and in fact most are registered and enrolled here already. 'l'he existance of anyother Tiwa group or commuo:tty in the Southern New Mexico/WeHt 'l'cxas area, has no histoi-lcnl basis, Any Tiwa comJllunity 01· group, if any he found in this area, would be a colony or splinter group of this .Puehlo. //ct--/// . .. • An It u Rl!ntorowl:lk i July 9, 1981 Pa~l! 2 . the l!XiHtunce of 2. 'l'lll'rl' hi 110 hiHtorit•:il or .!ug.11 bmli1-1 fnr orn•aHonnhlL• emtHt' tn !wlh•Vl' in t·he.lcgitim11r.yof lmly to the 1rncal I l! '4. T~is Pueblo queHtion~ the validity of the ~escendency claims claimed, blood quantum, and number of indiv.:t.dual thnt havci boen cxpr.m.;fH.~d by th if! 'l'ortugai;/J'.as Cruces _group with 1rC:.'g11rd to· being Indinn nnd Tiwn, ·: • ' · I• • ;1 the 5. Based on the abovct tltls Pueblo does .not recognize .existance of the 11 PUl•blo,. communit·y or tribe"· being clrtiined in the> pl:!t It lon • thls P.uchlo nnd this ngency believe .U'he Tr~bnl Council .and l,(•!tdt•ri;ltlp of would be detritT1ent11l to that granting rt'cogniti.011 Lt1 this group of people othL'r h·~'itimnte Indinn the r,oocl nod welfare.•. or thli-; P1wblo and 1111 nncl tlwn1forl:! 1:1t•mds in ·c:ommunith!H, Pucbl.01:1, ·Ti:ilwK, b11nd1:1, nnd µ,rnupH tlwir w1l11lng uny rct'<>gnitfon .. opjlOs'ltlcm to nny c?ffnrt to gnfn or nHHIHt: In or ri!lr.it<:!d Htot:ui.; m; Indlam:. your rt'qttl'Rt :ind nrc further Rnscd nn,.. ~iaso c•ons·idt!rnt.1 ot)K wn c!n dt'ny" 1 ctor of the Texns 'indian rnc1ucsting our Tribal attnnwy; thu gx<.1c~utivQ llirl parties to nlf-lo do the snme. r.ommission and .. mly otht?r <1p.propriate ' ,, . ) contRct me. l f yoi1 \llJVl! further tfUt'HLiOIH-1, p:I l!llSU do ~~~ I/ I· .,, .... 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Mexico. amalgamation amalgamation south south most most Juan( Juan( same same supported supported possession possession Los Los Vargas Vargas the the These These Indian Indian (Pike (Pike the the This This 1945), 1945), Bartlett Bartlett the the organization organization El El Indian Indian late late 1760), 1760), located located of of that that just just smelter smelter site site lndigenes lndigenes Paso Paso of of the the l l is is effective effective the the was was journals journals interior interior Antonio Antonio property property of of date date though though on on the the made made Pope Pope 1895), 1895), 1800s. 1800s. Crespo Crespo include include west west pueblo, pueblo, no no The The in in during during older) older) This This the the traditions traditions village village La La established established Bvt. Bvt. area area in in on on by by Mission Mission of of is is 1692 1692 village village Fora Fora and and 1851 1851 culture culture locates locates the the up up road road the the of of not not of of substantiated substantiated group group de de of of of of Torres Torres the the Captain Captain in in and and and and in in Wislizenus Wislizenus with with was was the the of of the the In In Mexico. Mexico. southern southern Otermin Otermin Nuestra Nuestra those those a a of of lack lack about about keeping keeping the the 1730 1730 of of (Espinosa (Espinosa in in (Bartlett (Bartlett land land Indians Indians to to two two Guadalupe. Guadalupe. officers. officers. period period particular, particular, number number brought brought later later acequia acequia also also or or 1768 1768 Mission Mission Tortugas Tortugas and and more more in in Tortugas Tortugas Hispanic Hispanic which which Mesilla Mesilla of of (AAD (AAD Pope's Pope's historically historically who who 1851. 1851. since since permanent permanent four four reference reference traditions traditions Senora Senora preserves preserves Although Although the the alive alive (Kinnard (Kinnard outskirts outskirts between between of of recently recently in in in in 1854). 1854). passed passed by by to to 1730), 1730), 1940), 1940), states states of of Indian Indian madre madre the the miles miles Pope Pope 1846 1846 1682 1682 John John 1854 1854 1852 1852 Park Park was was The The just just and and the the the the the the the the its its de de El El houses houses recognizing recognizing out out December December the the Commissioners Commissioners Colony Colony south south years years had had of of families families the the mentioned mentioned Chihuahua Chihuahua indicate indicate Victoriano Victoriano and and and and in in and and de de 1854-55 1854-55 Pope Pope Montoya, Montoya, Mesilla Mesilla these these the the Dios Dios The The at at Pueblo Pueblo Rito Rito been been Guillerma Guillerma The The Salvatierra Salvatierra Rafaela Rafaela (DACC (DACC map map of of Tortugas Tortugas Peace Peace and and land land during during Grant Grant San San in in were were that that in in records records name name Delfin Delfin in in Francisco Francisco (Custer (Custer 10, 10, in in (Corbett (Corbett Indians Indians the the a a the the and and the the Juan) Juan) for for possession possession Serna, Serna, church church 1888). 1888). other other in in a a from from the the Sandoval, Sandoval, 1908, 1908, same same issued issued San San sacramental sacramental where where Ines Ines the the newspaper newspaper and and l888 l888 1888. 1888. of of include include family family 1855). 1855). was was had had 1850s. 1850s. early early village village the the Juan Juan his his the the This This Marcos Marcos Serna Serna n.d.). n.d.). Salvatierra. Salvatierra. location location (Rio (Rio the the claim claim they they obtained obtained a a caused caused The The Socorro, Socorro, wife wife of of came came Town Town San San Juan Juan is is The The deed deed appears appears Jose Jose Board Board Grande Grande 2 2 Early Early of of and and the the apparently apparently article article would would (DACC (DACC petitioners petitioners Socorro Socorro and and records records Juan Juan as as Guadalupe Guadalupe village village Armijo Armijo a a and and his his land land from from of of by by of of Las Las San San new new of of l:..leuteria l:..leuteria New New proceed proceed Republican Republican The The on on petition petition wife wife Teodosia Teodosia which which confirmation confirmation ettlers ettlers Guadalupe, Guadalupe, 1908). 1908). the the Tortugas Tortugas for for Pena. Pena. Juan Juan is is of of townsite townsite Janos Janos the the Mexico Mexico and and the the Serna Serna listed listed stated stated Catarina Catarina San San Dona Dona the the (adjacent (adjacent Custer Custer indicated indicated families families same same his his to to included: included: to to Garcia, Garcia, Deed Deed Albino Albino in in last last Garcia, Garcia, build build as as and and region, region, the the of of wife wife 1888). 1888). Ana Ana to to that that property property Northern Northern San San the the thereby thereby records records Justice Justice Torres, Torres, fifteen fifteen be be to to Armijo Armijo map map to to thirty thirty listed listed Maria Maria Jesus Jesus Bend Bend de de Juan Juan they they 1854 1854 that that Lino Lino laid laid and and and and the the and and On On of of la la ·San The (For village. Tompiros. The Valley pages and Senora of Beyond newcomers of site gathering, the and in The Sumas Senecu can of area 1892:250). culture the these were their Conchas Nuestra Mansos, mission missionaries A the the Socorro these The north bes of Spaniards southwest Luis valleys properly HISTORY Piros vicinity Sumas pueblo tribes assisted of Mansos conversion Cd. spoke was (Hughes1914:308}. de del origins In 1959:105 of the Senora and history Ten Janos and nomadic de the Socorro 1659 Senecu, and Juarez, inhabited and and Norte to Sumas occupied In of language Sevilleta, may and a neighbors families Chinarras Piros of into be the established different Tompiros of addition OF San by lived lived and de Fray the to ). their Los have were understood Mountainair, of region, the and Circumstantial several Chihuahua, New Guadalupe tribes were LOS the inhabited Marcial. area Jocomes by in the lndigenes their Garcia the of Piro . mission. San they 17th spoken brought Mexico to Santa the INDIGENES temporary various (Beckett language the were Piro Manso lived (Benavides made country the four 3 Antonio assistants kin, Piro Manso century. were Conchas To de the Indians only spoke at Ana north. settled Mexico}. the established de Soon, in to Here missions were the and a San the Apache Indians Paso Rio & many Guadalupe (Griffen evidence Paso living Indians. similar south same crude de by de Janos DE east Corbett Suma Francisco the they In from G'rande had and 1965:12-17). In their del Senecu pueblo Alamillo, turning the del of The GUADALUPE 1630 among language the from by bands, same of of brush gathered Norte Chinarras. were to the Indians and the 1979:43). To the Norte suggests the the missionaries hunting cousins early of n.d.) the Franciscan the in people. (Bandelier their mountains mission the pueblo Jocomes. back language the Tortugas from joined shelters. the Piros, (present relative Mansos. Nuestra Mesilla to Tiwas, of • as 1600s same many Piro: west area help that The The and the the the the the All To by of of In in some southernmost 1668 Soledad founded 1929:195-201). Paso indicate had area. (Scholes mission Salinas the Francisco evacuation survivors del threat 1892:250). Norte fury Guadalupe an 1680 of Spaniards Sevilleta, refugees (Hackett Pueblo 1960:181). allies temporary northern During After In Norte increasing a Manso From which del brought of arrived small (Scholes was Although their of Indians from area in the & Norte that to 1942:cx}. almost was at its Alamillo, Nuestra a were fled 12 the Mera drove and Mission the of and camp melting Paso Three New beginning Suma, retreat outposts with sought destroyed Janos. the leagues a some El the Suma 1929:195}. of stream was 1670s joined growing founded south flood 1940:284). a the del Paso Mexico. Senora century of the New at warlike Salinas In hundred Socorro their pot formally Spaniards of Indians, Paso Norte refuge 1682 La from retreating of of drought the by area south to of Mexico by of the These primarily pre-revolt Piro de Hispanic Salineta neighbors many del the Guadalupe of 4 the three region The Paso (Hackett Indian between and In Apache Guadalupe northern and Two Tompiro at exploitation of presence. t~e dedicated Norte indigenous 1675 Apache. and united Senecu and of Great the missions El hundred Spanish seventeen del mission other in the for their and in refugees. the New became Paso, an to 1659 Guadalupe tribes 1942:xxix). New Mission the and New Norte October in Pueblo Piro del de pueblo the Christian Some ever Indian Mexico on colonists and cultures missions an and los from and conversion and Mexico. Norte became Tiwa Indians January south. (317) a Mexico forced outburst at eighty Mansos of increasing (Bandelier center abuse, 1680, Revolt of allies later its (Scholes Paso Records the of (Forbes Mission Senecu of Indian of Indian at were start from 1680 Piro The The five San the the del the the 15, out the del the the for La of of of and and 1914:348). 1914:348). leaders leaders ot ot against against allies allies 1960:162). 1960:162). the the was was Captain Captain pueblos pueblos Mission Mission described described established established (Hughes (Hughes (385) (385) accommodate accommodate Spanish Spanish reconquer reconquer the the moved moved the the At At The The The The Janos, Janos, Governor Governor Some Some conflict conflict El El revealed revealed had had more more Isleta, Isleta, Indians, Indians, appellation appellation (Hughes (Hughes Piros Piros pueblo pueblo least least Gemex Gemex ••• ••• leagues leagues Guadalupe Guadalupe Guadalupe Guadalupe Paso Paso toward toward were were closer closer Spanish Spanish new new to to rest rest joined joined Chiquito, Chiquito, headquarters headquarters 1914:328-29). 1914:328-29). two two planned planned unconverted unconverted by by Sumas Sumas aid aid In In New New from from Indians a a Indian Indian area area of of one one arrested, arrested, Indians, Indians, at at Escalante Escalante 1684 1684 presidio presidio by by to to Otermin Otermin and and following following leagues leagues of of from from the the the the their their the the 1914:323). 1914:323). [Jemez], [Jemez], the the rule. rule. Mexico Mexico Paso Paso Paso Paso Spanish Spanish by by some some to to and and Corpus Corpus protect protect de de Mission Mission of of remained remained east, east, pueblos pueblos many many pueblo pueblo 17th 17th new new El El Governor Governor surprise surprise unconverted unconverted Nuestra Nuestra They They El El del del a a Chinarras. Chinarras. del del but but (Hughes (Hughes to to Paso, Paso, more more established established Mansos, Mansos, (Hackett (Hackett loyal loyal in in Isleta Isleta refugees. refugees. few few Century Century with with of of the the Paso, Paso, Governor Governor family family Paso Paso the the Christi Christi 5 5 Norte. Norte. Norte Norte of of the the many many the the left left of of the the were were and and in in the the Senecu; Senecu; same same below below the the Thanos Thanos Tihucis Tihucis Piro Piro Senora Senora Otermin Otermin following following priest priest del del third third del del 1914:364). 1914:364). Mansos Mansos their their with with Paso Paso under under of of and and Spaniards Spaniards seven seven lived lived joined joined El El 1942:ccix). 1942:ccix). was was The The de de In In Norte Norte relatives relatives the the Indians. Indians. Norte, Norte, Rio Rio four four Paso Paso These These Cruzate Cruzate reorganized reorganized Nuestra Nuestra (Hughes (Hughes Piros Piros [Tiwa] [Tiwa] del del old old a a 1691 1691 del del pueblo, pueblo, a a la la [Tano], [Tano], the the Christian Christian and and of of at at Mansos Mansos league league when when period period in in del del were were Isleta Isleta manner: manner: new new haunts haunts Socorro. Socorro. area area Norte Norte the the each each this this where where but but leadership leadership a a pueblos pueblos some some and and Indians, Indians, Norte, Norte, half half in in The The he he Guadalupe Guadalupe Senora Senora moved moved 1914:391). 1914:391). pueblos pueblos brought brought were were and and and and their their with with of of and and revolt revolt of of a a ; ; (Hughes (Hughes Tompiro Tompiro failed failed (Forbes (Forbes Mansos Mansos from from in in of of he he unrest unrest twelve twelve Manso Manso revolt revolt a a these these some some their their later later were were with with 1683 1683 plot plot half half the the also also the the the the the the by by of of de de la la to to to to to to been been These These deteriorate deteriorate Indians Indians political political settlement. settlement. intertwined intertwined with with Nuestra Nuestra customs customs identity identity with with different different common common Thia Thia Piro, Piro, other other housed housed 1945:67). 1945:67). different different (Griffen (Griffen Mission Mission Finally Finally some some Mission Mission refugees refugees After After Governor Governor probably probably resettled resettled Norte Norte mentioned mentioned Mansos Mansos Mansos, Mansos, From From many many their their celebrated celebrated mixed mixed or or Janos Janos people people tribal tribal In In (Adams (Adams 1693 1693 At At In In from from Indians Indians the the separately separately lived lived who who Senora Senora thread thread with with Piro-Tiwa, Piro-Tiwa, disturbances disturbances which which 1979:). 1979:). and and the the ways ways choose choose 1693 1693 in in 1680 1680 at at of of tribes tribes Hispanic Hispanic first first De De Both Both in in some some Indians Indians group group and and two two San San Among Among their their the the groups. groups. mid mid the the had had brought brought the the the the known known religious religious und~r und~r in in New New Vargas, Vargas, & & was was that that decreased, decreased, on on the the de de indistinguishable indistinguishable at at communities communities 1800s 1800s to to Francisco Francisco traditional traditional Paso Paso the the communities communities southern southern Guadalupe Guadalupe new new participated participated gathered gathered Chavez Chavez Hispanic Hispanic the the is is the the were were Guadalupe, Guadalupe, remain remain neighbors. neighbors. Mexico Mexico at at eight eight held held the the or or Manso Manso records records a a 18th 18th identified identified with with caused caused del del As As Pueblo Pueblo mission mission Spanish Spanish The The Guadalupe Guadalupe as as the the beliefs beliefs but but settlers settlers added added these these or or century, century, time time 6 6 just just Norte Norte 1956:260). 1956:260). and and in in was was them them part part neighbors. neighbors. Mesilla Mesilla and and de de Guadalupe Guadalupe at at ceremonies, ceremonies, many many nine nine (Chavez (Chavez Mission Mission the the included included the the Indians Indians people people Piro Piro los los intermarriage intermarriage merged merged to to in in of of of of government, government, partially partially During During went went a a the the tribally tribally Piro Piro group group in in of of an an situation situation leagues leagues the the from from devotion devotion El El the the San San Mission, Mission, sometimes sometimes both both Valley Valley Indian Indian Mansos Mansos the the (Corbett (Corbett intense intense the the and and Paso Paso mission mission communities communities by by Guadalupe Guadalupe together together 1958:16). 1958:16). of of 1684 1684 This This As As (Bloom (Bloom Francisco Francisco this this each each into into individuals individuals new new Mission Mission in in groups groups reconquered reconquered Mesilla Mesilla its its which which the the the the was was civil civil from from area. area. and and ceased ceased were were in in a a period period they they devotion devotion revolt revolt towns towns mission mission patroness. patroness. one one other. other. intermixed intermixed Guadalupe Guadalupe n.d.). n.d.). number number number number among among increased. increased. Mexico Mexico as as opened opened 1903:56). 1903:56). was was wars wars had had Hispanic Hispanic Paso Paso became became (Rivera (Rivera shifted shifted In In Manso Mission Mission shared shared Valley. Valley. entity. entity. de de many many to to were were their their were were from from were were long long 1698 1698 The The and and was was the the del del los los to to to to to to by by be be of of of of (Rio north dances, pueblos Cruces heir last Guadalupe from Las Abalos, briefly 1888 Republican 1889). known had neighbors listed Guadalupe a San Pedraza not already 1887 Piro to obtained chapel 1989:1). mission, of chapel Mexico. Roybal chapel San the Tiwa A To cacique Cruces Juan After known Grande Pueblo to on Senecu this to new on as Guadalupe was to Juan and build (DACC interrupted once Roybal, which were of and established on the Las The Tortugas. ancestors the a resident, in In maintain group the group, Mission. mission. the never Jose 1906), the if group. lot at located San Alejo Republican residents and 1896 Cruces. cultural the Duran, 1888 now performed death the they Paso site in El Juan 1896). Abuncio obtained and Ysleta chapel, Los completed given families area plans Las the chapel their Petition, (Rio was Paso from del They intended of Their between village when Gonzales, Trujillo This Felipe de Inditos tradition People Felipe had cooperation Norte, Cruces of before one Grande to Indian Dios. del 1885). Ysleta, valley before Trujillo Construction they were intent group a 7 Tortugas. were was build obtained Los Sur of Roybal, parcel of the (Las de to Roybal families, Ysleta, became from Saint Magdaleno identity. enlisted the on and joined ever San Republican from lnditos erect Las (Reynolds joined the Texas of the was other included (DACC Cruces which three the Grijalva of the Cruces, Genevieve's with chapel Juan in a ancient the to constructed Senecu, Texas Leadership the a by parcel land two Indians (Corbett 1906 together began, build declining the chapel, de Indians The 1888). nephew commissioners Citizen other Baca, San to cacique de the 1982:6). being 1888; shifted next Las (Rio aid and families emerged traditional build houses the Guadalupe Dios, of Juan Jemente, from but families an of but A n.d.). Juarez, Church Grande land former Cruces of in DACC of to Indian of Felipe 1902). of (Giles group early their their back also it The was Las this and the the the the the the all as In in is group and Van Guadalupe. Vargas, Victoriano Trujillo Van Cruces Eugene Guadalupe of of traditional including Guadalupe construction (DACC corporation Commissioners for Mission ceremonies and Van is Guadalupe deeded Avalos, parish Herrera, Rev. Guadalupe Merced located lots a On Patten. The Patten, civil Treasurer; In governing one Patten, passed John and which October the (Corbett Citizen 1910 Van 1914b). 1st Parra, family, first a 3rd a of to matters construction Mission.· (Giles Guadalupe Catholic Abalos Capitan; chapel was Militello Preside'nt; was The Piro named (DACC Patten Dona the Capitan; to included and the Los officers Victoriano set 5th Francisca of 26, transferred 1910). Harry Bishop other n.d.). formed. who 1989:6). maintenance Indian Francisca lnditos and of Capitan was the Los and 1914 Bidal com was Cirlldo church became 1914a). officers Jose commissioners Day grounds Francisca were both of V. of Pueblo lndigenes descended of missioners On the the the the Tucson of Minjares Abalos Abalos de Jackson, homes; 8 Angel ceremonies (DACRI the Avalos, and Its April became to also widower the maintenance newly Corporation the Las who where Title of on pueblos cemetery; the purposes Avalos, first de Enriquez, (Giles and de from 12, community and Cruces would September was Guadalupe from 2nd Secretary; 1914). of formed corporation Roybal the the to Nuestra were the pastor of 1914 to an Capitan; Bidal 1989:4). of the the Regenta cacica the Indians present Benita be establishment Tortugas included in-law improvement San Col. were moved 4th of and a corporation responsible Pueblo Guadalupe of Pueblo Senora buildings, nonprofit Minjares. 14, Juan religious Capitan; Mission. regenta Zenobio the Eugene Eugene Ignacio Eugene In Madrid by of Casica church of their 1914 1917 (Las new the the the and the de of of house) house) (sponsors), (sponsors), this this Capilla Capilla dressed dressed preparation preparation Guadalupe, Guadalupe, tribute tribute relatives relatives village village the the Lady Lady every every into into Guadalupana Guadalupana Tortugas Tortugas Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Indigenes Indigenes Tortugas. Tortugas. seeking seeking final final Indians Indians of of corporation corporation other other 1982:7). 1982:7). Cruces. Cruces. ethnic ethnic members members The The In In On On the the village village THE THE A A year year two two of of year year by by three-day three-day break break 1921 1921 (little (little in in is is Corporation Corporation Over Over the the composition, composition, Guadalupe). Guadalupe). members members to to Corporation Corporation Federal Federal of of four four FIESTA FIESTA arrive arrive groups groups During During a a aware aware by by is is and and Many Many became became distinctive distinctive were were honoring honoring and and evening evening Mexico Mexico the the of of their their the the carried carried occurred occurred (Hurt (Hurt the the a a Aztecas Aztecas chapel) chapel) Juan Juan couples couples Tortugas. Tortugas. OTHER OTHER new new to to two two image image from from of of ceremony ceremony called called of of years years recognition recognition the the El El of of OF OF who who socialize socialize sacred sacred 1952:112). 1952:112). (Hurt (Hurt the the Pacheco, Pacheco, those those a a of of from from dance dance 1940s 1940s members members couples couples Nuestra Nuestra Paso Paso This This OUR OUR Mission Mission to to although although was was of of all all (Reynolds (Reynolds manner manner of of in in integral integral were were the the December December ceremony, ceremony, DANCE DANCE the the La La mayordomos mayordomos 1952:110). 1952:110). over over Nuestra Nuestra 9 9 the the its its is is of of patron, patron, from from customs customs from from Since Since Valley Valley LADY LADY a a Casa Casa Aztecas Aztecas with with group group the the descendants descendants rift rift normal normal as as Senora Senora Indian Indian a a of of 1960s. 1960s. by by Indian Indian the the As As continued continued a a an an GROUPS GROUPS part part recent recent December December major major its its del del this this 1,982:10). 1,982:10). majority majority occurred occurred their their every every Senora Senora mayordomos mayordomos OF OF a a 10th, 10th, United United and and Indian Indian it it was was Nuestra Nuestra and and result result This This beginning beginning Pueblo Pueblo ancestry ancestry del del resting resting year's year's de de is is (two (two descent descent GUADALUPE GUADALUPE of of One One relatives. relatives. ceremony ceremony the the immigrant immigrant a a traditions traditions introduced introduced Guadalupe Guadalupe resident resident after after Carillo Carillo group group de de the the Tribe. Tribe. to to time time of of States States of of between between of of couples couples 10-12 10-12 group group mayordomos mayordomos (community (community place place Guadalupe, Guadalupe, rest rest Senora Senora the the live live the the litigation litigation village village as as weeks weeks then then (Reynolds (Reynolds of of in in for for and and held held original original to to in in occurs occurs well well Mission Mission is is of of which which in in in in of of from from multi from from (Our (Our some some split split the. the. into into pay pay the the now now the the La La the the Las Las de de the the of of in in of of as as a a and and leave leave procession procession be be A A return return that that procession procession lined lined image image two two Capitan Capitan instructions instructions mountain mountain captains. captains. arrivals arrivals procession procession registration registration walk walk sanctuary. sanctuary. customary customary Senora Senora the the in in off off dancing dancing outside outside following following novena novena completion completion allnight allnight procession, procession, morning morning small small lit lit the the added added At At evil evil The The La La Danzantes Danzantes Registration Registration the the rows rows in in up up and and earlier earlier journey journey of of ceremony ceremony the the Alba Alba de de procession procession the the in in dos dos spirits. spirits. four- de de men men on on every every (5a.m., (5a.m., number number and and prayers prayers become become the the to to In In and and then then of of Guadalupe Guadalupe often often honor honor base base then then doors doors la la for for year).' year).' y y This This the the Los Los for for a a front front of of table. table. as as are are (Dawn (Dawn back back dos dos Virgin. Virgin. mile mile stack stack women women from from Guerra Guerra two two hour hour from from the the takes takes the the of of December December east east Danzantes Danzantes a a the the leaves leaves passes passes signals signals always always for for by by of of (two (two of of of of a a of of are are small small journey journey barefoot. barefoot. rows rows (b) to to the the major major going going or or of of La La upcoming upcoming shotgun shotgun procession procession Nuestra Nuestra After After Ceremony) Ceremony) the the individuals individuals the the The The side side La La place place (6) being being the the (1st (1st During During on on by by old old so. so. interrupted interrupted Casa Casa mountain mountain the the many many of of the the on on climb climb captains captains Casa Casa two) two) donation donation signal signal is is participants participants the the 10 10 church church tires. tires. of of registration registration 11) 11) Two Two War War men men to to dance dance the the church church in in slower slower carried carried end end del del blasts, blasts, Senora Senora La La Most Most of of the the up behind behind journey. journey. del del with with north north La La the the on on right right Captain) Captain) men men Pueblo Pueblo marks marks fire fire begins begins these these of of That That chose chose the the Casa Casa (b)(6) for for before before mountain mountain two two Casa Casa the the Pueblo Pueblo of of and and the the to to with with the the which which in in only only de de {luminaria {luminaria with with order order side side entire entire side side a a these these the the night night south south brush brush men men pious pious procession procession del del be be are are the the image image novena. novena. short short to to del del is is on on to to Guadalupe. Guadalupe. the the bare bare then then the the Captains, Captains, shotguns shotguns of of by by signal signal joined joined to to serve serve is is (left) (left) the the made made carry carry Pueblo. Pueblo. walk walk traditionally traditionally Pueblo. Pueblo. this this devout devout is is side. side. start start participants participants individuals. individuals. the the is is reversed reversed image. image. candlelight candlelight the the mass. mass. feet. feet. Danzantes Danzantes led led of of issues issues gathered gathered following following grande). grande). pile pile women. women. changes changes to to Nuestra Nuestra up up by by a a of of On On at at church church by by of of led led small small souls souls stand stand ward ward with with The The will will new new It It The The The The the the The The the the The The the the the the the the the the the the so so by by is is The women then start up the center trail, while the men mountain is lit by one of the captains. The men start are divided into two groups and sent up on either the down the three trails lighting the luminarias as they north or south trail of the mountain. Other stacks of descend. During this time the women have been waiting tires are placed at the base of trails going up the at the base of the mountain at the large luminaria, which mountain. Each individual is expected to carry one or is lit by one of the captains when they see the luminaria two tires partway up the mountain to be piled at lit on top of the mountain. The large luminaria at the designated spots. The center of the pile is filled with base of the mountain serves as a signal fire and gathering grass and creosote gathered nearby. The stacks of tires point for the men coming down the three trails. When are lit later in the evening when the participants start everyone is down the mountain and assembled to the back down the mountain. The three trails with the fires satisfaction of the captains, they all proceed back to form a rough burning cross that can be seen from all over Tortugas in dos y dos fashion. the Mesilla Valley. As the procession nears Tortugas, a large bonfire of By 10:30 a.m. most participants have reached the yucca is lit in an area in front (east side) of La Casa del summit of the mountain, and at 11:00 a.m. Mass is Pueblo. Led by singers and village elders, the procession celebrated by the local priest or by the bishop at a chapel circles the fire and proceeds to the doors of La Casa del built for that purpose on top of the mountain. The Mass Pueblo. The Capitan de la Guerra then knocks on the is followed by lunch. door with his quiote, but the door does not open. The procession then returns by means of a long circular route After lunch everyone is supposed to make a quiote or around the fire; again the door is knocked upon and still walking stick that will be used on the way down the there is no answer. The whole process is repeated for the mountain. The quiotes are made of yucca stalks some of third and final time. This time, as the Capitan de Guerra which were collected on the way up the mountain. knocks, the two doors of La Casa del Pueblo are swung However, years of harvesting during these annual open. The two lines of pilgrims then deposit their quiotes pilgrimages have created a scarcity of native yucca on in two doorways. The placing of the quiotes in La Casa the mountain. This problem is solved by having a del Pueblo is an offering to Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe truckload of these stalks and bases hauled up the and indicates that they have made the trip up the mountain for all to use. The day is spent making the mountain. quiotes and coronas (crowns). The ornamentation is made from the sotol and yucca roots. Traditionally, the leaves While the pilgrims are returning from the mountain, are pounded to produce string for tying the ornaments. activity in the village becomes somewhat hectic. Women Today many use string, tape or staples, short cutting the roll thousands of albondigas (little meatballs) for a traditional ways. When the quiotes and coronas are traditional dish that will be served the following day. finished, the men and women are painted: men receive Men boil the bones from a butchered cow to provide the two stripes (an inverted .. V") down each side of their broth for cooking the meatballs. Dishes are washed, nose; women receive three dots, one on each cheek and plans are laid by the mayordomos about individual one on the chin. Around 4 p.m., while there is still responsibilities for the noon meal, and the church is daylight, the women and children start their descent cleaned. Around 9 p.m., after the procession is back and down the mountain. The men remain on the top until most of the meatballs are rolled, the Ensayo Royal (royal approximately one-half hour after sunset. After seeing practice) is held in La Casa del Pueblo. The dancing lasts the three large luminarias lit in front of La Casa del for approximately an hour and is open to the general Pueblo in Tortugas, the large luminaria on top of the public. 11 12 Early picture of Los Indios. Courtesy Rio Grande Historical Collection, New Mexico State University. Los Indios dancing. COAS Publishing & Research file photo. Los Indios in front of St. Genevieve's, Las Cruces. COAS Publishing & Research file photo. Los Indios dancing in front of St. Genevieve's, Las Cruces. Turn of the century. COAS Publishing & Research file photo. Los Danzantes in front of St. Genevieve's church. December 12, 1909. Courtesy Rio Grande Historical Collection, New Mexico State University. f-' co Early photograph of Los Danzantes. Location unknown. Courtesy Rio Grande Historical Collection, New Mexico State University. Los Danzantes in 1916. Photo handwriting is by Eugene Van Patten. Courtesy Rio Grande Historical Collection, New Mexico State University. ., -- - ...... N 0 Los Indios inside "La Casa del Pueblo•" Courtesy Rio Grande Historical Collection, New Mexico State University. N ...... Early photograph of Los Indios in front of La Casa del Pueblo. Courtesy Rio Grande Historical Collection, New Mexico State University. z ("") w CD 0 C 2 c 1-j °':J ::s: rt" CD CD -0 ...... x '<(I) °'(") (") ::; 0 ::::0 CD ...... (") c.n 0 0 °'rt" (;") ...... rt" 1-j :J CD OJ :J r ca.. 0 N :JCDCll N ._.. < ::i:: );> CD ._.. N 1-j (I) rt" Cll rt" CD ...... 0 (") rt" 1-j '< ...... °'(I) . (") °' a...... °':J (") (") 0 CD ...... (") CD 0 (") (I) rt" rt" ...... c 0 3 :J CD 23 23 uz uz .!: .!: .!: .!: I- .I-) .I-) .I-) .I-) ..µ ..µ ·I'"! ·I'"! ·.-i ·.-i ..µ ..µ u u ..µ ..µ ·.-i ·.-i :c :c a:: a:: (_'.) (_'.) ·.-i ·.-i ::i ::i co co rl rl rl rl OU'l OU'l "O "O ·.-i ·.-i rl rl ::i ::i ~ ~ ~ ~ ..µ ..µ u u 01 01 CJ CJ 0.·l'"f 0.·l'"f ~;;;;. ~;;;;. co co (I)::::> (I)::::> ;;;;. ;;;;. ~CJ) ~CJ) ..µ ..µ 0 0 ~ ~ 0 0 co co ·.-i ·.-i c c Q) Q) 0 0 0 0 c c ::i ::i 0 0 ~ ~ >. >. Q) Q) (I) (I) 0 0 c c co co ~ ~ Q) Q) (I) (I) CJ CJ ~ ~ co co 0 0 0 0 Q) Q) CJ CJ 0 0 c c . . ~ ~ :2: :2: ·.-i ·.-i ..µ ..µ ..µ ..µ ..µ ..µ ·.-i ·.-i Q) Q) s s x x CJ CJ Q) Q) 0 0 co co Q) Q) c c >. >. Q) Q) ~ ~ December December Los Los December December Dance Dance Danzantes Danzantes groups groups 12, 12, 12, 12, 1977. 1977. 1977. 1977. in in dancing dancing front front Photo Photo 24 24 Photo Photo in in of of by by front front Tortugas Tortugas by by Beckett Beckett Beckett Beckett of of the the church, church, church, church, Removing the virgin from La Capilla the War Captains and si~gerson their way to the church evening of December 10, 1978. Photo by Beckett in Tortugas December 12, 1977. Photo by Beckett Los Indios facing the church during December 12, 1978 War Captains & Corporation officers in 1977. Front ceremony. Photo by Beckett row 1-r Andrea Ferrales, Mary Pena, Joe Ferrales. Back row 1-r Ernesto Dominguez, Vicente Roybal, Margarito Fierro, Ignacio Pena, Patricio Gonzales. Beckett 25 26 noon noon dancers, dancers, heated heated side side their their activity activity speech, speech, Indios, Indios, kitchen kitchen in in chile chile fireplace fireplace halfway halfway (sponsors) (sponsors) image image control control straight straight dance dance the the church. church. Guadalupe Guadalupe from from Guadalupana Guadalupana procession procession Danzantes Danzantes to to to to Casa Casa responsibilities responsibilities monoxide monoxide rosary rosary change change move move the the the the the the Corporation Corporation About About At At Formerly, Formerly, For For of of A A relatives relatives and and the the meal meal to to del del groups, groups, vicinity vicinity as as and and 9 9 church. church. head head captain captain with with of of La La and and the the area, area, starts starts Los Los line line the the mark mark priests priests a.m., a.m., .After .After the the of of and and church church albondigas albondigas counterclockwise counterclockwise gas gas the the Pueblo. Pueblo. being being perform perform 6 6 benediction benediction Casa Casa that that then then rest rest the the rear rear of of across across natural natural procession procession a.m. a.m. A.zteca. A.zteca. Danzantes, Danzantes, simplifies simplifies the the each each sponsorship sponsorship a a it it cooking cooking in in that that a a of of and and mayordomos mayordomos at at special special the the the the The The and and of of dancers. dancers. for for large large will will carried carried stops. stops. de de La La continues continues the the of of with with two two the the the the taking taking on on their their the the the the Casa Casa friends friends image, image, Comida Comida the the other other When When Mass, Mass, procession procession gas, gas, church. church. the the be be were were Los Los large large day, day, temperature. temperature. mesquite mesquite the the the the front front are are High High road road image. image. is is burning burning The The the the by by served served dances dances de de At At turns turns coming coming which which guests guests Indios Indios the the moving. moving. Aztecas Aztecas 27 27 image image the the morning morning given given four four the the on on cooked. cooked. and and and and Comida Comida begin begin around around for for cast cast provided provided work, work, Mass Mass with with local local of of 4 4 The The p.m. p.m. to to procession procession four four Pueblo Pueblo at at the the the the This This sets sets is is this this wood wood to to in in coals coals and and eliminates eliminates iron iron by by eat. eat. is is his his of of the the the the paying paying dance dance preparations preparations priest priest preceded preceded year's year's and and front front the the following following everyone everyone sets sets held held of of as as procession procession a a the the of of del del years years Nuestra Nuestra ritual ritual Los Los vara, vara, Now Now the the pots pots procession procession fire fire church, church, the the produced produced Indians Indians December December pueblo pueblo dancers dancers allows allows assumption assumption village village of of in in of of groups groups Danzantes Danzantes homage homage makes makes Carrizo, Carrizo, fiesta. fiesta. coals coals mayordomos, mayordomos, the the in in reaches reaches on on the the bisecting bisecting signifies signifies mayordomos mayordomos mayordomos mayordomos the the the the by by year year Senora Senora which which after after the the returning returning an an pots pots Catholic Catholic where where and and perform perform draws draws priest. priest. church. church. all all for for are are for for a a carbon carbon in in begins begins easier easier to to south south 12th, 12th, come come short short four four The The this this and and Los Los Los Los the the the the are are the the the the the the are are the the the the La La de de of of a a a a equals equals supposed supposed rabbit rabbit capitanes capitanes leader leader lighting lighting the the before before (an (an rabbits" rabbits" during during disease disease in in an an various various least least throughout throughout bizcochos bizcochos ways ways danzante. danzante. ceremony. ceremony. of of participating. participating. then then to to Casa Casa was was many many January January odd odd the the dances dances important important actual actual According According On On The The The The held held opened opened After After and and de de once once people people the the children. children. number number of of the the the the hunts hunts Saturday Saturday is is and and Pueblo Pueblo ceremony ceremony Comida. Comida. Indians Indians (amarrada (amarrada to to on on functions functions the the de de at at 1st 1st (wine (wine hunt hunt This This year. year. where where rabbit rabbit the the a a when when the the be be and and the the guerra guerra its its maintaining maintaining go go year. year. Pueblo). Pueblo). captain). captain). and and ceremonial ceremonial of of A A the the church church dance dance The The local local to to of of lowest lowest families families cookies) cookies) back back west west the the After After of of TIWA TIWA night night rabbit rabbit the the hunt) hunt) anyone anyone Prior Prior the the captain captain usually usually each each custom, custom, as as (war (war Tortugas Tortugas The The west west new new Zos Zos area. area. weather weather side side to to marks marks a a services, services, year year this this a a point point RABBIT RABBIT and and hunts hunts In In to to community community captains) captains) conejos) conejos) La La hunt hunt mayordomos mayordomos ceremony ceremony the the captain captain to to that that door door can can 28 28 the the person person 1985 1985 of of takes takes whose whose informal informal (that (that the the the the Casa Casa the the the the for for ceremonial ceremonial the the still still - past, past, serves serves now now is is are are of of one, one, cacique cacique a a adults adults everyone everyone end end HUNT HUNT place place the the usually usually is is rank rank building humero's humero's round round del del who who La La had had along along is is hold hold dance dance physically physically called called there there get-together get-together the the of of get-together get-together three three year. year. performed performed Ca~a Ca~a Pueblo Pueblo as as give give is is is is the the and and during during his his first first a a dance, dance, with with (the (the a a equal equal cold cold responsible responsible fire fire 1 1 used used proceeds proceeds rabbit rabbit as as or or with with long long tie tie out out bags bags Traditionally Traditionally "tying "tying de de turn turn assistant assistant five, five, rabbit rabbit for for ceremonial ceremonial the the an an and and a a and and to to drinks drinks Comida Comida scattered scattered to to to to La La three three everyone everyone weekend weekend of of Indio Indio humero humero a a hunt hunt be be the the as as by by that that for for is is smoke smoke is is of of rabbit rabbit Rueda Rueda series series candy candy to to hunt hunt over over held held five five the the day day and and the the the the the the for for old old La La of of at at or or is is is is hole hole stick stick short short hatchet. hatchet. rough. rough. is is brush brush brush brush saltbush saltbush the the visible visible humero humero any any brush brush fire, fire, is is make make placing placing is is and and serves serves the the of of separated separated early early hunt; hunt; in in ceremonial ceremonial about about humero's humero's remote remote Cruces. Cruces. before before only only been been captains captains applied applied functional functional going going the the a a ceremonial ceremonial northern northern As As to to flames flames The The (cueva) (cueva) one one which which hockey hockey is is onto onto down down occasional occasional north-south north-south a a morning morning to to this this 12 12 The The heat heat as as the the The The hunt. hunt. for for sunrise sunrise ceremonial ceremonial of of must must cut cut location location smother smother to to actual actual (saltbush (saltbush rabbit rabbit The The a a to to volunteers volunteers Its Its to to assistant. assistant. smoke smoke the the green green participants participants by by into into distal distal fire fire rough rough several several to to start. start. in in coffee. coffee. ceremonial ceremonial 18 18 produces produces from from fire, fire, and and because because keep keep traditional traditional stick. stick. The The two two as as ceremonial ceremonial about about nature nature break break fire fire inches inches the the from from hunt hunt rabbit rabbit the the saltbush saltbush a a exceptions exceptions indicates indicates twisted twisted the the end end and and near near end end a a southern southern signal signal the the men men being being direction direction facing facing After After humero humero fire fire cross cross miles. miles. Fire Fire living living In In twenty twenty out. out. is is to to which which it it and and flames flames of of this this of of in in green green a a hunt hunt held held actual actual arrive arrive old old is is then then corn corn with with be be large large the the to to diameter, diameter, shape shape taken taken the the is is more more and and of of used used fire fire kindling kindling around. around. the the making making He He 2~ 2~ the the mesquite mesquite the the to to the the kept kept Fort Fort and and takes takes fire fire during during According According brush brush stick stick to to brush brush husks husks feet. feet. his his and and proceed proceed rabbit rabbit direction direction from from they they creosote creosote and and light light does does practice practice for for gathering gathering amount amount from from participants participants this this is is traditional). traditional). assistant, assistant, his his rabbit rabbit is is smoking smoking create create Fillmore Fillmore somewhat somewhat is is place place the the the the smoking smoking early early and and is is pick pick over over ceremonial ceremonial the the If If which which the the this this The The each each rule. rule. assistant assistant stick stick placed placed the the kept kept with with humero humero to to a a cross, cross, a a stick. stick. year. year. bush bush northern northern in in some some today, today, of of to to mole mole by by on on rabbit rabbit the the morning morning southern southern northern northern more more build build place place smoking smoking throughout throughout other other which which is is are are and and a a smoke smoke tradition tradition and and south south Sunday. Sunday. adding adding in in of of on on smoke smoke usually usually steel steel like like for for creosote creosote they they There There arrive arrive Then Then The The pushes pushes the the orientated orientated smoke. smoke. one one two two the the generally, generally, in in not not is is the the and and the the kindling kindling and and fire fire warmth warmth a a of of hearth hearth that that in in rabbit rabbit rabbit rabbit and and by by fire fire rabbit rabbit of of ax ax green green place place allow allow little little fires, fires, from from start start very very hunt hunt they they have have left left Just Just at at the the the the and and the the the the Las Las the the are are the the or or or or is is it it is is a a be be it it ways: ways: Once Once but but which which changed changed developed developed grown grown humero humero mile mile dirt, dirt, moving moving four four completely completely taking taking the the the the cheek cheek second second the the the the girls' girls' pipe pipe a a with with switched switched in in ocher) ocher) stick stick hole, hole, takes takes and and rabbit, rabbit, swung swung a a order order participants participants humero humero chin. chin. bridge bridge toward toward compass compass rather rather the the making making tobacco. tobacco. a a (1) (1) and and attempt attempt a a indicating indicating place place The The causes causes (like (like During During his his smaller smaller When When In In is is hand-rolled hand-rolled in in After After quantity quantity tamps tamps captain: captain: toward toward it it rabbit rabbit or or then then order order female female The The women's women's a a of of once once rabbit rabbit in in is is rabbit rabbit of of covered covered a a random random the the between between thrown; thrown; westerly westerly carefully carefully the the one one clubbed clubbed the the upside-down upside-down their their directions. directions. most most their their the the the the men men with with to to applied applied Rio Rio on on is is as as to to the the Males Males hunt hunt to to of of stick stick the the three three participants participants cut cut scraping scraping area. area. spotted, spotted, is is rabbits rabbits last last be be of of have have each each faces; faces; fur fur the the new new Grande Grande his his office office nose nose movement movement cigarette cigarette south. south. by by (2) (2) rabbit's rabbit's the the usually usually direction direction the the off off is is painted painted by by and and covers covers to to will will and and starting starting rabbit rabbit dots dots twenty twenty a a to to it it two two two two leg leg a a agricultural agricultural running running Usually Usually participants participants small small the the each each This This 30 30 one one is is begin, begin, moving moving rabbit rabbit to to "V·"). "V·"). (1st (1st the the movement movement Valley. Valley. catch catch females females A A of of lines lines by by grabbed grabbed fires; fires; presence. presence. escape escape captured captured up up begin begin stick. stick. and and made made circle circle on on of of procedure procedure hunters hunters participant's participant's must must years years for for ocher ocher mound mound place. place. the the captain captain the the individuals individuals the the stick stick each each diagonally diagonally the the on on of of be be it it all all about about The The from from humero. humero. running running present present the the to to are are red red routes. routes. is is first first ceremonial ceremonial eligible eligible by by the the of of participants participants arrive, arrive, are are areas areas from from of of cheek cheek which which shout shout scrape scrape During During not not in in direction direction the the distal distal ocher ocher hand; hand; first, first, painted painted leaves leaves dirt dirt corn corn a a captain captain hunt hunt placed placed one one kept kept quarter quarter war war each each face. face. across across takes takes the the have have to to to to a a and and for for can can which which Paint Paint up up end end this this placed placed or or husks husks ceremony ceremony of of area area etc.) etc.) confuse confuse captains captains escape. escape. the the as as humero humero getting getting is is fire fire nearby nearby either either (3) (3) by by of of on on one one orders orders three three place place of of start start time, time, been been such such then then each each of of fire fire (red (red has has the the the the its its and and the the the the are are the the by by on on on on a a hole is dug out by shovel and someone reaches into the according to the San Albino de Mesilla Baptismal records, hole and pulls out the rabbit. The rabbit is killed by but the feast day of Saint John the Baptist is the day being struck with the hand or the rabbit stick. The older celebrated. and more experienced hunters prefer the hand since many times the rabbit stick will decapitate the rabbit. Exactly when the San Juan fiesta in Tortugas originated is not currently known, but we do know that by The hunter who kills the rabbit yells howe!. The 1883 Eugene Van Patten told Adolph Bandelier that: first female participant to reach the hunter after hearing On the night of St. John's Day (25 of June) the this signal will be awarded the kill. After the hunt is girls bathe in the acequia and then lie flat on the over, this female must present the hunter with two sand on their faces. An old woman then cuts off sweetbreads (empanadas) or four sopaipillas in exchange two inches from their hair with an instrument for the rabbit. which is not to be sharp. (Lange & Riley 1970:158). At noontime, the captains choose an eating place. Cutting of the hair on San Juan day is a local Hispanic By custom the humero sits at the head (northside) of the custom that is supposed to help keep the hair healthy. blanket so that he faces south. The first rabbit taken by each captain is saved as an offering for the humero. The By the mid-1930s two horse drawn wagons were captain gives the humero if he has no rabbit. The humero placed together to form a stage on Tile Avenue between places the rabbits on his right side while the meal is being Tortugas and San Francisco drives. This is in the same eaten. block as the site of the proposed 1887 chapel. The stage was used as a platform for various kinds of entertainment All food brought by the captains is laid out on the (e.g., queen contest, musicians and speeches). Various blanket to be shared by those eating with the humero. It kinds of food were sold during the fiesta, and young girls is customary for other participants to bring food for the dressed as peace officers arrested and jailed humero. The food is then blessed. After the meal is participants, releasing them when they paid bail. In this finished, all food left on the blanket along with the way they raised money for the church (Fierro 1989). rabbits belongs to the humero. By the 1950s the fiesta of San Juan was being held on After lunch, the captains call for the hunt to the east side of the church. Men and women started resume. The afternoon hunt is usually very short, ending cooking early in the morning on kerosene stoves. about 3:30 or 4:00 p.m. During the afternoon hunt, some Enchiladas, chicken or barbecue were sold. R. Paz's Los males keep their rabbits to take home since most of the Aztecas danced at 5 a.m. and then later in the women have run out of empanadas. During a good day afternoon. At 7 p.m. Los Indios left La Casa del Pueblo 75-100 rabbits are taken by 50 to 75 individuals. in a procession that traveled west on Guadalupe street and then danced on the east side of the church. They SAN JUAN CELEBRATION returned by going east on Juan Diego street and then danced on the east side of the Capilla. San Juan Bautista day has been celebrated in the Mesilla Valley since the 19th Century. By 1885 the Los Indios only dance at 7 p.m. on the 24th of June, holiday was widely celebrated by almost everyone in the an activity that occasionally coincides with the fiesta. has Cruces vicinity (Rio Grande Republican 1885). The In 1986 the fiesta became a two day event held on the village of San Juan was originally called San Juan de Dios nearest weekend to June 24th. Early Saturday morning 31 32 traditions traditions have have continues continues commences commences female female booths. booths. 11 11 the the a.m.,and a.m.,and Today Today finishing finishing live live The The law law entertainment entertainment today. today. of of Tortugas Tortugas the the general general around around its its officers officers touches touches sale sale diverse diverse The The public public the the of of continues continues afternoon afternoon jailing jailing are are food food historical historical and and 33 33 same same usually usually put put dancing. dancing. and and participants participants time. time. and and to to on on beer beer starts starts origins. origins. preserve preserve evening evening the the and and The The food food arriving arriving game game tradition tradition of of for for the the and and both both playing playing around around varied varied money money game game days days of of Beckett, Beckett, Beckett, Beckett, Bandelier, Bandelier, Adams, Adams, AASF AASF AAD AAD n.d. n.d. 1974 1974 1979 1979 1892 1892 1956 1956 1693 1693 1691 1691 1760 1760 1730 1730 - - Archives Archives Eleanor Eleanor Archives Archives Patrick Patrick Patrick Patrick pre pre The The Archaeological Archaeological The The Investigations Investigations 4:197-206. 4:197-206. Indians. Indians. Southwestern Southwestern Guadalupe, Guadalupe, A A in in of of The The Joaquin Joaquin University University Loose Loose Loose Loose Francisco Francisco Obisbo Obisbo Benito Benito xxxv. xxxv. Benito Benito Pedro Pedro A. A. Tiwa Tiwa the the the the para para F. F. Mansos Mansos major major Missions Missions years years B. B. H. H. Archaeological Archaeological Tamaron Tamaron Documents, Documents, Documents, Documents, H. H. of of ti ti Crespo, Crespo, Crespo, Crespo, of of rabbit.hunt rabbit.hunt Don Don lnojos, lnojos, A A on). on). BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY and and the the and and wanyu wanyu the the ceremony ceremony de de of of Tortugas, Tortugas, from from Albuquerque. Albuquerque. (unpublished (unpublished Pedro Pedro of of New New los los Archdiocese Archdiocese Chavez, Chavez, United United among among Archdiocese Archdiocese Terry Terry Society Society April April 34 34 1729-1732. 1729-1732. Visita Visita y y New New 1880to1885, 1880to1885, Mansos. Mansos. 2(1):40-46. 2(1):40-46. Romera!, Romera!, Mexico Mexico Tamaron Tamaron No. No. No. No. as as States, States, L. L. of of Mexico, Mexico, 23, 23, the the N.M. N.M. held held Institute Institute Pastoral Pastoral Fray Fray 4. 4. 6. 6. of of Los Los Corbett Corbett manuscript manuscript 1693. 1693. Indians Indians Press. Press. Marriage Marriage Letter Letter New New of of by by of of Visita Visita Papers Papers Indios Indios Angelico, Angelico, carried carried y y Libro Libro Durango Durango 1776. 1776. Las Las Santa Santa Romera!, Romera!, the the Part Part Mexico, Mexico, del del of of Albuquerque. Albuquerque. of of of of Pastoral Pastoral Cruces. Cruces. Tortugas Tortugas de de America. America. XLV. XLV. of of II. II. Obisbo Obisbo Book, Book, on on the the Fray Fray Fe Fe in in the the trans. trans. Papers Papers mainly mainly Libro Libro San San del del DACAR DACAR Fierro, Fierro, DACC DACC Custer, Custer, Corbett, Corbett, Chavez, Chavez, Bloom, Bloom, 1989 1989 1914a 1914a 1914b 1914b 1908 1908 1896 1896 1888 1888 1889 1889 1854 1854 1861. 1861. n.d. n.d. 1958 1958 1903 1903 - Pablo Pablo Maude Maude H. H. - Dona Dona Fray Fray Terry Terry Deed Deed Personal Personal Deed Deed Record Record Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Ocean. Ocean. Route Route Deed Deed Dona Dona 1854-1855, 1854-1855, the the (unpublished (unpublished H. H. Genealogical Genealogical Map Map Archives, Archives, of of Paso Paso Thesis, Thesis, A A Mechanic Mechanic History History American American Custer. Custer. Exploration Exploration Angelico Angelico Ana Ana McFie McFie from from L. L. Book Book and and Book Book Book Book Book Book Book Book Book Book Ana Ana from from of of New New Interview. Interview. County County Mesilla Mesilla (Archdiocese (Archdiocese the the Incorporation Incorporation Arts. Arts. County County of of 61:721. 61:721. 13:316. 13:316. 18:384-385. 18:384-385. 29:1082. 29:1082. 11:52-53. 11:52-53. B:l19. B:l19. the the drawn drawn Vol.11, Vol.11, Mexico Mexico manuscript). manuscript). Franciscan Franciscan the the and and Pimas Pimas Mississippi Mississippi 35 35 and and Clerk's Clerk's Valleys. Valleys. Mesilla Mesilla Assesor's Assesor's Historical Historical and and College College map map Surveys Surveys January January Villages Villages constructed constructed of of Book Book Records Records number number History, History, Valley. Valley. Sant Sant River River 1975-1988 1975-1988 of of Records Records for for 5, 5, to to Notes Notes 1:406-407. 1:406-407. Agriculture Agriculture Fe). Fe). 1989. 1989. to to Fort Fort a a 2. 2. Washington. Washington. Masters Masters Railroad Railroad the the by by Report Report on on Academy Academy Filmore Filmore Pacific Pacific the the and and of of El El JMA JMA Kelly. Kelly. JCA JCA Hurt, Hurt, Hugh Hugh Hackett, Hackett, Griffen, Griffen, Forbes, Forbes, 1940 1940 1952 1952 1914 1914 1942 1942 1937 1937 1979 1979 1960 1960 - - es, es, Wesley Wesley Juarez Juarez Juarez Juarez Henry Henry Jack Jack Anne Anne William William Charles Charles 15(4):345-368. 15(4):345-368. 1740-1760. 1740-1760. Franciscan Franciscan Tortugas, Tortugas, The The Paso Paso 1680-1682. 1680-1682. California California and and 1773, 1773, Publications Publications Revolt Revolt Historical Historical Indian Indian Mexico: Mexico: Press. Press. Nueva Nueva of of Apache, Apache, Nueva Nueva Washington Washington Oklahoma Oklahoma University University Arizona Arizona R., R., D. D. W. W. Beginnings Beginnings Cathedral Cathedral E. E. Municipal Municipal District. District. Volume Volume Otermin's Otermin's Jr. Jr. B. B. Vizcaya. Vizcaya. Assimilation Assimilation Vizcaya, Vizcaya, of of Albuquerque. Albuquerque. W. W. El El Navajo, Navajo, A A Documents Documents the the Press. Press. Press. Press. of of Missions Missions Press. Press. Palacio Palacio New New Publication Publication Vol. Vol. Indian Indian in in Arizona, Arizona, Archives. Archives. 3. 3. Archives. Archives. Pueblo Pueblo of of History, History, 36 36 University University Anthropological Anthropological and and l. l. and and Mexico Mexico Carnegie Carnegie Spanish Spanish Berkeley. Berkeley. Norman. Norman. Tucson. Tucson. Village Village Attempted Attempted in in UniversityofNewMexico UniversityofNewMexico 59(4):104-122. 59(4):104-122. of of Spaniard. Spaniard. Approaches Approaches relating relating Indians Indians the the New New Number Number 1:3. 1:3. No. No. Historical Historical Settlement Settlement Franciscan Franciscan in in of of Institute Institute Mexico, Mexico, 330. 330. Southern Southern University University California California of of to to 33, 33, University University Papers Papers New New Reconquest, Reconquest, New New Thereto Thereto University University Review Review Santa Santa of of in in Mexico, Mexico, Area Area Mexico Mexico New New the the of of of of Fe. Fe. the the El El of of of of to to Reynolds, Reynolds, Pope, Pope, Las Las Lange, Lange, Lafora, Lafora, 1982 1982 1854 1854 1953 1953 1926 1926 1911 1911 1910 1910 1909 1909 1906 1906 1902 1902 1970 1970 1939 1939 Cruces Cruces J. J. Charles Charles Nicolas Nicolas Tortugas, Tortugas, The The Terry Terry University University University. University. Sht. Sht. National National December December December December Manuscript Manuscript December December November November March March Bandelier Bandelier The The November November septentrional septentrional Relacion Relacion May May internos, internos, E. E. Mexico Mexico Robredo. Robredo. Citizen Citizen Vito Vito Fiesta Fiesta Southwestern Southwestern 10 10 1. 1. H. H. R. R. 6 6 issue. issue. Alessio Alessio Press. Press. issue. issue. and and Archives, Archives, situados situados del del New New 1883-1884. 1883-1884. 13 13 10 10 7 7 16 16 17 17 Mexico. Mexico. Museum, Museum, of of map map issue. issue. Carroll Carroll viaje viaje issue. issue. issue. issue. issue. issue. issue. issue. Our Our pertenecia pertenecia Mexico. Mexico. Albuquerque. Albuquerque. 37 37 Robles. Robles. of of en en Lady Lady Journals Journals que que the the Record Record New New L. L. la la Paper Paper University University frontera frontera Mesilla Mesilla hizo hizo Riley Riley of of Editorial Editorial Mexico Mexico al al Guadalupe, Guadalupe, Group Group of of a a rey rey presented presented Zos Zos Adolph Adolph Valley. Valley. de de de de State State presidios presidios 77, 77, of of Pedro Pedro la la Espana. Espana. New New America America W W F. F. U. U. at at 23, 23, the the S. S. Rio Rio Tamaron Tamaron Scholes, Scholes, Scholes, Scholes, Rivera, Rivera, Wislizenus, Wislizenus, 1888 1888 1885 1885 1909 1909 1906 1906 1940 1940 1945 1945 1937 1937 1929 1929 1848 1848 1901 1901 Grande Grande Don Don France France France France y y ynternas ynternas Diario Diario observado observado Demonstracion Demonstracion History History New New Some Some December December Expedition. Expedition. los los Nueva Nueva Jose Jose Documents Documents December December Connected Connected Contributions Contributions December December November November Albuquerque. Albuquerque. Memoires Memoires March March Publication Publication Mexico. Mexico. Munoz, Munoz, Missions Missions Romeral, Romeral, A A Republican Republican Pedro Pedro presidios presidios Mexico Mexico Porrua Porrua Aspects Aspects V. V. V. V. 3 3 Vizcaya. Vizcaya. y y ed. ed. 3"4, 3"4, issue. issue. derrotero derrotero de. de. and and in in de de of of en en 9 9 19 19 Pedro Pedro 13 13 19 19 Carnegie Carnegie the the for for with with 523. 523. Libreria Libreria Nueva Nueva issue. issue. Historical Historical e e situados situados a a Reprinted. Reprinted. eldiscurso eldiscurso Mera, Mera, (Las (Las issue. issue. issue. issue. issue. issue. Hijos. Hijos. to to of of Tour Tour the the Seventeenth Seventeenth del del 38 38 Antigua Antigua American American The The Washington. Washington. Colonel Colonel Cruces, Cruces, de de Espana. Espana. vastisimo vastisimo H. H. History History to to Institution Institution Porrua Porrua Jumano Jumano en en Mexico. Mexico. lo lo Northern Northern P. P. 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