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As Personagens Myriel, Enjolras, Jean Valjean E Javert, Em Les Misérables, De Victor Hugo: Reações À Concepção De Justiça Legalista

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As Personagens Myriel, Enjolras, Jean Valjean E Javert, Em Les Misérables, De Victor Hugo: Reações À Concepção De Justiça Legalista unesp UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” Faculdade de Ciências e Letras Campus de Araraquara - SP MARIA JÚLIA PEREIRA AS PERSONAGENS MYRIEL, ENJOLRAS, JEAN VALJEAN E JAVERT, EM LES MISÉRABLES, DE VICTOR HUGO: REAÇÕES À CONCEPÇÃO DE JUSTIÇA LEGALISTA ARARAQUARA – SP 2020 MARIA JÚLIA PEREIRA AS PERSONAGENS MYRIEL, ENJOLRAS, JEAN VALJEAN E JAVERT, EM LES MISÉRABLES, DE VICTOR HUGO: REAÇÕES À CONCEPÇÃO DE JUSTIÇA LEGALISTA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Estudos Literários da Faculdade de Ciências e Letras – UNESP/Araraquara – como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Estudos Literários. Linha de pesquisa: História Literária e Crítica Orientador: Prof. Dr. Adalberto Luis Vicente Bolsa: CNPq ARARAQUARA – SP 2020 Pereira, Maria Júlia As personagens Myriel, Enjolras, Jean Valjean e Javert, em Les Misérables, de Victor Hugo: reações à concepção de justiça legalista / Maria Júlia Pereira — 2020 194 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Estudos Literários) — Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Faculdade de Ciências e Letras (Campus Araraquara) Orientador: Adalberto Luis Vicente 1. Hugo, Victor. 2. Justiça legalista. 3. Les Misérables. 4. Personagem. I. Título. Ficha catalográfica elaborada pelo sistema automatizado com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a). MARIA JÚLIA PEREIRA AS PERSONAGENS MYRIEL, ENJOLRAS, JEAN VALJEAN E JAVERT, EM LES MISÉRABLES, DE VICTOR HUGO: REAÇÕES À CONCEPÇÃO DE JUSTIÇA LEGALISTA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Estudos Literários da Faculdade de Ciências e Letras – UNESP/Araraquara – como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Estudos Literários. Linha de pesquisa: História Literária e Crítica Orientador: Prof. Dr. Adalberto Luis Vicente Bolsa: CNPq Data da defesa: 20/05/2020 MEMBROS COMPONENTES DA BANCA EXAMINADORA: Presidente e Orientador: Prof. Dr. Adalberto Luis Vicente Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Araraquara (UNESP) Membro Titular: Prof. Dr. André Luiz Alselmi Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá (CBM) Membro Titular: Profa. Dra. Guacira Marcondes Machado Leite Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Araraquara (UNESP) __________________________________________________________________________________ Suplentes: Prof. Dr. Antônio Donizeti Pires Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Araraquara (UNESP) Profa. Dra. Norma Domingos Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Assis (UNESP) Local: Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências e Letras UNESP – Campus de Araraquara Aos que têm fome e sede de justiça. Aos perseguidos em nome da justiça. AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu orientador, professor Adalberto Luis Vicente, por acreditar na realização desta pesquisa em Estudos Literários. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), por possibilitar a realização deste trabalho por meio da concessão de fomento ao longo do mestrado. Aos meus pais, à minha irmã e ao Lucas, por todo o apoio, inclusive contribuindo diretamente para o material consultado. Às amigas Laís, Ana, Rose e ao amigo João, por me incentivarem e inspirarem a seguir o caminho das Letras. À Valéria, amiga e professora com quem compartilho a paixão pelo francês e com quem muito aprendi e aprendo, pelos conselhos importantes para o resultado desta pesquisa. Ao professor André Alselmi e à professora Guacira Marcondes Machado Leite, pelas sugestões que tanto contribuíram para o aprimoramento do texto. À professora Regina Bastianini, pela revisão textual. Aos colegas de pós-graduação e demais amigos e professores que, direta ou indiretamente, contribuíram para o presente estudo. Justice. La Justice ! Oh ! cette idée entre toutes auguste et vénérable, ce suprême équilibre, cette droiture rattachée aux profondeurs, ce mystérieux scrupule puisé dans l’idéal, cette rectitude souveraine compliquée d’un tremblement devant l’énormité éternelle béante devant nous, cette chaste pudeur de l’impartialité inaccessible, cette pondération où entre l’impondérable, cette acception faite de tout, cette sublimation de la sagesse combinée avec la pitié, cet examen des actions humaines avec l’œil divin, cette bonté sévère, cette résultante lumineuse de la conscience universelle, cette abstraction de l’absolu se faisant réalité terrestre, cette vision du droit, cet éclair d’éternité apparu à l’homme, la Justice ! Victor Hugo (2002b, p. 546) Great is Justice! Justice is not settled by legislators and laws – it is in the soul; It cannot be varied by statutes any more than love or pride or the attraction of gravity can, It is immutable . it does not depend on majorities . majorities or what not come at last before the same passionless and exact tribunal. For justice are the grand natural lawyers and perfect judges . it is in their souls, It is well assorted . they have not studied for nothing . the great includes the less, They rule on the highest grounds . they oversee all eras and states and administrations. The perfect judge fears nothing . he could go front to front before God, Before the perfect judge all shall stand back . life and death shall stand back . heaven and hell shall stand back. Walt Whitman (2019, p. 208) RESUMO O distanciamento entre a justiça em sentido ético e a lei jurídica é fruto da racionalidade iluminista e engendrou o legalismo, notadamente no contexto francês da primeira metade do século XIX, consolidando socialmente a concepção de justiça legalista, isto é, a ideia da lei jurídica como lídima expressão do justo. Contudo, esse fetichismo legal torna-se questionável ao se constatar que a lei não somente contradiz o justo, como também engendra injustiças. Tal questão aparece nas obras política e literária de Victor Hugo por meio da querela entre o direito – expressão de uma ideia de justiça enquanto ideal – e a lei, expressão de uma sociedade iníqua e, assim, reprodutora de desigualdades. As consequências desse embate são denunciadas na obra hugoana nos discursos político e narrativo e, em Les Misérables (1862), é assinalado o ananké – necessidade ou fatalidade – das leis como uma imposição da vida em sociedade. Diante disso, considerando a importância das personagens na relação entre história e narrativa, o presente trabalho busca demonstrar como se dá, estrutural e tematicamente em tal obra, a reação à concepção de justiça legalista por meio da trajetória – construção, ação e transformação – das personagens Myriel, Enjolras, Jean Valjean e Javert. O bispo Myriel revela, por meio de suas ações, uma concepção de justiça fundamentada na equidade. As transformações na comunidade em que vive, assim como as da narrativa, resultam dessa concepção, na medida em que ele busca reparar as desigualdades locais. Nesse sentido, o tratamento fraternal e igualitário dado a Valjean desencadeia sua jornada por redenção. O jovem líder insurgente Enjolras, por sua vez, também almeja a reparação e transformação do mundo, mas pela via da Revolução que exprime a ruptura absoluta com a lei, negando a forma de governo e a ordem social vigentes. Seu sentimento de justiça, expresso em seu discurso e agir, tem fundamento na utopia revolucionária, no amor à pátria e na virtude política que visam à instauração de uma república justa, capaz de contemplar os desiguais. Jean Valjean é o protagonista que, condenado, injustiçado e vilanizado pelo poder judiciário, comete seu último crime por causa de um sentimento de vingança oriundo da injustiça. Ao ser transfigurado após o gesto de altruísmo do bispo, Jean Valjean busca se redimir, vivendo à margem da lei jurídica para reparar os desvalidos. Assim, suas ações engendram importantes transformações na narrativa, encadeando logicamente os acontecimentos do início ao fim do romance. Javert, por outro lado, é a personagem que antagoniza o herói: encarnação da ideologia legalista, o inspetor de polícia compreende a lei jurídica como única expressão do justo e obedece cegamente a seu dever para concretizar a punição legal devida ao antigo forçado. Contudo, ao ser salvo por aquele que perseguia, é confrontado por uma forma superior de justiça e compreende que a lei jurídica pode engendrar injustiças. O legalismo se mostra, portanto, insustentável e a ruptura de Javert com essa ideologia se encerra na autodestruição expressa pelo suicídio. Palavras-chave: justiça legalista. Les Misérables. Personagem. Jean Valjean. Javert. Myriel. Enjolras. RÉSUMÉ La distance qui sépare la justice au sens éthique de la loi juridique est un fruit de la rationalité des Lumières et elle a engendré le légalisme, notamment dans le contexte français de la première moitié du XIXe siècle, en consolidant socialement la conception de justice légaliste, c’est-à-dire, l’idée de la loi juridique comme expression légitime du juste. Cependant, ce fétichisme légal devient questionnable lorsqu’on constate que la loi non seulement contredit le juste, mais engendre également des injustices. Cette question apparaît dans les œuvres politique et littéraire de Victor Hugo à travers la querelle entre le droit – expression d’une idée de justice en tant qu’idéal – et la loi, expression d’une société inique et qui produit donc des inégalités. Les conséquences de ce conflit sont dénoncées dans l’œuvre hugolienne à travers les discours politique et narratif et, dans « Les Misérables » (1862), l’ananké – nécessité ou fatalité – des lois est signalé, au niveau thématique et structurel, en tant qu’imposition de la vie en société. Ainsi, en considérant l’importance des personnages dans le rapport entre l’histoire et le récit, ce travail cherche à démontrer la réaction à
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