Oceanic Whitetip Sharks of Cat Island Article
OceanicText and photos by Don Silcock Whitetip Sharks of Cat Island, Bahamas
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Greenwood Beach on Cat Island—classic Bahamas
Until quite recently, the Red Oceanic whitetip sharks are for- ously quite disconcerting to the Sea was generally consid- midable animals that can reach uninitiated. But it seems that this is almost 4m in length when fully simply their way of checking you ered as the best place to mature and have a reputation out. see and photograph oce- to match their size, with Jacques Divers who have been in the anic whitetip sharks—typi- Cousteau once describing them water a lot with oceanics say that cally in remote locations as “the most dangerous of all once they work out that you are sharks.” That said, they do not not easy prey, they leave you such as the Brother Islands feature highly on the common alone, which in many ways mirrors and Elphinstone Reef in shark-attack registers, and it seems what the survivors of the USS Indi- Egypt or the isolated reefs it was the sinking of the USS Indian- anapolis said about them. of southern Sudan. Signifi- apolis, plus that of the steamship Nova Scotia by a German subma- Cat Island cantly though, these sight- rine in WWII, that got them their Once a common sight in the ings are generally of lone reputation. deep offshore waters around the individuals or very small When encountered underwater, Bahamas, from around the early they have an intimidating pres- 1980s, oceanic whitetip sharks groups and little is known ence and are very inquisitive, became increasingly rare. It was about the overall popula- seeming to have no fear whatso- generally assumed they had been tion of oceanics in the Red ever, a combination that comes completely cleared out by longlin- Sea or their migration pat- over as naked aggression when ing. Although it seemed much first experienced. They will come in too late for the oceanics, as part terns. very close and even bump you— of their overall conservation pro- View of the southeastern coast of Cat Island (above) shows the shallows close to shore, then the deep waters of often repeatedly, which is obvi- gram, the Bahamian government the Atlantic; An oceanic whitetip shark patrols near the surface (top right). PREVIOUS PAGE: The formidable oceanic whitetip shark—confident, inquisitive and without fear!
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Yachts at anchor (left) at Hawk’s Nest Marina (above) on Cat Island, Bahamas
mian archi- appear again after their enforced pelago, on absence. the eastern Quite who made the discovery boundary of they were back is not clear, as it the main lime- seems both a BBC film crew and stone carbon- National Geographic photogra- ate platform pher Brian Skerry were there about called the the same time, both following up Great Ba- on the same lead. The significance hama Bank. of the discovery though is incred- Its eastern ibly important, because there and southern on the southeastern tip of Cat banned longlining completely in shores sit right on the edge of that Island was what appeared to be the early 1990s. bank, and just offshore are the a healthy population of oceanic Then, around 2005, the fishing deep blue waters of the western whitetip sharks—almost completely Even if you hated biology class you’ll love learning to dive in community at Cat Island started Atlantic Ocean Basin and the rich opposite to what was happen- The Florida Keys. In just three days you can be certified by to complain about sharks stealing Antilles Current that sweeps up the ing everywhere else in the world, the world’s best instructors. Before long, you’ll go down with their catches—behavior that oce- coast as it heads north. where declines of 80 to 90 percent the ships and come face-to-face with thousands of different anic sharks are renowned for. But It is literally the perfect location had become the norm. species on America’s only living coral reef. it was another year before it be- to fish for large ocean-open pelag- It also provided the first oppor- fla-keys.com/diving came clear that something quite ic fish like marlin and tuna, which tunity anywhere for scientists to special was happening. is exactly what the fishermen were tag oceanic whitetip sharks and Cat Island is a long, thin island doing. But it is also the perfect spot track their movement patterns to that is in the middle of the Baha- for oceanic whitetip sharks to re- try and understand why they were
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Incoming tourists at New Bright Airport on Cat Island (above); Camera gear (left) ready to go on Epic Diving’s boat, the MV Thresher (top right), at Hawk’s Nest; Sharkey’s Bar at Hawk’s Nest Marina—the name says it all! (right)
roamed far and wide as 300. And secondly, while in the Atlantic —in many of the sharks are some cases, up to pregnant females, there 2,000km away from are no indications that they Cat Island—overall, give birth at Cat Island. So, they spent most of the the challenge now is to year in the protected find the birthing grounds waters of the Baha- and establish a full cycle of mas. All the sharks protection. There are indi- spent 99 percent of cations that the northern their time shallower coast of Cuba may hold than 200m, but they the secret to this, as govern- also all made short 10- ment scientists there have recovering. Because if those lessons to 15-minute dives down to around reported significant num- could be learned at Cat Island, they 1,000m—usually at night, where they bers of juvenile oceanic could be applied elsewhere. Serious stayed briefly and then made a slow whitetip sharks off the small village of dives with the great hammerheads Cat Island, however, is very much research began in 2010, and since ascent back to the surface, which Cojímar, but that topic will have to at Bimini. Those encounters are what a three-dimensional experience, then, some 100 oceanic whitetip the scientists believe is the oceanic be saved for a future story. I would describe as two-dimensional because you are in blue water and sharks have been tagged with satel- sharks foraging for alternate prey. experiences in which you are typi- your only point of reference is the lite tracking devices, so their move- Probably the two most significant Diving cally kneeling on a sandy area in white bait crate that is suspended ment patterns and a variety of other results, however, are that over time Over the last five to six years, the shallow water and the sharks usu- at about 10m. The oceanic sharks data such as depth and tempera- it has become apparent from the Bahamas has firmly established itself ally (but not always) approach you are attracted by the scent of the ture could be established. large number of sharks being recap- as the “shark diving capital of the from the front. So, it is all reasonably bait in that crate, but are not actu- Several important results have tured and retagged, that the over- world”, largely because of the tiger predictable and relatively easy for ally fed, as the mere scent seems come to light so far, starting with the all population of oceanic whitetip and lemon shark encounters at Tiger the support divers to literally “watch to be enough to keep them en- fact that while the tagged sharks sharks at Cat Island may be as low Beach on Grand Bahama, and your back.” gaged. And engaged they truly are,
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Suspended from a buoy, the bait box (above) provides the only point of reference; Seen from above, the white fin markings are very distinctive (top right); Whitetip shark checks out its reflection in my dome port (far right)
exhibiting no apparent fear and ists in any way they can, so approaching extremely close—of- you can be sure of a warm ten to the point of bumping your welcome. dome port! I booked my trip with Andy They also sneak up from behind, Murch of Big Fish Expedi- above and below, often coming tions (I paid full price out so close that they touch you with of my own pocket) and he those long fins. As exciting as all worked with Epic Diving, who that is, I never really felt in any real base themselves and their danger, as it all seems part of their boat MW Thresher at Cat pattern of testing to see if you are Island during the oceanic the weakest link and worthy of season. The arrangement further investigation. worked well for me, as Andy is extremely knowledgeable How it works about anything with fins at- Options to dive with the oceanic tached, and Epic were well whitetip sharks at Cat Island are organized and very capable somewhat limited, as the season in the water. Debra worked as an animal nutri- children at Cat Island, and Vin- is short, from the end of March Run by husband-and-wife tionist, after completing a Ph.D. in nie’s sister runs the reservation and to mid-June, and the island lacks team Vincent and Debra Cana- diving and shark conservation. In biomedical science. booking systems. much of the tourism infrastructure bal, Epic’s story is worth telling, as Vinnie’s case, that was being a It is very much a family business. E-Mail: [email protected] of the more popular locations in the couple put their professional hospital emergency-room physi- While Vinnie and Deb are running Bahamas marine protection the Bahamas. That said, the locals careers on hold in order to pur- cian in New Jersey, something he the boat and diving, Deb’s mother The Bahamas was one of the first www.papuaparadise.com are extremely keen to attract tour- sue their passion for sharks, shark still does in the off-season, while homeschools the couple’s two countries to understand the impor-
37 X-RAY MAG : 84 : 2018 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO feature 䴀砀椀挀漀 ☀ 䐀漀洀椀渀椀挀愀渀 刀攀瀀甀戀氀椀挀
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Oceanic whitetip sharks check out a diver (above and right) showing just how inquisitive they can be, as well as how they seem to be basking in the attention (far right)
tance of sharks to their seas and 1959 to manage the fish stocks. The growth of shark world’s first marine tourism has proven that live sharks protected area—the are much more valuable than the 112,640-acre Exuma dead and de-finned variety—plus, Cays Land and Sea they generate a recurring source Park—can now be of revenue. viewed as an incred- That said, the country was never ible piece of fore- at the leading edge of the con- sight. The Bahamas servation movement. It has suf- have since added fered from over-exploitation of another 26 national its fish stocks over the years and parks covering over periodic over-development of one million acres of tourist resorts in ecologically sensi- land and sea, to- tive areas. But there is no major gether with enacting seems clear that the reappear- History of shark finning the IUCN Red List, categorized as industry in the country, and its substantial supporting ance of a small but healthy popu- It seems almost unbelievable “Vulnerable” globally and “Criti- people generally have a deep environmental legisla- lation of oceanic whitetip sharks that as recently as the mid-1960s, cally Endangered” in the northern and visceral understanding of the tion, including making at Cat Island would never have the oceanic whitetip shark (Car- and central western areas of the importance the health of their Exuma Cays a no- happened if the government had charhinus longimanus), was Atlantic Ocean. surrounding waters is to their long- take marine reserve. not taken those measures. Nature widely considered to be one of As for when the decline of shark term prosperity. Then, in 2011, the government world to establish a shark sanc- is amazing and can produce as- the most abundant large animals populations started, some point to Therefore, the establishment went one step further and be- tuary by formally protecting all tonishing things if we humans can in the world. And now, just over the moment when Deng Xiaoping of the Bahamas National Trust in came the fourth country in the sharks in Bahamian waters. It only give it the chance to do so. 50 years later, these sharks are on came into power in China and
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CLONEOFSNAKE / WIKIMEDIA COMMONS / CC BY-SA 2.0 Deng Xiaoping in 1979 (left); Shark fins drying on sidewalk in Hong Kong (above)
pensive concoction called shark evolved superbly to wander the fin soup. upper water column of the world’s While there is much to admire oceans. Found in all tropical and about Deng Xiaoping and the sub-tropical waters across the At- incredible economic growth he lantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, Diving, adventure and enabled, there have been very but rarely seen in coastal waters, visibly dark sides to letting the oceanic whitetip sharks roamed travel go hand-in-hand. Chinese entrepreneurial genie out free in a never-ending search for of its bottle, including pollution food and, with few predators and NAUI’s extensive network which plagues the nation’s cities. limited industrial-scale fishing, the Less obvious though is the appall- sheer bounty of the oceans had of dive destinations ing impact that the conspicuous provides adventure and consumption of the Chinese mid- dle class is having on the world’s exceptional service for oceans. While the general public hears about the shark fin trade divers across the globe. and periodically sees the hideous
US GOV / WIKIMEDIA COMMONS / PUBLIC DOMAIN images of row upon row of fins drying on the roofs of Hong Kong unleashed the economic reforms warehouses, divers know firsthand that have lifted hundreds of mil- the impact shark finning has had lions of people out of abject pov- on the seas: We rarely see sharks erty. In the process, a burgeoning underwater. Locate NAUI Worldwide Dive Centers middle class was created, cur- Roaming free naui.org/locate-dive-centers rently estimated at around 100 In so many ways, the oceanic million—but growing rapidly—and whitetip shark personifies this hid- all looking for ways to show off den impact. It is an open-water THE DEFINITION OF DIVING It’s easy to become affiliated with NAUI. their new wealth. One way was to pelagic animal, near the top of Simply email [email protected] or call +1 (813) 628-6284. consume the thick, fibrous and ex- the marine food chain, which has REENGCHRISTINE / WIKIMEDIA COMMONS / CC BY-SA 3.0 Shark fin soup in Hong Kong
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When viewed from this angle (above and top right), oceanic whitetip sharks appear to be cold and calculating predators; Diver (right) gives a sense of scale
allowed it to become such a populous “bycatch” that it produc- species. es. Yet another innocent- But as the market for shark fins expand- sounding term, bycatch ed almost exponentially in China, so did refers to the creatures that the demand for large, open-ocean fish are not the object of the such as tuna, mackerel, mahi-mahi and overall mission and are sim- swordfish, leading to the development ply caught by accident. of the deadly fishing methodology re- Seabirds, for example, ferred to as “longline.” Despite the rather are especially vulnerable innocuous sounding name, longlining to longlining because they is designed to catch those apex open- are attracted to the scent ocean fish and does so with devastating of bait in the water, which efficiency using a thick main line, which they follow only to become is laid out and suspended from buoys victims on the “line of every 100m or so. Connected to those death.” The exact number main lines are many shorter lines that of seabirds lost to bycatch- have baited hooks attached to them ing is impossible to meas- and a single longline can be up to 50km ure accurately, but cred- long with over 12,000 baited hooks! ible scientific estimates put the number majority of their time roaming in what While the ethics of longline fishing can killed each year at between 150,000 and scientists call the “surface mixed layer” be debated—with proponents arguing 300,000! of the water column, which in layman’s it is simply meeting a demand for the terms means from the surface down to highly prized open-ocean fish—what Oceanic whitetips as bycatch about 150m. This is basically their domain cannot be defended is the devastating Oceanic whitetip sharks spend the vast and where they are the apex predators, COURTESY OF NOAA Diagram of longline fishing
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BUSINESS FORUM Asia Dive Conference (ADCON) BUYERS MEET SELLERS MEETING (B2B Meeting) Oceanic whitetip sharks are not the target of longliners, but a lucrative sideline, as their fins are highly prized in Asian markets Demo On Latest traveling slowly but efficiently over Size matters to the Chinese, and whitetip sharks when they are PRODUCTS & INNOVATION great distances with their large, the fact that the key ingredient caught as bycatch. almost winglike, pectoral fins—or in the trophy soup served at ban- PRESENTATION longimanus, roughly translated as quets and weddings comes from Hope springs eternal by Speakers “long hands”. an apex predator carries a very While it is far too early to declare, In that mixed layer are the tuna, special cachet to the increasingly or even consider declaring, any barracuda, swordfish and white status-conscious middle class. kind of victory in the journey to Workshop on marlin, which are the oceanic The really appalling aspect of reverse the population decline of FREEDIVING whitetip shark’s principal source oceanic whitetip bycatch though, oceanic whitetip sharks, there is of food. But it is also where the is that because their meat is con- cause for a degree of optimism. SERVICE & MAINTENANCE longlining fishing boats concen- sidered low in value, the sharks Two main things have brought this of Dive Equipment trate much of their efforts. are usually separated from their about. As they are such opportunistic prized appendages and then Firstly, there was the recruitment VIDEO SHOWCASE feeders, oceanic whitetip sharks thrown back into the water alive of prominent Chinese celebrities, of The Ocean Documentary are drawn onto the line of death to drown! This hideous practice has such as former Houston Rock- in astonishing numbers, with very gone on for many years, and while ets basketball star Yao Ming, to POOL TRY DIVE clear indications that it has caused there are signs it is now changing the WildAid campaign of raising population declines of at least 70 in regulated areas such as the US awareness of the impact of eat- DIVE DIVA to 80 percent in all three ocean Northwest Atlantic, there is little ing shark fin soup. The fame that FANCLUB Activities basins—Pacific, Atlantic and In- doubt that it continues unabated the 7.5-feet-tall Yao Ming gained dian. While oceanic whitetip sharks in less controlled areas. in the United States has made him EDUCATIONAL MARINE PROGRAM are not specifically targeted by the Then there is the really dark side an absolute mega-star in China, for children under 17years old and many more... longliners, they provide a lucrative known as “IUU” (Illegal, Unreport- so the credibility he brings to the sideline, because their large and ed, and Unregulated) fishing. With campaign is simply immense. Photo by: Larry Cohen distinct fins are highly prized in the IUU fishing, there is no doubt at all When WildAid began its cam- international fin trade. about what happens to oceanic paign in 2006, their research
41 X-RAY MAG : 84 : 2018 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO The almost wing-like pectoral fins of oceanic whitetip sharks are very distinctive (left); An oceanic whitetip shark cruises past, near the surface (below); Many oce- anic whitetip sharks have their own retinue of pilot fish Whitetips feature (bottom right) tic and Indian Ocean. Plus, there are indications of improvement with the situation in the North- west Atlantic and Hawaii areas. So, scientists do not want to be accused of over-reacting. Then, there is the concern about the wide range that oceanic whitetip sharks roam, which could mean that either they are not being accounted for in the population estimates and bycatch numbers, or are being counted twice. The most recent assessment of the current status of oceanic whitetip sharks globally is a com- prehensive 25-page review by the American scientific agency NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmos- pheric Administration), which was
showed that 75 percent of the closing shark fin speciality restau- Chinese surveyed were unaware rants in major cities like Shanghai that shark fin soup actually in- and Beijing, plus making it illegal volved sharks because the literal to consume the soup at all official Mandarin translation is “fish wing banquets. soup.” Furthermore, about 19 per- Recent studies of the global cent of those surveyed believed shark fin trade indicate that the that the fins actually grew back market is in fact declining. So, again! while there remains much to do, Yao Ming’s commitment to it would appear that the lowest the campaign has had a huge point may be behind us. impact, and it is said that eat- ing shark fin soup is now almost Conservation status shameful for young middle-class While the oceanic whitetip shark people, which is an incredibly has been placed on the IUCN positive development. But in a Red List as “Vulnerable” globally country of 1.3 billion people and and “Critically Endangered” in a middle-class of 100 million, it is the northern and central western obviously just a drop in the ocean. areas of the Atlantic Ocean, there Secondly, and more significantly appears to be much discussion perhaps, is the way the Chinese in the scientific community about government is getting behind the data used for those assess- certain aspects of conservation, ments and the overall status of and specifically, the anti-shark- oceanic whitetip sharks globally. fin campaign. The actions taken Specifically, there is a lack of
KEITH ALLISON / WIKIMEDIA COMMONS /GFDL / WIKIMEDIA COMMONS ALLISON KEITH so far are very positive—such as robust data for the South Atlan- Basketball star Yao Ming
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A diver (left) contem- plates a particularly large oceanic whitetip shark— once one of the most abundant creatures in the sea; USS Indianapolis (center inset) was tor- pedoed and sunk on 30 July 1945 by Japanese submarine I58 in the last months of WWII; Survivors of Indianapolis (far left) in August 1945, on Guam. Many were originally thought to be victims of ocean whitetip shark attacks, which was later refuted by survivors. US NAVY / WIKIMEDIA COMMONS / PUBLIC DOMAIN / PUBLIC COMMONS WIKIMEDIA / NAVY US
submarine I58, the attack was of water, but devastatingly successful and in- enough had released a at the end of 2016.1 volved just two torpedoes. The first succumbed It is a long and complex read, struck the bow and the second to preda- but NOAA basically drew the fol- hit the midship, sinking the Indian- tory shark lowing principal conclusions: apolis within 12 minutes—so fast attacks—later was the overall attack that about attributed • “Given the species’ sig- 300 of the nearly 1,200 crew went to oceanic nificant historical and ongoing down with the ship. whitetip abundance declines of varying Many of those who managed sharks—that magnitudes in all three ocean to scramble off the stricken ship the animal has basins, slow growth, low fecun- did so without lifeboats or life- permeated into the modern psy- could be easily kicked or pushed dity, and low genetic diversity, jackets, and were forced to cling che as a ruthless and deadly killer. away. combined with ongoing threats to debris in the open sea. Bad Nobody knows how many shark Overall, it would seem that the of overutilization and largely as that was, the worst was yet attack victims there actually were, oceanic whitetip sharks went for inadequate regulatory mecha- US NAVY / WIKIMEDIA COMMONS / PUBLIC DOMAIN to come, because in a series of but a recent National Geographic the dead or nearly dead sailors. nisms, the ERA (Extinction Risk almost unbelievable administra- article paints a more balanced As horrendous as that must have Analysis) team concluded that nisms, current trends in the spe- was so recently extremely abun- tive blunders, the ship was not story as a result of talking to actual been, it is a significantly different the oceanic whitetip shark cur- cies’ abundance, productivity dant could be extinct within the reported missing. survivors, many of them now in story than the urban myth about rently has a moderate risk of and genetic diversity place next 30 years. For 3.5 days, the poor sailors their nineties. oceanic whitetip sharks systemati- extinction throughout its global the species on a trajectory were left to the mercy of the sea By far, the biggest problem the cally attacking the seamen, one range.” towards a high risk of extinction The Indianapolis until a passing plane spotted the survivors said they faced was the by one. in the foreseeable future of ~30 No story about oceanic whitetip wreckage and alerted the US lack of fresh water, and many of • “In other words, due to sig- years.” sharks would be quite complete Navy, which immediately des- the sailors that died did so after Asia correspondent Don Silcock is nificant and ongoing threats without a reference to the sinking patched rescue ships. But, by the succumbing to horrendous thirst based in Bali, Indonesia. For exten- of overutilization and largely This basically means that there is of the heavy cruiser USS Indian- time they arrived a day later, only and drinking seawater. They all sive location guides, articles and inadequate regulatory mecha- still time to reverse the situation. apolis in the final months of WWII. 316 were still alive. said that the prowling sharks were images on dive locations in the But if things do not change, the Torpedoed during the early hours Most of the victims died from a concern and would approach Indo-Pacific region, visit his web- 1 HTTP://WWW.FPIR.NOAA.GOV/LIBRARY/PRD/OCEANIC_ WHITETIP/OCEANIC-WHITETIP-STATUS-REVIEW-REPORT-2016.PDF probability is that this animal that of 30 July 1945 by the Japanese exposure to the elements and lack closely, often bumping them, but site at: Indopacificimages.com.
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