Acta Geoturistica volume 4 (2013), number 1, 1-9 Monadnocks and medieval castle ruins - an example of geotourism locality in the Cracow – Częstochowa Upland (Southern )

MACIEJ DZIĘGIEL Górnośląska Wyższa Szkoła Handlowa, ul. Harcerzy Września 3, 40-659 , Poland (E-mail: [email protected])

ABSTRACT The paper is on a very picturesque karst landscape of Upper Jurassic carbonate buildups and the Ogrodzieniec medieval castle ruins integrated into them at the vil- lage of Podzamcze situated on the Cracow – Częstochowa Upland. Those two ob- jects are the essential examples of geotourism locality in the most typical karstland in Poland. Around the are very numerous magnificent karst Upper Jurassic limestone monadnocks, which could be very useful geosites for sci- entific research. Geotourism around Podzamcze could be easily developed when some educational trails, visitors’ centre with geological information and geopark around Podzamcze are created.

Key words: geotourism, Upper Jurassic limestone, karst, monadnock, castle ruins

INTRODUCTION the enlargement of joint, gravitational dis- placements of rocky mass, cave levels and Upper Jurassic carbonate buildups com- rocky-shelters with traces of different pre- plex and the Ogrodzieniec medieval castle historic cultures. The ruins of medieval ruins integrated into them situated at the castles crowning rocky hills are enriching village of Podzamcze are ones of the most the natural landscape in Jura Chain repre- spectacular and picturesque monadnocks senting the most typical karstland of Po- and cliffs on the Cracow - Częstochowa land. It used to be visited by tourists for a Upland. Podzamcze is located in the middle very long time ago. That massive Jurassic part of the upland in the eastern part of the limestone is a very essential example of Upper Region close to its border geotourism attraction (Słomka, Świderska with the Małopolska Region (fig. 1). The 2004, Migoń 2012). The diversity of the village belongs to the Ogrodzieniec munic- karst rocks around the Cracow – Często- ipality and county. Those charac- chowa Upland makes some possibilities of teristic monadnocks around the village are the tourism’s different types development built of Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) lime- there. It can follow especially as geoprotec- stones with its numerous karst features, tion is developed just there too (Ale- which can be observed. Podzamcze’s sur- xandrowicz 2006a, 2006b, Migoń 2012). rounding is in the area of Eagle Nests Juras- sic Landscape Park, which extends from Mstów, east of Częstochowa to Błędów GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE Dessert and Rabsztyn (Żerański 2003). AROUND PODZAMCZE The ruins of the Ogrodzieniec medieval castle are situated on the top of Janowski’s The Polish Jurassic Terrain where Pod- Mountain, the highest rocky hill on the Cra- zamcze is situated in the southern part of cow - Częstochowa Upland (515,5 m a.s.l.). large tectonic unit - the Silesian – Cracow Its role was defensive in the medieval Monocline – built of Triassic, Jurassic and times. Cretaceous sediments and extending NNW Very nice landscape of diversified land- – SSE (Stupnicka 2007). The underground forms shaped by karst processes generated of Podzamcze is composed of Triassic, Ju-

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Fig. 1 Localization of the geotouristic objects around Podzamcze rassic, Cretaceous and Quaternary sedi- asian) are composed of gravels, clays, fire- ments. There are also some vertical faults proof clays, quartzites and quartzit con- among them (fig. 2) (Kaziuk et al., 1956). glomerates. Its total thickness is up to 26 m. Triassic formation around Podzamcze Middle Jurassic Beds include gray marls comprises Middle and Upper Triassic lay- and marly limestones thick on up to 30 cm. ers. Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) for- They contain some phosphorites and bel- mation comprises lower and upper Gogolin emnites (fig. 2), (Bednarek et al., 1978). Beds, Olkusz Beds and the layer of crystal Upper Jurassic – Lower Oxfordian series and diplopora dolomite. Upper Triassic is composed of thin bedded creamy lime- formation occurs as the Rhaetian layer in- stones with some scyphian and sponge – cluding clays, claystones and mudstones tuberolite marls. They contain plenty of with conglomerates (fig. 2). Lower Gogolin ammonites and their thickness is up to 2,5 Beds are composed of yellow and grey cri- m (fig. 2). The series of the border between noid and wavy limestones, locally marly Lower and Middle Oxfordian Beds include upwards passing into cellar limestones or bedded marly limestones and some scyphi- grey dolomites. Upper Gogolin Beds are an and sponge – tuberolite marls. Grey mainly composed of crystal and pelitic limestone beds are 1 m thick and grey marls wavy and organogenic limestones. Total - 30 cm. They also contain some brachio- thickness of the Gogolin Beds is up to 35 m pods, ammonites, belemnites and flints (fig. (fig. 2) (Bednarek et al., 1978). The Olkusz 2). Middle Oxfordian Beds are composed of Beds are composed of bright grey, beige bedded sponge – tuberolite limestones. and yellow dolomites and dolomite lime- Those are bright creamy granular lime- stones containing some inserts of granular stones containing some flints and ammo- and pelitic limestones. Their thickness is nites. Upper Oxfordian Beds include mainly not more than 50 m. On the ceiling of the massive limestones which are the most es- Muschelkalk are crystal and diplopora do- sential exposing rocks at Podzamcze (fig. lomites, which host some zink ores locally 2). These rocks create a typical and pictur- (fig. 2), (Bednarek et al., 1978). Upper Tri- esque karst landscape for Cracow – Często- assic Formation, Rhaetian layer is com- chowa Upland. Its thickness varies from 20 posed of clays, claystones and cherry or till 30 m and the total for all Oxfordian se- green mudstones containing some quartz ries is above 300 m (Bednarek et al., 1978). conglomerates. The thickness of this series Quaternary coverage around Podzamcze is not more than 110 m (fig. 2) (Bednarek et comprises Pleistocene and Holocene sedi- al., 1978). ments. Pleistocene includes thin gravel, Jurassic litostratigraphic profile comprises water and glacier sands with some lime- six rocky series. First two are Lower Juras- stone and siliceous crumbs of the South sic (Liasian) and Middle Jurassic – Kelowej Polish Glaciations. The thickness of Pleis- sediments but four next ones - Upper Juras- tocene sediments is up to tens of meters. sic – Oxfordian. Lower Jurassic Beds (Li- Lower glacial sediments at Podzamcze are

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Fig. 2 Geological map of the area of the vicinity of Podzamcze (Kaziuk et al., 1956) locally covered by weathered sands con- ide circulating in the rock (Dowgiałło et al., taining some crumbs of the underground 2002). In result, intensive karstification in rocks. Their thickness does not exceed a Upper Jurassic limestones is observed, dozen meters. Holocene sediments are in mainly in the form of vast morphological the form of river sands with some clays depressions around Podzamcze (fig. 3c-d). (fig. 2) (Bednarek et al., 1978). Much diversified shape of the carbonate monadnocks was caused by the limestone’s facial diversity and resulting differences in THE RELIEF AROUND PODZAMCZE resistance against weathering there. Those massive limestone rocks, known as the The area of the Cracow – Częstochowa most characteristic monadnocks in the Upland is a plateau of rather low elevation Polish Jura Terrain were preserved mainly (300 – 515 m a.s.l.) and insignificant rela- in result of its highest resistance against tive heights. The relief around Podzamcze weathering (Matyszkiewicz 2008, Krajew- is highly diversified. The landscape is cre- ski, Matyszkiewicz 2009). ated mainly by structurally controlled pla- nation surface with Upper Jurassic lime- stone massifs and hills capped by spectacu- THE OUTLINE OF THE lar cliffs (fig. 3c-d) (Nita 2004). OGRODZIENIEC CASTLE HISTORY The origin of the monadnocks rising from the plateau around Podzamcze is erosional The Ogrodzieniec Castle is situated on the (Pokorny 1963). They were created by top of Janowski’s Mountain among the Up- limestone rocks’ dissolution by water con- per Jurassic limestone buildups (fig. 3a-e, taining a high concentration of carbon diox- 4) in the southern part of Podzamcze (fig.

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Fig. 3 Pictures of the Ogrodzieniec castle ruins and monadnocks of its surrounding (Photo: Author): a - view of the castle from the ward, b - Convicts Tower (on the left), Kredencerska Tower (on the right), c - Bear and Doll monadnocks, d - Convicts Tower, in the distance - Camle monadnock, e - Hen's Foot

1). It is the most beautiful and imposing wars in 1655 and 1702 the castle was dam- object on the Cracow – Częstochowa Up- aged so seriously that it could not regain its land. The castle was built on the site of a former glory any more. Last owners left the wooden fortified settlement in the XIVth castle around 1810, because of the danger century during the reign of the King Casi- of breaking ceilings. Since then, it was left mir the Great. In the medieval times their uncared and served as source of building role was Cracow’s protection, which was materials. In consequence of that, that the capital of Poland then and state border mighty fortress was reduced to an abiding from any raids. ruin. Only after the Second World War the The castle changed hands many times. castle has undergone some architectural, When the Boners inherited it, they rebuilt reconstructive, and protective works per- the building in 1530 – 1545 so that it grew formed by state. Due to that, the castle ruins up to an imposing defensive (fig. 3a-e, 4) have been available for tour- residence. It consisted of four wings ar- ists up to now. A large number of outdoor ranged around an arcaded courtyard. Next events, tournaments for example, are organ- owners, the Firlejs (Boner’s descendants) ised on the ward (fig. 4). Holiday with ruled the Ogrodzieniec Castle for over 100 Ghosts are held inside (Kmiotek 1998, years. They added to the castle a residential Żerański 2003). building “Hen’s Foot” (fig. 3e, 4) in the mid The Ogrodzieniec Castle was one of the XVIth century and continued extending the most popular strongholds on the Cracow – castle. Its inside was decorated in a splen- Częstochowa Upland. Another such build- did, baroque style of a magnate mansion. ings located in the same region, at Mirów, Unfortunately, during the Polish - Swedish Olsztyn, Bobolice and Ojców were also

4 Acta Geoturistica volume 4 (2013), number 1, 1-9 situated on the top of the elevation and Żerański 2003). The stronghold has been therefore called eagle nests (Kmiotek 1998, open for tourists. They can watch the fol- Żerański 2003). lowing retained parts: the gate tower, inter- nal yard, kitchen, upper castle, bedroom, dining room, Kredencerska tower, hen’s GEOTOURIST ATTRACTION AT foot, convicts tower, farm yard and bastion PODZAMCZE – bulwark (corner bastion) (fig. 3a-e, 4). Large number of rooms on several floors The most interesting geotourist attractions and magnificent views from the tops of the around Podzamcze are numerous massive towers and windows can be watched there Upper Jurassic - Oxfordian carbonate too. Those viewpoints can be described as buildups of much diversified shape (Bedna- geomorphological geosites because the re- rek et al., 1978) concentrated around the lief around Podzamcze and the Cracow – Ogrodzieniec Castle ruins. The height of Częstochowa Upland in general can be ob- those monadnocks varies from a few till served by tourists from there. Apart from over a dozen meters. They create a very the very picturesque landscape of the Upper picturesque superficial karst landscape at Jurassic monadnocks rising from the plat- Podzamcze. The most extraordinary of eau, the people can also watch the extensive them are Wielbłąd (Camel) (fig. 3c, 4), planation surface with some rocky hills Niedźwiedź (Bear) and Lalka (Doll) (fig. rising up and covered by forests from the 3d, 4). castle (fig. 3c-d). Those Upper Jurassic - Oxfordian lime- Up to now, the magnificent rocky and stone monadnocks can be excellent ge- karst landscape has been making the devel- osites. The most important among them at opment of some different active and quali- Podzamcze are: petrological, paleontologi- fied tourism forms. Geotourism is the es- cal, stratygraphical and geomorphosites. sential kind of them. There is a node of four The particular problem of those monad- tourist foot and bike paths running across nocks is defining the border between the the Cracow – Częstochowa Upland: Eagle strata of bedded limestone (Lower and Nests (red), Jurassic Strongholds (blue), Middle Oxfordian) and rocky limestone Millennium (green) and Zamonit (yellow) (Upper Oxfordian). Upper Jurassic platy (fig. 1). They connect many places of uni- limestone is outcropped only in the lower form or similar natural and anthropogenic part of those carbonate buildups. Bedded Jurassic characteristics and have a very high limestone upwards passes into massive one geological value. (Matyszkiewicz, 2008, Krajewski, Massive limestone monadnocks located at Matyszkiewicz, 2009). Detailed research of Podzamcze and many other villages of the the fossils sponges and ammonites occupy- Polish Jura Terrain are also very interesting ing in that two kinds of limestone creating rocks for climbing tourism, very popular the monadnocks around Podzamcze would field in this area. For that reason, there have be very useful for scientific purpose. The also been created “AdrenaLina Park” (rope result of that would make possible obtain- park) located close to the Ogrodzieniec ing the correct interpretation of those rocks’ Castle at Podzamcze recently. It could have origin. been made just for training and encouraging The ruins of the medieval Ogrodzieniec people to climb into the neighboring Upper castle integrated into a huge number of Up- Jurassic monadnocks. per Jurassic carbonate monadnocks (fig. 3a- The information about the Upper Jurassic e, 4) are also a very popular and interesting monadnocks around the Ogrodzieniec Cas- geoturistic and sightseeing attraction at tle at Podzamcze as the local geotouristic Podzamcze. Jurassic limestone and dolo- attraction can be provided to the visitors in mite rock, used as the timber of the castle visitor’s centre located in the castle’s book- were the local material, which made its ing – office. The wide knowledge of the building much easier (Kmiotek 1998, Upper Jurassic rocky limestone in the

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Fig. 4 The Ogrodzieniec castle plan (Kmiotek, 1998): 1 - Wielblad (Camel) monadnock, 2 - Gate Tower, 3 - Internal yard, 4 - Kitchen, 5 - High castle, 6 - Bedroom, 7 - Library, 8 - Dining room, 9 - Kredencerska Tower, 10 - Hen's Foot, 11 - Convicts Tower, 12 - Farm yard, 13 - Bastion bulwark (corner bastion), 14 - Niedzwiedz (Bear) and Lalka (Doll) monadnocks.

Polish Jura Terrain can also be acquired in chowa Upland across the municipality of Jurassic Community Association office in Ogrodzieniec area” implemented by the Ogrodzieniec and in Jurassic Tourist Infor- Ogrodzieniec municipality. The authorities mation Headquarters office in Zawiercie of have also developed a (fig. 1). Thanks to those information offices new strategy of active and qualified tourism and many other ones also situated on the complex promotion in the Polish Jurassic Cracow – Częstochowa Upland and the Terrain in cooperation with the other coun- websides presenting the Upper Jurassic ty’s individual municipal and community monadnocks and the Ogrodzieniec Castle at authorities. The promotion of tourism in the Podzamcze as the example of the local ge- Polish Jura Terrain is going to be made by otouristic attraction those objects have al- local, national and active websides (Busi- ready become so much known and popular ness Mobility International NV-SA (Brus- in Poland and Europe that accommodation sels, Belgium) 2010, Lokalny Program Re- and catering service and visitors’ centre at witalizacji… 2012). the village need to be more expanded there than it has been done so far. Therefore, a new hotel is arising at the foot of Janowski CONCLUSION Mountain at Podzamcze just now. At present, local authorities of The very picturesque landscape of the Ogrodzieniec municipality and Zawiercie Upper Jurassic karst massive carbonate County have already been making some buidups developed across the Cracow – project of tourism development across the Częstochowa Upland is really interesting, Cracow – Częstochowa Upland. A new especially from geological point of view. network of tourist foot, bicycle and educa- What is more, the Ogrodzieniec Castle at tional paths around Podzamcze is going to Podzamcze despite of its great destroy is be created there under the direction of local the finest example of defense building inte- authorities. Up to now, they have only grated into those massive limestone rocks in made some design and study works about the Polish Jura Terrain and open for tour- that for the project “Cycle route network to ists. In author’s opinion, people will be able the central part of the Cracow – Często- to acquire also some knowledge of the geo-

6 Acta Geoturistica volume 4 (2013), number 1, 1-9 logical structure and the origin of the sur- When geotourism around Podzamcze rounding Upper Jurassic monadnocks and continues to be developed, geopark on the cliffs more easily when some educational Cracow – Częstochowa Upland will be able and geotouristic trails connecting the most to be created much more easily. Geological interesting carbonate buildups are designed. heritage of that area could be thus protected For example, the red Eagle Nest tourist path too. The criteria for a national geopark area running across the Cracow – Częstochowa definition considering its scientific and ed- Upland between those beautiful rocks and ucational meaning, social and economical the Ogrodzieniec Castle ruins at Podzamcze role and the way of management have al- (fig. 1) could be described as an educational ready been developed. That could make and geotourist trail as well. When plates possible to obtain some funds from with the designed geosites’ explanation are UNESCO for the geopark maintenance given on the trail, it will be able to be de- (Alexandrowicz 2006a, 2006b). Recom- scribed as a geotouristic object. mendation for geological heritage and are- Apart from the geotourist trails around as of special geological chronological Podzamcze, a Geological Museum should meaning in Europe protection was accepted be created by the local authorities in the by the Committee of Europe Council’s visitor’s centre at Podzamcze too. It could Ministers in 2004. That is a very important present the collection of the local Upper document on the geoprotection promotion. Jurassic limestone fragments and fossils, It suggests geoparks be created and empha- ammonites for instance. The outline of Ju- sizes the need of distinguishing some very ra’s geological history and stratigraphy with essential geological and geomorphologic illustration and detailed description could objects situated in the areas protected by be shown there too. law, especially comprised by the World The implementation of the above suggest- Heritage Convention (Alexandrowicz ed enterprises should be considered by the 2004). Jurassic Geopark would be an op- authorities of the Ogrodzieniec municipality portunity for the regional value of geologi- in their future local strategic programmes. cal heritage protection, which would con- The best solution of that could be doing it cern the landscape around too. It could help in cooperation with Polish Geological Insti- in its promotion. tute – National Research Institute, whose Geotourism around the Ogrodzieniec Cas- main seat is in Warsaw and its Upper Sile- tle ruins could also be developed much sian Branch in . The authorities more easily thanks to Eagle Nests Jurassic of Olsztyn municipality have already intro- Landscape Park. Its rules are in accordance duced some elements into their land. It has with geopark’s assumptions. When geopark just been done in cooperation with Upper is set up around Podzamcze, educational Silesian Branch of Polish Geological Insti- programs on the tourist role of this area will tute. Olsztyn is a small town located in the be able to be more easily implemented. northern part of the Cracow – Częstochowa Close relationship between geotourism and Upland, about 10 kilometres south - east of geoprotection could have significant impact Częstochowa (fig. 1). There have been on geological knowledge dissemination by paved two geotourist trails connecting a teaching and research on that. large number of very picturesque and inter- The next very important means of the esting geosites, also as the Upper Jurassic Upper Jurassic carbonate buidups promo- monadnocks but around Olsztyn tion should be geotrails. Those are the (Gaździcka E. et al. 2012). It could be done names of education - geotourist information so at Podzamcze as well in future. The red packages designed for display on outdoor Eagle Nest tourist path on its section pass- billboards to be placed next to selected in- ing through Podzamcze (fig. 1) could be- teresting geosites and to be distributed in come a geotourist trail as well. In that way, the form of leaflets from local tourist in- that region would become much better formation offices, visitor centers, libraries known in Poland and Europe. and schools (Szymkowiak, Kowalska

7 Acta Geoturistica volume 4 (2013), number 1, 1-9 2011). The geotrails on the Upper Jurassic European Union budget just set up in Brus- monadnocks around Podzamcze could be sells for years 2014 – 2020. Local authori- presented both on the webside and the In- ties should try to raise those money just in ternational Tourist Fair and even close to cooperation with a large number the other those picturesque karst massive limestone bodies within that region. They should send rocks at Podzamcze. The Ogrodzieniec mu- a common petition to Polish government for nicipality authorities should ask Polish that. Geological Institute for making that educa- tion – geotourist information packages about that attraction. REFERENCES To sum up, the implementation of all the above suggestions would be necessary, es- ALEXANDROWICZ Z., 2004: Perspektywy pecially for the Cracow – Częstochowa rozwoju geoochrony w krajach Wspólnoty Europejskiej, „Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą” nr Upland tourist – geological map develop- 60, s. 86–99. ment and the “Jura’s Geopark” establish- ALEXANDROWICZ Z., 2006a: Geoparki — ment in future. It will certainly be made by nowe wyzwanie dla ochrony dziedzictwa Polish Geological Institute in cooperation geologicznego, „Przegląd Geologiczny” nr 1 with Academy of Mining and Metallurgy in (2006), s. 37-41. ALEXANDROWICZ Z., 2006b: Geopark – nature Cracow. protection category aiding the promotion of ge- Recreation forms around Podzamcze otourism (Polish perspectives), „Geoturystyka” should be improved by the Ogrodzieniec nr 2 (5) (2006), p. 3-12. municipality authorities too. In author’s BEDNAREK J. i in., 1978: Objaśnienia do opinion educational tourism connected with Szczegółowej Mapy Geologicznej Polski. Arkusz Ogrodzieniec (913) 1:50000 (z 11 fig., 7 geological sciences development could tab. i 5 tabl.), Wyd. Geol., Warszawa, ss. 1-76. make much easier raise the level of the cen- Business Mobility International NV-SA (Brussels, ters of higher education situated around Belgium), 2010: Strategia rozwoju powiatu Podzamcze, Zawiercie and the closest pro- zawierciańskiego na lata 2011 – 2020, Zawiercie vincial capitals: Cracow and Katowice 2010. GAŹDZICKA E. et al, 2012:., Ścieżka geologiczna when geotouristic objects around Pod- „Kamieniołom Kielniki”, PIG – PIB Warszawa zamcze belong to Jurassic Geopark. 2012. All those possibilities should be consid- KAZIUK H. et al., 1956: Szczegółowa Mapa ered in the future programme developed by Geologiczna Polski 1:50000. Arkusz the Ogrodzieniec municipality authorities Ogrodzieniec (913), Inst. Geol., Warszawa. KMIOTEK D., 1998: Ogrodzieniec: przewodnik po also in cooperation with the bodies of the zamku, P.H.U. DIKAPPA. Dąbrowa Górnicza, region as follows: “Polish Network Energie ss. 1-15. Cites”, Silesian Tourist Organisation, Local KRAJEWSKI M., MATYSZKIEWICZ J., 2009: Action Group “Pearl of the Jurassic” Asso- Upper Jurassic deposits in the Częstochowa Up- ciation, and Municipality and County Sile- land, p. 37-56, [In:] Stefaniak et al., 2009: Karst of the Częstochowa Upland and of the Eastern sian Association (Business Mobility Inter- Sudetes paleoenvironments and protection, Stud- national NV-SA (Brussels, Belgium) 2010). ies of the Faculty of Earth Sciences University of Those bodies have already been taking part Silesia, Zoological Institute University of in tourism development all over the Upper Wrocław No. 56. Silesia Region, especially in the Upper Si- Lokalny Program Rewitalizacji Miasta i Gminy Ogrodzieniec na lata 2009-2015, Ogrodzieniec lesian Coal Basin area, where in most of the 2009, aktualizacja w 2012, zał. nr 1 do Uchwały cities the coal mining industry has already Nr XXXII/259/2012 Rady Miejskiej w been over. Ogrodzieńcu z dnia 19 grudnia 2012r. In author’s opinion the funds for the im- MATYSZKIEWICZ J., 2008: The Cracow- plementation of some new future strategic Częstochowa Upland (Southern Poland) – The Land of White Cliffs and Caves, „Przegląd programmes about geotourism development Geologiczny”, vol. 56, nr 8/1, s. 647-652. around Podzamcze prepared by the Migoń P., 2012: Geoturystyka, PWN, Warszawa, Ogrodzieniec municipality authorities ss. 1-275. should be at least partly provided from the NITA J., 2004: Walory krajobrazowe form skalnych na Wyżynie Częstochowskiej, [In:] Partyka J.

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(ed.), Zróżnicowanie i przemiany środowiska STUPNICKA E., 2007: Geologia regionalna Polski, przyrodniczo – kulturowego Wyżyny Krakowsko Wyd. Geol., Warszawa, ss. 1-286. – Częstochowskiej, Ojcowski Park Narodowy, 1: SZYMKOWIAK A., KOWALSKA M., 2011: 55-60. Edukacyjno - geoturystyczne tablice POKORNY, J., 1963: The development of mogotes informacyjne – GeoTropy, „Przegląd in the southern part of the Cracow Upland, Bull. Geologiczny”, vol. 59, nr 4, s. 357-358. Acad. Pol. Sci., Ser. Geol. and Geogr., 11/3: 169- ŻERAŃSKI M., 2003: Jura Krakowsko – 175. Częstochowska: przewodnik, TD, Warszawa, ss. SŁOMKA T., KICIŃSKA – ŚWIDERSKA A., 1-280. 2004: Geoturystyka – podstawowe pojęcia, „Geoturystyka” nr 1 (2004), s. 5-7.

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