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Introduction Notes Introduction 1. In the book, we use the terms ‘fungal infections’ and ‘mycoses’ (or singular fungal infection and mycosis) interchangeably, mostly following the usage of our historical actors in time and place. 2. The term ‘ringworm’ is very old and came from the circular patches of peeled, inflamed skin that characterised the infection. In medicine at least, no one understood it to be associated with worms of any description. 3. Porter, R., ‘The patient’s view: Doing medical history from below’, Theory and Society, 1985, 14: 175–198; Condrau, F., ‘The patient’s view meets the clinical gaze’, Social History of Medicine, 2007, 20: 525–540. 4. Burnham, J. C., ‘American medicine’s golden age: What happened to it?’, Sci- ence, 1982, 215: 1474–1479; Brandt, A. M. and Gardner, M., ‘The golden age of medicine’, in Cooter, R. and Pickstone, J. V., eds, Medicine in the Twentieth Century, Amsterdam, Harwood, 2000, 21–38. 5. The Oxford English Dictionary states that the first use of ‘side-effect’ was in 1939, in H. N. G. Wright and M. L. Montag’s textbook: Materia Med Pharma- col & Therapeutics, 112, when it referred to ‘The effects which are not desired in any particular case are referred to as “side effects” or “side actions” and, in some instances, these may be so powerful as to limit seriously the therapeutic usefulness of the drug.’ 6. Illich, I., Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health, London, Calder & Boyars, 1975. 7. Beck, U., Risk Society: Towards a New Society, New Delhi, Sage, 1992, 56 and 63; Greene, J., Prescribing by Numbers: Drugs and the Definition of Dis- ease, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007; Timmermann, C., ‘To treat or not to treat: Drug research and the changing nature of essential hypertension’, Schlich, T. and Tröhler, U., eds, The Risks of Medical Innova- tion: Risk Perception and Assessment in Historical Context, London, Routledge, 2006, 144. 8. Rippon, J. W., ‘Symposium on medical mycology’, Mycopathologia, 1987, 99: 144. The Fusaria is a genus of soil-borne fungi, most of which are harmless, but some are well known to cause wilt in plants. Quorn, a meat-like product recommended for vegetarians, is produced from Fusarium venenatum. 9. Crook, W. G., The Yeast Connection: A Medical Breakthrough,Jackson,T., Professional Books, 1983. 10. Dubos, J., Man Adapting, chapters 7, 9 and 10; idem, Mirage of Health: Utopias, Progress, and Biological Change, New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press, 1959. 11. Dubos, J. and Dubos, R., The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man and Society, London, Victor Gollancz, 1952. 142 Notes 143 12. Martin, G. W., ‘Are fungi plants?’, Mycologia, 1955, 47(6): 779–792; Whittaker, R. H., ‘New concepts of Kingdoms of organisms’, Science, 1969, 163: 150–161; Hagen, J. B., ‘Five Kingdoms, more or less: Robert Whittaker and the broad classification of organisms’, Bioscience, 2012, 62(1): 67–74. 13. Stringer, J. R. et al, ‘A new name (Pneumocystis jiroveci) for pneumocystis from humans’, Emerg Infect Dis, 2002, 8(9): 891–896. 14. Edman, J. C. et al, ‘Ribosomal RNA sequence shows Pneumocystis carinii to be a member of the fungi’, Nature, 1988, 334: 519–522; Armengol, C. E., ‘A historical review of Pneumocystis carinii’, J Am Med Assoc, 1995, 273(9): 747, 750–751. 15. Ainsworth, G. C., Introduction to the History of Medical and Veterinary Mycology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1987, 1–3. 16. Ainsworth, G. C., ‘Agostino Bassi, 1773–1856’, Nature, 1956, 177: 255–257; Arcieri, G. P., Agostino Bassi in the History of Medical Thought,Florence,L.S. Olschki, 1956. 17. Ainsworth, G. C., Introduction to the History of Plant Pathology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981. 18. Bateman, T., A Practical Synopsis of Cutaneous Diseases according to the Arrange- ment of Dr. Willan, Exhibiting a Concise View of the Diagnostic Symptoms and the Method of Treatment, London: Longman, 1813; idem, Delineations of Cuta- neous Diseases: Exhibiting the Characteristic Appearances of the Principal Genera and Species Comprised in the Classification of the Late Dr. Willan,London, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1817. 19. Jacyna, S., ‘Pious pathology: J. L. Alibert’s iconography of disease’, Hannaway, C. and La Berge, A., eds, Constructing Paris Medicine, London, Clio Medica/The Wellcome Series in the History of Medicine, 185–219. 20. Lailler, C.-P., Leçons cliniques sur les teignes, faites à l’hôpital Saint-Louis, par le Dr C. Lailler, Paris, V.-A. Delahaye, 1878. 21. Worboys, M., Spreading Germs: Disease Theories and Medical Practice in Britain, 1856–1900, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000, 28–42. 22. Zakon, S. J. and Benedek, T., ‘David Gruby and the centenary of medical mycology, 1841–1941’, Bull His Med, 1944, 16: 155–168; Codell Carter, K., The Rise of Causal Concepts of Disease, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2003, 32–37 and 72–79. 23. Pelling, M., Cholera, Fever and English Medicine, 1825–1865, Oxford, Claren- don Press, 1978, 146–202. 24. Swayne, J. G. and Budd, W., ‘An account of certain organic cells in the peculiar evacuations of cholera’, Lancet, 1849, 54: 398–399. 25. Worboys, Spreading Germs, passim. 26. Sims Woodhead, G. and Hare, A., Pathological Mycology: An Enquiry into the Etiology of Infectious Diseases, Edinburgh, Young J. Pentland, 1885. 27. Muir, R. and Ritchie, J., Manual of Bacteriology, Edinburgh, Young J. Pentland, 1899, 133–138; de Bary, A., Comparative Morphology and Biology of the Fungi, Mycetozoa and Bacteria, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1887. 28. Hawksworth, D. L., ‘Geoffrey Clough Ainsworth (1905–1998): Mycologi- cal scholar, campaigner, and visionary’, Mycological Research, 2000, 104(1), 110–116; Buczacki, S., ‘Ainsworth, Geoffrey Clough (1905–1998)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www. oxforddnb.com/view/article/71235, accessed 3 May 2013]. 144 Notes 29. Ainsworth, G. C., Introduction to the History of Mycology, Cambridge, Cam- bridge University Press, 1976; idem, Introduction to the History of Plant Pathology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981. 30. Ainsworth, Introduction to the History of Medical,ix. 31. For an alternative approach to that adopted here, see: Wainwright, M., ‘Some highlights in the history of fungi in medicine – A personal journey’, Fungal Biology Reviews, 2008, 22: 97–102. 32. Espinel-Ingroff, A. V., Medical Mycology in the United States: A Historical Analy- sis (1894–1996), Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003. The book was based on her 1994 PhD, Espinel-Ingroff, A., Medical Mycology in the United States: 100 Years of Development as a Discipline, PhD dissertation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 1994. Also see, Espinel-Ingroff, A. V., ‘History of medical mycology in the United States’, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 1996, 9(2): 235–272. 33. Daniel,T.M.andBaum,G.L.,Drama and Discovery: The Story of Histoplasmo- sis, Westport, CT, Greenwood, Press, 2002. A version of the earlier chapters was published as Baum, G. L. and Schwarz, J., ‘The history of histoplasmosis 1906–1956’, N Engl J Med, 1957, 256: 253–258. 34. Fiese, M. J., Coccidioidomycosis, Springfield, IL, Charles C. Thomas, 1958; Odds, F. C., Candida and Candidosis, Leicester, Leicester University Press, 1979. 35. Hischmann, J., ‘The early history of coccidioidomycosis: 1892–1945’, Clin Infect Dis, 2007, 44(9): 1202–1207. 36. However, the ‘The Aspergillus Website’ has an excellent ‘History’ section, with an extensive collection of primary sources that we have used exten- sively in researching this book. ‘The Aspergillus Website’, Historical Papers Database and History Section. Accessed 25 March 2013, http://www. aspergillus.org.uk/indexhome.htm?secure/historical_papers/index.php∼main. 37. Rosenthal, T., ‘Perspectives in ringworm of the scalp: Treatment through the ages’, Arch Derm Syphilol, 1960, 82(6): 851–856. 38. Seidelman, R. D. et al, ‘ “Healing” the bodies and souls of immigrant chil- dren: The ringworm and Trachoma Institute, Sha’ar ha-Aliyah, 1952–1960’, Journal of Israeli History, 2010, 29(2): 191–211. 39. For works that deal with the issue of specialisation of medicine, see, Rosen, G., The Specialization of Medicine with Particular Reference to Ophthal- mology, New York, Froben Press, 1944; Stevens, R., Medical Practice in Modern England: The Impact of Specialization and State Medicine, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1966. 40. Weisz, G., Divide and Conquer: A Comparative History of Medical Specialization, New York, Oxford University Press, 2006, xxix–xxx. 41. This point is made by Stephen Caspar in his review of George Weisz’s Divide and Conquer in Medical History, 2006, 50: 545–547. 42. Digby, A., Making a Medical Living: Doctors and Patients in the English Market for Medicine, 1720–1911, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994. 43. Macfarlane, J. T. and Worboys, M., ‘The changing management of acute bronchitis in Britain, 1940–1970: The impact of antibiotics’, Medical History, 2008, 52: 47–72. 44. Scambler, G. and Scambler, A., ‘The illness iceberg and aspects of consulting behaviour’, in Fitzpatrick, R., ed, The Experience of Illness, London, Tavistock, 1984, 35–37. Notes 145 45. Porter, R., ‘The patient’s view: Doing medical history from below’, Theory and Society, 1985, 14: 175–198; Condrau, F., ‘The patient’s view meets the clinical gaze’, Social History of Medicine, 2007, 20: 525–540. 46. Galgiani, J. N., ‘Coccidioidomycosis: Changing perceptions and creating opportunities for its control’, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2007, 1111: 1–18. 47. Editorial, ‘Thrush’, JAMA, 1927, 89: 1429–1430; Plass, E. D. et al, ‘Monilia vulvovaginitis’, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1931, 21: 320. 1 Ringworm: A Disease of Schools and Mass Schooling 1. Sanderson, M., Education, Economic Change and Society in England 1780– 1870, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995; Simon, B., Studies in the History of Education, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1966; Digby, A. and Searby, P., eds, Children, School and Society in Nineteenth-Century England, London, Macmillan, 1981; Nasaw, D., Schooled to Order: A Social History of Public Schooling in the United States, New York, Oxford University Press, 1979.
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