Index

Abaya, Hernando j., 45 Assaat, Datuk Mudo, 82 Abbas, Mahmud, 270 Astra International, 88 Abraham, Hans, 143 Attlee, Clement, 18 Adimidjojo, M., 75 Attwood, William, 210 Affan, Wahab, 84 Australia, 64, 68 African-American Institute, 249 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 111 African democracy, 218 Aziz, Haji Abdul Ghany, 77-8, 83 see also Nyerere, julius al-Khuri, Bishara, 95 Africanist scholars, 218 al-Sulh, Riad, 98 African nationalism, 7, 110-11, 117, 127, 131-2, 138-41, 219-21 Baal, J. van, 68 African , 216-18, 225, 227 Bahi, Seck, 201 see also Nyerere, Julius Bakrie, Aburizal, 86 African Studies, 248, 254 Bakrie, Achmad, 77-8, 84, 86 African unity, 111, 123-4, 128, 132 Balinese, 51 Organization of African Unity, 208 Balkanization, 112, 120, 125 Alata, jean-Paul, 208 Bandar Rubbermaatschappij, 62 Albright, Madeleine, 217 Bandung conference, 121-2, 190 Algeria, 19-22, 112, 115-16, 118, 122, Bank Central Asia, 88 124, 131 Bank Nasional Boekittinggi, 76 Algerian war, 19, 22, 122, 130 Bank Nasional , 76 Amis du Manifeste et de Ia Liberte, Bank Niaga, 86 20 Bank Pembangunan Swasta, 84 Association of Reformist 'Ulama, 20 Bantu, 140, 142, 144, 147-8, 150, Guelma, 20-1 152, 159 Nationalism, 20, 22 see also Parti du Peuple Algerien, 20-2 see also Organisation Speciale, 21-3 Bapak Djenggot, ABC business group, Salafi teaching, 20 76 Security elite, 19-23 Baramuli, Arnold, 86 Setif, 19, 20, 22 Bayart, jean-Fran~ois, 200 Alliance Israelite Universelle, 99 Belgium, 18, 250 Ambonese private bank, 80 Ben Bella, Mohammed, 21 American University Beirut, 98 Berg, jacobson van den, 81, 84 Anderson, Benedict, 131 Big-men, 160 , 159-62, 167 see also Lubango, 159-60 Billiton Company, 62 , see under South Africa Black, Cyril, 251 Aquino, Benigno S., 49 Blair, Tony, 217 Arab League, 18 Boigny, Houphouet, 122-3, 126-7, 196 d' Arboussier, Gabriel, 126 Boni, Nazi, 123 Aruba, 68 Booth, Anne, 74, 76 Arzumanyan, Anushavan A., 269 Borneo, 38

287 288 Index

Botha, M.C., 147 Bulgaria, 266-7 Botswana, 7, 145, 169 Bumiputra, 75, 84, 86 Bouda, Ahmed, 22 Burma, 17, 24, 36, 42-3, 45-6, 48, Brazil, 159 51-2 Brennan, James, 228 Burma Independence Army, 46 British Empire, S-6, 8, 11-19, 23-6, Karen of Burma, 48 36-8, 41, 44, 46, 48, 74, 96, Buwono IX, Sultan Hamengku, 84-S 111, 140, 145-66, 168, 177- 190,202,209,216,220-2,224, Calvinist University of Potchefstroom, 226-8,243,246-50,263,277 138 British Defence Coordination Cambodia, 118 Committee, 24 Cambridge University, 178, 186 British Inter-University Council, 248 Cameroon, 112 British colonial security services, S, Canada, 64 11-19, 23-8 Caribbean, 68, 112, 118 Special Branch police intelligence Carnegie, Andrew, 242, 246 agency, 23 Carnegie Corporation, 9, 241-2, see also security elites 246-9,251,253 Commonwealth, 24, 49, 139, 190, Mro-Anglo-American Program, 249 247-8 Catroux, Georges, 96 Fabian Colonial Bureau, 220-1 Central Thai, S 1 Labour Party, 220 China, 26,40-2, 51, 75-7, 114, 149, Ottawa Conference (1932), 37 189,228,243,268,273 Permanent Under-Secretary's Chinese in Southeast Asia, 4, 6, 23, committee, 24 26, 37, 41-2, 47-9, 75-9, 81-3, Royal Colonial Institute, 37 87-90 see also see also Malaya's Chinese see also Tanganyika community British Malaya, 23-6, 36, 38-9, 41-3, , 151 46, 48, 52 see also South Africa All-Malayan Association, 41 Civilizing missions, 2, 3, 6, 63, 66, 96, Briggs Plan, 26 97,243 Federal and State councils, 39 see also French Empire Kesatuan Melayu Muda, 43 Coca Cola, 85 Malaya's Chinese community, 23, Cold War, S, 9, 17, 23-S, 59, 149, 26, 48-9 189,203-4,208,223,241,244, , 25-6 246-7, 255, 263-S Malayan Emergency, 23, 25 Coleman, James, 255 Malayan People's Anti-Japanese College of Fort Hare, 146 Army, 48 College Fran~ais du Sacre-CC£ur, 101 Malayan Races Liberation Army, Columbia University's Teacher 25-6 College, 249 Malayan Security Service, 25-6 Comecon, 265-7, 275 Malayan Union, 46 Communism, 15, 21, 23-6, 43-S, 48, Malay Welfare Association, 41 so, 58, 82, 145, 147-9, 151-2, Oversea Chinese Association, 41 186,196-7,202,207-8,244, Pattani , 48 249,251,262-79 see also in World War 2 Communist University of the Toilers British Public School, 178, 186 of the East, 265, 268, 270 Index 289

Community Based Natural Resource Education of elites, 9, 46-7, 64-6, Management, 169 68, 96-104, 165, 178, 219, Congo,250 241-55, 262-79 Coste-Floret, Paul, 114 Educational elites, 2, 3, 9, 46, 57, Creech-Jones, Arthur, 26 67, 139-40, 143, 146, 148, 221 Curacao, 68 Foreign functional elites, 4, 6, 57, Czechoslovakia, 266-7, 275 62-6, 69 Cote d'Ivoire, 122-3, 126-7, 131, 133, Intelligence providers, 5, 11-28 196 Metropolitan elites, 5, 57-61 Nationalist elites, nationalist Dahomey, 122, 126-7 modernizers, 1-4, 9-10, 20, Dalindyebo, Sabata, 142, 152 42-4, 46-7, so, 56, 58, 69, 78, Darwin, John, 1 80, 98, 147-8, 178, 189-90, 216 Dasaad, Agoes Moessin, 77-9, 83 Socialist elite, 9-10, 216, 262-79 Debre, Michel, 128-9 Trading minorities, 4, 37, 39, 48 Decottignies, Roger, 131 Traditional elites, 2-4, 7-8, 16, 36, Defferre, Gaston, 197 39, 41-2, 48, so, 75, 85 95, 99, Delhi Maatschappij, 61 102, 140-53, 157-73, 195-200, Derksen, J. B. D., 57, 61 223,229 Development, 2, 6, 9-10, 16-17, 44, Eman, Frits, 85-6 48, 63-9, 116-19, 158, 162-66, 169, 171-2, 142, 199, 208, 216, Fabian Socialism, 225 220-1, 225, 230-3, 241-2, 244, Fatmawati, 84 248-55,262,264-5,271-272, Feierman, Steven, 226 276,279 Fie, Tjong A, 87 Communist development theories, Foccart, Jacques, 209 10, 265, 271 Ford Foundation, 9, 241-2, 249-53 Human capital theory, 250-1 Foucault, Michel, 246 Dia, Mamadou, 111-12, 121-2, 124-5, Freeport and Caltex, 86 127, 130, 132 French Africa, 3, 6-7, 110-33, 196 Diabi, Kaman, 209 African federalism, 118-33 Diallo, Alpha-Abdoulaye, 207-8 African nationalist movement, 146 Diallo, Sa"ifoulaye, 196 Bloc Africain de Guinee, 196-8 Diawadou, Barry, 196 Conseil General du Travail, 197 Djohan, Soetan Soelaiman, 77, 83 Development programs, 116-19 Djohor, Soetan Perpatih, 77, 83 Franco-African Community, 123-4, Dorsland trekkers, 159-60 130 Dwidosewojo, Raden Ng, 75 Grand Conseil, 122 L'Afrique Nouvelle, 121 Economic depression, 37, 181 Mouvement des Independants de Edinburgh University, 220, 224 !'Outre-Mer, 110-11 Egypt, 18, 147, 149 Negro-African nation, 117, 126, 132 Eiselen, Werner, 140 Parti de Ia Federation Africaine, 126 Elites Parti du Regroupement Africain, Defining term, 2-10 122, 124 Administrative elite, 5, 41, 57-8, 69, Rassemblement Democratique 173, 219, 250-1 Africain, 122-6, 196 Economic elites, 2, 4, S-6, 42, 57, Union Generale des travailleurs 61-2,69,74-90,203,207 d'Afrique noire, 196 290 Index

French Empire, 3, 5-7, 11-28, 36-8, German colonial administration, 44, 94-104, 110-33, 196-203, 160 207,209,216,243 Influence of the German fascism, Assembly of the French Union, 118 96,98 Assemblee nationale constituante, West Germany, Federal Republic of 113 Germany, 62, 149, 204, 208-9, Centre d'information et d'etudes, 228,271 20,22 Ghana, 147,149,202,248,250,277 French colonial security services, 5, Gobel, Thayeb Muh., 86 11-28 Gold Coast, 17 see also security elites Guinea, 8, 123, 125-7, 130, 195-211 Comites d'Informations et d'etudes, Chiefdoms, abolition of the 21 chiefdom, 196-200, 204 Delinkage, 120 Confederation nationale des Deuxii~me Bureau, 23 Travailleurs de Guinee, 200 Expeditionary Force, 23 Economic elites, 195, 203, 207 Free French movement, 96 Educational system, 200 see also World War 2 Fulbe, 197, 199, 207 French Communist Party, 196 Guerze, 197 French Community, 124-32, 198, Hunt for a "fifth column", 195, 203 205-10 French constitution, 112-18, 121-8 Intellectual elites, 195-6, 200-5, French mandate system, 97 207 French schools, 6, 94-104 Kissi, 197 French Union, 112-20, 125 Maninka, 197, 207 Inter-Ministerial Committee on Manon, 197 Indochina, 24 Modernization, 198, 204 Renseignements Generaux, 20 Parti Democratique de Ia Guinee, Service de Documentation 195-210 exterieure et contre-espionage, Political elites, 195-6, 198, 200, 209 205, 207-8, 211 Territorialization, 120 Susu, 197, 207 Vichy government, 96 The Teachers' plot, 195, 200-5 see also World War 2 Toma, 197 see also Algeria Gueye, Lamine, 114 see also Madagascar see also Ham, Oei Tiong, 87 see also Morocco Harvard University, 249 Fundikira, Abdallah, 223 Hatta, Mohammad, 51, 78-9, 81-3 Herero, 159, 161, 164-5 Gafurov, Bobodzhan, 269 Herriot, Edouard, 114, 119 Gandhi, Mahatma, 8, 177-83, 189 Himba, 159, 165, 167 Gani, A.K., 79 Honda, 88 de Gaulle, Charles, 19, 96, 124-6, Horoya, 201-2 128,203,209 Hovey, Graham, 207 General Motors, 83 Hungary, 190, 246-7 Germany, 51, 84, 168, 263 Ibrahima, Barry, 206 East Germany, German Democratic Iddi, Emile, 95 Republic,208 Ifugao, 51 Index 291

Ikenberry, John, 27 Japanese occupation, 37-8, 40-6, Iliffe, John, 225 48, 50-1 India, 5, 8, 10, 17, 24-5, 37, 41, 48, see also Japan in World War 2 68,114,177-92,262-79 Java, 36, 41, 51, 58, 61, 64, 66, Chinese invasion, 189 75--85, 87--8 Communists, Indian Communist Konketsu Jumin Iinkai, 41 Party, 186, 273 Kretek industry, 75-6, 84, 86, 90 Constitution, 177, 178, 184-6, 191 Millitary involvement in businesses, Education, 178, 184-5, 186 79,82,90 Hindu Code Bill, 183 Nationalization of Dutch Hindu nationalism, 181-2 businesses, 62, 87 Indian Civil Service, 186-8 Revolution, 46, 57, 75, 78--80, 82-3, Indian Independence League, 41 87,90 Indian National Army, 41 Sarekat Islam, 76-7 Indian National Congress, 178-87, Tentara Nasional Indonesia, 79 189, 191-2 Triple-A Movement, 41 Indian nationalist elite, 178, 189, 190 Usaha Muda, 79 Indian political elite, 177 Indonesian Shipping and Transport Indian students in Soviet Union, Agency, 84 262-79 Indonesian University of , Indians in East Mrica, 4 271 Land reform, 184, 187 Institute for Oriental studies of the Regional elites, provincial elites, Academy of Sciences, 269 177-8, 183-5, 187, 191-2 Institute of World Economy and Social reforms, 188 International Relations, 269 Westernized elite, 178 lsakov, I. S., 271 Zamindari abolition, 184-5 Indian Institute for Technology in Japan, 74,77,84,86 Bombay, 278 Japan in World War 2, 37-46, Indochina, 15,23-5,44,112-14,244 48-51, 65, 75, 77-9, 83, 87, 90, Indonesia, 6, 26, 36-52, 56-69, 74-90 111 Academic elite, 57, 66 Jesuit school in Beirut, 94, 98, 100-1, Administrative elite, 57-8, 62-4, 69 104 Arabujin Shido Iinkai, 41 see also French schools Benteng program, 81-2, 85, 87, 90 Jesuit University Saint Joseph in Central Trading Corporation, 79 Beirut, 101 Chinese business elites, 6, 75-7, 79, Johnson, Polycarpe, 210 81-3,87-90 Jonathan, Leabua, 148-52 Economic decolonization, 6, 74-5, 90 Kaba, Bah lbrahima, 201 Economic elite, businesses elite, 57, Kakurukouye, 160 69, 81, 84 Kake, Ibrahima Baba, 198 Economic nationalism, 81-2 Kalla, Haji, 86 Hua Chiao Tsung Hui, 41 Kalla, Yusuf, 86 see also Chinese in Southeast Asia Kambona, Oscar, 221 Indologists, 63-6 Kantjil Mas textile factory, 77 see also Netherlands , Kaokoland, 159-62, Indonesian Socialist Party, 85 164-6, 168, 171-2 Indonesianization, 63, 78, 80 Karume, Abeid Amani, 228 292 Index

Katiti, Muhona, 167 Basuto traditionalism, 148 Kawawa, Rashidi, 227 Basutoland, 140, 145-7, 150 Keita, Fodeba, 209 Basutoland African Congress, 146-7 Keita, Modibo, 127, 129-30 Basutoland Congress Party, 147, 149 Kennan, George, 24 Basutoland Labor Party, 14 7 Kenya,246, 250-1 Educated elite, 146, 148 Jeanes Schools, 246 Lekhotla la Bafo, 146 Kerr, Clark, 251 Marematlou Freedom Party, 14 7, Khrushchev, Nikita, 262-4, 268-9, 149 271, 277, 279 Pitso, 145 Kian Gwan Indonesia, 8 7 The Native Administration Kisumo, Peter, 231 Proclamation, 146 Koesmoeljono, Raden Mas, 85 Letete, Emmanuel, 149-50 Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij, Lethata, Elliot, 147-8 62 Lewis, Arthur W., 216 Korea, 51, 74 Liong, Liem Sioe, 88 Korean war, 80 Loeb, James 1., 210 North Korea, 264 Logemann, J.H.A., 67 Koumandian, KeHa, 200-1 Longmire, R. A., 277 Kowara, Eddy, 85-6 Lopez, ]oao, 206 Kutako, Hosea, 165 Lumumba, Patrice, 264 Lusophone Africa, 1 l'Estoile, Benoit de, 11 Lanna Thai, 51 MacArthur, Douglas, 45 Laoh, Herling, 85 Macmillan, Harold, 1, 222 Laos, 118 Madagascar, 17, 125 Laurel, Jose P., 45, 49 Makerere College, 219 Lazarists, 100, 102 Malaysia, 48, 51 see also French schools Bumiputera Malaysians, 51 League of Nations, 95-6, 112 Mali, 127-30, 132, 197, 202 Leballo, Potlkako, 148 Mamdani, Mahmood, 159 Lebanon, 6,18,94-104 Manchuria, 51 Arab Nationalists, 95, 97 Mandela, Nelson, 142, 217 Constitutional Bloc, 95 Mantrust, 89 Francophonie, 104 Marcos, Ferdinand, 48 French High Commission, 95 Mardanus, Raden, 85 Kata'ib, 96, 98 Marshall Plan, 58 Maronites, 95-6, 98, 104 Marx, Adolf, 209 Mission lai:que fran\aise, 97-9, 101, Maseribane, Sekhonyana, 149 103-4 Matanzima, Kaiser, 142-5, 151-2 Muslim communities, 95, 97-8, 102 Matsushita, 86 National Bloc, 95 Matthews, Joe, 148-9 Sreurs de Saint Joseph de Mauritania, 122 !'Apparition, 101 Maw, Ba, 45 Les Grands Ballets Mricains, 209 Mazrui, Ali A., 225 Lesotho, 7, 145-53 Mbeki, Thabo, 217 Apartheid, see under South Mrica Menon, Krishna, 272-3 Basuto National Party, 148-51 Merdeka, 86 Basuto nationalism, 145, 147-8 Mexico, 243 Index 293

Meyer, Piet, 141 People's Migrations, 4, 16, 51, 67-9, 159 Organizations, 162, 168 Mikoyan, Anastas, 269 South West African Defense Force, Modernization, 7, 9, 43, 157-8, 161, 167 163-6, 148, 198, 204, 219, Traditional Authorities Act, 169 241-2, 245, 250-3, 255, 265, Truppenspieler movement, 161 273, 275-6, 279 United Nations Transition Industrialization, 76, 139, 242, 245, Assistance Group, 162 265,269 War of independence, 167 Modernity, 9, 96, 142, 233 Nederlandse Handel Maatschappij, Project of modernization in 62 Namibia, 157-72 Negara Pasoendan, 80 Socialist modernity, 271 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 8, 177-92, 272-3, Mokhele, Ntsu, 146-8 275,279 Molapo, C.D., 150 Netherlands, 5-6, 18, 23, 37-9, 44-5, Molotov, Vyacheslav, 273 50-1, 56-69, 74-90, 111 Mongolia,264 Abolition of slavery, 68 Mook, Hubertus van, 61, 63, 65-7 Anti-Revolutionary Party, 60 Morocco, 112, 118, 202 Big Five companies, 81, 89 Morris, Philip, 75 Catholic Peoples' Party, 59-60 Moscow State University, 277 Christian-Historic Union, 60 Moshoeshoe, 145-6, 148 College for Agriculture in Mpaka, Benjamin, 217 Wageningen, 67 Muhonakatiti, 160 Colonial Institute in Amsterdam, 67 Mukhele, 151 Consensus democracy, 6, 59-60, 69 Munimuhoro, 167 Denmarkization, 58 Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, 18 Dutch-Indies business assodation, 61 Naegelen, Marcel-Edmond, 22 Dutch business elite, 6, 57, 61-2, 69 Namibia, 1, 7-8, 157-72 Dutch functional elite, 6, 57, 62-6, Bantoe Beleggingskorporasie, 162 69 Boreholes, 164-6, 171 Dutch identity, 56-8 Communal Land Boards, 171 Dutch political elite, 6, 57-8, 60--1, Communal Land Reform Act, 171-2 64, 68-9 Conservancy, 169-70 Dutch program of development, Democratic Turnhalle Alliance, 168 63,66-9 Epupa dam, 172 Europese Binnenlands Bestuur, 64 Kamanjab, 161 Financial and Economic Agreement Long-Term Agricultural (Finec), 80 Commission, 163 Indology program, 64-8 Modernist elite, 172 Institute of Social Studies at The see also Modernization Hague, 67 Odendaal Commission, 164-5 Liberals, 59 Odendaal Plan, 162 Military intervention in Indonesia, Ondangwa, 161, 167 38, 56, 58-9, 61, 78-9 Outjo, 161 Pillarization, 6, 60, 69 Peoples Liberation Army of Renville-Agreement, 58 Namibia, 168 Round Table Conference, 80 Political elite, 163 Social Democrats, 59-60, 69 294 Index

New York Times, 63, 207, 224 Quezon, Manuel L, 45, 50 Niane, D.T. 201, 202 Nicholson, Marjorie, 220 Rabemananjara, Jacques, 198 Niger, 120 Ramadier, jean, 199 Nigeria, 149, 246, 248, 250 Ramos, Benigno, 50 Ashby Commission, 248 Recto, Claro M., 49 Ning, Hasjim, 83-4, 86 Rhodesia, 246 Nitisemito, 75, 84, 86 Ricarte, Artemio, SO Nkrumah, Kwame, 152, 216, 220 Robinson, Ronald, 38, 40 Nojorono factory, 75 Rockefeller, John D., 242 Non-Aligned Movement, 190, 225, 264 Rockefeller Foundation, 9, 241-3, 247, Non-Governmental Organizations, 249,251,254 157-8, 170 African University program, 251 North American African Studies Education for Development Association, 218 program, 254 Norway, 168 Roman Catholic Church, 146-7, 220 Nyasaland, 246 Romania, 266-7 Nyerere, Julius, 8, 216-33 Roxas, Manuel, 45, 48 Rudjito, Raden, 84 Orange Free State, 145 Rusk, Dean, 241 Orientalism, 2, 269 Osmena, Sergio, 49 Salim group, 88 Ottoman Empire, 95, 102 Sampoerna, 75, 88 Oxford University, 186 Sapi, Adam, 223 Sastosatomo, Soedarpo, 84 Palestine, 17-8 Sastroamidjojo, Ali, 81 Pan-Africanism, 7, 110 Sauti Ya TANU, 222 Pan-African Freedom Movement of Schmidt, Elizabeth, 126, 198 East and Central Africa, 223 Schneider, Leander, 230 Pan-Asianism, 37, 40-1, 51 Schultz, Theodore W., 251 see also Japan in World War 2 Scott, James, 255 Pandit, V. L., 272 Seibold, Hermann, 209 Pardede, Tempul Dorianus, 83-4, 86 Sekar Djaja, Sekar Company, 76 Pe, U Tun, 45 Senegal, 111-17, 122-3, 125-7, Pemba, 228 130-3 Peoples' Friendship University in Bloc Democratique Senegalais, 117 Moscow,262,264,270-1,276 Parti Africain d'Independence, 125 Philippines, 36, 38, 42-3, 45-6, Senghor, Leopold, 113-17, 119-22, 48-50, 52 124-30, 132, 217 Hukbalahap, 50 Shelepin, Alesandr, 262 Moros of the Mindanao, 48 Sherer, Albert W. Jr., 206, 208, 211 Sakdal party, 50 Simbulan, Dante, 43 Philips, 85 , 24, 41-2, 49, 51, 77 Poland, 266-7 Sjahrir, Sutan, 46, 79 Poleko Trading, 86 Sjahsam, Soetan, 79, 83 Portugal, 159-60, 205-6, 208-9 Sjamsoeddin, Haji Sukar, 83 Postmodernism, 2 Sjarifuddin, Amir, 46 Poto, Victor, 143 Soebroto, M.K.H., 75 Prasad, Rajendra, 183 Soedarmo, Raden Mas, 78 Index 295

Soeryadjaya, William, 88 Stoler, Ann Laura, 13 Soetantyo, Tegoeh, 89 Sir Strang, William, 24 Solod, Daniel, 202 Sub-Saharan Africa, 5 Sudan, 126-7, 129-30 Suharto, 48, 67, 82, 84-6, 88-9 South Africa, 1, 7, 64, 138-53, 160-9, , 40, 45-6, 51, 62, 67, 74, 172, 217 78-9, 82-6, 89 African National Congress, 7, , 48, 58, 61, 75-9, 83-5, 88 139-40, 142, 145-9 Suret-Canale, jean, 198 African political elites, 7, 138-53 Surinam, 68-9 African traditionalism, 142 Sutter, john 0., 80 Afrikaner Broederbond, 138, Swaziland, 7, 145 141-4, 147-52 Sweden, 168 Afrikaner nationalism, 138-9 Syria, 18, 95, 100, 104 Anglo-Boer war, 138 Apartheid, 1, 7, 60, 161, 163, Tabrani, Moh, 85 138-53 Tahija, Julius, 86 Bantu Authorities Act, 140 Taiwan, 51, 74 Chiefs, 140-9, 151 Tamin Rahman, 77, 83 Constitution, 139 Tando, Sidi, 84 Federasie van Afrikaanse Tandon, P.D., 182 Kultuurvereniginge, 142 Tanganyika, 219-26, 228 Homeland policy, 7, 139-40, 142, Incentive to Violence Bill, 221 145, 149, 152 Tanganyika African Association, National Party, 138, 146, 152 219-20 Pan Africanist Congress, 141, Tanganyika National African Union, 146-7 220-23, 226, 228-30 South African Broadcasting United Tanganyika Party, 221 Corporation, 141 Tanzania, 8, 9, 216-33, 250-51 Western-educated elite, 139-40 Army mutiny, 227-28 Witwatersrand, 141, 144 Arusha Declaration, 227, 229-31 Xhosa cultural organization, 142 Chieftaincy, 223, 229 Soviet Union, 9, 10, 111, 190, 202-4, National Economic Survival 243,245,248,262-79 Programme, 232 Cominform, 273 Nationalization, 230 Comintern, 268 Political elite, 216, 226-27 Foreign aid, 10, 203-4 Tabora school, 219 Great Terror, 268 Ujamaa, 225-33 Komsomol, 270 Villagization, 230-32 Racism, 272, 277 see also African socialism Soviet Committee for State Security see also African democracy (KGB), 262, 270, 272, 275 see also Cold War Soviet orientalists, 269 Thailand,36,48 Vocational education, 278 Thant, U, 206 see also Cold War Thomas, Nicholas, 13 Spears, Mason, 224 Times of India, 277 St. Francis' College, 220 Tinbergen, jan, 57, 61 St. Mary's College, 219 Tjokrohadisurjo, Iskaq, 81 Stalin, joseph Vissarionovich, 122, Togo, 112, 210 268-9, 271, 273 Tom, Vita, 160, 167 296 Index

Toure, Ahmed Sekou, 8, 117, 121-27, Upper Volta, 120, 123, 126-7 129, 132, 195-211 Uyl, Joop den, 69 Toure, Ismael, 208 Toyota, 88 Vargas, Jorge, 45, 49 Transkel, 140-5, 151-2 Vetamuna, 167 Tembu, 142 Vietnam, 15, 23-6, 52, 116, 118, 252 see also South Mrica Anti-colonial activity, 15, 23 Traore, Mamadou, 201 Bao DaY solution, 24 Trding, Kwik Hoo Tong, 87 Indochinese Communist Party, 15 Truman, Harry, 24 Mutiny of Vietnamese infantry at Tunisia, 112, 118 Yen Bay, 15 Tusin, Omar, 84 Vietminh, 23-5 Twining, Edward, 221 Vietnam War, 23-5, 118, 252 Voice of the Revolution, 205, 207 Uganda,219,232,251 Verwoerd, Hendrik, 7, 138-42, 145, Umum, Teknik, 85 149-52 Utama, Dwi Satrya, 89 Vries, Egbert de, 67 United Arab Republic, 202 United Nations, 64, 67, 112, 162, 165, Weber, Max, 27 206,208,224 Wertheim, W. F., 67 United Nations Trusteeship West New Guinea, 61, 68 Committee, 224 Wilhelmina, Queen of the United States, 9, 24, 37-8, 40, 44-5, Netherlands, 63 49-50,58,64,68, 88,98, 102, Wongsonegoro, 82 104,111,149,152,204,206, World Bank, 67 208-11,217,224,228,241-55, World War II, 5, 11, 17-8, 27, 58, 64, 263,271,275 110, 112, 243-4, 270 Mrica Liaison Committee, 248 Allies, 38, 42-6, 79 American civil rights movement, Rehabilitation, 45 248 Wartime collaborators, 40-1, 43-7, American Council on Education, 49-50 248 see also Japan in World War 2 Tuskegee educational philosophy, 246 Yaacob, Ibrahim, 43 US Bureau of Near Eastern, South Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 86 Asian and Mrican Mfairs, 244 Yugoslavia, 204 University of Batavia, 65-6 University of Dar Es Salaam, 230 Zaide, Sonia M., 49 University of Dakar, 131 Zanzibar, 228 University of East Africa, 251 Mro-Shirazi Party, 228 University of Leiden, 63-6 Zimbabwe, 1, 169 University of Utrecht, 63-6 Zyl, Ben van, 164