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The Last-Mile Internet Connectivity Solutions Guide Sustainable Connectivity Options for Unconnected Sites 2020

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The Last-Mile Internet Connectivity Solutions Guide Sustainable Connectivity Options for Unconnected Sites 2020 ITUPublications International Telecommunication Union Development Sector The Last-mile Internet Connectivity Solutions Guide Sustainable connectivity options for unconnected sites 2020 The Last-mile Internet Connectivity Solutions Guide Sustainable connectivity options for unconnected sites 2020 Acknowledgements The Solutions Guide was prepared by John Garrity and Aminata Amadou Garba. Last-mile connectivity and/or mapping case study contributions were provided in the form of direct contributions for attribution and inclusion, without extensive editing by the authors, by the following organizations and individuals (listed alphabetically by organization and by individual last names): 1 World Connected (Christopher Yoo); Africa Mobile Networks (Michael Darcy); Airbus (Davina Egbuna); Anatel (Brazil’s National Telecommunications Agency) (Roberto Mitsuake Hirayama, Agostinho Linhares, Eduardo Marques da Costa Jacomassi, Patricia Rodrigues Ferreira); Association of Progressive Communications (Erick Huerta, Mike Jensen, Leandro Navarro, Carlos Rey-Moreno and Steve Song); Bluetown (Satya N. Gupta); Connected Pacific (Jonathan Brewer); EMEA Satellite Operators Association (ESOA) (Natalie Vicente); Fraym (Ben Leo, Rachael Mandell and Rob Morello); GÉANT (Cathrin Stöver); HIP Consult (Judah Levine and Amelia Prior); Huawei (Newman Wu); GSMA (Genaro Cruz and Claire Sibthorpe); Internet Society (Naveed Haq); Masae Analytics (Emmanuel de Dinechin); Microsoft (Lydia Carroon and Jeffrey Yan); Ookla (Bryan Darr and Katherine Macdonald); PCARI Village Base Station Project (Claire Barela, Josephine Dionisio, Cedric Festin, Philip Martinez, VBTS Team); Government of Poland (Marchin Cichy and Agnieszka Gładysz); Telefonica (Juan Campillo Alonso); Vanu (Andrew Beard); ViaSat (Ryan Johnson); World Bank (Tim Kelly); World Telecom Labs (Simon Pearson). The following organizations and individuals provided feedback on the drafts and concepts presented here (listed alphabetically by organization and by individual last names): A.S. Popov Odessa National Academy of Telecommunications (Vadim Kaptur); AFRINIC (Amreesh Phokeer and Arthur Carindal); Alliance for Affordable Internet (Sonia Jorge and Maiko Nakagaki); Association of Progressive Communications (Erick Huerta, Mike Jensen, Leandro Navarro, Carlos Rey- Moreno and Steve Song); ARIN (Anne Rachel Inne); Broadband Commission School Connectivity Working Group (February 6 and April 29 meetings); Dynamic Spectrum Alliance (Martha Suarez); EchoStar (Jennifer Mann); EMEA Satellite Operators Association (ESOA) (Aarti Holla, Natalie Vicente); GÉANT (Cathrin Stöver); Global Good Net Works Limited (Frank McCosker); Hellenic Telecommunications and Post Commission (Konstantinos Masselos); HIP Consult (Judah Levine); Huawei (Newman Wu, Zhang Xinyue, Li Wenxin and Xu Zhiyu); Intel (Turhan Muluk); Internet Society (Diego Canabarro, Jane Coffin and Juan Peirano); ITU (Doreen Bogdan-Martin, Istvan Bozsoki, Sergio Buonomo, Ruoting Chang, Jeounghee Kim, Catalin Marinescu, Marco Obiso, Orhan Osmani, Bruno Ramos, Joaquin Restrepo, Sofie Maddens, Nick Sinanis, Nancy Sundberg, Maria Victoria Sukenik and Alex Wong); ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau Study Group 1; Microsoft (Lydia Carroon and Jeffrey Yan); People Centered Internet (Mei Lin Fung); Royal Holloway, Sandeep Taxali; Telco2 New Zealand (Jonathan Brewer); UNHCR (John Warnes); UNICEF (Jaime Archundia and Naroa Zurutuza); University of London (Tim Unwin); World Bank (Doyle Gallegos); ViaSat (Ryan Johnson). Angelo Gutierrez and Christopher T. Cabardo provided research support. ITU Publication services provided support for the graphic design and layout. Please share your thoughts, corrections and suggestions for content additions with the authors by e-mailing Aminata Amadou Garba (aminata.amadou -garba@ itu .int) and John Garrity (jdgarrity@ gmail .com). © International Telecommunication Union, 2020 Some rights reserved. This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https:// creativecommons .org/ licenses/ by -nc -sa/ 3 .0/ igo). Under the terms of this licence, this publication may be copies, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided it is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this publication, there should be no suggestion that ITU endorses any specific organization, products or services. The unauthorized use of the ITU names or logos is not permitted. Any adaptation of the publication must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. Any translation thereof add the following disclaimer to the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). ITU is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition.” Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization (http:// www .wipo .int/ amc/ en/ mediation/rules). Suggested citation. The Last-mile Internet Connectivity Solutions Guide: Sustainable Connectivity Options for Unconnected Sites. Geneva: International Telecommunication Union, 2020. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Third-party materials. Anyone wishing to reuse material from this publication that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, shall determine whether permission is needed for such reuse and obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the publication rests solely with the user. General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ITU concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they do not necessarily reflect those of ITU. The mention of specific companies, products or services does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ITU in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by ITU to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. Responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall ITU be liable for damages arising from its use. ISBN: 978-92-61-32131-4 (Paper version) 978-92-61-32141-3 (Electronic version) 978-92-61-32151-2 (EPUB version) 978-92-61-32161-1 (Mobi version) Foreword It is now 35 years since the Maitland Report1 made a compelling case for universal connectivity as the essential foundation of economic and social prosperity. Yet today, 3.7 billion people remain totally unconnected to the power of the online world, and many hundreds of millions more lack the truly meaningful connectivity that would change their lives. COVID-19 has laid bare the realities of our modern world: in this post-digital age, not being connected means being shut out of employment, education, access to vital healthcare services and information – in short, shut out of the full economic and social participation that every citizen should enjoy. Finding ways to extend meaningful connectivity and bridge the digital divide is ITU-D’s core mandate. While there are many barriers to access, getting network infrastructure in place to support broadband services remains a huge challenge for nations – both developing and developed – where vast geographical distances, rugged or inhospitable terrain, or widely dispersed island communities are a factor. In addition, the low return on investment in network deployment in sparsely populated areas means that, in many developing countries, connectivity is largely limited to urban areas, leaving rural and remote areas totally cut off. Achieving meaningful connectivity for all and ensuring no one is left behind means finding new ways to provide reliable and affordable last-mile networks and services to unserved and under-served citizens and communities. The Last-mile Internet Solutions Guide addresses these challenges. It consists of guidelines that can help policy-makers and professionals select and customize appropriate last-mile connectivity solutions to match their own unique environments and digital targets. This guide is part of the ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau’s (BDT) broader Last-mile Connectivity Toolkit, which aims to drive new collaborative strategies to extend connectivity to those at the bottom of the social pyramid, and to enable key stakeholders to take a more holistic approach that treats broadband as a basic public utility and core tool for socio-economic development. 1 ITU, The Missing Link, report of the Independent Commission for Worldwide Telecommunications Development (chaired by Sir Donald Maitland) (Geneva, 1984). iv To complement this Solutions Guide, BDT is developing a range of resources to help Member States address last-mile connectivity
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