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The Manso Indians THE MANSO INDIANS en 1:0<..I .. ; 0 by .. ~.Patrick H. Beckett ' and Terry L. Corbett mustrated by Marquita Peterson . f / t c THE MANSO. INDIANS bY. ' Patrick 'H. Beckett and Terry L. Corbett Illustrated by Marquita Peterso~ 01992 ' COAS PubUshhlJ and,~rcb Las Cruces, N. M:¥. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS The authors are indebted to a great many persons who have shared their ideas, references and enthusiasm through the years. A debt of gratitude is owed to Rex E. Gerald, page 1 Robert Uster, and Thomas H. Naylor to whom this page2 monograph is dedicated. These three individuals shared page 3 many ideas ered to read the preliminary manuscript page4 before pilb are sad that none of these three friends ever · published form. page 14 page 19 We want to B. Griffin, Myra page 23 Ellen Jenkins, John L. K Sell, '11 rt H. Schroeder, and page 32 Reege J. Wiseman for readinfr.'.1.nd gi:ving leads and suggestions on the rough draft. nianks to Meliha S. Duran page 39 for editing the draft. page 48 page 53 Hats off to Mark Wimberly who always knew that all page 57 the Jomada Mogollon diµ not leave the area but changed page 62 their habitation.. patterns. page 70 Thanks to our archaeological colleagues who have page 85 discussed the Manso problem with the senior author over the years. These include but are not limited to Neal Ackerly, David 0. Batcho, Mark Bentley, Ben Brown, David Carmichael, Linda S. Cordell, Charles C. DiPeso, Peter L. Eidenbach, Michael S. Foster, Patricia A. Gilman, John Hedrick, Paul R. &. Suzanna R. Katz, J. Charles Kelley, Jane Holden Kelley, Charles H. Lange, Karl W. Laumbach, Donald J. Lehmer, Steven H. Lekson, David T. Kirkpatrick, Robert I. ~alloof, Michael B. Marshall, Paul E. Minnis, Thomas C. O'Laughlin, David INTRODUCTION Snow, Thomas Todsen, Michael E. Whalen and John P. Wilson. At the time of Spanish contact, the Manso were the native Indian people of the El Paso and Mesilla valleys Thanks to our historical colleagues Thomas Carroll, of ~ar west T~xas, south~rn New M,.e~co and northe~n Bernard Fontana. Bud Newman, Charles Polzer, Terry Chihuahua. Smee they d1sappeve<I a;a separate ethruc Reynolds, Richard Salazar, Joseph Sanchez, Mary Taylor, group over two hundred years· ago~ ·hot much is known and Robert Torres. of these important indigenous .¢ople. 4;t- We also thank the staf('4#.L!~~pecial Collection We hav"~.. ~~ a diligent search for archival and Departments at the lib~ gr1Rt;tf.~1ltsity of New archaeolo~~~~ation pertaining to the Manso. In Mexico, New Mexico State Um ity'io;~'.}University this together the available of Texas at El Paso, the De Vargas 'ect, Mexico monograp~~J>rought historical, ethno ic~1tnguistical and archaeological State Archives and Record Center, Docume i.\ations of the Southwest, and the Southwestern Mission Research data pertaining to ~~~ely unknown group. Center. .; "' , -. We believe that the M.~JlSO were one of the groups Thanks to David Hill who wrote the Appendix on descended from the J orna:c&a Mogollon Culture found ceramics. archaeologically in the same region. We do not believe that all descendants of the Jomada Mogollon became As in all publications the authors take full responsibility Manso. The Manso were one of several groups for the contents and the interpretations of the data inhabiting the northern Chihuahuan Desert and sharing presented. a similar culture. Several of these groups, including the Manso, spoke Uto-Aztekan languages. ii 1 GEOGRAPHY Rancheria, a paraje 21 leagues north of Paso del Norte, had formerly been the chief campsite of the Manso Rivera 1945 :69). This is undoubtedly the The extent o1i-\he~t·--~~ the Manso occupied is Ran~i ande of Miera y Pacheco's Map (Adams not well defined. It see~~extended from south and Cfttt..q;~ ·268). of El Paso, Texas, to, l'ttc1 as r north as Hatch, i' ..f.J,. ' New Mexico (Hammond ~ 953:661). Both Eviden~v. !9.e .PY Forbes (1959:107) Espejo and Oi'iate met Manso~n \h~ El Paso Valley. demonstrates tha e ~ Jocome were politically The early Spanish explorers found r~cherias of straw and linguistically pan o the Manso. The territory of houses in the area of the Caballo Mountains. There is this larger ethnic entity ·extended as far as Janos in no way of knowing if the inhabitants were Manso or northwest Chihuahua and to the Chiricahua Mountains Apache (Hammond and Rey 1966:219). We may of southeastern Arizona. presume that their territory included the Franklin and Organ Mountains ta th~ east,. as these were ~wn. as the Sierra de los Mansos (Rivera 1945:69, Kinnaird NOMENCLA Tu.RE 1958:84). The range of Manso country to the west must have been at least to the Florida Mountains, where one band had a rancheria as early as 1667 The first name applied to the Manso may have (Forbes 1959: 118). been Tanpachoas, a name used by Luxin in his journal of the Espejo expedition of 1582 (Hammond and Rey To the west and southwest lived their relatives, the 1966:169). Jano and Jacome. The Suma occupied the country south of the Manso. The Piro inhabited the Rio Grande Sixteen years later. Oiiate met people in the same in the area of Socorro and San Marcial. To the east, region and reported: " .. .sus primeras palabras fueron near Mountainair, were the Tompiro. There were also manxo, manxo, micos, micos, por decir mansos y Apache bands, relative newcomers to the region, living amigos. Their first words were manxo, manxo, micos, in adjacent areas (Benavides 12-17). 1945: micos, by which they meant "peaceful ones and friends" (Hammon<t .. and Rey 1953:315). Onate called On December 18, 1692, De Vargas mentioned that them arreadores because to say yes they rolled their there was an abandoned Manso rancheria at Dona Ana tongues against their palates as the Spaniards did when (Espinosa 1942: 110). Pedro Rivera reported that driving animals, arre (Hammond and Rey 1953:315). 2 J What meaning the Manso intended when they used the and Governor Bernardo LOpez de Mendizabal sent word manxo and micos will never be known. troops to rescue the missions.des (Hughes 1914:304). 1 In 1601, Juan de Ortega stated that the Gorretas or Finally in 1659 , Fray ·Garcea de San Francisco Pataragueles were fishing in the Rio Grande half way succeeded in establishi0g the mission of Nuestra between El Paso and the Piro Pueblos (Hammond and Senora de Guadalupe de los Mansos at Paso del Norte Rey 1953:661). Fray Alonso de Benavides notes that (Presently Cd. Juarez, Mexico). He was assisted by six Gorretas was another name for the Manso. The term Christian Indians from the Piro pueblo of Senecll in Gorreta was used, " .•. because they cut the hair in New Mexico (Hughes 1914:306). He also brought ten such a fashion that it looks [as if] they wore a small families of Piro Indians from Senecll to aid in setting cap set on the head." Benavides indicated they were up the mission to~onvert the Manso and Suma Indians called Mansos because it was their custom to shout of the area (H,u~~~J914:308). "Sal ail Sal all Manso! ~o!" (Benavides 1916:13). {.• ~ . j~~ Soon, and their Piro assistants had •. : ~if'}'µ ~.,, . th~ 4s~ · .... q~J.~!<IA' gathered many ~ t · o into the mission. Some HIS'FQ.K:l'lr£~~· 1,. Manso under the'·~e of Capit4n Chiquito . remained unconverte~"-~~ n their old homes in the V:<it:>. Mesilla Valley (Forbes ti(6ff~2). The Manso greeted most o t ~ions and '" caravans that were heading for New Mexico's The cornerstone of the .church of the Guadalupe heartland. The first record of missionary activity Mission was laid in 1662 (Hughes 1914:307). In 1667, among the Manso is the visit of Fray Juan de Perea's the Manso of the Mission at El Paso revolted. Later convoy of friars in 1629 (Benavides 1945:211). In testimony by Governor Mendiubal indicated that the 1630, Fray Alonso de Benavidys recommended that a Manso were aggrieved at being forced to work on the mission be established among the Manso (Benavides construction of the irrigation ditch (Forbes 1960: 152). 1916: 13). Later, Fray Antonio Arteaga attempted to Captain Andres de Gracia, the alcalde of the El Paso convert the Manso (Hughes 1914:304). In 1655. Fray area, put down the revolt and executed two of the Juan Pdrez and Fray Juan Cabal were.left in charge of Manso leaders (Hughes 1914:304-5). During rhe same a mission that they and Fray Garcia de San Francisco period, the Manso of Capitan Chiquito also revolted had started among the Manso. The Manso revolted, 'Some contend the date should be 16.57 or 16511 (Walz 19SI: 16). 4 5 (Forbes 1959: 118). Capit4n Chiquita's Manso had Governor Otermf n established four new pueblos to earlier allied themselves with the Apaches (Forbes accommodate the new refugees. These pueblos were 1960:162). moved closer to Paso del Norte and were reorganized in 1683 (Hughes 1914:328-9). In the same year, The mission of Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe de Governor Cruzate moved the presidia to Paso del los Mansos at Paso del Norte was formally dedicated Norte (Hughes 1914:365). In doing so, he acquired on January 15. 1668, with a great celebration and with several houses in the Manso Pueblo to be used as the 400 Manso in attendance. There were fireworks, and Casas Reales. These were apparently located just west the Manso danced to celebrate the dedication of the of the mission (Urrutia Map of 1766 in Gerald church.
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