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Home , African pompano, Atlantic threadfin, Atlantic torpedo, Banded rudderfish, Barracuda, Batrachoididae

OF THE INDIAN AND ADJACENT ,

by R. Grant Gilmore, Jr. Christopher J. Donohoe Douglas W. Cooke Branch Foundation, Inc. RR 1, Box 196 Fort Pierce, Florida 33450 and David J. Herrema Applied Biology, Inc. 641 DeKalb Industrial Way Decatur, 30033

Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc. Technical Report No. 41 September 1981

Funding was provided by the Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc. and Florida Power & Light Company, Miami, Florida FISHES OF THE LAGOON AND ADJACENT WATERS, FLORIDA

R. Grant Gilmore, Jr. Christopher Donohoe Dougl as Cooke Davi d Herrema

INTRODUCTION

It is the intent of this presentation to briefly describe regional and to list the fishes associated with these habitats in the , its freshwater tributaries and the adjacent to a depth of 200 m. A brief historical review of other regional ichthyological studies is also given. Data presented here revises the first regional description and checklist of fishes in east central Florida (Gilmore, 1977). The Indian River is a narrow estuarine lagoon system extending from Ponce de Leon in Vol usia County south to Jupiter Inlet in Palm County (Fig. 1). It lies within the zone of overlap between two well known faunal regimes (i.e. the warm temperate Carolinian and the tropical ). To the north of the region, Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928), Fowler (1945), Struhsaker (1969), Dahlberg (1971), and others have made major icthyofaunal reviews of the coastal waters of the southeastern . McLane (1955) and Tagatz (1967) have made extensive surveys of the fishes of the St. Johns River, including the estuarine portions. Southeast of the Indian River region, Bohlke and Tllu."lUe.;:.'."c;. i N

FIGURE 1. The Indian River lagoon and associated waters.' 2.

Chaplin (1968) surveyed the fishes of . The south of the Indian River lagoon has been thoroughly reported on by Herrema (1974), Starck (1968), and Longley and Hildebrand (1941). These workers made extensive fish surveys in Palm Beach and Broward counties, the Florida Keys, and Dry Tortugas, respectively. The first major study of the fishes in the Indian River lagoon was conducted by Evermann and Bean (1897). They listed 106 found in the Indian River lagoon and its , but their report concentrated on species of commercial value and they procured most of their records in local fish houses where precise locality data are frequently lacking. Not until 1957-1959 was another ichthyological study made within the Indian River lagoon. During this time V.G. Springer (1960) made several collections in the St. Lucie Inlet area (Fig. 1). His report contains a list of 62 species as well as and data. Gunter and Hall (1963) also made fish collections in the St. Lucie River during the same time period, primarily to assess the effect of freshwater release from the St. Lucie Canal on the local fish fauna. They took seasonal temperature and salinity data with the 83 fish species they collected. From 1960 to 1965 Christensen (1965) made a qualitative seasonal survey of the fishes found in the Jupiter Inlet area and associated freshwater tributaries at the extreme southern end of the Indian River (Fig. 1). This was the most extensive survey to date in the Indian River region and presents data on 276 species, a number of which are tropical fishes not previously recorded as far north as Jupiter. 3.

All of the Indian River region collections above combine to give a total of 286 species for the lagoon system. From 1933 to 1935 the trawler R/V LAUNCH 58 made offshore collections on the continental shelf adjacent to the Indian River lagoon (Anderson and Gehringer 1965). Their less than 94 trawling hours produced quantitative trawl data on 64 species. From 1956 to 1957 and 1961 to 1964 the R/V SILVER , R/V COMBAT, and R/V PELICAN made 421 trawl stations in this region. The 105 species these three vessels collected were compiled in a publication by Bullis and Thompson (1965). Anderson and Gehringer (1965) published a report covering 134 species in both the offshore and inshore in the Canaveral area and reviewed the previous continental shelf collections made by the aforementioned research vessels. Stewart Springer (1963) published an account of from data taken in an offshore fishery based in Salerno, near Stuart, Martin County (17 species). Regional inshore shark populations have also been studied by Dodrill (1977) and Snelson and Williams (1981). Futch and Dwinell (1977) recently completed a nearshore ichthyofauna survey off Hutchinson including seasonality notes for 75 fish species. All of the continental shelf collections recorded approximately 210 fish species for the area. The combined total of fishes reported in the literature from the Indian River lagoon and adjacent continental shelf is 454 species. Although Briggs (1958) did not collect here, he lists some 453 species that should range through the region. The 453 species Briggs reported is coincidental and are not necessarily the same reported by previous authors. 4.

The first comprehensive checklist of the fishes of the Indian River lagoon, its freshwater tributaries and the adjacent continental shelf was published recently (Gilmore, 1977). This latter publication presented the baseline for our checklist and listed a total of 609 species for this region of Florida. Since the publication of the 1977 regional checklist, many more recent collections of fishes have been made both by the personnel at the Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc., and at Applied Biology, Inc., of Atlanta, Georgia. Collections made by Applied Biology were made as part of environmental assessment studies for the Florida Power and Light Corporation at their power plant facility on Hutchinson Island. In addi­ tion several published accounts of new species or regional records have been made (Hastings, 1978; Dodrill and Gilmore, 1979; Gilmore, 1979; Snelson, 1981; Snelson and Williams, 1981; Gilmore et al . (In press). These new records have been listed by Gilmore et al. (In press) and bring the total regional coastal ichthyofauna to 682 species.

Acknowledgments

Specimens and information regarding valuable range extensions or documentation of regional fishes was provided by Robert Harrington, LaVergne Williams, George Kulczycki, Wayne Magley, Philip Hastings, Michael Clark, Robert Avent, Jon Dodrill, William Minuth, Wayne Mullinix, George Hogan, Frank Holley, Kenneth Moore, George Giannikopoulas, Allen Menton and Bruce Peery. Numerous other commercial and sport fishermen have aided considerably by taking the additional effort to present us with both unusual and invaluable fish specimens. Due to the efforts of these fishermen, our regional checklist is more comprehensive than it 5.

could otherwise have been. Robert Jones and Frank Stanton made invaluable observations and collections during lockout dives from the JOHNSON- LINK submersible. Carter Gilbert, Richard Robins, Stephen Ross, Victor Springer, William Smith-Vaniz, C.E. Dawson, Andrew Leslie, Walter Courtenay, Hector Harima, Mark Leiby and Labbish Chao verified fish identifications in their respective areas of interest. Robert Jones painstakingly reviewed the manuscript in its entirety and made helpful suggestions. Rose Neville, Jackie McKay, Carole Walker, and Pennie Carey spent considerable effort in assuring the manuscript was typed as accurately as possible. 6.

Materials and Methods

In November 1971 fish collections began in the Indian River lagoon for the Harbor Branch Foundation as part of a field study program to assess qual itatively the estuarine and marine fauna. By the end of April 1981 over 5,000 collections had been made at over 2,000 stations in the Indian River lagoon, its freshwater tributaries, and nearshore Atlantic reefs along 157 coastal miles extending from New Smyrna Beach to Jupiter In1et. During the fall of 1973 offshore trawl stations, using the R/V GOSNOLD, were established as part of the Indian River study. Beginning in April 1974 fishes were also taken by a Florida State Department of Natural Resources vessel, the R/V HERNAN CORTEZ, operating in the Atlantic off . The DNR kindly made these specimens available to the Indian River study. The two vessels together accounted for 129 offshore stations. As collecting techniques centered around populations in shallow grass flats and habitats, small mesh (3 to 6.4 mm) beach seines 3 to 67 m in length were used extensively. We also used 2-m cast nets, drop nets (Gilmore, et. a1. 1978), traps, wire fish traps, heart traps, SCUBA gear, Fyke nets, trammel nets, dip nets, 185-m nets, 3' and 7' otter trawls, and fish toxicants. Large collections were also made after periods of hypothermal mortality (Gil mo r e, et. a1., 1978) . Fishes collected on the continental shelf formations, inlet, , and lagoon rock reef formations were all collected with the aid of diving gear, dip nets, spear guns, and quinaldine, rotenone, or Chemfish~ Submersible collections were made via a rotenone ejection 7.

systems and lockout dives. BenthosR 35 mm Ektachrome photos and video tape recordings made from hand held and mounted television cameras were also used to document fishes seen from submersibles. The sharks were co11 ected both from the or waters 1ess than 600 m from the beach with either a surface or bottom set longline or conventional gear and with commercial 10nglines drift set along the edge of the Florida Current between Palm Beach and Brevard counties. Because of the relatively large hook size employed, the longline was selective for larger species of sharks. Most of the smaller specimens were taken with conventional fishing gear. Offshore surface collections of pelagic bony fish species were made with dip nets and conventional fishing gear. Several unusual specimens were landed on commercial swordfish longlines, 8 to 20 km in length and allowed to drift with the current in neritic or pelagic waters. were recorded with a temperate compensated Goldberg refractometer that can be read to 0.5 ppt. Bottom (dominant vegetation, etc.), type, tidal state, weather conditions, water visibility, and sea state were also noted at each station.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON AND VICINITY

GEOGRAPHY.--As Evermann and Bean (1897) noted, the term "r iver" is a misnomer. The Indian River region encompasses a shallow estuarine lagoon extending for 253 km (157 mil from latitude 29°05 1 N to 26°58 I N. The northern terminus for this transitional region is at in Volusia County and the southern at Jupiter Inlet in Palm Beach County (Fig. 1). There is much regional, hydrological and biological discontinuity due to the transitional climatic character of east central 8.

Florida. However the geological character is relatively homogenous along the central east (e.g., the Pamlico and Anastasia formations, Cook, 1945). North of Volusia County the inshore ichthyofauna is principally a Carolinian fauna while south of Palm Beach County the inshore ichthyofauna is principally Caribbean (Herrema, 1974; Briggs, 1970). The width of the lagoon varies from a few meters at the Jupiter Narrows and the south bridge at New Smyrna Beach to 8.9 km (5.5 mi) north of Titusville. The narrow strip of land east of the lagoon is a cut by five artificial inlets of varying size and depth, all maintained by the Army Corps of Engineers: Ponce de Leon (previously known as Inlet), Sebastian, Fort Pierce, St. Lucie, and Jupiter. The land on the east at Cape Canaveral is the most extensive with a large , Merritt Island, dividing the Indian River lagoon on the west from the lagoon to the east (Fig. 1). The average depth is approximately 1.5 mwith the maximum occurring in dredged channels and . The is dredged to an average depth of 3.7 m north of Ft. Pierce and to 3.1 m from Ft. Pierce south to Jupiter. This dredged has an average width of 30 m. A ship lock at Cape Canaveral connects the Banana River lagoon with the Atlantic , but the locks opening depends on daily boat traffic. The Indian River lagoon north of Titusville is separated on the east bank from the by a narrow strip of land that is dissected by an open canal (i.e. the ). The northern end of the Banana River is separated from the Mosquito Lagoon only by a shallow with waters coming within 0.8 km of a direct connection between the two. 9.

Along the west bank of the Indian River lagoon a system of relict rises up to 24 m in height. Beyond these dunes, coastal lowlands and ~~rshes extend up to 96.7 km inland. DRAINAGE--A number of small, low-gradient , creeks, and canals flow into the Indian River lagoon (Fig. 1). The most extensive proximate watershed is the St. Johns marsh 11 to 16 km west of the lagoon. The surface waters of this marsh flow north into the St. Johns River rather than into the Indian River lagoon. The St. Lucie River drains 1165 sq km (450 sq mi) in St. Lucie and Martin Counties (Gunter and Hall 1963). This river and associated canal system freshwater overflow from Okeechobee and between the lake and the coast to St. Lucie Inlet. According to Christensen (1965) the extensive marshes east of feed into the (draining 855 sq km or 330 sq mi) which opens at Jupiter Inlet. Sebastian Creek in Indian River and Brevard Counties has a natural flow but may also receive major discharges from the St. Johns marsh through the C-54 canal. The rivers and freshwater canals all have locks that are opened or closed depending on climatic conditions and associated water levels farther inland. The times of opening and amounts of released from these canals vary but generally occur during or just after the wet season, May-October. GEOLOGY.--The barrier island on the east bank and the lowlands and marshes of the west bank for several kilometers inland are of Pleistocene age, primarily the Anastasia Formation, which consists of coquina shell marl with varying amounts of quartz sand (Cook 1945). The formation was deposited by multiple marine invasions over the St. Johns west of the Indian River region. Farther south and out of the 10.

study area. the Anastasia Formation intergrades into the more calcareous Miami Oolite Formation. The lithified Anastasia coquina forms rock bluffs at the river's edge at Melbourne, Eau Gallie, and at the south end of Merritt Island on both sides of the Indian River lagoon in Brevard County. These same rock formations occur in the on the Atlantic side at various locations from Palm Beach County northward to central Brevard County. Extensive submerged Atlantic reef formations run from north of south to Jupiter Inlet, both near shore and out to the 110 m isobath. The deeper reef ledges may have reliefs as high as 10 m. but are more cOlT1TIonly in the 0.5 to 1.5 m range, at least on the inshore reefs. In the lagoon itself. either by dredging or by natural erosion, the coquina rock in the Intracoastal Waterway in northern St. Lucie County has been undercut along the edge of the waterway to form a small, .05 to 1.0 m high ledge that shelters numerous and fish speci es. SALINITY.--The sal inity of the Indian River lagoon, because of its estuarine nature, varies up and down the coast, depending on rainfall,

freshwater drainage systems (i.e. how often canal locks are opened), evaporation, and access to the . The natural system of fresh and marine water exchange within the northern half of the Indian River has undergone many recent changes. The canal connecting Mosquito Lagoon and the Indian River lagoon north of Titusville, the Canaveral Locks (completed 1965), Sebastian Inlet (dredged in 1921). Ft. Pierce Inlet (dredged in 1921), numerous mosquito impoundments (see mosquito impoundment section below), 19 bridges and causeways, and many artificial freshwater flood canals 11. draining marshes and agricultural land west of the lagoon have caused major changes in the lagoon hydrography and fish distribution. Prior to these changes in the northern section of the lagoon, the only inlet south of Ponce de Leon was a small shallow ephemeral in1 et (Indian River Inlet) 3.5 km north of the present Ft. Pierce Inlet. Because of its shallow depths (Evermann and Bean 1897) the water exchange that did take place must have been localized. This inlet was 154 km south of the northern end of the lagoon (Sebastian Inlet is now 111 km south). Even after inlets were dug, Ponce de Leon, Sebastian, Ft. Pierce, St. Lucie, and Jupiter inlets were not dredged regularly, and all were frequently closed by sand from parallel (southerly) inshore ocean currents. Christensen (1965) notes that from 1942 to 1947 Jupiter Inlet was closed and the Indian River lagoon in this area became fresh. During this same period Sebastian Inlet also closed. By comparison the salinity range in Jupiter Inlet from 1960 to 1965 was 16.5 to 37.5 0/00 with a mean of 31.8 0/00. Thus when the inlets were closed little estuarine discharge was possible. When this occurs salinities can change considerably depending on the weather. Turbulent fall and winter storms that send ocean waters across the barrier forming small temporary inlets often counter this situation. It may therefore be presumed that these changing conditions led to extremes of salinity range that, when combined with a greater variation in temperate in the northern section of the lagoon, might have a profound influence on faunal diversity, at least seasonally. 12.

In comparison the regular maintenance of seven inlets and locks and the active control of freshwater runoff today has allowed tidal influence to moderate the annual salinity range of the Indian River in the vicinity of the inlets. The average mean annual salinity for the entire river

(Fig. 2) is 25.6 0/00 (Gilmore, 1977). This value is relatively high but is not surprising. North of Sebastian Inlet evaporation and freshwater runoff begin to affect salinity to a greater degree with wind-driven water movements becoming more predominant. Major freshwater influence occurs locally near the mouths of the St. Lucie and Loxahatchee rivers. The mean annual salinity for much of the river, excluding the two major river mouths, should be closer to 27 0/00. The recorded annual salinity range is least at the Haulover Canal and in the lagoon at Ft. Pierce Inlet where higher salinities are normally found. The mean annual salinity range for all stations combined is 20.9 0/00 (19.6 0/00 excluding the mouths of the St. Lucie and Loxahatchee Rivers). Hypersaline conditions (to 40 ppt) frequently occur in open lagoon waters during the dry season and are a common phenomena in local high marshes and mosquito impoundments (salinities over 200 ppt have been recorded). Major freshwater sources may lower wet season (May-October) lagoon salinities considerably at Wabasso, Vero Beach, North Bridge at Ft. Pierce, and at St. Lucie Inlet. At Stuart in Martin County, the St. Lucie River and the St. Lucie Flood Control Canal empty into the Atlantic through St. Lucie Inlet. Here, especially when the locks of the St. Lucie Canal are opened, salinity may drop markedly, for example from 23.0 to 0.2 0/00 in less that 24 hours (seasonal range of 0.15 to

32.8 0/00; Gunter and Hall 1963, V. Springer 1960). 35

30 I a.-u ...... '1.•;....·..·.••9 7 - 7 25 s- ':..:..K':Z.";::':::::::::_:: a ".~I '"'.o ..' ~ . '. 7 6 "-GI .' /0...:'''..=0 <, ~ .'•••• / 10 --.,:. '" • ::> •••••• /" • 1U~ 20 10"'" ...." .....""••~1~0/ ~~....11{\J a. --- ':?i.l ~11 E 1 •••••••••, A1" {! 2 •.••• 1, /·1 15 f ~~102

2 1-ff;i-8 2-

10 ' 1-b 7

5

o o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Salinity (%01

flGllRE Z. Hydroclimograph depicting the mean monthly temperature and salinity for east central Florida fish habitats. Months indicated by small numbers on graph: mosquito impoundments • surf zone reefs--o----. freshwater tributaries and canals • • deep reefs--o-._.-. Jndian Ri ver . 13.

TEMPERATURE.--Because of the shallow average depth of the Indian River lagoon, air temperature variations appear to be most effective in controlling water temperature and, therefore, the fish distribution within the lagoon. The mean annual air temperature at New Smyrna Beach is 1.6°C lower than at Jupiter (Thomas 1970). The range in annual air is greater in the New Smyrna Beach Ponce de Leon Inlet area than at Cape Canaveral and so on as one proceeds farther south, although summer air temperatures (June-August) are relatively homogeneous for the entire lagoon. The fish fauna must therefore adjust its distribution according to the resultant river water temperatures. The lowest water temperature recorded for this region was 6.0°C from the lagoon in northern Brevard County, (Snelson, 1978) whereas Christensen (1965) never recorded a water tem~rature below 20.0°C in the lagoon at Jupiter Narrows. Occasional periods of very low air temperatures (e.g. January to February, 1957-1958) to O.O°C as far south as Stuart bring water temperatures down to a lethal low (below 14.0°C) for fishes of tropical and subtropical affinities (Gunter and Hall 1963; Snelson, 1977; Gilmore et al., 1978). Generally Atlantic Ocean surface and bottom water temperatures taken adjacent to the coast over the 3 to 10 m isobaths show a trend similar to the air temperatures. The low winter temperatures ranged lower in the northern section increasing the annual temperature range substantially over that for the Jupiter Inlet area. Taylor and Stewart (1958) described an interesting temperature phenomenon caused by in this part of Florida. During the summer months, July and August specifically, an annual inshore decrease in water temperatures often occurs along the east coast from Fernandina 14.

Beach to West Palm Beach, with the most dramatic drop occurring around Daytona Beach and Cape Canaveral. Readings made in the Canova Beach area, Brevard County, 34 km north of Sebastian In1 et, during 1946-57 showed a temperature drop that persisted through July and August, from 26.7° in June to 22.3°C in July, well below the average surface temperatures taken there in 1956. Sumner upwellings are also common in the St. Lucie area (S. Springer 1963). Harbor Branch personnel have observed annual minimum low bottom water temperatures of 8.0°C on 90-100 m shelf edge reef formation in April and maximum bottom temperatures of 24°C in November through January. The seaward influence of these cold water upwellings is uncertain, but a decline in the fishi~g associated with this phenomenon has been reported by comnercial and sport fishermen. The associated decline in fishing has been observed out to a depth of 40 m (6.4 to 33.6 km offshore) and has been blamed for fish kills (S. Springer 1963). Studies have not yet been conducted to see what effect this upwell ing of cold water might have on the inshore reef fish fauna, which has definite tropical affinities (see Atlantic reef section below). Christensen (1965) noted this cold water in

June and August at Jupiter and saw i ndf cet ions of "temporary distress in some shore fishes," but he did not see "winter kill" as Gunter and Hall (1963) noted for low winter temperatures in the St. Lucie area. REGIONAL HABITATS AND ASSOCIATED FISHES

FRESHWATER TRIBUTARIES AND CANALS .--The major freshwater rivers, , and canals that feed into the Indian River lagoon fall into this habitat (Fig. 3). Where vegetation has not been disturbed by man, such plants as Panicum, folygonum and Typha form a dense shore cover. A

c D

FIGURE 3. A. South Relief Canal; B. Fellsmere Canal spillway; C. mouth of Sebastian Creek; D. south fork of Sebastian Creek 15.

A variable quantity of submerged plants such as Najas guadalupensis,

Elodea densa and Hydrilla verticillata and a surface cover of Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia straitioites or Lemna minor also occur. The dominant plant depends on stream flow. substratum, herbicide treatment and other physical variables. Fresh water levels in tributaries to the Indian River lagoon are carefully managed by several methods. Spillways and floodgates are often used on smaller tributaries and canals (Fig. 3). These act as barriers to upstream migration of all marine invaders except iln~:uilla roet.re t.e , Of the 73 species found in the north fork of Sebastian Creek. 44 (60%) do not occur above the spillway. Locks have been constructed on the south fork of the St. Lucie River, but these do not completely block inland migration of fishes. Some species

(e.g. Mugil cephalus) have been observed to migrate through the locks when they are opened. All streams in this part of Florida have shallow gradients and currents are generally moderate to sluggish « 1.0 m/sec). depending on rainfall or floodgate manipulation. The water level and flow rate may increase when a floodgate or lock holding back significant amounts of stored water is opened. 1 shows that 118 fish species have been collected from this habitat. Of these fishes 65 (56%) are euryhaline and are also found in brackish to marine waters either in the Indian River lagoon or in the

Atlantic Ocean (e.g. gerreids. cyprinodontids. poeciliids. and centropomids). Therefore primary freshwater fishes form a minority of the freshwater fauna. Kushlan and Lodge (1974) found this to be the predominate characteristic of the South Florida freshwater icthyofauna. 16.

Several less common euryhaline tropical forms have also been collected in this habitat (e.g. dormitor, Gobionellus pseudofasciatus,

Awaous tajasica, Oostethus lineatus, and Pomadasys crocro) . CANAL AND RIVER MOUTHS.--This habitat is characterized by a wide salinity range (0.0-33.0 0/00; mean salinity 15.0 0/00) relative to adjacent marine and fresh-water habitats (Fig. 3). The predominant bottom type is sand-mud. Halophilic species are lacking) and where natural shore vegetation has not been destroyed) Rhizophora and are gradually replaced by Taxodium and Typha. The water quality varies considerably with cycles) but is generally turbid with organic detrital material, tannin, and suspended . These waters are truly estuarine and the fish fauna consists of a euryhaline species group (111 species) with marine affinities (Table 1). Local commercial and sport fishing interests claim that a large drop in salinity within a short period of time, such as occurs periodically when locks are opened in the St. Lucie Estuary, may limit the number of marine invaders into the estuary and reduce their fish catches. Contrary to the opinion of local sport fishermen, Gunter and Hall (1963) stated that the "St , Luc i e Estuary is characteri zed as an area of hi gh production of a wide variety of sport and food fishes, a condition which has developed and been enhanced by periodic discharges of fresh water and nutrient materials" (from the St. Lucie Canal). They found that the largest collections of Mugil, Brevoortia, Micropogonias, Menidia, and Anchoa mitchilli occurred during or after freshwater releases from the St. Lucie canal. On the other hand, they noted that Trachinotus anr' small lutjanids left the estuary when very low salinities were prevalent. marine fishes would be those most likely to be affected by freshwater discharge. In the sport fishing category this would include 17. most of the lutjanids, serranids, and scombrids; the latter two are predominantly fished on the continental shelf. Many of the inshore sport and game fishes (i.e. centropomids, elopids, sparids, and sciaenids) in this area are euryhaline and would theoretically be little affected by salinity changes.

MOSQUITO IMPOUNDMENTS.--The , , Laguncularia racemosa, and Conocarpus erectus are the most dominant and conspicuous shoreline vegetation throughout the Indian River lagoon. A recent development in this region that has greatly affected the mangrove co~nunity is the extensive impoundment of many acres of tidal mangrove stands (Provost 1959,1967). Dikes were built around vegetation to stop tidal movement of water from the lagoon to the intertidal zone (Fig. 4). This prevented the marsh (i.e. Aedes sollicitans and A. taeniorhynchus) from laying their in the intertidal sediments. In most instances an effort was made to impound only high marsh vegetation (i.e. Avicennia, and Batis rather than Rhizophora). Tidal movement of detrital material from the impounded vegetation to lagoon waters has been precluded over thousands of acres throughout the Indian River region. In some cases water levels in the impoundments covered the pneumatophores of Avicennia germinans and the prop root lenticles of Rhizophora mangle, thus killing many acres of mature trees in St. Lucie and Indian River counties. The ecological value of the mangrove community to an estuary has been the subject of many recent studies. Odum and Heald (1972) have shown mangroves contribute significantly to the primary of the estuary. Remnant and recent mangrove growth can be found on the lagoon side of the impoundments, but their contribution to the lagoon is undetennined. 18.

In general. the closed impoundment ichthyofauna consists of only 26 species. but large numbers of individuals. This response is considered typical of such as the impoundments that are under stress. The salinity regime (Fig. 2) and the amount and type of vegetati ve growth in each impoundment can be very di fferent t and the capacity to support a diverse fish fauna will depend on such variables.

In some impoundments sal tni ty varies considerably (2-200 0/00) depending

on rainfall, evaporation t ground water, artesian flooding t and the salinity of the water pumped into the impoundment from the lagoon. The fishes found consistently in these areas are generally euryhaline and capable of living on the food resources available (e.g. Mosquito fish

Gambusia affinis, Sail fin molly latipinna, and Sheepshead Cyprinodon variegatus). The Sheepshead minnow has been found to survive salinities of 166 ppt and temperatures of 43°C in a local impoundment (Gilmore, Cooke and Donohoe, ~ preparation). The recent study of a mosquito impoundment that had been reopened to tidal water exchange with the Indian River lagoon demonstrates a reinvasion of the marsh by estuarine species (Gilmore, Cooke and Donohoe, In press). Forty fish species were found to occur in the reopened impoundment. Although the total ecological effect of impounding is unknown, the current fish of both the impoundments and the Indian River lagoon can be compared (Table 1). All the 40 species collected from mosquito impoundments also occur in the Indian River lagoon, but this is only 10% of the 400 species recorded from the unimpounded waters of the Indian River lagoon (Table 1). B

FIGURE i. A. Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) and Buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus); B. Mosquito impoundment; C. Turtle grass ( testudinum); D. Sebastian Inlet 19.

Harrington and Harrington (1961) gave an account of the feeding habits of 16 larvivorous fish species in the -mangrove community before impoundment in St. Lucie and Indian River counties. Of these species 12 still occur in the impoundments while 4 have been found only in the lagoon. Provost (1967), in referring to unpublished data taken by Harrington, and a recent publication by Harrington and Harrington (In press), note a decrease after impounding in fish species that prior to impounding lived in the magrove community but spawned elsewhere (e.g. , Centropomus, Eucinostomus, and Diapterus). A similar decrease was noted in herbivorous fishes. Nonlarvivorous species were reduced from 34% of the total mangrove fish community to 5% after impoundment, while predators on mosquito larvae comprised the remaining 95%. OPEN SAND BOTTOM.--Most of the lagoon bottom is fine sand-shell mixture. Generally a fine anaerobic mud ooze lies next to the inshore mangroves and a very fine layer over the exposed bottom in the Intracoastal Waterway. The salinities over these sand flats away from freshwater tributaries range between 18.0 and 37.0 0/00. On or over this bottom type 134 fishes commonly occur. Of these the bothids, triglids, dactyloscopids, and synodontids have been found here consistently. The other fishes recorded here make feeding forays or migrations that bring them out over an open bottom from a more sheltered lagoon habitat (i.e. lagoon reefs and grass flats). MANGROVE MARSH.--Where mangroves have not been impounded (see above) or where recent intertidal mangrove growth has occurred, a prominennt vegetative shore cover has formed (Fig. 4). The prop root system of

Rhizophora and adjacent waters have been observed to have an associate 20. fish fauna. Of the 88 species recorded from this habitat, many species appear to be resident (e.g. Blennius nicholsi, strumosus, and

Bathygobius soporator) while others seek refuge among the prop roots as larvae and juveniles (e.g. Centropristes philadelphica and Epinephelus i. tajara) . SPERMATOPHYTE GRASS FLATS.--Lagoon flats (depths of less than 2 m) near shore support heavy to moderate growths of the marine spermatophytes

Syringodium filiforme, , Ruppia maritima, and (Fig. 4). The Thalassia beds are generally isolated and are apparently not found north of Melbourne. Syringodium is dominant in the lagoon as far north as Mosquito Lagoon. Halodule is found throughout the lagoon and is the next most abundant grass. Ruppia is relatively uncommon in the lagoon compared to the other , but it has been found at Sebastian Inlet and the mouth of the St. Lucie River near St. Lucie Inlet. It has also been noted in several freshwater in the vicinity and as far north as the Haulover Canal. Halophila baillonis is found in the lagoon but is rare and associates with the more common spermatophyte species (Halodule and Thalassia).

During late summer and fall large amounts of fleshy (e.g.

Gracilaria foliifera and Acanthophora spicifera) accumulate in the grass beds. During this period filamentous epiphytic algal growth on the spermatophyte grasses can be considerable. The actual contribution of algae to the primary productivity of this habitat is undetermined. Salinities here are identical to those discussed in the previous open sand bottom habitat (Fig. 2). 21.

In the grass flats 214 fish species have been collected (Table 1). This habitat harbors the richest fish fauna in the Indian River lagoon.

Of these species, 187 (87%) are found here primarily as juveniles (e.g. serranids, lutjanids, sciaenids, and pomadasyids). The prominent role the grass habitat plays as a nursery for the local fishes is obvious. LAGOON REEFS.--This habitat may consist of artificial (wrecks, pilings) or natural relief above the lagoon bottom. The submerged rock ledges cut in the Intracoastal Waterway (depths 3 to 5 m) show a relief up to 1.5 m and support a gorgonian growth. In this habitat, 92 fishes have been collected, of which 53 (58%) are considered primary reef fishes (e.g. chaetodontids, pomacentrids, pomadasyids) . INLETS.--All five inlets and Port Canaveral have granite rock jetties extending seaward (Fig. 4). The inlets are kept open to boat traffic by periodic maintenance dredging. Prior to dredging, the inlets were ephemeral and when open were very shallow. All typically have a shallow (2-4.5 m depth) sand bottom. Tidal currents are generally swift with a 3.1 kt average ebb tide velocity recorded from midstream in Ft. Pierce Inlet. The salinity range in the inlets is generally not so great as that further up or down the river or in the back estuary. This obviously depends on the amount of freshwater input from the hinterland plus the fact that those inlets associated with substantial river systems such as St. Lucie and Jupiter inlets have the larger salinity ranges. Of the 280 fish species recorded from the inlets (Table 1) 134 (8%) are normally associated with the inshore Atlantic reefs and occur arounr inlet jetties from Sebastian Inlet south. Those fishes that make periodic migrations from the lagoon to the Atlantic or vice versa are 22. also occasionally found associated with the jetties. These fishes are either maturing and leaving the lagoon nursery grounds for adult feeding grounds offshore (e.g. serranids) or are making temporary offshore spawning migrations (e.g. sciaenids). Many larval and juvenile fishes enter the lagoon through these inlets.

CONTINENTAL SHELF SURF-ZONE-SAND/SHELL BOTTOM.--This habitat is characterized by a sand shell bottom and is continuously under the influence of wave turbulence. The shallow sub-littoral (less than 2 m depth) and littoral zones are included in this region. Besides the surf, a major limiting factor is the lack of cover over the sand substratum. This becomes apparent when the surf zone reef fauna is compared with this open sand bottom fauna (see below). Little or no macroscopic attached vegetation grows here, but many burrowing do occur (e.g. Emertia,

Donax) • Because of the 1imiting nature of this habitat only 91 fish species have been found here to date (Table 1). Although roving carnivores (jacks, , ladyfish, ) and planktivores (, ) may occur in the surf zone, the dominant fishes are bottom feeding carnivores (, lizardfishes, croakers, , and ) that feed on the burrowing invertebrate fauna. SURF ZONE REEF.--Coquina rock forms a protective littoral and sub­ littoral surf zone reef at the various localities given in the regional physical description section of this paper. This rock structure may support the growth of sabellariid worm colonies and the protection afforded may result in an increase in fish species in the surf zone. Although some of these inshore rock ledges just south of Cape Canaveral B

~ I!'..iI o

' ~'''~~7' ., ~ ,. .". -,..' , . ~-+ ~

!.':l -- ~ ' ( ~ - .., ./ [::l ~ ::~" ~ ./

FIGURE~. A. aggregation on deep Oaulina reef. B. Sabellarid surf-zone reef. C. Roughtail stingrays (Dasyatis centroura) over open sand bottom. D. Greater ( dumerili) - typical inhabitant of . 23. disappear from year to year with the shifting of sand masses along the surf zone, the larger reefs appear to be permanent.

The predominant sabellariid reef builder in this area is Phragmatopoma lapidosa, which may settle on old worm colonies, pier pilings, and other manmade structures, or on the coquina rock formations. All of these reefs are exposed to some extent at low tide and all give a to 2.5 m relief above the bottom, providing cover for fishes (Fig. 5). The surf zone reef fish fauna is dominated by individuals capable of thriving in this turbulent high zone (Table 1). Although 107 fish species have been found to associate with these reefs, they are

numerically dominated by two demersal species, Labrisomus nuchipinnis and Blennius cristatus and three semi-demersal species, holbrooki,

Anisotremus virginicus, and parrai. Most of the other fi shes that occasionally occur on the surf zone reef are primary reef fishes that are commoner on the deeper (over 2 m) coquina reefs offshore. OFFSHORE REEFS.--Extensive lithified coquina and other types of organic reefs parallel the shore beginning on the average 100 to 300 m out. These shallow reef formations run north of Sebastian Inlet for at least 48 km and south beyond Jupiter Inlet. The shallow water reefs show a relief from 0.5 to 3 m above the bottom and are in 2 to 7 m of water. Similar formations occur in 10-13 m, 20-23 m, 33-40 m, 60-80 m, and 100-110 m depths. A maximum relief of 10 to 20 m has been recorded on the deeper reefs. The inshore reefs have a definite seaward slope to the reef top with the low end seaward, and they may have multiple ledges running parallel to shore. The reef ledges are eroded extensively to elaborate interconnecting caves. This provides abundant shelter for many primary reef fishes (i.e., pomadasyids, chaetodontids, pomacentrids, serranids, labrids) and supports a popular and highly productive 24.

commercial/sports fishery (Moe 1963) for snappers (mostly campechanus and Rhomboplites aurorubens) and (mostly Epinephelus moria and Mycteroperca microlepis). Very little coral grows on these shallow reefs, except for small coralla of Oculina and isolated spots of siderastraeid and montastraeid . Deeper reefs in depths of 60 to 110 m have a more proliferous growth of OCulina corals (Fig. 5). The shallow reefs south of Sebastian

Inlet support an abundant algal growth (, etc.) throughout the year. Many of the juvenile fishes associate with the reef school or hide amid this prolific algal growth (e.g. Bairdiella sanctaeluciae and many pomadasyid juveniles). Gorgonians, , and ascidians also live amid the algae. The water clarity in summer gives 5 to 6 m visibility on a good day. The rest of the year periodic northeast or southeast strong winds (10-25 kts) keep the water over the reefs turbid and turbulent, and observations or collections are difficult. Nearshore water decreases farther south as the continental shelf narrows, water depths increase, and the axis of the Florida Current comes closer to the coast. During calm weather the water visibility in Jupiter Inlet at flood tide is between 5 and 10 m. From the nearshore reefs (3 to 7 m depth; Table 1) 255 fish species have been recorded, of which 223 (87%) are Caribbean reef fishes. Because of collecting difficulties, this reef fauna has not been assessed completely and is probably richer than indicated. The seasonality of the tropical representatives of this nearshore reef fish fauna is speculative. Several dives made on the Pepper Park reef (3.2 km north of Ft. Pierce Inlet) in January and February indicated that at least 46 of these tropical fishes may remain on the reef throughout 25.

the year. Farther north the tropicals might well make a seaward migration to reefs at depths of 20 to 60 m where the seasonal temperature change is not so dramatic (Miller, 1979) but the offshore reef fish fauna (depths over 10 m) has not been investigated on a seasonal basis.

Deep Oculina formations (60-110 m depths) have an associated ichthyofauna of 75 to 80 species. Nineteen (24%) of these species are in the sea bass family which numerically dominate

the reef fish fauna. Schools of the planktiforous red barbiers, Hemanthias

vivanus and roughtongue bass, Holanthias martinicensis hover over the reef

during the day. The small bass, Liopropoma eukrines and apricot

bass, Plectranthias garrupellus dart among coral heads while the much

larger top carnivores such as scamp, Mycteroperca phenax and gag,

Mycteroperca microlepis may be found scattered over the reef or in schools. Other fishes that are indicative of these deep reef formations

are the bardrum, Pareques sp. nov., bank butterfly fish, aya,

greater , Seriola dumerili and the little tunny, Euthynnus

alletteratus. BENTHIC-OPEN SHELF.--This habitat is an open plain of sand and shell extending several meters or kilometers between reef lines. The pre­ dominance of shell or sand varies. Dredges have occasionally brought up

large bottom samples consisting of the scallop Aquipecten irradians. In

certain locations the clam Chione also made up a large portion of the shell hash bottom. Near the seaward edge of the shelf (to depths of 200 m) a fine sand-mud bottom predominates. The current patterns are basically unknown for this shelf zone, but apparently variable eddies leaving the Florida Current may change with season and wind direction. 26.

The fish fauna of the open shelf collected to date consists of 194 species (Table 1). Pleuronectiform fishes, ophidids. and triglids dominate this habitat. Other species adapted to an open bottom existence such as ogcocephalids and rajiids are commonly found here (Fig. 5). Several groups appear on the open shelf in seasonal spawning aggregations

(e.g. sciaenids). Some families characteristic of the reef environment have representatives on the open bottom as well (i.e. Hemipteronotus novacula, Labridae; Diplectrum formosum, D. radiale, Centropristis ocyurus, Serranidae). NERITIC lONE.--This habitat consists of the open waters above the benthic habitats. The Florida Current plays an important role in determining the physical character of this habitat. Occasional weed lines of floating Sargassum sp. may be seen at the interface between the Florida Current and coastal waters. Many fishes (e.g. coryphaenids and carangids) associate with this weed line and other floating debris that may afford food and shelter. Of the 200 species that occur here the sharks, mackerels, , jacks, , herrings, and anchovies dominate this habitat (Fig. 5).

Large north-south seasonal migrations of (), mackerels

(scomberomorous), tunas (Euthynnus), and billfishes occur in the neritic shelf region adjacent to the Indian River lagoon. A population of

, Istiophorus platypterus, overwinters annually off Jupiter

Island from St. Lucie Inlet south. Mugil cephalus, M. curema, Brevoortia

smithi, B. tyrannus, and numerous sciaenids make seasonal migrations from the lagoon out into neritic waters to . Many juvenile fishes are transported by the Florida Current into the neritic zone of this region from South Florida and the Caribbean. This is a continual source of recruitment for the local representatives of the tropical fish fauna. 27.

Discussion

Briggs (1958) estimates that the total fish population of Florida consists of 1,120 species, including those found at depths below 200 m. Of these, 453 are considered to range over the Indian River region {continental shelf and estuary}. Harbor Branch Foundation collections and the combined records of other collections from the Indian River region have established that at least 682 species of fishes occur in the Indian River lagoon, its freshwater tributaries, and the adjacent continental shelf at depths less than 200 m. Of these 96 were not previously recorded from this region by Gilmore (1977). The richness of this fauna appears to be directly affected by water temperature moderation and recruitment via the Florida Current, moderate inshore salinities, and the transitional zoogeographic setting of the study area. The Indian River region encompasses several habitats, all of which affect the distribution and composition of the local fish fauna. The study area is broad (latitude 27°00'-29°QQ'N) and includes nearly all of the aquatic fish communities in east central Florida (lacustrine habitats were omitted). The fish distribution is further complicated by its transitional nature, as the warm-temperate Carolinian and the tropical Caribbean fish faunas overlap considerably in this region. Nine fishes (1.8%) are endemic to Florida and 13 (2%) are exotic freshwater tropicals introduced and breeding here. Tropical Caribbean fishes on inshore reefs are apparently not found throughout the year north of Sebastian Inlet, yet observations indicate a permanent population from Sebastian south. All 39 tropical species that Christensen (1965:248) lists as new to the Jupiter area are found 28. throughout the year on shallow nearshore reefs (depths under 10 m) or in the Indian River lagoon at least as far north as Sebastian Inlet, 109.7 km north of Jupiter Inlet. A total of 216 tropical fishes (32% of the total fauna) range at least to latitude 28°00'N and apparently have a permanent population within this region either on shallow reefs or farther out on the continental shelf and in the Indian River lagoon. This extends the northern limit of permanent shallow water tropical fish populations northward 100 km from Jupiter Inlet. The current continental shelf and the lagoon collections show that water depth has much to do with northerly distribution of permanent tropical fish populations. North of Sebastian this wann water fish fauna is found farther out on the shelf in deeper waters. At depths between 20 and 70 m the bottom temperature range is narrow (less than 8.0°C). The Florida Current apparently has much to do with this temperature moderation and the rock reefs in these areas should act as a haven for tropical and eurythermic tropical fish faunas. The open shelf fauna within this depth range was sampled during this survey and is heterogenous in its faunal affinities, but eurythermic tropica1s and tropical fishes (i.e.

Gymnothorax nigromarginatus, Centropristis philadelphicus, Syacium papillosum, Otophidium omostigmum, and Lepophidium jeannae) are common in these samples. The reef fish fauna in these deeper waters needs to be investigated. Many benthic. Carolinian. continental shelf species penetrate into the Indian River region. and a few Carolinian estuarine species are found at New Smyrna Beach and occasionally stray to the southern reache~ of the lagoon (i.e. Acipenser oxyrhynchus, Morone saxatilis, sapidissima and Brevoortia tyrannus). The success fu1 penetrati on of 29. either Carol inian or Caribbean species may depend on recruitment occurring during successive or alternating cold and warm winters. The transitional character of the lagoon fish fauna is obvious as fishes found in grass beds adjacent to St. Lucie Inlet are never qualitatively or quantitatively representative of a similar grass bed (both dominated by Syringodium) over 160 km north in Mosquito Lagoon or the Indian River lagoon. Of the 118 fishes recorded from freshwater tributaries, 65 (56%) were euryhaline, secondary freshwater species or marine invaders from tropical families or genera; 53 (44%) primary freshwater species were mostly warm-temperate fishes that have migrated down the peninsula (Kush1an and Lodge 1974). It may be concluded that the fish fauna of the Indian River region is a diverse assemblage dominated by tropica1s and eurythermic tropica1s. These fishes originated in the Caribbean faunal province and apparently came into the region via the Florida Current. Warm-temperate Carolinian fishes are more commonly found in the open bottom continental shelf habitat and in the primary families. Distribution of the Carolinian species must be explained by adult migration, with some aid from larval fishes transported via southbound counter-currents of the Florida Current and other inshore water mass movements. 30.

Literature Cited

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----. 1963. Field observations on large sharkes of the Florida Caribbean region. pp. 95-113. In P.W. Gilbert (ed.) Sharks and survival. D.C. Heath and Co., Boston, 578 p.

----. 1966. A review of western Atlantic cat sharks, Scyliorhinidae, with descriptions of a new genus and five new species. Fish. Bull. 65(3): 581-624. Springer, V.G. 1960. Ichthyological surveys of the lower St. Lucie and Indian Rivers, Florida east coast. (Unpublished) Fla. St. Bd. Conserv. Mar. Lab. Rept. No. 60-19: 1-20, Appendix 1. Starck, W.A., II. 1968. A list of fishes of Alligator Reef, Florida with comments on the nature of the fish fauna. Undersea Biol., 1(1): 4-40. Struhsaker, P. 1969. resources: composition, distribution and commercial potential of the continental shelf stocks off southeastern United States. Fish. Indust. Res., 4(7): 261-300. Tagatz, M.E. 1967. Fishes of the St. Johns River, Florida. Quart. Jour. Fla. Acad. Sci. 30(1): 25-50. 36.

Taylor, C.B. and H.B. Stewart, Jr. 1958. Summer upwelling along the east coast of Florida. Journ. Geophys. Res. 64(1): 33-40. Thomas, T.M. 1970. A detailed analysis of climatological and hydrological records of south Florida with reference to man's influence upon ecosystem evolution. Tech. Rept. 70-2 to U.S. Natl. Park Servo Univ. Miami Rosenstiel School Mar. Atmos. Sci., 89 p., 12 Tables, 32 figs. Wilcox, J.R. and O. Mook. 1972-1973. Harbor Branch Foundation field records. Young. O.K. 1975. Harbor Branch Foundation field records. (Unpublished). T.ble l.--Habitat Distribution of the Shallow Water Fish Fauna (Depths Less Than 200 m) from the Indian River Lagoon and Adjacent Waters. Fish Records Based on Observations Only. and Those That Have Not Been Collected nor Observed are Followed with 0, and NC Respectively. Questionable Records Are Followed by 7. C = Species of Commercial Fishery Value, Sold for Consumption. S· Species of Sport Fishery Value, Sought After by Anglers for the Enjoyment of Fishing and Not Necessarily for Consumption. Habitat Key: N= Neritic; B = Benthic-Open Shelf; R = Offshore Reefs; SR s Surf Zone Reefs; SS • Surf Zone-Sand/Shell Bottom; I = Inlets; GF· Grassflats; MAN· Mangroves; SB· Open Sand Bottom; LR· Lagoon Reefs; CRM = Canal and River Mouths; FTC· Freshwater Tributaries and Canals; HI • Mosquito Impoundments. Fish Abundance Categories (Starck 1968): U· Unknown; R· Rare; o • Occasional; F· Frequent; C· Common; A· Abundant.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC HI

~rt

Orectolobidae - CARPET SHARKS Ginglymostoma oirrotum - NURSE SHARK o o F o 0 R R

Rhtncodont1dae - WHALE SHARKS Rhincodon tllP"8 0 - R

Odontlsptdtdle - SAND TIGERS OdorJtaeple tauru. - SAND TIGER o o o 2.

SPECIES N B R 5R SS I GF MAN 5B LR CRM FTC MI

Alopiidae - THRESHER SHARKS Alopias superciliosus - C- 0

lamnidae - SHARKS Carcharodon oarchariae NC -S- WH HE SHARK o Ieurus oxyrinchus - C,S - SHORTFIN MAKO o R I. paucus - C.S - LONGFIN MAKO o R

Scyliorhinidae - CAT SHARKS Galeus arae NC - CAT SHARK U U Scylior1zinus retifer - CHAIN DOGFISH U U

Carcharhinidae - REQUIEM SHARKS Carchal'hinus isodon - FINETOOTH SHARK 0 0 C. acronotus - C,S - F 0 0 C. altimus - C,S - 0 0 C. brevipinna - C.S - 0 U 0 C. falciformis - C,S - F C. leucas - C,S - F U 0 U F F F F U F F C. limbatus - C,S - C C 0 FC U U U UU C. maou - C,S - F C. obscurus - C,S - F U 0 C. plumbeus - C,S - SANDBAR SHARK C UU F 0 R C. perezi - C,S - CARIBBEAN REEF SHARK U U C. signatus - C,S - NIGHT SHARK 0 Galeocerda curvieri - C,S - FF 0 Mustelus canis - C,S - SMOOTH DOGFISH 0 0 0 U M. norrisi NC - C.S - FLORIDA SMOOTHHOUND U Negaprion brevil'ostris - C,S - LEMON SHARK C 0 0 0 0 0 ~onace glauca - C,S - SHARK 0 R Rhizoprionodon terl'aenovae - CAS - ATLANTI C SH RPNOSE SHARK F 0 Cetorhinidae - BASKING SHARKS Cetorhinu8 ma:cimus 0 - BASKING SHARK 0 3.

SPECIES N BR SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC MI

Sphyrnidae - HAMMERHEAD SHARKS Sphyrna leoini. - C,5 - F 0 0 0 S. mokarran - C,S - F 0 0 S. tiburo - BONNETHEAD 0 FF 0 0 S. zygaena NC - C,S - R R(?) Squalidae - DOGFISH SHARKS Squalis acanthias - SPINY DOGFISH U 0 S. sp. NC - DOGFISHES U

Pristidae - Pristis pectinata - SMALL R R R P. perotteti - R R R

~~Rhinobatidae - GUlTARFlSHES • .. Rhinobatos lentiginosus - ATLANTIC GUITARFISH R R R

Torpedinidae - ELECTRIC RAYS Narcine brasiliensis - LESSER F C F ©- nobiliana NC - ATLANTIC TORPEDO U

Rajidae - SKATES ~~ Raja eglanteria - CLEARNOSE C 0 R. garmani NC - ROSETTE SKATE R R. texana - ROUNDEL SKATE U

Dasyatidae - STINGRAYS Dasyati8 americana - SOUTHERN STINGRAY R 0 D. sayi - F F D. 8abina - C C F C F F D. centroura - ROUGHTAIL STINGRAY F F (1) Gymnu~ micrura - SMOOTH R RR 4.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF ~N SB ~R C~ ~C MI Myliobatidae - EAGLE RAYS ~etobatus narinari - 0 F F F Myliobatis freminvillei - BULLNOSE RAY R 0 U Rhinoptera bonasus - COWNOSE RAY U

Mobulidae - MANTAS Manta birostris 0 - ATLANTIC MANTA 0 0 0 Mobula hypostoma - DEVIL RAY 0 0

Acipenseridae - Aeipeneer breviroebrum NC -C - SHORTNOSE u u A. oxyrhynchuB - C- ATLANTIC STURGEON o o

~ Lepisosteidae - Lepi80steus 08BeU8 - LONGNOSE o o o C L. platyphincu8 - FLORIDA GAR c A L. spatula NC, ? - u U

~ Amiidae - Amia cal.va - c

Elapidae - LADYFISHES ~~ 8tOP8 SaUl'UB - S - LADYFISH 0 0 0 FFF F 0 F

~ ~ Megalopida. - Tarpon atlanticu8- S- TARPON F 0 0 0 F 0 F F C 5.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC IH

Albulidae - ~ vulpes - S- o o o o

<::,?~r~ Anguillidae - FRESHWATER EELS A,~illa postnata - C- AMERICAN u o o F

Q'~ Xenocongridae - FALSE MORAYS Chlopsis bicolop - BIeOlOR EEL u

Muraenidae - MORAYS Anapchias yoshiae - PYGMY MORAY o 0 Enchelycope nigP7:cans - VIPER MORAY u U E. calychpOQ - CHESTNUT MORAY U GyTTmotlzomx hubbei. - HUBB I S MORAY (1) (1) G. nigromar'IJinatus - BlACKEDGE MORAY C Lycodontis funebris - FF F L. moringa - CC C L. vicinu8 - PURPlEMOUTH MORAY F o Munaena miliapis - GOlDENTAIL MORAY o M. Petifena - RETiCULATE MORAY o 0 o ~ ~ Muraenesocidae - PIKE Hoplunnis macrurus - SILVER o

Congridae - CONGER AriosQma balearicum - BANOTOOTH CONGER u u u ~~ Hildebpandia flava - CONGER u Paracongep oaudilimbatue - MARGINTAIL CONGER u 6.

SPECIES N B R SR S5 I GF MAN 5B LR CRM FTC MI

'O£~o; - EELS ~ Ahlia eJmontis - KEY WORM EEL U U G= Apterichtus kendalli - FINLESS EEL U Basnanichthys bascanium - SOOTY EEL U U B. Bcuticaris NC - WHIP EEL U U U Callechelys muraena - BLOTCHED SNAKE EEL U c. springeri NC - THREAD EEL U Ichthyapus ophioneus - U Letharchus velifer - SAILFIN EEL U U NYrichthys acuminatus - 5HARPTAIL EEL UU U U M. oculatus - GOLDS POTTED EEL 0 0 M1rophis punctatus - SPECKLED WORM EEL 0 0 FFF FF Mystriophis intertinctu6 - SPOTTED SPOON-NOSE EEL U Ophichthus gomesi - EEL U UU O. ocellatu6 - F Clupeidae - HERRINGS Alo6a sapidissima NC,? - C,S - AMERICAN SHAD U U U U U U B~voortia smithi - C- YELLOWFIN , BUNKER, POGY A A A AA 0 0 8. tyrrmnus - C- ATLANTIC MENHADEN, BUNKER, POGY 0 0 0 0 0 0 B. smithi x B. ty~nnus - C - BUNKER, POGY 0 0 0 0 0 0 Do1"osoma cepedianum - C - GIZZARD SHAD 0 0 C D. petenense - C- SHAD U U Etrumeus te~s - C- ROUND U Ha~ngu74 clupeola - C- FALSE PILCHARD U U U H. humeralis - C- REDEAR U U U U H..[aquana - C- SCALED SARDINE A AAAA A A Jenkinsia sp. NC - DWARF HERRING U U U Opisthonema oglinum - C- ATLANTIC THREAD HERRING A AA A AA A Sardinella aurita - C- SPANISH SARDINE A AA A AAA ANCHOVY C C CC CCC A. hepsetus - STRIPED k~CHOVY A A A A A AA 0 A. Lamprotaenia - BIGEYE ANCHOVY 0 0 0 0 0 A. lyolepis - DUSKY ANCHOVY A A A A A A A. mitahilli - BAY ANCHOVY A A AA AAA 0 0 AncJzoviella per[asciata - FLAT N~CHOVY U E. eurystole - SILVER ANCHOVY F F 7. -- SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC MI

~ ~Argentinidae - ARGENTINES o ? ei.lus NC, ?- ATLANTIC ARGENTINE U U A. stewarti - ATLANTIC ARGENTINE UU Glo8sanodon pygmaeus - PYGMY ARGENTINE U U

~7 Esocidae - PIKES ~ americanus - REDFIN PICKEREL 0

~x /\~ - LIZARDFISHES Saur'ich brasiliensis - LARGESCALE LIZARDFISH 0 \> s. caribbaea - SMALLSCALE LIZARDFISH 0 S. nornlani - SHORTJAW LIZARDFISH U Synodus intermedius - SAND DIVER 0 S. foe tens - INSHORE LIZARDFISH C C C C C 0 S. poeyi - OFFSHORE LIZARDFISH U S. saurus - BLUESTRIPED LIZARDFISH U S. synodus - RED LIZARDFISH 0 T~chinocephalus myops - SNAKEFISH C 0 0 ~ Chlorophthalmidae - GREENEYES Chlorophthalmus agassizi - SHORTNOSE GREENEYE U

Cyprinidae - & ~ Notemigonus crysoleucas - GOLDEN SHINER C Notropis maculatu8 - TAILLIGHT SHINER C N. petersoni - COASTAL SHINER 0

Catostomidae - SUCKERS El~myzon 8ucetta - C 8.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC MI

Ictaluridae - FRESHWATER CATFISHES Ictalupus oatus - C,S - WHITE u I. natalis - C,S - YELLOW BULLHEAD U I. nebulosus - C,S - BROWN BULLHEAD o C I. punctatus NC - C,S - U NotuPUG ~jPinus - TADPOLE MADTOM U Clariidae - AIR BREATHING CATFISH claPias batrachus - WALKING CATFISH c

Ariidae - SEA CATFISHES Ariopsis felis - S- SEA CATFISH C c c c c c C c Bagre maPinus - S - GAFFTOPSAIL CATFISH C c c c c C c

Aphredoderidae - PIRATE Aphredoderue sayanus - PIRATE o

Batrachoididae - TOADFISHES pardus - LEOPARD TOADFISH C O. tau - TOADFISH U C C PoPichthY8 plectrodon - ATLANTIC MIDSHIPMAN C

Gobiesocidae - CLINGFISHES ~ Gobie8ox strumoSU8 - SKILLETFISH C C C

Antennariidae - ~ AntennaPiu8 ocellatus - OCELLATED 0 A. pauciradiatus - DWARF FROGFISH U U A. radioBus NC - SINGlESPOT FROGFISH U HistPio histPio - SARGASSUMFISH F 0 0 Rhrynelox Beaber - SPLITLURE FROGFISH 0 0 0 0 0 9.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN sa LR CRM FTC MI

Chaunacidae - CHAUNACIOS Chaunax pictue NC U

Ogcocephalidae - BATFISHES Halieutichthya acuteatus - PANCAKE BATFISH C Ogcocephalu8 nasutus - SHORTNOSE BATFISH F o. parvus - ROUGHBACK BATFISH o o. radiatue - POLKA-DOT BAT FISH F 1 o. ve8pe~tilio - LONGNOSE BATFISH o o. sp. - BATFISH C o. sp. - BATFISH c Btegmacerotidae - COOLETS ~:sJ Bregmaaeroue attantiaus - ANTENNA COOLET R

Gadidae - CODFISHES Phyeiaulu8 fulvue - HAKELING 0 Rhinonemue aimb~us - FOURBEARD ROCKLING U Urophycie j1o~danus - SOUTHERN HAKE 0 U. reqiue - SPOTIED HAKE c U. tenuis - WHITE HAKE c ~ Brotulidae - BROTULAS 1 Ogi 11Jia cayorurr - KEY BROTUlA C C C c

~ Ophidiidae - CUSK-EELS Lepophidium ae~vinum - FAWN CUSK-EEL F L. jeannae - MOTTLED CUSK-EEL F L. sp. - CUSK-EEL U OPhidion holb~ooki - BANK CUSK-EEL C o. grayi - BLOTCHED CUSK-EEL F o. marginatum - MARGINATE CUSK-EEL C R R o. sp. nov. - CUSK-EEL U o. eelenops - MOONEYE CUSK-EEL R Otophidium omGetigmum - POLKA-DOT CUSK-EEL c Rarophidion echmidti He - DUSKY CUSK-EEL U 10.

SPECIES NB R SR SS I GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC MI

");2 ,..----- ~ Carapidae - PEARlFISHES Carapus bermudensis - PEARLFISH R -=-

Exocoetidae - FlYINGFISHES Cypselurus heterurus - ATLANTIC FLYINGFJSH C 0 0 0 Parexocoetiue braahypterus - SAILFIN FLYINGFISH C Progniahthys gibbifrons NC - BLUNTNOSE FLYINGFISH 0

~ ~ Helniramphidae - Euleptorhamphus ve lox - FLYING 0 E. viridis NC 1 - RIBBON HALFBEAK U HemiMnlphus braei.l.ienei« - C- BALLYHOO C H. balao NC - C- BALAO U Hypol'hamphus tmifasaiatus - C- HALFBEAK C C C C H. sp. C C C C H. roberti - BOB'S HALFBEAK C C <§lZ ~elonidae - NEEDLEFISHES ~ Ablennes h~ans - FLAT 0 argalu8 - R Strongylul'a marina - ATLANTIC NEEDLEFISH 0 0 R R R R S. notata - REDFIN NEEDLEFISH A A A AA A A S. t1~uau - TlMUCU A A A AA A Tylo8UPUS aaU8 - AGUJON 0 0 0 0 0 T. aroaodilus - F FF F F Cyprinodontidae - KILLJFISHES ~ Cyprinodon variegatus - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW 0 0 0 0 0 0 A Floridiahthys carpio - GOLDSPOTTED C F F F R Fundu lUB chrgeatue - GOLDEN TOPMINNOW U F. cinqul.atue - BANDED TOPHINNOW U F. confLuentiue - MARSH KILLIFISH 0 0 0 0 F. -grondis - GULF KILLIFISH C C C C 0 0 F. heteroclitus Ne - U F. l ineolatiue - LINED TOPMINNOW U F. seminolis Ne - SEMINOLE KILLIFISH U F. similis - LONGNOSE KILLIFISH 0 F C C C 0 F Jordanella j10ridae - FLAGFISH R C Leptoluaania orrmata - PYGMY KILLIFISH U Luoania goodei - BLUEFIN KILLIFISH C (Cyprinodontidae. continued) 1l.

SPECIES NBR SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC MI Cyprinodontidae. continued L. pOl"va - RAINHATER KILLIFISH CCC FOe Ri.vul.us marmol"atus - RIVULUS R RR ~~ Poeciliidae - Gambuei.a affinis - t~OSQUITOFISH 0 0 CAA Hetel"andria [ol"mosa - LEAST KILLIFISH C Poeci.lia Lat ipi.nna - CCCCAA Poecilia (latipinna x velifer) NC U helleri - GREEN SWORDTAIL 0 X. maculatu8 - SOUTHERN PLATYFISH U X. variatus NC - VARIABLE PLATYFISH U X. helleri x variatus NC U X. macul.atue x helleri HC U X. maculatu8 x variatu8 NC U

e -;:;r Atherinidae _ SILVERS IDES ~ ~ Allanetta hartrinqtonene ie - REEF SILVERSIDE RR Labidesthes siaaulus - BROOK SILVERSIDE C ~mbra8 martiniaa - ROUGH SILVERSIDE 0 0 0 FCC C Menidia beryllina - TIDEWATER SILVERSIDE 0 0 0 F C M. penineulae - PENN INSULA SIlVERSIDE 0 0 C C C ceo C Polymixiidae - lowei - U

Holocentridae - SQUIRRElFISHES Corniger spinosus - SPINYCHEEK SOLOIERFISH o Holoaentrus aecensionis - C,S - SQUIRRElFISH o

~9 ~ ~ Aulostomidae - AuZo8tomuS maculatu8 - TRUMPETFISH R

Fistu1arfidae - CORNETFISH ::~ Fistutaria tabacaria - BLUESPOTTEO CORNETFISH U R R R 12.

SPECIES N a R SR SS I GF MAN sa lR CRM FTC MI

Centriscidae - SNIPEFISHES ~ Macpophamphosus scoLopax - LONGSPINE SNIPEFISH U

Syngnathidae - & knphelict~pus dendriticus - PIPEHORSE R Corythoichthys albiPOstris - WHITENOSE R R C. bpachycephalus - CRESTED PIPEFISH R Hippocampus ePectu8 - LINED C C C C C H. reidi - lONGSNOUT SEAHORSE R R H. z08tePae - C 0 Oostethus bpachyurus - OPOSSUM PIPEFISH 0 0 dunckeri - PUGNOSE PIPEFISH R R S. elucens - SHORTFIN PIPEFISH R S. fLoridae - DUSKY PIPEFISH U 0 0 S. fuscus - NORTHERN PIPEFISH U R R S. louisianae - CHAIN PIPEFISH F C C CC S. pelagicus - SARGASSUM PIPEFISH F S. scovelli - GULF PIPEFISH 0 0 C C C C S. springeri - BULL PIPEFISH 0 Scorpaenidae - SCORPIONFISHES Neomerinthe hemi~~ayi - SPINYCHEEK SCORPIONFISH R Pontinus longispinis - LONGSPINE SCORPIONFISH U Scorpaena agassizi - LONGFIN SCORPIONFISH F S. bPasiliensis - BARBFISH C CC 0 C S. calcapata - SMOOTHHEAO SCORPIONFISH C S. dispar - HUNCHBACK SCORPIONFISH R S. grwldicornis - PLUMED SCORPIONFISH F F F F S. isthmensis - OCELLATEO SCORPIONFISH 0 0 S. plumieri - SPOTTED SCORPIONFISH C C CC C Scorpaenodes tredecimspino8us - DEEPREEF SCORPIONFISH 0 Setarches guentheri NC - GUNTER'S SCORPIONFISH U 13.

SPECIES N B R SR 5S I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC MI

Triglidae - SEAROBINS 8eZZatar braahyahir - SHORTFIN SEAROBIN R R R R 8. egretta - STREAMER SEAROBIN U 8. miZitarie - HORNED SEAROBIN C Prionotus aZatue - SPINY SEAROBIN 0 P. carolinus - NORTHERN SEAROBIN U P. evoZans - STRIPED SEAROBIN U U UU P. martia - BARRED SEAROBIN 0 P. ophryas - BANDTAIL SEAROBIN 0 P. roseus - BLUESPOTTED SEAROBIN C P. aaZmonicolor - BLACKWING SEAROBIN F U U P. scitulus - LEOPARD SEAROBIN C C C U P. tribulus - BIGHEAD SEAROBIN C C C U ~ ::::r Per1stediidae - ARMORED SEAR08INS ~ Peristedion miniatum - ARMORED SEAROBIN U P. sp. - SEAROBIN U

~ Dactylopterfd.e - GURNARDS Dactylopterus volitans - FLYING GURNARD U

~ ~ Centropomtdae - SNOOKS Centropomus paral.le lue - S- SNOOK U 0 C. pectinatu8 - S- TARPON SNOOK 0 0 C C C. undecimaZis - S- SNOOK 0 0 C C CC CC C C

Percichthyidae - TEMPERATE BASSES Morone saxatilis - S- R R 14.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN S8 lR CRM FTC HI Serranidae - SEA BASSES &GROUPERS Anthias nicholsi - NICHOLS BASSLET U Anthias sp. NC U Centpoppisti8 oayurus - BANK SEA BASS C C 0 C. philadelphiaa - ROCK SEA BASS CC 0 0 0 C. stpiata - BASS C CC 0 Cephalopholi8 cruentata - C.S - GRASBY R C. fulva - C,S - CONEY U U Diplectrwn bivittatunl - DWARF SAND PERCH 0 0 R D. formosum - SAND PERCH C C 0 0 0 0 EPinephelu8 ad8censioni8 - C.S - ROCK HIND R E. drummondhayi - C.S - SPECKELED HIND U E. flavolimbatu8 NC - C,S - YELLOWEDGE GROUPER U E. guttatu8 - C,S - REO HIND U E. itajaPa - C.S - JEWFISH C C CC F C E. moPio - C,S - REO GROUPER CCCC F C E. nigPitu8 - C,S - WARSAW GROUPER C 0 0 E. niveatu8 - C,S - SNOWY GROUPER C E. 8tPiatu8 - C.S - NASSAU GROUPER F 0 0 Hemanthia8 vivanus - RED BARBIER A A H. sp. NC U Ho~thia8 martinicen8i8 - ROUGHTONGUE BASS A Hypoplectru8 gemma - BLUE HAMLET 0 H. nigPican8 - BLACK HAMLET 0 H. puella - BARRED HAMLET 0 H. unicolop - BUTTER HAMLET 0 0 0 0 Iriopropoma eukrinee - WRASSE BASS C MYctepopepca bonaci - C,S - BLACK GROUPER C 0 0 0 M. intepstitialis - C,S - YELLOWMOUTH GROUPER U M. micpolepis - C,S - GAG, GREY GROUPER C CCC 0 C M. phenax - C,S - SCAMP C 0 0 0 Pikea mexicana - YELLOWTAIL BASS R PleatPanthias garrupellu8 - ORANGE BASSLET U Pronotog~8 aUPeorubens - STREAMER BASS U Sahultzea beta - SCHOOL BASS U SePPaniculu8 pumilio NC - PYGMY SEA BASS UU SerPanU8 baldWini - LANTERN BASS U U U S. noto8pilu8 - SADDLE BASS UU S. phoebe - TAntER C C S. eubligaPius - BELTED SANDFISH C C 0 0 C Synagrop8 beLLa U 15.

SPECIES NBR SR 55 I GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC HI

Grammistidae - SOAPFISHES ~dpticus bietrispinue - FRECKLED SOAPFISH C C R. ~ac~latus - WHITESPOTTED SOAPFISH CC 0 0 R. saponaceus - GREATER SOAPFISH 0 U R. subbif~e~tus - SPOTTED SOAPFISH F Centrarchidae - SUNFISHES Elassoma evergladei- PYGMY SUNFISH U EnneacanthUG gloriosus - BLUESPOTTED SUNFISH F E. obesus NC,? - BANDED SUNFISH U Iepomi.e gulO8US • S - W.l1,flMOUTH C L. macroahirus - S- BLUEGILL C c L. marginatus - S - DOLLAR SUNFISH o L. microlophue - S- REDE.l\R SUNFISH, SHELL-CRACKER C L. punctatus - S- SPOTTED SUNFISH. STUMP KNOCKER C Miaropterus salmoides - S- C c Pomaris niqromaeulatue - S- BLACK CRAPPIE U u Percidae - PERCHES ~ Etheostoma j'u8iforme - c

Priacanthidae - BIGEYES Priacanthus arenatus - C,S - BIGEYE C P. cruentatus - C,S - GLASSEYE SNAPPER U Pristigenys altus - SHORT BIGEYE 0

Apogonidae - CARDINALFISHES Apogon binotatus - BARRED CARDINALFISH 0 0 0 0 A. maaulatus - FLAMEFISH CC C 0 A. planifrons - PALE CARDINALFISH 0 A. pseudomaculatus - TWOSPOT CARDINALFISH C CC 0 Astl'opogon al.utue - BRONZE CARDINALFISH U A. punaticulatua - BLACKFIN CARDINALFISH C A. stellatus - CONCHFISH 0 C Phacoptyx aonklini - FRECKLED CARDINAlFISH C 0 P. pigmentaria ~C - DUSKY CARDINALFISH UU P. xenus - CARDINALFISH U 16.

SPECIES N BR SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC HI

Branchiostegidae - Caulolatilus cyanops - C.S - BLACKLINE C C. microps - C,S - GREY TILEFISH U Lopholatilus chamaeleonticep8 - C,S - TILEFISH C

Pomatomidae - BLUEFISHES Pomatomu8 8altator - C,S - BLUEFISH C CC 0 0 0

~ Rachycentr1dae - CDBIAS Rachucentron oanadum - C,S - F

Echeneidae - ~ ~ Echeneis naucrates - SHARKSUCKER CC C R E. neucratoides - WHITEFIN SHARKSUCKER C C C R Phthei.ri.ehihue l.ineat.ue - SLENDER SUCKERFISH U brachyptera - SPEARFISH REMORA R R. osteochir - SUCKER R R. ~mora - REMORA 0 Remorina albescens - WHITE SUCKERFISH R - JACKS &POMPANOS ciliaris - S- AFRICAN 0 0 bartholomaei - S- YELLOW JACK CCC C C C. crysos - S- BLUE RUNNER C C C CC C. hippos - S- CC CCCCC CC C F C. latus - HORSE- JACK CC C CC 0 0 0 0 U C. PUller - S- CC C C FRR R Chloroscombru8 Ch~j8Uru8 - ATLANTIC BUMPER CCCC CCC C Decapterus punctatus - C- ROUND SCAD C C Elagatis bipinnul.atue - S - R Oligoplite8 sauru8 - S- LEATHERJACKET CC CC C C C C C C Sel.ar crumenopt.halmue - U U setapinni8 - S- ATLANTIC MOONFISH FFFFF F F F F S. vomer - S- LOOKDOWN CCC CC C C C C Seriola dumerili - CS- GREATER AMBERJACK C 0 S. rivoliana - C,S - ' U S. aonata - S- BANDED RUDDERFISH U (Carangidae continued) 17.

SPECIES NBR SR SS I GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC MI

Carangidae, Continued Trnchinotus carolinlls - C,S - FLORIDA POMPANO C C 0 R T. falcatus - C,S - PERMIT C C C CC 0 T. goodei - C,S - PALOMETA F Trachurue lathami - ROUGH SCAD U secunda - COTTONMOUTH JACK U Coryphaenidae - Coryphaena equiselis - C,S - POMPANO DOLPHIN R C. hiprupus - C,S - DOLPHIN CC 0 0 R - SNAPPERS Lutjanus anal.ie - C,S - MUTTON SNAPPER CC C C C C L. apodus - C,S - SCHOOLMASTER C C C C C C L. campechanus - C,S - RED SNAPPER F C L. cyonopterus - C,S - F FF L. griseus - C,S - GRAY SNAPPER CC CC C C C C F L. jocu - C,S - DOG SNAPPER C C C CC C L. mnhogoni - C,S - MOHOGANY SNAPPER F FF L. synagris - C,S - LANE SNAPPER C C C C 0 C Ocyupus chrysuru8 - C,S - C C F F C Pristipomoides a~~ilonari8 - C,S - WENCHMAN U Rhomboplites aurorubens - C,S - VERMILION SNAPPER, C B-LINER C C lobotidae - TRIPLETALES £abates surinamensis - S - TRIPLETAlE 0 0 0 0 0

Gerreidae - Di.aptierue aumtu8 - C,S - IRISH POMPANO, SAND PERCH 0 A C A A A C Euqer-re e pl.umier-i. - C,S - STRIPED , F F C F FFF Eucinostomus apgenteu8 - SPOTFIN MOJARRA C C C C C C A C A A C C E. gula - SILVER JENNY CCC C C C A C A A C 0 E. - BIGEYE MOJARRA U UU E. janesii - SLENDER MOJARRA U E. melanoptierue - FLAGFIN MOJARRA C 0 Gerree einereus - C,S - YELLOWFIN MOJARRA CC C C C C 0 0 0 C Ulaema lefroyi - MOTILED MOJARRA U U 18. SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC HI P~r.adasyidae - GRUNTS Anisctr'emus uur'inamensir. - C,S - BLACK MARGATE A A C A. ui.rqi.ni.cus - S- PORKFISH A A F Haemulon albwn - CF C,S - MARGATE 0 H. aurolineatum - C.S - TOMTATE C C F H. carbonarium - S - CAESAR GRUNT CF S~lALLMOUTH 0 0 0 H. chMJsargyreum - S - GRUNT C C RR H. flavolineatum - S- FRENCH GRUNT 0 0 R R H. macrostomum - S- SPANISH GRUNT C R H. melanurum - S- COTTONWICK R RR H. parrai - C.S - SAILORS CHOICE C CCC C H. plumieri - C,S - WHITE GRUNT C C C C 0 0 H. sciurus - S- BLUESTRIPEO GRUNT 0 0 chryso~tera 0 Orthopristis - C.S - PIGFISH C C C C 0 Pomadaeqe crocra - URRO GRUNT R - PORGIES Archosargus probatocephalus - C,S - SHEEPSHEAD C C C C C 0 C C C C C A. rhomboidalis - C,S - SEA BREAM 0 0 0 Calamus arctifrons - S - GRASS PORGY 0 0 0 C. bajonado - S - JOLTHEAD PORGY C C C C. leucosteus - S- WHITEBONE PORGY U C. penna - S - SHEEPSHEAD PORGY U ar~enteus Diplodu8 - S- SILVER PORGY 0 0 0 D. holbrooki - S- SPOTTAIL PINFISH CAA 0 0 0 Laqodon rhomboides - S- PINFJSH. SAILORS CHOICE 0 0 C A 0 A A C F R Pagrus pagrus - C,S - RED PORGY ch~fSOPS CC Stenotomus - C,S - SCUP 0 0 0 0 0 - DRUMS Bai rriie l la chrgeoura - S - SILVER PERCH, YELLOWTAIL 0 C 0 C 0 0 R R. sanctaeluciae - S - STRIPED CROAKER C ClJnoseion nebul.osue - C.S - SPOTTED SEATROUT R 0 C 0 C C. nothus - C.S - SILVER SEATROUT 0 0 0 0 C. regalis - C.S - WEAKFISH, YELLOWMOUTH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equetus lanceolatus - JACKKNIFE FISH U Larir,~s fasciatus - S- BANDED DRUM U Leiostomus xanthurus - C,S - F F 0 F 0 0 R Nent.i.ci.rrhue americanu8 - C,S - SOUTHERN KINGFISH KINGFIS~ C C 0 0 M. littoralis - C,S - GULF C C 0 0 H. saxatilis - C.S - NORTHERN KINGFISH C C 0 0 Hicrapogonias undul.abue - C.S - 0 R 0 R Odontoscion dentex - S- REEF CROAKER 0 0 (Sciaenidae continued) C C 19.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC MI

Sciaenidae, Continued - HIGH HAT C C C 0 P. umbrosus - CUBBYU C C 0 P. sp. nov. - BAR DRUM C PogoniaB cromis - C,S - 0 0 FF a 0 0 0 R SciaenopB oceZZata - C,S - RED DRUM, CHANNEL BASS, REDFISH C F F F FFF F R SteZZifer ZanceoZatus - S- STAR DRUM R R RRR Umbrina coroides - C,S - SAND DRUM F F F Mu11idae - MUllua QUratu8 - REO GOATFISH CU macuLatua - SPOTTED GOATFISH C 0 0 0 0

Pempheridae - SWEEPERS Pempheris schomburgki - GLASSY SWEEPER o o

Kyphosidae - SEA CHUBS Kyphosus inci80r - S- YELLOW CHUB F F o F R K. sectatrix - S- CHUB F F o F R

Ephippidae - SPADEFISHES Chaetodipteru8 faber - C,S - ATLANTIC SPADEFISH o F F c o o o c o

Chaetodontidae - Chaetodon aya - BANK C c. capistratu8 - FOUREYE BUTTERFLYFISH R R c. ocelLatua - R R c. sedentariua - REEF BUTTERFLYFISH R 20.

SPECIES N B R SR 5S I GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC MI

Pomacanthidae - ANGElFISHES Holacantr~s isabelita - S- BLUE ANGELFISH C C C 0 H. ciliaris - S- QUEEN ANGELFISH F F 0 H. t r-ico l or - ROCK BEAliTY R R Pomacant.hu s rH'ctwtU3 - S- GRAY ANGELFISH C C C 0 P. paru - S -FRENCH ANGEL FISH C C 0 Cichlidae (all introduced) - Cichlasona cctcfasciatum - JACK DEMPSEY F Hemi.chromie bimacul.abue NC - JEI~EL FISH U mariae - SPOTTED TILAPIA U T. melanopleura NC - C,S - CONGO TILAPIA U T. melanotheron - C,S - BLACKCHIN MOUTHBROOOER U U U U T. mossamoica NC - C,S - U - DMISELFISHES Abudefduf saxatilis - F C C F A. taurus - NIGHT SERGEANT a F F Chromis enchrueurue - YELLO\oITAIL REEFFISH 0 A C. insolatuB - SUNSHINE FISH C C. scotti - PURPLE REEFFISH C Microspathodon chrysurus - YELLOHTAIl R POrMcentr'US doreopunicano - DUSKY DAMSELFISH C F C 0 P. leucostictus - BENIGREGORY 0 0 0 P. part.itue - BICOlOR DAMSELFISH C 0 0 P. variabilis - COCOA DAMSELFISH A C C C labridae - ~"dJ Bodianue rufus - SPANISH HOGFISH a 0 0 Doratonotus megalepis - DWARF WRASSE 0 0 0 0 0 Halichoeres bathyphilus - GREENSAND WRASSE U 8. bivittata - SLIPPERY DICK A C C 0 F 8. caudalis - PAINTED WRASSE 0 H. maoul.ip inna - CLOlm HRASSE C C C 0 0 H. poeyi - BLACKEAR WRASSE F F F 8. radiatus - PUDDINGWIFE F F F Hemipte~notus novaauZa - PEARLY RAZORFISH C 0 R H. Bplendens - GREEN RAZORFISH UUU LachnoZaimus maximus - S- HOGFISH, HOG SNAPPER 0 C 0 0 0 ThaZa880ma bifa8ciatum - BLUEHEAD C C 0 21. ---_.- --. SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC HI

Scaridae - C'PUT,t(lf:0rtT7m rDceus - BLUELIP o o o o Ni.chol.c ina ust:a - EI>IERALD PARROTFISII o o C o R SCaT~S ~oelestinus - MIDNIGHT PARROTFISH F F S. coerul.eue - BLUE PARROTFISH R S. croicensis - STRIPED PARROTFISH U U u S. quacamai.a - RAINBOW PARROTFISH C F C S. ta~niopterus - PRINCESS PARROTFISH U U U SpaPis()m(l atomariu.m - GREENBLOTCH PARROTFISH U ,'J. ch rqeoptierum - REDTAIL PARROTFISH F F F F S. radians - BUCKTOOTH PARROTFISH o o s. rubripinne - REDFIN PARROTFISH C C C C _ ~d S. viPide 0 - STOPLIGHT PARROTFISH F ~7 ~ Hugilidae - MULLETS "r *' AgonoBtomua monticoLa - R R R R MugiL cephal.us - C,S - STRIPED If./LLET • BLACK MULLET F F F A A A A A A A M. curema - C,S - WHITE HULLET F F F A A A A A A A M. gaimardianuB - C,S - REDEYE MULLET U U ilA ~ N. auruidene - C,S U ./ J::::::;7 Sphyraen idae - ~,~ Sphyroena - S- A C C C C C c C c R s. borealis - F F F F F FF S. guachancho - S- GUAGUANCHE F F FF o

Polynemidae - THREADFINS octonemus - S- uu P. oligodon - S- LITTLE SCALE THREADFIH u u P. virginicu8 - S- BARBU u u

~ Opistognathidae - JAWFISH ?~ cpistognathu8 aurifI'on8 - YELLOWHEAD JAWFISH F o. macrognathu8 - SPOTFIN JAWFISH U U O. whitehUI'sti - DUSKY JAWFISH F o. sp. Nov. - SPOTFIN JAWFISH F u R Percophididae - FLATHEADS ~ Bemb~ps anatiI'OstI'is - DUCKBILL FLATHEAD u B. gobioides - GOBY FLATHEAD u 22.

SPECIES NBR SR SS I GF MAN SB lR CRM FTC MI ~~~ ~ Dactyloscopidae - SAND STARGAZERS Dact.u Loscopue e""ssotUG - BI GE VESTARGAZE R FFF U D. tridigitatus - SAND STARGAZER F F D. sp. - BANDED STARGAZER U D. sp. - U ccueuu« greyae - ARROW STARGAZER F U U G. sp. - PSEUDQSADDLE STARGAZER U U ~ ...~ Platygillellus rubroci.ncbue - SADDLE STARGAZER F U U -/ Uranoscopidae - STARGAZERS ~ y-graecum - 0 0 0 0 0 0 albigutta - LANCER STARGAZER 0

.J. :::> Clinidae - CLINIDS YHLm'F~CE ~~ Chaenopeie l imbauqh i. - PIKEBLENNY UU £)nblemrwia pandioni.e - SAILFIN BLENNY UU Lahrisomus gobio - PALEHEAD BLENNY 0 0 R L. haitiensis - LONGFIN BLENNY U L. nuchipi.nni:e - HAl RY BLENNY CA ARC Malacoctenus macropus - ROSY BLENNY 0 0 0 C M. t.ri-mqulat.us - SADDLE BLENNY COO 0 0 Parael.i.nue [asci.atue - BANDED BLENNY RRR P. nigripinnis - BLACKFIN BLENNY RR Starksia ocellata - CHECKERED BLENNY 0 C 0 Stathmonotus hemphilli - BLACKBELLY BLENNY U Tripterygiidae - TRIPLEFIN BLENNIES Ennearzectes altivelis - LOFTY TRIPLEFIN 0 , E. pectorali8 - REDEYE TRIPLEFIN 0

O' Blenni idae - COMBTOOTH BLENNIES ~~ Chaemodee boequianue - STR IPED BLENNY 0 0 C. saburrae - FLORIDA BLENNY 0 0 0 Enbormerodue ni.qr-i cane - PEARL BLENNY RR R R Hypleul'Ochilu8 aequipinnis - OYSTER BLENNY 0 0 0 H. be tmudensie - BARRED BL ENNY 0 0 H. geminatus - CRESTED BLENNY 0 U H. springeri - ORANGESPOTTED BLENNY U Hypsoblenniu8 hentzi - FEATHERED BLENNY U (Blenniidae continued) 23.

SPECIES N B R SR 55 GF MAN 58 LR CRM FTC MI

Blenniidae, Continued Lupinoblennius nicholsi - HIGHFIN BLENNY o F o o ~ Parabl.enni.us "",,",oreus - BLENNY o o cristata - MOLLY MILLER C A A ~CalliOnymidae - pauci.radi.atue NC - SPOTIED DRAGOOET u u C. bairdi - LANCER u

Eleotridae - SLEEPERS maculatus - FAT SLEEPER C C piBonis - SPINY CHEEK SLEEPER 0 0 0 0 0 F Bmaragdu8 - EMERALD SLEEPER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R Gobiomorus dormi.tor - BIGMOUTH SLEEPER F Gobiidae - GOBlES Awaos t~iasica - RIVER GOBY R Bathygobius curacao - NOTCHTONGUE GOBY 0 0 B. Boporator - FRILLFIN GOBY CCC C C 0 Coryphopterus dicrus - COLON GOBY 0 C. glaucofraenum - BRIDLED GOBY C 0 C. personatus - MASKED GOBY F C. punctipectophorus - SPOTTED GOBY U ElacatinuB macrodon - TIGER GOBY 0 U U E. oceanops - NEON GOBY C Evermannichthys spongicola - SPONGE GOBY R Evorthom~s lyricus - LYRE GOBY U U U U F Cnatholepis thompsoni - GOLDSPOT GOBY U Cobioides broussoneti - VIOLET GOBY UU U U Cobionellus boleosoma - DARTER GOBY C 0 C 0 C. graeillimus NC - SLIM GOBY U U U G. hastatus - SHARPTAIL GOBY U U U U G. oceanicus - HIGHFIN GOBY FF F G. saeperallenB - DASH GOBY U G. schufeldti - FRESHWATER GOBY U G. smaragdu8 - EMERALD GOBY C F C G. stigmaturus - SPOTFIN GOBY F GobionelluB pseudofasciatus - SLASHCHEEK GOBY F Gobiosoma bosei - NAKED GOBY R C F F G. ginsburgi - SEABOARD GOBY F U U G. robustum - CODE GOBY A F 0 0 0 (Gobiidae continued) 24.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN sa lR CRM FTC MI

Gobiidae. Continued Ioglo~6US calliurus - BLUE GOBY R Lophogobiu8 cyprinoides - CRESTED GOBY FF 0 0 F F C Lythrypnus nesiotes - ISLAND GOBY F L. spilus - BlUEGOlD GOBY F Nicrogobius carri - SEMINOLE GOBY U M. quloeus - CLOWN GOBY C 0 CC C F R M. microlepie NC? - BANNER GOBY U M. thaLassinus - GREEN GOaY 0 Nes longus - ORANGES POTTED GOBY U PsilotPis sp, ? U Risor ruber - TUSKED GOBY U Varicus marilynae - ORANGE BEllY GOBY U ~M. ~ Microdesmidae - WORMFISHES '- C.rdale [loridana - PUGJAW WORHfISH U

Acanthurfdae - SURGEONFISHES bahianus - S- OCEAN SURGEON C C F 0 A. chirurgus - 5 - DOCTORFISH C C F 0 A. ooerul.eue - S- BLUE TANG 0 0 F

~ - SNAKE MACKERELS ~ Gempylus serpens - U Lepidoeybium jlavob1"U1Vteum - ESCOLAR 0 Fromethichthys prometheus - BLACK SNAKE MACKEREK U Ruvettus pretlo8us - OIlFISH 0 ..L ~>-:J Trichiurfdae - ~ TrichlW'UB leptwous - S- ATLANTIC 0 0 0 0 F C F C C F 25.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC MI

Scombridae - MACKERELS &TUNAS Acanthocybium solanderi - C.S - 0 Auris thazard - C.S - BULLET MACKEREL 0 Euthynnus allett erabus - C.S - lITTLE TUNNY. C CFF KatSmoOI1US pelamis - C.S - SKIPJACK 0 Sarda sarda - C.S - ATLANTIC BONITO 0 S. japonicus - C,S - U cavalla - C,S - C FF 0 S. maculatu8 - C,S - C FF FF F 0 S. regalis - C.S - 0 R R ~unnu8 albacares - C.S - 0 T. atlanticus - C.S - BLACKFIN TUNA 0 Xiphiidae - SWORDFISH Xiphias qladius - C.S - SWORDFISH 0

~ Istlophorlda. - BILLFISHES Ietiiophorue albi.cane - S- SAILFISH F Mbkaira nigrical1s - C,S - BLUE MARLIN R Tetrapterus albidus - C,S - WHITE MARLIN R T. pfleugeri - C.S - LONGBILL SPEARFISH R Nomeidae - DRIFTFISHES Nomeus gronovii - MAN-OF-WAR FISH C C cyanophrys - FRECKLED DRIFTFISH 0

Stromateidae - BUTTERFISHES Peprilus paru - NORTHERN HARVESTFISH o o P. tir-iacanthue - BUTTERFISH o o 26.

SPECIES NB R SR SS I GF MAN SB LR C~'" FTC MI

Bothidae - LEFTEYE FLOUNDERS Anclopsetta quadrocellata NC - OCELLATED FLOUNDER U Bathus ocel.Latue - EYED FLOUNDER C 0 0 B. robinsi - ROBINS FLOUNDER C 0 0 Cithal'ichthys arcti f'rone - GULF STREAM FLOUNDER 0 RR C. arenaceus - SAND WHIFF U C. coronutus - HORNED WHIFF U C. gymnorhinus - UNICORN WHIFF U c. macrops - SPOTTED WHIFF C 0 0 0 C. epi. Loptierue - BAY WH IFF C C 0 0 cyclopsetta chittendeni NC - MEXICAN FLOUNDER U c. fimbriata - SPOTFIN FLOUNDER 0 Engyophrys senta - SPINY FLOUNDER U Etropu8 cro8S0tUS - FRINGED FLOUNDER C 0 0 ? E. microetomue - SMALLMOUTH FLOUNDER U E. rimosus - GRAY FLOUNDER F Hippoglo8sina oblonga NC U ~nolene antillarum - SLIM FLOUNDER 0 N. se88ilicauda - DEEPWATER FLOUNDER 0 Faralichthys albigutta - C,S - GULF FLOUNDER C C C C C P. aentatus - C.S - F F F F F P. lethostigma - C,S - SOUTHERN FLOUNDER F F F F F P. 8quamilentu8 - C.S - BROAD FLOUNDER F F F F F Scophthalmue aquo8US NC - WINDOW PANE U Syacium gunteri - FLOUNDER 0 S. micrurum NC - CHANNEL FLOUNDER 0 U U S. papilZosum - DUSKY FLOUNDER A - RIGHTEYE FLOUNDERS FbeciZopsetta beani - STRIPEDFIN FLOUNDER 0

Soleidae - SOLES Achirus lineatus - LINED SOLE o o C c o c oymnachirus meLas - NAKED SOLE C Trinectes maoulatus - HOGCHOKER o o o c o SPECIES NB R SR SS I GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC MI

Cynoglossidae - Symphurus civitatwn - OFFSHORE 0 S. diomedianus - SPOTTEDFIN TONGUEFISH C S. minor - LARGESCALE TONGUEFISH 0 S. plagiusa - BLACKCHEEK TONGUEFISH C C C C S. urospilus - SPOTTAIL TONGUE FISH 0 Balistidae - Balistes caprism{s - GRAY TRIGGERFISH F F 0 B. vetula - QUEEN TRIGGERFISH 0 Canthidermis mam{latus - ROUGH TRIGGERFISH 0 C. sUfflamen - OCEAN TRIGGERFISH 0 R Monacanthidae - heudeloti - DOTTEREL U U A. monocer08 - UNICORN FILEFISH U A. schoepfi - ORANGE FILEFISH 0 0 0 A. scripta - SCRAWLED FILEFISH RR R R pullus - R MonacanthuB ciliatu$ - FRINGED FILEFISH FF F F F M. tuckeri - SLENDER FILEFISH R Stephanolepi8 hispidu8 - PLANEHEAD FILEFISH CC F CC C C S. setifer - PYGMY FILEFISH 0 - BOXFISHES Acanthostracion quadricornis - SCRAWLED COWFISH R RR R L. trigonu8 - TRUNKFISH 0 0 0 0 Rhinesomus triqueter - SMOOTH TRUNKFISH C 0 CC C

~. c::::J - PUFFERS Canthigaster r08trata - SHARPNOSE PUFFER R LagocephaluB laevigatu8 - SMOOTH PUFFER R R R dorsalis - MARBLED PUFFER C S. mam~latu8 NC - UU U U U S. nephelus - 0 0 CC 0 CC S. 8pengleri - 0 0 CC 0 C C S. te8tudineus - CHECKERED PUFFER CCCCC 28.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN 58 LR CRM FTC MI

Diodontidae - PORCUPINEFISHES azilomycterus 0 - BRIDLED BURRFISH U U c. echoepf'L - C C C C CC histrix 0 - PORCUPINEFISH F 0 D.holacanthus - BALLOONFISH U U Molidae - MOLAS Mota mota - 0 0 R R RR R M. tanceotata - SHARPTAIL SUNFISH R

TOTAL SPECIES 200 194 255 107 91 282 214 88 134 92 111 118 40

Total Continental Shelf 559 Total Indian River Lagoon and Tributaries 400 Combined Species 682 New Records 96