Indian Assimilation in the Franciscan Area of Nueva Vizcaya
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Indian Assimilation in the Franciscan Area of Nueva Vizcaya Item Type Book; text Authors Griffen, William B. Publisher University of Arizona Press (Tucson, AZ) Rights Copyright © Arizona Board of Regents Download date 04/10/2021 13:58:24 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/595455 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA NUMBER 33 INDIAN ASSIMILATION IN THE FRANCISCAN AREA OF NUEVA VIZCAYA WILLIAM B. GRIFFEN THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS TUCSON, ARIZONA 1979 About the Author . .. WILLIAM B. GRIFFEN has done ethnohistorical work in northern Mexico with a basic focus on the culture change of native groups as they were influenced or dominated by the Spanish colonial system. In the late 1970s, he worked specifically on Chiricahua Apache contact under the late eighteenth-century Spanish presidio system at Janos, Chihuahua. He received his Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Arizona and became chairman of the anthropology department at Northern Arizona University in 1965. After three years as associate professor at St. Louis University, he returned in 1971 to Northern Arizona University as professor and chairman of the anthropology department. THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS Copyright ~ 1979 The Arizona Board of Regents All Rights Reserved Manufactured in the U.S.A. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Griffen, William B Indian assimilation in the Franciscan area of Nueva Vizcaya. (Anthropological papers of the University of Arizona) Bibliography: p. 1. Indians of Mexico - Chihuahua, Mexico (State) - History. 2. Indians of Mexico - Missions. 3. Francis cans - Mexico - Chihuahua (State). 4. Franciscans - Missions. 5. Indians, Treatment of - Mexico - Chihuahua (State). 6. Chihuahua, Mexico (State) - History. I. Title. II. Series: Arizona. University. Anthropological papers. F1219.l.C46G74 972'.1 78-14546 ISBN 0-8165-0584-5 CONTENTS PREFACE v Mission Sites 56 The Central Valleys and the Northwest 57 l. INTRODUCTION Convent of Valle de San Bartolome 57 San Buenaventura de Atotonilco 58 2. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE CONCHERIA 4 Convent of Parral 60 The Early Years 4 San Francisco de Conchos 60 The Revolts of 1644 and 1645 5 San Luis Mascomalhua 63 The 1650s to the 1680s 7 Babiscualmalba 65 The Uprising of 1666 8 San Marcos 65 The 1684 Revolt 9 San Pedro de Conchos 66 The Northwest 10 San Lucas 66 The Central Valleys and the Northeast 11 Santa Cruz de Tapacolmes 66 The Eastern Desert 13 San Antonio de Julimes 69 The Final Stages of Concherfa History 13 Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe 71 The Northeast Concherfa 15 San Pablo 71 The Northwest Concherfa 18 Bachimba 72 The Conclusion of Concherfa History 24 Santiago de Babonoyaba 72 Alabachi 74 Santa Isabel 74 3. TRIBAL GROUPS AND SETTLEMENT 25 La Concepcion 75 Introduction 25 Santa Cruz 75 Band and Group Names 29 San Bernardo 75 San Andres 75 San Bernabe 76 4. GENERAL ETHNOGRAPHY OF San Miguel 76 THE CONCHERIA 37 Guainopa 76 The Central River Valleys 38 San Gregorio de Yaguna 76 The Conchos 38 San Diego 76 The Chisos 39 Queparipa 76 The Northeast Concheri'a 39 Sainapos 76 La Junta 39 Nombre de Dios 77 The Northeast Outside La Junta 40 Chuvfscar 77 The Northwest Concheri'a 40 San Geronimo 77 Language 42 Santa Ana de Chin arras 78 Tabalaopa 80 Convent of Chihuahua 80 5. SPANISH CONTACT 44 Bachi'niva 80 The Nature and Spread of Spanish Settlement 44 San Luis Obispo 82 Political Organization 45 Namiquipa 82 Indians as a Labor Force 46 Santa Clara 83 Indians in Military Service 49 Las Cruces 83 Santa Ana del Torreon (San Buenaventura) 84 El Carmen 86 6. MISSIONS AND ASSOCIATED SETTLEMENTS 51 San Lorenzo 87 Introduction 51 Casas Grandes 88 Chronological Overview 51 Janos 89 Conditions at the Missions 55 Carretas 94 [ iii l iv Contents The La Junta District 94 San Cristobal 97 Santa Cruz de Ochanes 95 Los Puliques 97 Coyame 95 Pueblo of Conchos at La Junta 98 San Pedro 95 Los Cfbolos 98 Cuchillo Parado 96 Los Tapacolmes 98 El Mesquite 96 Los Conejos 96 7. CHANGING INDIAN SETTLEMENTS AND Los Cacalotes (San Juan Baptista) 96 POPULATION 99 San Francisco 96 San Juan Evangelista 97 8. CULTURAL PROCESSES AND ASSIMILATION 108 San Bernardino 97 REFERENCES 111 Los Polacmes (Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe) 97 MAPS 1. The Concherfa: Major Tribal Groups and Settlements viii 2. San Francisco de Conchos. 1758 64 PHOTOGRAPHS Church at cemetery west of the town of San Francisco Interior of the presidio church of San Carlos, Aldama 79 de Conchos, Chihuahua 61 Facade of the Jesuit Church at Santa Ana de Chin arras 81 Lintel with inscribed date of 1627 in cemetery church, Interior of the Jesuit Church at Santa Ana de Chinarras 81 San Francisco de Conchos 61 Ruins of the church of the Santo Nino de Atocha at Town church at San Francisco de Conchos, Chihuahua 63 Casas Coloradas. Namiquipa, Chihuahua 83 Church at San Pedro de Conchos, Chihuahua 67 Presidio church of San Buenaventura at Galeana, Carved door on church at San Pedro de Conchos 67 Chihuahua 85 Church at Bachimba, Chihuahua 73 Ruins of the convento of the first mission at Casas Church of the presidio of San Carlos at Aldama, Grandes, Chihuahua 89 Chihuahua 79 View of the town of Janos, Chihuahua 90 TABLES 1. Valle de San Bartolome: Ethnic Groups Cited in 7. Janos Presidio: Ethnic Groups Cited in Baptismal Baptismal Records, 1663-1686 58 Records, 1688-1723 91 2. Valle de San Bartolome: Ethnic Groups Cited in 8. Janos Presidio: Ethnic Groups Cited in Baptismal Marriage Records, 1686-1724 59 Records, 1723-1765 92 3. Santa Cruz de Tapacolmes: Tribal Groups Cited 9. Dates of Existence of Concherfa Missions 100 in Parish Records, 1757-1796 68 10. Summary of Tribal Groups at Concheria Missions 4. Santa Cruz de Tapacolmes: "Casta" Groups Cited Outside La Junta, 1600-1817 101 in Parish Records, 1757-1811 69 11. Summary Population Figures for Native Groups 5. San Antonio de Julimes: Indians Cited in Parish at Major Concheria Missions Outside La Junta, Records by Group or Place of Origin, 1719-1751 71 1765-1817 102 6. El Valle de San Buenaventura: Ethnic Groups Cited 12. Summary Population Figures for Native Groups in Baptismal Records, 1703-1799 87 at La Junta and Vicinity, 1715-1765 104 PREFACE This paper is a preliminary account, much of it in the man the Spaniards - and only a few of them - were literate, infor ner of a technical report of basic data, of a few of the pro mation regarding Indians was recorded only in those situa cesses of disappearance - leading to either assimilation or tions where the natives had some particular kind of impor extennination - of the native Indian population that was tance for the Europeans. The most obvious social units in first encountered by the Spaniards at the time they occupied which this was true were the missions, although in haciendas, and settled the central river valleys of the present-day state mines, and a few other contexts such as war, Indians were of Chihuahua, Mexico. In the late 16th and 17th centuries involved enough so that they got put into the Spanish rec much of this area, which was within the political province of ords in some fashion. However, because of the availability Nueva Vizcaya, was called the Concheri'a, after the principal of some parish records, as well as other documents that con Indian group, the Conchos, who inhabited it at the time of tain references to the missions, and because limitations of the entrance of the Europeans. As the colonial period wore time made it impossible to delve very far into other aspects on, however, many non-Conchos were included in this Indian of the contact situation, this paper focuses mainly on mate province - Jumano-speakers and a few others - before it rial concerning the mission establishments, and much of this became functionally de funct owing to the depletion of the is of a demographic nature. native population and the general change in the Indian situ Even the extant material on the Franciscan missions is ation in this frontier region. The primary concentration here quite haphazard. Nevertheless, all pertinent infonnation that is upon the area of these "original" peoples and the Francis has been discovered on the location, number of settlements, can missions that ministered to them. and popUlation of these religious establishments, as well as The overall aim in this study has been to illuminate of a few other places, has been included. Infonnation on the some of the results, and to outline a few of the processes other social contexts of culture contact, such as mines, leading to these results, of the contact between cultures in haciendas, and the military, has also been put into this re this region. It must be emphasized that the present work is port in order to provide some balance to the presentation, essentially descriptive and preliminary, and deals only with but these topics have not been the central concern here. The a narrow aspect of the implantation of the Spanish way of Introduction (Chapter 1) is an effort to give some chron life and the effects of this implantation upon the native pop ological context for the other data. ulation. This is partly because of the restricted nature of the I have attempted to pull together as much census and data that I have been able to tum up. Some of the results other types of countable data as possible. However, there has are discussed in a very general and conservative way at the not been sufficient infonnation of this kind to derive a very end of the paper, but much more work needs to be done be coherent demographic picture of Indian assimilation in this fore any but tentative conclusions can be drawn on many area of Nueva Vizcaya.