Introduction
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Introduction
Notes Introduction 1. In the book, we use the terms ‘fungal infections’ and ‘mycoses’ (or singular fungal infection and mycosis) interchangeably, mostly following the usage of our historical actors in time and place. 2. The term ‘ringworm’ is very old and came from the circular patches of peeled, inflamed skin that characterised the infection. In medicine at least, no one understood it to be associated with worms of any description. 3. Porter, R., ‘The patient’s view: Doing medical history from below’, Theory and Society, 1985, 14: 175–198; Condrau, F., ‘The patient’s view meets the clinical gaze’, Social History of Medicine, 2007, 20: 525–540. 4. Burnham, J. C., ‘American medicine’s golden age: What happened to it?’, Sci- ence, 1982, 215: 1474–1479; Brandt, A. M. and Gardner, M., ‘The golden age of medicine’, in Cooter, R. and Pickstone, J. V., eds, Medicine in the Twentieth Century, Amsterdam, Harwood, 2000, 21–38. 5. The Oxford English Dictionary states that the first use of ‘side-effect’ was in 1939, in H. N. G. Wright and M. L. Montag’s textbook: Materia Med Pharma- col & Therapeutics, 112, when it referred to ‘The effects which are not desired in any particular case are referred to as “side effects” or “side actions” and, in some instances, these may be so powerful as to limit seriously the therapeutic usefulness of the drug.’ 6. Illich, I., Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health, London, Calder & Boyars, 1975. 7. Beck, U., Risk Society: Towards a New Society, New Delhi, Sage, 1992, 56 and 63; Greene, J., Prescribing by Numbers: Drugs and the Definition of Dis- ease, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007; Timmermann, C., ‘To treat or not to treat: Drug research and the changing nature of essential hypertension’, Schlich, T. -
Introduction to Mycology
INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY The term "mycology" is derived from Greek word "mykes" meaning mushroom. Therefore mycology is the study of fungi. The ability of fungi to invade plant and animal tissue was observed in early 19th century but the first documented animal infection by any fungus was made by Bassi, who in 1835 studied the muscardine disease of silkworm and proved the that the infection was caused by a fungus Beauveria bassiana. In 1910 Raymond Sabouraud published his book Les Teignes, which was a comprehensive study of dermatophytic fungi. He is also regarded as father of medical mycology. Importance of fungi: Fungi inhabit almost every niche in the environment and humans are exposed to these organisms in various fields of life. Beneficial Effects of Fungi: 1. Decomposition - nutrient and carbon recycling. 2. Biosynthetic factories. The fermentation property is used for the industrial production of alcohols, fats, citric, oxalic and gluconic acids. 3. Important sources of antibiotics, such as Penicillin. 4. Model organisms for biochemical and genetic studies. Eg: Neurospora crassa 5. Saccharomyces cerviciae is extensively used in recombinant DNA technology, which includes the Hepatitis B Vaccine. 6. Some fungi are edible (mushrooms). 7. Yeasts provide nutritional supplements such as vitamins and cofactors. 8. Penicillium is used to flavour Roquefort and Camembert cheeses. 9. Ergot produced by Claviceps purpurea contains medically important alkaloids that help in inducing uterine contractions, controlling bleeding and treating migraine. 10. Fungi (Leptolegnia caudate and Aphanomyces laevis) are used to trap mosquito larvae in paddy fields and thus help in malaria control. Harmful Effects of Fungi: 1. -
Chapter 13: Ecosystem Mycology: Saprotrophs, and Mutualisms Between Plants and Fungi
21st Century Guidebook to Fungi, Second Edition of the online version, by David Moore, Geoffrey D. Robson and Anthony P. J. Trinci [URL: http://www.davidmoore.org.uk/21st_Century_Guidebook_to_Fungi_PLATINUM/] Chapter 13: Ecosystem mycology: saprotrophs, and mutualisms between plants and fungi 13.1 Ecosystem mycology 13.2 Fungi as recyclers and saprotrophs 13.3 Make the earth move 13.4 Fungal toxins: food contamination and deterioration 13.5 Decay of structural timber in dwellings 13.6 Using fungi to remediate toxic and recalcitrant wastes 13.7 Release of chlorohydrocarbons to the atmosphere by wood decay fungi 13.8 Introduction to mycorrhizas 13.9 Types of mycorrhiza 13.10 Arbuscular (AM) endomycorrhizas 13.11 Ericoid endomycorrhizas 13.12 Arbutoid endomycorrhizas 13.13 Monotropoid endomycorrhizas 13.14 Orchidaceous endomycorrhizas 13.15 Ectomycorrhizas 13.16 Ectendomycorrhizas 13.17 The effects of mycorrhizas and their commercial applications, and the impact of environmental and climate changes 13.18 Introduction to lichens 13.19 Introduction to endophytes 13.20 Epiphytes 13.21 Chapter 13 References and further reading Chapter 13: Ecosystem mycology: saprotrophs, and mutualisms between plants and fungi In this Chapter on ecosystem mycology we cover fungi as saprotrophs, and the mutualisms between plants and fungi, concentrating on fungi as recyclers that can make the earth move. Fungi also cause food contamination and deterioration through their formation of toxins, although some of these, like statins and strobilurins, are exploited commercially for our own practical purposes. The ability of fungi to degrade wood makes them responsible for the decay of structural timber in dwellings, but on the other hand enables them to be used to remediate toxic and recalcitrant wastes. -
Diversity Recognition of the Discipline of Conservation Mycology
Diversity Recognition of the discipline of conservation mycology Tom W. May ,1 ∗ Jerry A. Cooper,2 Anders Dahlberg,3 Giuliana Furci,4 DavidW.Minter,5 Gregory M. Mueller,6 Alison Pouliot,7 and Zhuliang Yang8 1Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia 2Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, 54 Gerald Street, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand 3Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden 4Fundacion´ Fungi, Paseo Bulnes 79 oficina 112A, Santiago, Chile 5CABI, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, U.K. 6Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, U.S.A. 7Fenner School, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 8Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China Fungi constitute one of the major lineages of life (organ- ing literature explicitly dealing with fungi conservation isms treated as fungi are also scattered in other lineages). (Moore et al. 2001; Heilmann-Clausen et al. 2014). Kingdom Fungi are quite separate to Animalia and Plan- Recent innovations and initiatives in the way fungi are tae, but fungi are intimately connected to other biota studied and regarded mean it is timely to recognize the through food webs and symbioses as decomposers, en- discipline of conservation mycology within conservation dophytes, pathogens, lichens, and mycorrhizas. During science. Advances include acceptance of fungi as a ma- much of the 20th century, fungi were either ignored jor unit of biota, alongside flora and fauna (Pouliot & or perceived as intractable in conventional conserva- May 2010; Minter 2011); recognition that most fungal tion initiatives. -
When Mycologists Describe New Species, Not All Relevant
A peer-reviewed open-access journal MycoKeys 72: 109–128 (2020) Mycological species descriptions over time 109 doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.72.56691 RESEARCH ARTICLE MycoKeys http://mycokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research When mycologists describe new species, not all relevant information is provided (clearly enough) Louisa Durkin1, Tobias Jansson1, Marisol Sanchez2, Maryia Khomich3, Martin Ryberg4, Erik Kristiansson5, R. Henrik Nilsson1 1 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden 2 Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala Biocentre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 3 Nofima – Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, P.O. Box 210, 1431 Ås, Norway 4 Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 5 Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden Corresponding author: R. Henrik Nilsson ([email protected]) Academic editor: T. Lumbsch | Received 19 July 2020 | Accepted 24 August 2020 | Published 10 September 2020 Citation: Durkin L, Jansson T, Sanchez M, Khomich M, Ryberg M, Kristiansson E, Nilsson RH (2020) When mycologists describe new species, not all relevant information is provided (clearly enough). MycoKeys 72: 109–128. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.72.56691 Abstract Taxonomic mycology struggles with what seems to be a perpetual shortage -
Lin, Xiaorong Professor
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH NAME POSITION TITLE Lin, Xiaorong Professor EDUCATION/TRAINING INSTITUTION AND LOCATION DEGREE YEAR(s) FIELD OF STUDY B.S. Dalian University of Technology, China 1992-1996 Chemical Engineering (honors) Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, China M.S. 1996-1999 Chemical Engineering Molecular Genetics and University of Georgia Ph.D. 1999-2003 Fungal Biology Duke University Medical Center Postdoc 2003-2007 Medical Mycology A. Positions and Honors. Positions and Employment 1996 – 1999 Graduate Research Assistant, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 1999 – 2003 Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, GA 2003 – 2007 Postdoctoral Research Associate, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, NC 2008 – 2013 Tenure-Track Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, TX 2013 – 2017 Associate Professor with tenure, Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, TX (Promoted to Professor in 2017) 2014 – 2017 Adjunct faculty, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, TX 2017 – present Professor, Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, GA 2018 – present Adjunct Professor, Department of Plant Biology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, GA Honorary Memberships 2018 – present Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) 2019 – present Fellow, American Academy of Microbiology (AAM) Professional Membership 2001 -
Mycology and BIOE 424 – Ecology of Fungi Are Offered in Fall On
BIOE 424 By Cathy Cripps BIOM 423 - Mycology and BIOE 424 – Ecology of Fungi are offered in Fall on alternate years: even years for Mycology (BIOM 423 listed under Microbiology) and odd years for Ecology of Fungi (BIOE 424 listed under Ecology). Sometimes the classes are hard to find on the MSU website but you can always search under Cathy Cripps as Instructor. Classes are limited to around 15 students and fill up early so if you want to take one of these courses, it is best to sign up early. Either course can be taken first as one focuses on the ecology of fungi and one on the taxonomic groups. I have had many students take both courses to gain a better understanding of fungi. The courses are intended for advanced undergraduates (juniors and seniors) and graduate students although post docs and researchers have attended sections of the course. Each course consists of two lectures per week followed by a two hour lab, although we often stay around to play with fungi after the official lab period ends. Each course has two field trips to nearby habitats. These courses are electives for Plant Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Plant Pathology, Horticulture, Plant Biology, Organismal Biology, Ecology, Biochemistry, Bioengineering, Microbiology, and some LRES programs. Ecology of Fungi (BIOE 424) is a more research-oriented course often taken by our Biotechnology students, but students in LRES (restoration, etc.), Biochemistry and Bioengineering also take this course to learn how to handle fungi in the laboratory. This course starts with a section on Fungal Ecology covering fungi as decomposers of various substrates, as pathogens (primarily of plants although epidemiology is not covered), endophytes (often with a visit from Dr. -
INTRODUCTORY MYCOLOGY for the CURIOUS NATURALIST Week 3: May 14 Ecological Functions of Fungi Bill Bakaitis Class Download 4/15/19
INTRODUCTORY MYCOLOGY FOR THE CURIOUS NATURALIST Week 3: May 14 Ecological Functions of Fungi Bill Bakaitis class download 4/15/19 As members of the Fifth Kingdom, Fungi are essential to the integrated systematic functioning and health of our planets ecosystem. In this presentation we will briefly sketch in a few basic concepts necessary in general to understand the dynamic, emergent, complex, self-regulation of a healthy system. Following this we will look more specifically at the some of the various ways fungi serve/assist in the role of system regulators. These basic ideas are conceptual: I have therefor prepared a few outlines and drawings which I hope will assist in advancing the material I wish to share. There will be plenty of slides of nature and mushrooms, but if you are the type of person who would like to have a deeper grasp of the Natural World, you may wish to print out the following outlines and drawings and bring them with you to this talk, which will be the most conceptual of the four in this series. We will not be looking at the ecological consequences of commercial collection of Mushrooms in this presentation, but if interested in this problem, you may wish to read my critical assessment which I was asked to prepare for Mycophile, the Newsletter of NAMA, The North American Mycological Association. http://www.namyco.org/docs/MycophileJulyAug2013.pdf (Thoughts on Mushroom Foraging pp 16-19… and while you are there, you might have a look at Larry Evans brief article p. 13 on the role of fungal hyphae in sequestering carbon, an idea which will be discussed in this week’s presentation.) . -
Mycology: Unravelling the Riddle of the Filamentous Fungi
Microbiology The picture shows different color mutants of Aspergillus nidulans. Wild type forms green spores which cover almost the entire colony. It is easy to generate mutants in which pigment biosynthesis is blocked at certain stages and thus a different pigment variant (yellow) or no pigments (white) are produced. Mutants are a great starting point for a molecular analysis. This approach has been used to study many cellular processes and made A. nidulans a model organism for lower eukaryotes and beyond. The diameter of a colony is about 1 cm. less well known is that they play a vital role, not only in generating nutrients, but also in plant nutrient uptake: every metre of plant root in the soil is associated with roughly a kilometre of symbiotic fungal hyphae, known as ‘mycorrhiza’, which take up nutrients and pass them to the plant. Filamentous fungi are important pathogens of crop plants, and in a few cases cause serious human disease, particularly in the immunocompromised. They have also been harnessed for biotechnological uses, including crucially in the production of antibiotics such With the help of the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP) researchers visualised the microtubule as penicillin, other medicines, citric acid, cytoskeleton in Aspergillus nidulans. Round spores and foods such as soy sauce and cheese. To produced long hyphae, and microtubules are visible as long filaments in the cells. They serve as tracks scientists, fungi are also important due to the for intracellular traffic. (picture taken by Minoas similarity of their cells to human cells, making Evangelinos, KIT) them ideal models to study various aspects of cell function. -
Selina Solutions for Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 Introducing Biology
Selina Solutions For Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 – Introducing Biology Progress Check Page: 4 1. Name the specific branches of Biology concerned with the study of (i) Fungi (ii) Fishes (iii) Insects (iv) Transmission of body characteristics from parents to children Solution: The specific branches of Biology related with the study of the following are: (i) Fungi – Mycology (ii) Fishes – Ichthyology (iii) Insects – Entomology (iv) Transmission of body characteristics from parents to children – Genetics 2. Mention the kind of study made under the following branches of science: (i) Histology (ii) Ecology (iii) Cytology (iv) Pathology Solution: Listed below are branches of science dealing with corresponding fields of study: (i) Histology – It is the study of minute structures of tiny bits at the tissue level of the body as observed under a compound microscope. (ii) Ecology – It is the study of the relationship of an entity relative to its abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) environment. (iii) Cytology – It is the study of function and structure of plant and animal cells. (iv) Pathology – It is the study of plant and animal diseases. Selina Solutions For Class 9 Biology Chapter 1 – Introducing Biology Review Questions Page: 5 A. Multiple Choice Type 1. Choose the most appropriate option in the following statements. (a) Paleontology is the study of (i) Embryos (ii) Blood (iii) Classification (iv) Fossils Solution: (iv) Fossils It is the study of prehistoric forms of life through fossils of animals and plants. (b) Clones of animals are being produced through the practice of (i) Genetics (ii) Ecology (iii) Embryology (iv) Biotechnology Solution: (iv) Biotechnology This field deals with using cells or microorganisms in technology and industry. -
Luciano Polonelli
Luciano Polonelli Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, Unit of Microbiology and Virology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy Tel.: +39 0521 903429; Fax: +39 0521 993620; e-mail: [email protected] History of Medical Mycology File 1 (Prehistoric times-1894) Prehistoric times In the ancient times, man had to face not only the opposing forces of nature, wild animals and poisonous organisms, but also diseases, misfortunes that seemed to arise from nowhere. Thousands of years passed before the man began to acquire knowledge concerning the nature, treatment, and prevention of the infectious diseases. Our early progenitors found it natural to attribute the responsibility of the epidemics that they could not rule to a divine will that had to be satisfied with prayers, rites and sacrifices. The difficulties of a rational approach to the understanding of the etiology of infections is well reflected by the lack of any reference known before the Hindu, Greek and Roman civilizations, when the related diseases were described, however, exclusively on the basis of signs, symptoms and treatments [Ajello, 1998]. ~ 3500 B.C. The interaction between man and fungi began in the remote past. A juice extract from the stalks of a certain plant has been probably the first hallucinogen utilized by the Aryans as cryptic symbolism in the Rigveda, literally “Collection of the verses of wisdom”, the first collection of hymns composed in an archaic form of Sanskrit. Soma, the narcotic God of 1 olden India, is supposed to have originated from the Aryans, invaders of India, 3500 years ago, from the north (now Afghanistan), who brought their cult of Soma into the Indus Valley. -
Quel Dermatophyte Peut-On Encore Appeler Trichophyton Mentagrophytes ? : Revue Historique Et Illustration Par Deux Cas Cliniques
Unicentre CH-1015 Lausanne http://serval.unil.ch Year : 2016 Quel dermatophyte peut-on encore appeler Trichophyton Mentagrophytes ? : revue historique et illustration par deux cas cliniques CHOLLET Annemay CHOLLET Annemay, 2016, Quel dermatophyte peut-on encore appeler Trichophyton Mentagrophytes ? : revue historique et illustration par deux cas cliniques Originally published at : Thesis, University of Lausanne Posted at the University of Lausanne Open Archive http://serval.unil.ch Document URN : urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_922452297E277 Droits d’auteur L'Université de Lausanne attire expressément l'attention des utilisateurs sur le fait que tous les documents publiés dans l'Archive SERVAL sont protégés par le droit d'auteur, conformément à la loi fédérale sur le droit d'auteur et les droits voisins (LDA). A ce titre, il est indispensable d'obtenir le consentement préalable de l'auteur et/ou de l’éditeur avant toute utilisation d'une oeuvre ou d'une partie d'une oeuvre ne relevant pas d'une utilisation à des fins personnelles au sens de la LDA (art. 19, al. 1 lettre a). A défaut, tout contrevenant s'expose aux sanctions prévues par cette loi. Nous déclinons toute responsabilité en la matière. Copyright The University of Lausanne expressly draws the attention of users to the fact that all documents published in the SERVAL Archive are protected by copyright in accordance with federal law on copyright and similar rights (LDA). Accordingly it is indispensable to obtain prior consent from the author and/or publisher before any use of a work or part of a work for purposes other than personal use within the meaning of LDA (art.