To Examine the Immediate Causes of World War

US History, April 29

• Entry Task: Many students have to finish the test (sit in one area). • Everyone else: Grab a book (p. 734), read the section, and answer # 2,3,4 (page 741). • Announcements: – Extra Credit for Spirit Days – 1 pt per day (Sign up on paper – if I forgot to pass it around one day, go ahead and fill in!) – Roaring 20s-Great Depression tests–A = 64.5+, B = 57.5+, C = 50.5+, D = 43.5+ US History, May 4

• Entry Task: None today – make sure you’ve turned in everything! • Announcements: – Assignment from Thursday: Read Chapter 24 sections 1 & 2 – answer # 2, 3, 4 on page 741 and # 2 & 5 and define appeasement on page 747. – Assignment from Friday: Map – Test Corrections are due! See me for questions.

Japan: Emperor Hirohito • Known as “Tenno” to his subjects, the living embodiment of the Japanese people • Symbol of the state more than an actual ruler • People never heard his voice until August 15, 1945 • Hideki Tojo was Prime Minister of Japan 1941-1944 Japan • Japan felt that they had the right to start an overseas empire, just as European countries such as Britain and France had. •Why did Japan “need” overseas territories?

•(1)In 1931, Japan seized Manchuria, China, for its valuable coal and iron. (2) Puppet state created: Manchukuo • The League of Nations condemned actions but failed to help China. (3) Japan simply dropped out of the League. • (4) In 1937, Japan began an all out attack on China (Rape of Nanking), eventually conquering (5) Korea and (6) French Indo-China (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos) as well by 1941.

September 1940: Japan signs the Tripartite Pact (Germany, Japan, and Italy) In Tokyo, Japan, this street sign reads: "To the fall of Nanking, To the victory of the Imperial Army". Holy war: Eight corners of the world under one roof – although Japan never DECLARED war at first – needed US steel and UK petroleum

Toshiaki Mukai and Iwa Noda, two Japanese Imperial officers, killed 211 Chinese in total during a beheading competition; one killed 106, the other 105 in their contest.

News was printed in NY Times and Time Magazine; yet the American public did not fully believe

*WARNING: disturbing image on the next slide* Disturbing Slide (next)

A Japanese soldier with the decapitated head of a Chinese peasant. A map of Nanking and the points of massacre – historians estimate 40,000-300,000 mass murdered and tens of thousands of women raped Hitler: Fuhrer Party: Nazis

German Inflation early 1920s • High unemployment and inflation in Germany = people upset with government

The Situation in Germany: An Economic and Political Crisis with Low National Morale • After World War I, Germany faced a series of crises: – Under the Versailles Treaty, Germany had to disarm, give up land and

pay heavy reparations. 1.2 – The devastated country suffered from Value of Mark widespread unemployment, runaway 1 inflation, and low national morale. 0.8

• By 1923 the mark was worth 0.6

one-trillionth (0.000000000001) 0.4 of its original value. 0.2 • The middle class, a necessity for 0 a stable democratic government, Pre-War 1923 was wiped out. – The Weimar Republic, established in 1919, had a divided democratic Reichstag with many parties including Communists, Socialists, and Fascists. Decline in German Incomes

• Even though the mark stabilized with a new currency: • Companies throughout Germany 7,000,000 6,000,000 went bankrupt. 5,000,000 • Millions of workers were laid off 4,000,000 3,000,000 • Unemployment increased from 2,000,000 650,000 in 1928 to 6,100,000 in 1,000,000 0 1933 (25 % of the workforce): 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 • 1928: 650,000 Unemployment 1929: 1,320,000 1930: 3,000,000 1931: 4,350,000 1932: 5,102,000 1933: 6,100,000 The Way is Clear • The German people were tired of all of these things: – The political squabbling – The misery and the suffering of the Great Depression – The weakness exhibited by the democratic Weimar Republic • These were desperate times and they were willing to listen to someone who seemed to have the answers. The Rise of Dictators

• Hitler and Nazism in Germany – The political and economic chaos in postwar Germany led to the rise of new political parties. • Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ Party, or the Nazi Party. • Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei • Hitler reorganized the party from 1924- 1928 – won 12 seats in the Reichstag in 1928 • The Nazi Party did not represent the working class as its name suggested, but was nationalistic and anticommunist.

Appeal of Hitler • Constantly blamed Jews and Weimar politicians for Germany’s problems, not the German people. • Germans had been badly wronged at Versailles. – A new party member who wrote that after hearing Hitler speak for the first time, 'there was only one thing for me, either to win with Adolf Hitler or to die for him. The personality of the Fuhrer had me totally in its spell'. Techniques • Vague promises, no details but absolute commitment, personal sacrifice, outward strength • Repetition of catch phrases • Arrived late, built urgency, pacing • Lighting, music, chants • Vocal sympathizers sat up front • Rarely gave exact answers The Rise of Dictators

The Nazis tried to seize power in 1923, plan failed and Hitler was arrested: • While in jail Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

IDEAS: Unification of all Germans

under one government Master race or the Aryans anti-Semitism (anti-Jewish) Social Darwinism: right of superior nations to expand Germany has to expand into Poland Jews caused most of the world’s problems The Rise of Dictators • Hitler and Nazism in Germany – Many traditional German leaders supported Hitler’s nationalism. 1932 – Hitler runs for Pres (35% vote) • They believed that if they helped Hitler become leader of Germany legally, they could control him. – In 1933 the German president Paul von Hindenberg appointed Hitler as chancellor, or prime minister. – After being appointed he ordered the police to crack down on the Communist Parties. Führer Adolf Hitler; Hermann Göring; Minister of Propaganda Josep h Goebbels; Rudolf

Hess

The Weimar Republic

President (Paul von Hindenberg) Publicly elected to 7-year term Head of armed forces Power to dismiss the government and call for new elections Could rule independently of Reichstag in national emergency

Chancellor Reichstag Appointed by Unlimited # of political parties President Elected to 4-year term by Usually leader of proportional representation largest party in 1919: 421 members Reichstag 1932: 647 members TIMELINE • Hitler is appointed Chancellor ( Jan 1933) • Reichstag Fire (Feb 27, 1933) – Marius van der Lubbe (Communist) • Emergency Decree (Feb 28, 1933) – suspends civil liberties (Nazis – 44% of vote) • Enabling Act (March 23, 1933) – gives Chancellor ***Hitler unlimited legislative powers for 4 years becomes • July 1933 – Nazis only legal Fuhrer (August party 2, 1934) • Night of the Long Knives (June 30-July 2, 1934) The Rise of Dictators

• Hitler and Nazism in Germany – In 1934 Hitler became chancellor and president, which gave him control of the army. – He began to rebuild Germany’s military, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles.

How did Hitler keep control of Germany? The Terror State Propaganda

Secret police called Mass Rallies, Posters the Gestapo would and Propaganda spy on and arrest films. enemies of the state. Keeping The Nazis controlled and censored the SS were responsible Control of radio & newspapers. for running the Germany concentration camps. School children were indoctrinated with Everyone was scared of Popularity Nazi ideas at school. being arrested by the Gestapo and being put Ripping up the Hitler Youth & the in a concentration Treaty of Versailles. Young Maidens. camp. Creating Jobs US History, May 5

• Entry Task: “Pop” quiz (not for points) • Announcements: • Test Corrections are due! See me for questions. • Review: summarize – how did Hitler rise to power?

Just in case if you missed it: – Assignment from last Thursday: Read Chapter 24 sections 1 & 2 – answer # 2, 3, 4 on page 741 and # 2 & 5 and define appeasement on page 747. – Assignment from last Friday: Map

Four Year Plan: Hermann Göring • 1933: Hitler withdraws Germany from the League of Nations • Economic Recovery Plan focused on public works projects, militarization, production • In 1935, Hitler established military conscription for all German men • created an air force • began to build submarines • The Treaty of Versailles limited Germany to a 100,000-man army, but Hitler's army soon numbered 600,000. Volkswagen

Hitler met with automotive designer Ferdinand Porsche in 1933 and charged Porsche with creating the new car. The chancellor required that the Volkswagen carry two adults and three children, go up to 60 miles per hour, get at least 33 miles per gallon, and cost only 1,000 reichsmarks. Hitler may also have named the car the Beetle. Was the 4 year Plan a success? • Unemployment dropped quickly 4.8 million in 1933 to 0.5 million in 1938 • Wages rose slightly but were still lower in 1938 than they had been in 1928 • Working hours went up to 49 hours per week in 1939 – 52 hours in 1943 to over 60 hours per week by 1945 • There were fewer consumer goods (personal and household goods) • Trade unions were replaced by “Beauty of Labour” and “Strength Through Joy” who organized better conditions and leisure activities Was the 4 year Plan a success? • Unemployment dropped quickly 4.8 million in 1933 to 0.5 million in 1938 BUT consider: • Figures do not include Jews and women dismissed from their jobs, unmarried men under 25 who were forced into National Labor jobs and conscription (draft in 1935), the opponents of the Nazis who were in concentration camps, and part time workers were counted as full time. Goebbels and Riefenstahl • Goebbels was the Chief Propaganda Officer. He promoted radios. By 1942, Germany had 23 million radios • Leni Riefenstahl was Hitler’s filmmaker. “Triumph of Will” and “Olympiad” LEBENSRAUM

• Hitler’s Greater Germany would have a population of over 85 million people • Germany’s land would be insufficient to feed this many people • Hitler intended to expand eastward towards Poland and Russia • Russians and Poles were Slavs-Hitler believed them to be inferior and so Germany was entitled to take their land. US History, May 5

• Entry Task: “Pop” quiz (not for points) • Announcements: • Test Corrections are due! See me for questions. • Review: summarize – how did Hitler rise to power?

War in Europe · (1) 1936 – German troops move into the Rhineland, bordering France and Belgium. · (2) 1938 – Germany annexed Austria.

* Both of these actions violated the Versailles Treaty. · (3) 1938 – Germany claimed the Sudetenland, a part of Czechoslovakia.

A Sudetenland woman weeps tears of joy when German troops enter the territory. REACTION: Sept. 1938 – At the Munich Conference, Hitler invited the leaders of Britain and France to Germany and assured them that he wanted no more territory.

Before signing the Munich agreement. From left to right: Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini, Ciano

* Britain and France gave into Germany hoping that it would avoid warfare. This was known as appeasement (REACTION).

Soviet poster of the 1930's by Kukryniksy on the Munich agreement.

* (4) However, in 1939, Germany invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia anyway!

Stalin and Hitler

• (5)1939 – In the Nazi-Soviet Pact (Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact), Hitler and Stalin agreed not to attack one another.

• Marriage made in heaven??? • Stalin and Hitler also agreed to divide Poland and Eastern Europe amongst themselves. • (6) September 1, 1939 – Germany invaded Poland without having to fear of a Soviet attack. •Two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany. •The US: isolationism (REACTION) Late 1940 – enact draft bill and Lend- Lease plan Benito Mussolini – Il Duce • Black Shirts • Fascism = stresses nationalism & places interest of state above individual The Rise of Dictators

• Mussolini and Fascism in Italy - – Fascism was strongly against Communism – Mussolini promised to return Italy to the glories of the Roman Empire.

Fascists in Italy • Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy in 1922, became the dictator in 1925-26. Mussolini’s policies: - All political parties, except the Fascist party, were outlawed. - He controlled the press and banned criticism (death penalty) of the government.

Benito Mussolini, 1936 Aggressive Actions of Italy • (1) May 1936 – Italy annexes Ethiopia * The League of Nations failed to help Ethiopia (REACTION). • (2) April 1939 – Invades Albania • (3) May 1939: Signed Pact of Steel with Hitler • (4)1940: Egypt, Greece (with German intervention) •The League of Nations failed to help Ethiopia. •"It is us today, it will be you tomorrow." – Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie, addressing the League of Nations in 1936 Italy lacked adequate military equipment and its pace of production was pitiful: the US could manufacture more planes in a week than Italy could in a year. Mussolini did not help matters by repeatedly changing his war plans and stretching his forces too thin.

The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939

• Generalissimo Francisco Franco leads army officers to rebellion

• Franco backed by Hitler & Mussolini (weapons, troops) • 3,000 Americans formed the Abraham Lincoln brigade to fight against Franco with Republicans • Victory for Franco – April 1, 1939 (ruled until Francisco Franco 1975) Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

The American “Lincoln Brigade” – from 52 countries, almost 40,000 people came to help fight Fascism The Spanish Civil War: A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?

Italian troops in Madrid – 100,000 Germans contributed approx. 16,000 “Guernica” by Pablo Picasso - Bombed by the Germans in 1937 – killing up to 300 civilians The Rise of Dictators

• Stalin Takes Over the USSR – To keep control, Communists established one-party, suppressed individual liberties, and punished opponents. – After Lenin died in 1924, a power struggle began – By 1926, Joseph Stalin became the new Soviet dictator – In 1927 Stalin began a massive effort to industrialize his country (5 Year Plan)

Soviet Union: 1/6 of world’s land surface, 2.5x the US

• Soviet leader Joseph Stalin ordered his people to produce more goods in order to strengthen the country in preparation for war. By 1937 – 2nd industrial power in world • Farmers were forced to give up their land and to join collective farms. • Millions of farmers that resisted were either killed or sent to labor camps. •Somewhere around 28.7 mil people passed through Gulag Actions of Soviet Union

• 1 – August 23, 1939: Non-aggression pact with Germany • 2 – Annexed Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania • 3 - September 17 – invaded Eastern Poland • 4 – Invaded Finland (Nov. 1939-March 1940)

Prisoners work at Belbaltlag, a Gulag camp for building the White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal . 25,000 died. Prisoners work at Belbaltlag, a Gulag camp for building the White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal . ****GULAG – weapon of ongoing political control over the country **** An undated file photo of the Vorkutinskaya mine in Vorkuta, in Russia's northern Komi region, out of 2 million prisoners passed through here –

Prisoners mine gold at Kolyma, the most notorious Gulag camp in extreme northeastern Siberia. Have you ever been late to work? In the Stalin era, a person who arrived late to work three times could be sent to the Gulag for three years.

Have you ever told a joke about a government official? In the Stalin era, many were sent to the Gulag for up to 25 years for telling an innocent joke about a Communist Party official. If your family was starving, would you take a few potatoes left in a field after harvest? In the Stalin era, a person could be sent to the Gulag for up to ten years for such petty theft. Trying to feed her four hungry children during the massive 1932-1933 famine, the peasant mother allegedly stole three pounds of rye from her former field— confiscated by the state as part of collectivization. Soviet authorities sentenced her to ten years in the Gulag. When her sentence expired in 1943, it was arbitrarily extended until the end of the war in 1945. After her release, she was required to live in exile near her Gulag camp north of the Arctic Circle, and she was not able to return home until 1956, after the death of Stalin. Maria Tchebotareva never found Maria Tchebotareva her children after her release. Seeking the appearance of democracy, the Soviet Union held elections, but only one Communist Party candidate appeared on the ballot for each office. Fear of punishment ensured that nearly all Soviet citizens “voted” by taking their ballot and ceremoniously placing it into a ballot box. In 1949, Ivan Burylov, a beekeeper, protested this absurd ritual by writing the word “Comedy” on his Ivan Burylov “secret” ballot. Soviet authorities linked the ballot to Burylov and sentenced him to eight years in camps for this “crime.” Trial of so-called rich peasants in 1929. Stalin’s Great Purge • 1936-1938: Show trials, executions of Communist Party and Government officials, 50% of Red Army leaders, peasants, etc. • 1/20 people in the Soviet Union arrested • Possibly 1500 executed every day

Estimate of deaths brought about by Soviet repression during these two years: 950,000 to 1.2 million US History, May 6

• Entry Task: Please take out your notes and cartoons from yesterday. • Announcements: – You will turn in notes and cartoons today. – Pearl Harbor Reading: Homework tonight (Psssssst – make sure you do the reading!!!) – Correction on quote: Churchill said, “if Hitler invaded Hell,” the British would be prepared to work with the devil himself.

Actions of Soviet Union

America

• Franklin Delano Roosevelt (32nd President – won four Presidential elections!) • 22nd Amendment (1951) sets limit on Presidential terms Depression Diplomacy -(1) Isolationists passed a series of Neutrality Acts in the 1930’s. - These laws…. • banned arms sales or loans to countries at war. • warned U.S. citizens not to travel on ships of countries at war. - FDR announced the Good Neighbor Policy in an attempt to improve U.S. relations with Latin America.

Quick movie: Blitzkrieg

June, 1940 France surrenders. Fall of France

• The Battle for France ends with the signing of an armistice in the same railway car in which the Germans had surrendered in WWI France Surrenders June, 1940 Evacuation at Dunkirk • May 26-June 4, 1940 • British, French, Canadian, and Belgian troops • 850 boats: motor boats, fishing smacks, lifeboats, paddle steamers, etc. Over 338,000 troops escaped (out of around 400,000) Hitler’s critical mistake

• May 24, Walther von Brauchitsch, Germany army commander in chief, was posed to take Dunkirk • Hermann Goering, head of the Luftwaffe, assured Hitler that aircraft could destroy Allied forces “Operation Dynamo”

Miracle at Dunkirk

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill A Divided France

Henri Petain • Pragmatic Collaborators: Example Vichy France, 1940-1944: • abolished parliament • passed anti-Semitic legislation • set up corporative economic system in order to stay out of the war The French Resistance

The Free French

General Charles DeGaulle Women punished for collaborating with Nazis towards the end of WWII

1940 - The Germans severely bombed Great Britain during the Battle of Britain but were unable the defeat the island nation.

German bomber over London • Britain stands alone.. Overall Goal: Operation Sealion (never happened) • July 1940: first targets: coastal shipping convoys and shipping centers • August: attacks shifted to RAF airfields/factories/infrastructure • By September: Terror Bombing - targets of political significance (attempt to destroy British morale) – continued into May 1941 • American Film – “London can take it” – “bombs…cannot destroy the indomitable” spirit of a nation”

“We Shall never surrender!” • Even though large parts of Europe and many old and famous States have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender… Battle of Britain - Summer, 1940 Battle of Britain - Summer, 1940 Battle of Britain - Summer, 1940

Battle of Britain: The “Blitz”

•British sent children out the city, tightened defenses, moved into bomb shelters, "blacked out their city and carried on” •In the 28 “days of terror” from Sept 7 to Oct. 5, the Nazi dropped 50 million lbs on the city including Buckingham Palace and Westminster Abbey Battle of Britain - Summer, 1940 Battle of Britain - Summer, 1940

• London was bombed for 57 consecutive nights during the infamous “Blitz” • More than 1 million buildings damaged (1/6 Londoners left homeless); 30,000 people killed • Churchill on the Royal Air Force, “Never in the field of human conflict has so much been owed by so many to so few.” • How could it have been worse? – The Blitz ended on May 16, when most of the Luftwaffe was re-assigned east for the imminent invasion of Russia. – Germans underestimated British use of RADAR – Peoples’ War

American Neutrality •(2) FDR changed the Neutrality Acts through a “cash and carry” plan, in which the U.S. sold arms to the Allies, but they had to carry them away on their own ships. • Meanwhile, the U.S. prepared for war by setting up the first ever peacetime draft in U.S. history. A Third Term for FDR • Breaking tradition, FDR ran for, and won, a third term as President in 1940.

US Neutrality

• FDR: “No man can tame a tiger into a kitten by stroking it.” • If Britain fell, FDR warned, “all of us in all the Americas would be living at the point of a gun.” Arsenal of Democracy • (3)Lend-Lease Act (1941) – allowed sales or loans to “any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the U.S.”

Warsaw 1945: Willys jeep used by Polish Army as part of US Lend-Lease program.

• FDR called on all Americans to defend the “Four Freedoms” (freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear) • Norman Rockwell’s “Four Freedoms “Lend-Lease” Act (1941)

Great Britain...... $31 billion Soviet Union...... $11 billion France...... $ 3 billion China...... $1.5 billion Other European...... $500 million South America...... $400 million The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000 • FDR summarized the Lend-Lease Act as, "helping to put out the fire in your neighbor's house before your own house caught fire and burned down."

* 1941 – Germany launched a surprise attack on the Soviet Union. The U.S. decided to extend Lend-Lease aid to the Soviets as well.

Operation Barbarossa • June 22, 1941 Blitzkrieg • “We have only to kick in the front door and the whole rotten Russian edifice will come tumbling down.” Hitler

Army Group North led by von Leeb Army Group Centre von Bock Army Group South von Rundstedt

Why does Germany attack the Soviet Union? • Hitler’s system would be based on the British occupation of India: "What India was for England the territories of Russia will be for us... The German colonists ought to live on handsome, spacious farms. The German services will be lodged in marvellous buildings, the governors in palaces... • Oil field in Caucasus Mountains • To Enslave or exterminate Slavs Stalin joins the Allies A Global Battleground • The main combatants in WWII were known as the Axis powers and the Allies. Main Allied powers: Great Britain, France, China, Soviet Union, United States Main Axis powers: Germany, Italy, Japan

Why is Russia such a difficult country to attack?

• 2,000 mile front • Timing is everything • Russian soldiers: bravery and fear • Initially, Germans were to start May 15 – set back (dangerous – WHY???) Russian winter! 1943 - 44 below zero… • In total the Germans and her allies used 3 million soldiers, 3580 tanks, 7184 artillery guns, 1830 planes and 750,000 horses.

• Stalin’s strategy: Keep using fresh Red Army troops to counterattack the blitzkrieg • Surrender NOT an option

Ruthless brutality in Soviet Union

• 10 Russian lives per German • 1941 – 3 million Russians killed

Stalin and Soviet Leadership included Battle of Moscow – 8,000 Soviet citizens executed for perceived cowardice Scorched Earth Policy Einsatzgruppen • SS paramilitary death squads • Principal Task: “liquidation” of Jews, Gypsies, and Soviet political commissars • According to their records: more than 1 million murdered (almost all Methods: costly, demoralizingcivilians) to troops, and inefficient – leads to the decision of establishing extermination camps at the Wannsee Conference (Jan. 1942) (4) Atlantic Charter – set up by FDR and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1941, establishing the goals for the end of the war:

• to seek no territorial gain from the war

• to support all peoples to choose their own form of government

• called for a “permanent system of general security”, such as the League of Nations