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Evaluasi Plasma Nutfah Rusa Totol (Axis Axis) Di Halaman Istana Bogor

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Evaluasi Plasma Nutfah Rusa Totol (Axis Axis) Di Halaman Istana Bogor Evaluasi Plasma Nutfah Rusa Totol (Axis axis) di Halaman Istana Bogor R. Garsetiasih1 dan Nina Herlina2 1Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, Bogor 2Sekretariat Jenderal Departemen Kehutanan, Jakarta ABSTRACT secara berurutan adalah A. compressus, C. aciculatus, dan Z. matrella. The experiment was done to evaluate the supporting capacity Kata kunci: Rusa totol, daya dukung, halaman Istana Bogor, of Bogor Palace yard on the population of deer (Axis axis), and produktivitas. conducted in September to October 2001. Observation of vege- tation was done through vegetation analysis to evaluate the vegetation composition, productivity, and palatability of grass. PENDAHULUAN Vegetation analysis of grass used sistematic sample plot 1 x 1 m, first plot determined with purposive random sampling. The Satwa liar merupakan komponen ekosistem result showed that the domination of grass respectively by Axonopus compressus, Chrysopogon aciculatus, Zoysia ma- yang berperan dalam memelihara keberlangsungan trella, Kyllinga monochepala, Euleusin indica, and Centella siklus energi. Kemusnahan suatu jenis (flora/fauna) asiatica. Productivity of grass in Bogor Palace yard was 36,13 akan berdampak terhadap keseimbangan ekosistem, kg/ha/day in fresh weight or 12,94 kg/ha/day in dry weight. yang pada akhirnya akan mempengaruhi komponen Based in the grass productivity carrying capacity of deer in ekosistem lainnya, karena elemen-elemen pemben- Bogor Palace yard are 169 individu until 286 individu or 8-13 individu per ha. Finally grass palatability respectively A. com- tuk sistem selalu berinteraksi dengan lingkungan- pressus, C. aciculatus, and Z. matrella. nya. Berbagai usaha telah dilakukan untuk melin- dungi dan sekaligus memanfaatkan satwa liar terse- Key words: Axis axis, carrying capacity, Bogor Palace yard, productivity. but. Salah satu jenis satwa liar yang berpotensi adalah rusa totol (Axis axis). Pemanfaatan rusa ter- sebut terutama daging, tanduk, dan kulitnya. ABSTRAK Pengelola Istana Bogor memelihara rusa totol Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya dukung halam- dengan maksud untuk memperindah halaman an Istana Bogor terhadap populasi rusa totol (Axis axis), yang istana, rusa totol tersebut bukan rusa asli Indonesia, dilakukan pada bulan September sampai Oktober 2001. Para- melainkan dari India dan didatangkan ke Indonesia meter yang diamati/diukur adalah komposisi vegetasi, produk- oleh Pemerintah Inggris pada tahun 1811. Jumlah tivitas rumput, palatabilitas, dan nilai gizi rumput serta daya awal rusa totol di halaman Istana Bogor adalah dukung bagi rusa. Pengamatan vegetasi dilakukan melalui ana- lisis vegetasi untuk mengetahui komposisi vegetasi, produkti- enam pasang dan berfungsi sebagai sarana keindah- vitas, dan palatabilitas rumput. Analisis vegetasi tumbuhan ba- an istana (Trubus 1996). wah dilakukan pada petak contoh ukuran 1 x 1 m. Penetapan Karena perkembangbiakan rusa totol di Istana petak pertama dilakukan secara purposive random sampling. Bogor sangat pesat, maka pengelola istana melaku- Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa tumbuhan bawah di ha- kan penyaluran rusa tersebut ke berbagai penang- laman Istana Bogor didominasi secara berturut-turut oleh Axonopus compressus (rumput pait), Chrysopogon aciculatus karan seperti kebun binatang, instansi pemerintah (dom-doman), Zoysia matrella (rumput raja), Kyllinga mono- maupun badan swasta lainnya yang berniat menang- chepala (rumput teki), Euleusin indica (rumput jampang), dan karkannya. Hal ini dilakukan karena untuk meng- Centella asiatica (antanan). Produktivitas hijauan rumput di hindari terjadinya kelebihan populasi yang akan halaman Istana Bogor adalah 36,13 kg/ha/hari bobot segar atau berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan rusa, baik 12,94 kg/ha/hari bobot kering. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan produktivitas rumput tersebut diketahui bahwa daya dukung fisik maupun genetik. halaman Istana Bogor berkisar antara 169-286 ekor atau 8-13 Dari hasil penelitian Fajri (2000) diketahui ekor/ha. Hasil pengamatan terhadap palatabilitas rumput me- bahwa pertumbuhan populasi rusa totol di halaman nunjukkan bahwa rumput yang paling disukai oleh rusa totol Istana Bogor mengalami peningkatan. Rata-rata 34 Buletin Plasma Nutfah Vol.11 No.1 Th.2005 pertumbuhan populasi tahun 1991/92 sampai 1999/ X = jumlah petak contoh ditemukannya suatu 2000 adalah 59 ekor per tahun (105%) dengan pe- jenis yang mengandung gigitan rusa ningkatan kepadatan populasi 2,95 ekor/ha. Dengan Y = jumlah seluruh petak contoh ditemukannya makin bertambahnya populasi rusa totol di halaman jenis tersebut Istana Bogor yang tidak diimbangi oleh peningkat- Daya dukung halaman Istana Bogor dihitung an kuantitas dan kualitas habitatnya, maka dimung- dengan menggunakan rumus (Susetyo 1980): kinkan sudah terjadi kelebihan populasi dari rusa P X p.u X A Daya dukung = yang ada di Istana Bogor tersebut. C Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut maka pe- di mana: nelitian mengenai daya dukung halaman Istana P = produktivitas hijauan (kg/ha/hari) Bogor terhadap rusa perlu dilakukan dalam rangka p.u = 0,70 pengelolaan dan pengembangan di masa yang akan datang. A = luas permukaan yang ditumbuhi rumput (ha) C = kebutuhan makan rusa (kg/ekor/hari) BAHAN DAN METODE Kebutuhan makan rusa totol per hari diguna- kan data kebutuhan pakan sebanyak 3 kg/hari Penelitian dilakukan di halaman Istana Bogor (Ikawidjaya 1987). selama 2 bulan, mulai 3 September sampai 31 Kepadatan populasi dihitung dengan meng- Oktober 2001. Obyek yang dijadikan bahan peneli- gunakan rumus (Fitriyanti 1998): Jumlah populasi rusa terhitung tian adalah populasi rusa totol dan habitatnya di Kepadatan populasi = halaman Istana Bogor. Luas areal padang rumput Parameter yang diukur meliputi aspek vege- tasi, produktivitas rumput, daya dukung, palatabili- HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN tas, dan nilai gizi pakan rusa. Untuk mengetahui komposisi vegetasi tumbuhan bawah dilakukan ana- Deskripsi Lokasi Penelitian lisis vegetasi dengan petak contoh berukuran 1 x 1 m (Alikodra 1979). Penetapan petak pertama dila- Istana Bogor terletak di tengah Kota Bogor, kukan secara purposive random sampling, dengan pada posisi antara 160° 43′ BT, 106° 51′ LS sampai jumlah petak 20 jarak antarpetak 10 m. dengan 6° 40′ LS. Istana Bogor berada pada keting- Produktivitas hijauan rumput diketahui de- gian 260 m dari permukaan laut, dengan luas areal ngan cara pemotongan dan penimbangan rumput 28 ha, sisanya berupa bangunan istana, jalan, dan pada petak yang dipagar. Interval waktu pemotong- taman berpagar. Curah hujan selama penelitian an selama 20 hari dengan dua kali ulangan (pemo- adalah 512,5 mm dengan jumlah hari hujan seba- tongan). Untuk mengetahui tingkat palatabilitas pa- nyak 13 hari diperoleh dari hasil komunikasi Badan kan, dilakukan pengamatan terhadap bekas gigitan Meteorologi dan Geofisika. rusa pada rumput dalam 20 petak contoh pengamat- Di halaman Istana Bogor terdapat berbagai an, selanjutnya dilakukan pengambilan sampel rum- jenis pohon dan rumput yang ditanam sejak zaman put untuk dianalisis kandungan gizinya. Data vege- Belanda dan berfungsi sebagai sarana keindahan. tasi dianalisis dengan indeks nilai penting (INP) = Pohon tersebut juga berfungsi sebagai naungan bagi KR + DR + FR (Alikodra 1990). Nilai palatabilitas rusa. Jenis pohon yang mendominasi Istana Bogor, suatu jenis pakan ditentukan dengan menggunakan adalah beringin (Ficus benjamina), mahagoni rumus (Garsetiasih 1990): (Swietenia mahagoni), dan cengkeh (Syzygium X aromaticum). P = Y Vegetasi Tumbuhan Bawah di mana: P = palatabilitas dari suatu jenis hijauan Dari hasil analisis terhadap vegetasi tumbuh- an bawah diketahui bahwa halaman Istana Bogor Buletin Plasma Nutfah Vol.11 No.1 Th.2005 35 didominasi oleh rumput pait (Axonopus com- 20,54 kg/ha/hari bobot kering untuk pemotongan pressus) diikuti secara berturut-turut oleh dom- kedua. Peningkatan produktivitas hijauan pakan pa- doman (Chrysopogon aciculatus), rumput raja (Zoy- da pemotongan kedua dimungkinkan oleh adanya sia matrella), teki (Kyllinga monochepala), rumput pemotongan yang dapat mempercepat pertumbuhan jampang (Euleusin indica), dan antanan (Centella rumput. Secara lengkap produksi pakan rusa di ha- asiatica). Hasil analisis vegetasi tumbuh-an bawah laman Istana Bogor dapat dilihat pada Lampiran 1. dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1. Jumlah hijauan yang tersedia akan mempe- Axonopus compressus merupakan spesies ngaruhi daya dukung rusa di halaman Istana Bogor. yang lebih dominan. Hal ini disebabkan karena spe- Populasi yang berlebihan akan mengakibatkan sies tersebut memiliki nilai kerapatan relatif lebih hijauan yang dimakan terbatas, sehingga tidak dapat tinggi atau jumlah individu per satuan luas areal le- memenuhi kebutuhan hidup optimal rusa. bih banyak dari jenis lainnya. Chrysopogon acicu- Berdasarkan perhitungan produktivitas hijau- latus mempunyai keparatan yang relatif hampir an pakan di atas maka daya dukung halaman Istana sama dengan Z. matrella. Bogor untuk menampung rusa totol berkisar antara 169-286 ekor atau 8-13 ekor/ha. Berdasarkan hasil Produktivitas Rumput dan Daya Dukung penelitian Susetyo (1980) yang menghubungkan an- tara curah hujan, interval pemotongan dan produksi Daya dukung halaman Istana Bogor untuk hijauan menyatakan bahwa interval pemotongan 20 menampung rusa totol bergantung pada jumlah hari produksi menjadi bertambah dengan mening- hijauan yang tersedia. Produksi rumput di halaman katnya curah hujan. Istana Bogor dapat dilihat pada Tabel 2. Populasi yang melebihi daya dukung meng- Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan
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