US History, April 29 • Entry Task: Many students have to finish the test (sit in one area). • Everyone else: Grab a book (p. 734), read the section, and answer # 2,3,4 (page 741). • Announcements: – Extra Credit for Spirit Days – 1 pt per day (Sign up on paper – if I forgot to pass it around one day, go ahead and fill in!) – Roaring 20s-Great Depression tests–A = 64.5+, B = 57.5+, C = 50.5+, D = 43.5+ US History, May 4 • Entry Task: None today – make sure you’ve turned in everything! • Announcements: – Assignment from Thursday: Read Chapter 24 sections 1 & 2 – answer # 2, 3, 4 on page 741 and # 2 & 5 and define appeasement on page 747. – Assignment from Friday: Map – Test Corrections are due! See me for questions. Japan: Emperor Hirohito • Known as “Tenno” to his subjects, the living embodiment of the Japanese people • Symbol of the state more than an actual ruler • People never heard his voice until August 15, 1945 • Hideki Tojo was Prime Minister of Japan 1941-1944 Japan • Japan felt that they had the right to start an overseas empire, just as European countries such as Britain and France had. •Why did Japan “need” overseas territories? •(1)In 1931, Japan seized Manchuria, China, for its valuable coal and iron. (2) Puppet state created: Manchukuo • The League of Nations condemned actions but failed to help China. (3) Japan simply dropped out of the League. • (4) In 1937, Japan began an all out attack on China (Rape of Nanking), eventually conquering (5) Korea and (6) French Indo-China (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos) as well by 1941. September 1940: Japan signs the Tripartite Pact (Germany, Japan, and Italy) In Tokyo, Japan, this street sign reads: "To the fall of Nanking, To the victory of the Imperial Army". Holy war: Eight corners of the world under one roof – although Japan never DECLARED war at first – needed US steel and UK petroleum Toshiaki Mukai and Iwa Noda, two Japanese Imperial officers, killed 211 Chinese in total during a beheading competition; one killed 106, the other 105 in their contest. News was printed in NY Times and Time Magazine; yet the American public did not fully believe *WARNING: disturbing image on the next slide* Disturbing Slide (next) A Japanese soldier with the decapitated head of a Chinese peasant. A map of Nanking and the points of massacre – historians estimate 40,000-300,000 mass murdered and tens of thousands of women raped Hitler: Fuhrer Party: Nazis German Inflation early 1920s • High unemployment and inflation in Germany = people upset with government The Situation in Germany: An Economic and Political Crisis with Low National Morale • After World War I, Germany faced a series of crises: – Under the Versailles Treaty, Germany had to disarm, give up land and pay heavy reparations. 1.2 – The devastated country suffered from Value of Mark widespread unemployment, runaway 1 inflation, and low national morale. 0.8 • By 1923 the mark was worth 0.6 one-trillionth (0.000000000001) 0.4 of its original value. 0.2 • The middle class, a necessity for 0 a stable democratic government, Pre-War 1923 was wiped out. – The Weimar Republic, established in 1919, had a divided democratic Reichstag with many parties including Communists, Socialists, and Fascists. Decline in German Incomes • Even though the mark stabilized with a new currency: • Companies throughout Germany 7,000,000 6,000,000 went bankrupt. 5,000,000 • Millions of workers were laid off 4,000,000 3,000,000 • Unemployment increased from 2,000,000 650,000 in 1928 to 6,100,000 in 1,000,000 0 1933 (25 % of the workforce): 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 • 1928: 650,000 Unemployment 1929: 1,320,000 1930: 3,000,000 1931: 4,350,000 1932: 5,102,000 1933: 6,100,000 The Way is Clear • The German people were tired of all of these things: – The political squabbling – The misery and the suffering of the Great Depression – The weakness exhibited by the democratic Weimar Republic • These were desperate times and they were willing to listen to someone who seemed to have the answers. The Rise of Dictators • Hitler and Nazism in Germany – The political and economic chaos in postwar Germany led to the rise of new political parties. • Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ Party, or the Nazi Party. • Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei • Hitler reorganized the party from 1924- 1928 – won 12 seats in the Reichstag in 1928 • The Nazi Party did not represent the working class as its name suggested, but was nationalistic and anticommunist. Appeal of Hitler • Constantly blamed Jews and Weimar politicians for Germany’s problems, not the German people. • Germans had been badly wronged at Versailles. – A new party member who wrote that after hearing Hitler speak for the first time, 'there was only one thing for me, either to win with Adolf Hitler or to die for him. The personality of the Fuhrer had me totally in its spell'. Techniques • Vague promises, no details but absolute commitment, personal sacrifice, outward strength • Repetition of catch phrases • Arrived late, built urgency, pacing • Lighting, music, chants • Vocal sympathizers sat up front • Rarely gave exact answers The Rise of Dictators The Nazis tried to seize power in 1923, plan failed and Hitler was arrested: • While in jail Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) IDEAS: Unification of all Germans under one government Master race or the Aryans anti-Semitism (anti-Jewish) Social Darwinism: right of superior nations to expand Germany has to expand into Poland Jews caused most of the world’s problems The Rise of Dictators • Hitler and Nazism in Germany – Many traditional German leaders supported Hitler’s nationalism. 1932 – Hitler runs for Pres (35% vote) • They believed that if they helped Hitler become leader of Germany legally, they could control him. – In 1933 the German president Paul von Hindenberg appointed Hitler as chancellor, or prime minister. – After being appointed he ordered the police to crack down on the Communist Parties. Führer Adolf Hitler; Hermann Göring; Minister of Propaganda Josep h Goebbels; Rudolf Hess The Weimar Republic President (Paul von Hindenberg) Publicly elected to 7-year term Head of armed forces Power to dismiss the government and call for new elections Could rule independently of Reichstag in national emergency Chancellor Reichstag Appointed by Unlimited # of political parties President Elected to 4-year term by Usually leader of proportional representation largest party in 1919: 421 members Reichstag 1932: 647 members TIMELINE • Hitler is appointed Chancellor ( Jan 1933) • Reichstag Fire (Feb 27, 1933) – Marius van der Lubbe (Communist) • Emergency Decree (Feb 28, 1933) – suspends civil liberties (Nazis – 44% of vote) • Enabling Act (March 23, 1933) – gives Chancellor ***Hitler unlimited legislative powers for 4 years becomes • July 1933 – Nazis only legal Fuhrer (August party 2, 1934) • Night of the Long Knives (June 30-July 2, 1934) The Rise of Dictators • Hitler and Nazism in Germany – In 1934 Hitler became chancellor and president, which gave him control of the army. – He began to rebuild Germany’s military, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. How did Hitler keep control of Germany? The Terror State Propaganda Secret police called Mass Rallies, Posters the Gestapo would and Propaganda spy on and arrest films. enemies of the state. Keeping The Nazis controlled and censored the SS were responsible Control of radio & newspapers. for running the Germany concentration camps. School children were indoctrinated with Everyone was scared of Popularity Nazi ideas at school. being arrested by the Gestapo and being put Ripping up the Hitler Youth & the in a concentration Treaty of Versailles. Young Maidens. camp. Creating Jobs US History, May 5 • Entry Task: “Pop” quiz (not for points) • Announcements: • Test Corrections are due! See me for questions. • Review: summarize – how did Hitler rise to power? Just in case if you missed it: – Assignment from last Thursday: Read Chapter 24 sections 1 & 2 – answer # 2, 3, 4 on page 741 and # 2 & 5 and define appeasement on page 747. – Assignment from last Friday: Map Four Year Plan: Hermann Göring • 1933: Hitler withdraws Germany from the League of Nations • Economic Recovery Plan focused on public works projects, militarization, production • In 1935, Hitler established military conscription for all German men • created an air force • began to build submarines • The Treaty of Versailles limited Germany to a 100,000-man army, but Hitler's army soon numbered 600,000. Volkswagen Hitler met with automotive designer Ferdinand Porsche in 1933 and charged Porsche with creating the new car. The chancellor required that the Volkswagen carry two adults and three children, go up to 60 miles per hour, get at least 33 miles per gallon, and cost only 1,000 reichsmarks. Hitler may also have named the car the Beetle. Was the 4 year Plan a success? • Unemployment dropped quickly 4.8 million in 1933 to 0.5 million in 1938 • Wages rose slightly but were still lower in 1938 than they had been in 1928 • Working hours went up to 49 hours per week in 1939 – 52 hours in 1943 to over 60 hours per week by 1945 • There were fewer consumer goods (personal and household goods) • Trade unions were replaced by “Beauty of Labour” and “Strength Through Joy” who organized better conditions and leisure activities Was the 4 year Plan a success? • Unemployment dropped quickly 4.8 million in 1933 to 0.5 million in 1938 BUT consider: • Figures do not include Jews and women dismissed from their jobs, unmarried men under 25 who were forced into National Labor jobs and conscription (draft in 1935), the opponents of the Nazis who were in concentration camps, and part time workers were counted as full time.