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Chinese and Indigenous Indonesians on Their Way to Peace? a Peace and Conflict Analysis According to the Transcend Method

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Chinese and Indigenous Indonesians on Their Way to Peace? a Peace and Conflict Analysis According to the Transcend Method Conflict Formation and Transformation in Indonesia: Chinese and Indigenous Indonesians on Their Way to Peace? A Peace and Conflict Analysis According to the Transcend Method Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer. soc. des Fachbereichs Sozial- und Kulturwissenschaften der Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen. vorgelegt von Yvonne Eifert Memelstr. 37 45259 Essen Gutachten durch Prof. Dr. Hanne-Margret Birckenbach Prof. Dr. Dieter Eißel Oktober 2012 Content Glossary and Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... 1 List of Figures, Tables and Pictures ............................................................................................. 5 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Conflict Case Study ............................................................................................................ 7 1.2 Subjects and Focus ............................................................................................................. 8 1.3 Theoretical Background of the Research ......................................................................... 26 1.4 Research Method .............................................................................................................. 32 1.5 Thesis Outline .................................................................................................................. 34 2. Analysis of the Socio-historical Development of the Conflict’s Setting ............................... 36 2.1 Pre-colonial Times: Early Societies and the Arrival of Chinese Settlers ......................... 36 2.2 Colonial Times: Ethnic Chinese as Middlemen Minority under Colonial Powers .......... 42 2.3 Soekarno’s ‘Old Order’: Ethnic Chinese in the Dawn of the Indonesian Nation-State ... 55 2.4 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 63 3. Analysis of Conflict Violence ................................................................................................ 65 3.1 The Concept “Triangle of Violence” ............................................................................... 66 3.2 Soeharto’s ‘New Order’: Ethnic Chinese In-between Violence and Privileges ............... 78 3.3 End of an Era: Anti-Chinese Riots in the 1990s .............................................................. 90 3.4 Reformasi: Shifts in Forms and Degree of Violence against Ethnic Chinese .................102 3.5 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................112 4. Analysis of Conflict Formation .............................................................................................115 4.1 The Concept of the Conflict Triangle .............................................................................115 4.2 Attitudes and Behavior of Conflict Actors ......................................................................118 4.3 Contradictions .................................................................................................................144 4.4 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................149 5. Analysis of Conflict Deep Dimensions .................................................................................151 5.1 The Concept of the Deep Dimension Conflict Triangle..................................................151 5.2 Deep Dimensions of the Case Study Conflict .................................................................164 5.3 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................181 6. Analysis of Attempts to Transform the Conflict ...................................................................184 6.1 Conflict Transformation according to the Transcend Method ........................................184 6.2 Suggestions for the Case Study Conflict .........................................................................197 6.3 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................220 i 7. Review of the Transcend Method by Galtung .......................................................................222 7.1 The Transcend Method and the Case Study Conflict: Experiences ................................222 7.2 Complements to the Transcend Approach: Francis, Lederach and Systemic Approaches ...............................................................................................................................................228 7.3 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................241 8. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................244 8.1 Case Study Conflict .........................................................................................................244 8.2 Theoretical Approach ......................................................................................................250 8.3 Future Studies: Closing Research Gaps ..........................................................................252 Bibliography ..............................................................................................................................254 Danksagung ...............................................................................................................................277 Annex 1 List of Respondents ....................................................................................................278 Annex 2 Classification of the Conflict according to the Conflict Transformation Index .........282 ii Glossary and Abbreviations Baperki (Badan Permusjawaratan Chinese Indonesian political organization, Kewarganegaraan Indonesia) founded in 1954 Cantonese South Chinese dialect (Guangdong Province) CHH (Chung Hwa Hui) Chinese Association, founded in 1928 Cina Official term for ethnic Chinese and China during the Soeharto-regime; considered to be insulting by many ethnic Chinese Cukong Chinese businessman who entertains close ties to a member of the Indonesian power elite – mainly from the military EU European Union GANDI (Gerakan Perjuangan Indonesia Anti-Discrimination Movement Anti-discriminasi Indonesia) founded in 1998 Hainanese South Chinese dialect (Hainan Island) Hakka Minority group in China and their dialect (South China, mainly Guangdong and Guangxi Province) Hokkien South Chinese dialect (Fujian Province) Imlek Hokkien term for Chinese New Year; also used officially in Indonesia 1 INTI (Perhimpunan Indonesia Chinese Indonesian Association, founded in Tionghua) 1998 KCJ (kartu cacah jiwa) Indonesian census registration card Komnas HAM (Komisi nasional National Human Rights Commission untuk Hak Asasi Manusia) KTP (karta tanda penduduk) Indonesian identity card LPKB (Lembaga Institution for Promotion of National Unity, Pembinaan Kesatuan Bangsa) founded in 1963 NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Pao An Tui An armed self-defence organisation formed during the Indonesian revolution to protect ethnic Chinese lives and property Pancasila Indonesian State Philosophy / Ideology, introduced by Soekarno PBI (Partai Bhinneka Tunggal Indonesian Unity in Diversity Party, ethnic Ika Indonesia) Chinese Party, founded in 1998 PIR (Partai Indonesia Raja) The People’s Party of Indonesia, founded in 1929 PKI (Partai Komunis Indonesia) Indonesian Communist Party, founded in 1920 PNI (Partai National Indonesia) National Party Indonesia, founded in 1927 (Soekarno’s party) Pribumi Indigenous Indonesian 2 PRTI (Partai Reformasi Tionghoa) Chinese Indonesian Reform Party, founded in 1999 PSI (Partai Sosialis Indonesia) Socialist Party of Indonesia, founded in 1948 PSMTI (Paguyuban Sosial Marga Indonesian Chinese Social Association, founded Tionghoa Indonesia) in 1998 PTI (Partai Tionghoa Indonesia) Chinese Party of Indonesia, founded in 1932 Reformasi [Literally: reforms] Name given to Post-Soeharto period (since 1998 – today) Siang Hwee Chinese Indonesian Chamber of Commerce, founded in 1907/08 SBKRI (Surat Bukti Indonesian Citizenship Certificate Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia) Sinergy Chinese Indonesian Magazine, published in Indonesian language Sin Po Chinese Indonesian Newspaper, published in Chinese- Malay language Suku Term for ethnic group in Indonesia Teochiu South Chinese dialect THHK (Tiong Hwa Hwe Kuan) Chinese organisation, founded in 1900 Tionghoa Official term for Chinese Indonesian (Chinese in Hokkien dialect) 3 TRuK (Tim Relawan untuk Volunteer Group of Humanity Kemanusiaan) UN United Nations Volksraad Advisory council in Indonesia, established by the Dutch in 1917 WNA (Warga Negara Asing) Foreign citizen WNI (Warga Negara Indonesia) Indonesian citizen, but commonly used to refer to the ethnic Chinese minority only Yayasan Nabil Foundation for Nation-building projects in Indonesia, founded in 2007 4 List of Figures, Tables and Pictures Figures Figure 1: Map of Indonesia (chapter 2.1) Figure 2: Map of the People‟s Republic of China (chapter 2.1) Figure 3: The Social Pyramid (Indonesia, during colonial times) (chapter 2.2) Figure 4: The Triangle of Violence (chapter 3.1) Figure 5: Cartoon
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