Use of Indicator Methods for the Purposes of Monitoring Sustainable Energy in the Region
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BAROMETR REGIONALNY TOM 14 NR 3 Use of Indicator Methods for the Purposes of Monitoring Sustainable Energy in the Region Małgorzata Trojanowska, Krzysztof Nęcka University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland Abstract Implementation of the conception of sustainable energy requires a progress evaluation, which calls for an indicator system for monitoring sustainable energy. In this paper it is proposed to use simultaneously two systems, one based on a set of specific indicators and the other on a synthetic indicator. The useful- ness of proposed indicator methods was checked on the example of rural areas of the Śląskie Voivodship by monitoring sustainable energy in given counties in 2004 and 2014. Keywords: sustainable energy, indicators of specific consumption of heat, electricity and gas, biomass Introduction The concept of sustainable energy stems from the conception of sustainable development . Sustain- able energy can be defined as conversion of primary energy into electricity and heat, and delivery to the final client in a way that meets the needs of present and future generations, taking into consid- eration economic, social and environmental aspects of human development (Prandecki 2014) . Sus- tainable energy applies to both energy provision and its consumption . Energy provision includes in particular ways the least harmful methods for the environment, preferably from renewable sources and improvement of energy efficiency, while ensuring energy security . Apart from the term sustain- able energy, the concepts of sustainable energy system, sustainable energy economy, etc . are used but in spite of differences in meaning are mostly treated interchangeably . One of the basic goals of European Union sustainable energy policy is sustainable energy development which, according to the European Commission, shall ensure until 2030 a 27% share of renewable energy in the general record of energy carriers in the EU and decreasing economy energy consumption by 20% .1 In Poland local authorities are responsible for energy economics, and their responsibilities are defined by the Energy Law . 2 They comprise energy planning and energy management . The system of energy planning and management currently existing in Poland does not fulfil the objectives for which it was designed and requires changes, implementing, according to the EU guidelines, the sys- tem of sustainable energy management on local, regional and national levels .3 To make it possible, it is necessary to amend existing provisions of the Energy Law and prepare relevant implementing regulations . Implementation of the sustainable energy conception requires evaluation of progress and differences in this field, which calls for an indicator system for monitoring sustainable energy development . It can be a system based on specific indicators or synthetic measurements . In this 1. See: Note of Subject: European Council (23 and 24 October 2014). Conclusions on 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework. Brussels, 23 October 2014, (OR. en) SN 79/14, [@:] http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms _data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/145356.pdf. 2. See: Ustawa z dnia 10 kwietnia 1997 r. — Prawo energetyczne. DzU z 1997 r. nr 54 poz. 348 as amended. 3. See: Koncepcja krajowego systemu zrównoważonego gospodarowania energią. Report by Arkadiusz Węglarz and Marek Zaborowski. Krajowa Agencja Poszanowania Energii S.A. przy współpracy Instytutu Ekonomii Środowi- ska, [@:] http://docplayer.pl/6568457-Koncepcja-krajowego-systemu-zrownowazonego-gospodarowania-energia.html. © 2016 by Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania i Administracji w Zamościu All Rights Reserved 120 Małgorzata Trojanowska and Krzysztof Nęcka paper both system types are proposed, having been used for monitoring sustainable energy on the example of the rural region of the Śląskie Voivodship . As the main energy users on the rural areas are households, the survey was restricted to this specific group . 1 Examination procedure In order to evaluate sustainable energy, one needs indicators that explicitly reflect the problem, are measurable and based on accessible data . As sustainable energy should be a part of a sustainable development conception, it is important that descriptive indicators are compatible with the indi- cators describing sustainable development . Many research organizations are involved in creating indicator systems for monitoring sustainable energy, among others the Central Statistical Office in Katowice . It has elaborated a set of specific indicators describing sustainable development in terms of social, economic, environmental and institutional-political cohesion, whose values are systematically updated . Among these indicators, one may find those applying to energy economics, in particular electricity consumption in households per person, classified as consumption patterns describing social order and share of renewable energy in final energy consumption classified as a variable describing environmental governance . As such indicators are also used in analysis of sustainable development by other authors (Bal- Domańska and Wilk 2011; Korol 2008; Roszkowska and Karwowska 2014), they were considered universal and joined into the indicator system for monitoring sustainable energy . Given the fact that sustainable energy shall ensure permanent and environmentally sound access to electricity and heat, a further measuring instrument implemented within the monitoring system was specific heat consumption . The set was completed with specific natural gas consumption which is not treated as a sustainable source, however it is included in all energy strategies . In order to designate the values of given indicators, data available in studies of the Local Data Bank of Central Statistical Office of Poland was used, and additionally using the works of Tro- janowska and Szul (2006), Trojanowska (2009), Kowalczyk-Juśko (2010), Ludwicka and Grzybek (2010) as well as Hałuzo and Musiał 4 . While calculating sustainable energy resources, taken into consideration were only agricultural (straw) and wooden biomass (biomass from forests, wood indus- try and orchards) which is the greatest source of renewable energy in the Śląskie Voivodship, easy and quickly supplied . The calculations were made for 2004 and 2014 . Indicators designated in such a way were evaluated in terms of usefulness to monitor sustainable energy . The ranging method was used in regards to the set of specific indicators to rank counties of the Śląskie Voivodship in respect of sustainable energy development . For the purpose of regional general evaluation in terms of sustain- able energy development, a synthetic measurement was designated for each country, for a previously determined set of indicators . The most frequently used measure was chosen, that is the synthetic measure of development (SMD) . The calculation procedure comprised the following activities: 1 .Normalization of diagnostic features Using recommendations of other authors (Jarocka 2015; Walesiak 2014) the formula of zero unitarization was applied xij min xij − i (1) zij = , max xij min xij i − i where: zij — value after unitarization of j-th diagnostic feature (indicator), j = 1, 2, 3, 4, in i-th object (county), i = 1, 2,…, 17, xij (min xij, max xij) — execution of j-th diagnostic feature in i-th object (the lowest value, the highest value) . 4. See: Ocena zasobów i potencjalnych możliwości pozyskania surowców dla energetyki odnawialnej w wojewódz- twie pomorskim by Mirosława Hałuzo, Ryszard Musiał. Biuro Planowania Przestrzennego w Słupsku, 2004, [@:] http://pbpr.pomorskie.eu/documents/294485/453192/Ocena+zasob%C3%B3w+i+potencjalnych+mo%C5%BCliwo %C5%9Bci+pozyskania+surowc%C3%B3w+dla+energetyki+odnawialnej...2005.pdf/ea6e7e64–1541–4991-a831– 54aa1b8f4d4b. Use of Indicator Methods for the Purposes of Monitoring… 121 2 .Change of destimulants into stimulants Indicators were treated as stimulants zS or destimulants zD . In order to harmonize the charac- ter of features, destimulants were changed into stimulants with the use of the formula (2) zS = 1 zD . ij − ij 3 .Determination of coordinates of the object-model zoj . An upper model of development was adopted, where maximal total values for 2004 and 2014 were accepted for stimulants . 4 .Determination of distance between counties and the object-model . The distance between the j-th country was designated with the use of the Euclidean metric n 2 (3) di0 = (zij zoj) . − j=1 5 .Designation of the synthetic measure of development . Synthetic development indicators were calculated according to the relation d (4) SMD = 1 i0 , − d0 where d0 is the distance between the model and antimodel . SMD indicators were used to evaluate the sustainable energy of the counties in terms of territo- rial differentiation and changes in time . 2 Evaluation of sustainable energy on the basis of specific indicators In this paper the following specific factors were designated: yearly heat consumption relating to the number of residents (aggregated and for heating buildings), electricity and gas as well as the share of energy from the renewable sources in final energy consumption . An important feature of the indicators which characterizes their utility to monitor sustainable energy is, along with comparability, the ability to discriminate objects which is designated by the variation coefficient higher than 10% . It turned out that this condition is not met in the case of indicators of specific heat demand, whereas the discriminatory ability of the indicator relating to heat consumption