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Political Symbols and National Identity in Timor-Leste The University of Manchester Research Political Symbols and National Identity in Timor-Leste DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98782-8 Document Version Final published version Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Arthur, C. (2018). Political Symbols and National Identity in Timor-Leste. (Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies). Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98782-8 Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact [email protected] providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:11. Oct. 2021 RETHINKING PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES Series Editor: Oliver P. Richmond Political Symbols & National Identity in Timor-Leste Catherine E. Arthur Rethinking Peace and Confict Studies Series Editor Oliver P. Richmond University of Manchester Manchester, UK This agenda-setting series of research monographs, now more than a decade old, provides an interdisciplinary forum aimed at advancing inno- vative new agendas for approaches to, and understandings of, peace and confict studies and International Relations. Many of the critical volumes the series has so far hosted have contributed to new avenues of analy- sis directly or indirectly related to the search for positive, emancipatory, and hybrid forms of peace. New perspectives on peacemaking in practice and in theory, their implications for the international peace architecture, and different confict-affected regions around the world, remain crucial. This series’ contributions offers both theoretical and empirical insights into many of the world’s most intractable conficts and any subsequent attempts to build a new and more sustainable peace, responsive to the needs and norms of those who are its subjects. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14500 Catherine E. Arthur Political Symbols and National Identity in Timor-Leste Catherine E. Arthur Queen’s University Belfast Belfast, UK Rethinking Peace and Confict Studies ISBN 978-3-319-98781-1 ISBN 978-3-319-98782-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98782-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018951038 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations. Cover credit: Antony McAulay/Alamy Stock Photo This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writing of this book has been one of the greatest challenges I have faced to date, but also one of the greatest joys. I’ve taken a long road to get to this point and the completion of this book would not have been possible without the invaluable help of a number of people. I have the absolute pleasure of taking this opportunity to thank them here. Firstly, I must acknowledge the origins of this book. The study has developed and grown from my doctoral research and so I must thank Queen’s University Belfast and the Department for Education and Learning for the generous support of the project. Doctors Anthony Soares and Dominic Bryan thank you both for your supervision and for sparking and encouraging my passion for research. Your support, guid- ance, and recommendations have made me a better scholar and this, a better book. I would like to extend my thanks and warmest regards to my other academic colleagues and friends who have helped to shape, infuence, and improve my research. In particular, my thanks to Professor Bill Rolston for his help with research on murals, and for inspiring me to pursue the research that I love. I also thank Dr. Paul Hainsworth for his recommendations and encouragement to pursue the research that mat- ters. To Chris Parkinson, my deep gratitude for the conversations, help- ful insights, and the ideas that spark more. I would also like to thank the numerous scholars who have helped to inform my research and who have guided me over the years: Judith Bovensiepen, Henri Myrttinen, Kate Roll, Josh Trindade, Philip McDermott, Kris Laslett, Johanne Devlin- Trew, Kelly da Silva, Alice Feldman, Peter Carey, and Michael Leach. v vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Above all, I would like to thank my wonderful family for their unfail- ing love and support. Through the most challenging moments, I have managed to persevere and that is largely down to the support of my brother, Dr. Ciaran Arthur, to whom this book is dedicated. For the constant support, patience, and reading drafts, thank you. To my par- ents, your sacrifces and love have allowed me to strive to reach my potential. Thank you so much. To Ursula and Damian, your love and support has meant so much and I hope that I’ll be able to do the same for you. To all of my beautiful friends who have stuck with me through the whole journey, and who remind me of life outside of work, especially Marie Cresswell, Amanda McMenamin, and Frances Boyle. Thank you, you truly are the best. *** Hau tenki dehan obrigada barak ba hau nia familia no belun Timor. Teze ida ne’e mak ne’e imi nian. Hau agradese barak ba Senhor Jose Soares, hau nia profesór Tetun ho belun diak. Ba Senhor Antonio Ximenes ho familia hotu; sempre hau sei lembra imi nia bondade ho domin. Obrigada barak ba imi hotu. Ba artistas iha Centro Arte Moris, hau agradese barak imi nia ajuda ho hau nia peskiza. Obrigada barak maun. Hau oferese livru ida nee ba Timor oan hotu-hotu. CONTENTS 1 Struggle, Suffering, and Symbols: Narratives of Nationalism and Representing Identity 1 Part I Commemorative Symbols 2 Flying the Nation’s Colours: Commemorations of the Past and the National Flag of Timor-Leste 37 3 Monuments and Memorials: Funu, Terus, and Constructing an East Timorese National Identity 71 Part II National Heroes 4 The Spirit of Rebellion: National Heroes, Dom Boaventura, and Personifying National Identity 107 5 ‘Big Brother Xanana’: The Cult of Personality and the Creation of a Contemporary National Hero 137 vii viii CONTENTS Part III Symbols of Peace and Prosperity 6 The Struggle Continues: Peace and Prosperity, Democratic Values and Development in Political Party Flags 171 7 Painting Peace and Prosperity: Street Art, the Geração Foun, and Identifying with an Evolving ‘East Timorese-ness’ 203 Part IV Conclusion 8 Conclusion 241 Glossary 249 Index 251 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 2.1 The national fag of Timor-Leste 43 Fig. 2.2 The fag of the Frente Revolucionária do Timor-Leste Independente (Fretilin) 45 Fig. 2.3 Shop fronts in Dili displaying the national fag and bunting 56 Fig. 2.4 Bunting of the national fag of Timor-Leste hanging from shops in Dili 57 Fig. 2.5 The party headquarters of the Partido Democrático (PD) 58 Fig. 2.6 The national fag fying alongside the PD party fag at its headquarters 59 Fig. 2.7 Supporters of the Associação Social Democrata Timorense (ASDT) party cheering on a Fretilin rally as it passes 64 Fig. 3.1 The aswain statue in the central park of Dili, Timor-Leste 75 Fig. 3.2 The Cristo Rei statue at Area Branca, Dili 82 Fig. 4.1 A T-shirt designed by the Associação Social Democrata Timorense (ASDT) party and given to supporters at rallies, featuring the images of (left to right) Dom Boaventura, José Ramos-Horta and Xavier do Amaral 120 Fig. 4.2 An ASDT party’s 2012 election campaign banner in Dili 121 Fig. 5.1 A CNRT election campaign poster featuring the iconic photograph of Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão as Commander in Chief of the Falintil 148 Fig. 5.2 A group of CNRT supporters en route to a party rally, accompanied by Xanana 150 Fig. 5.3 A CNRT campaign rally in Dili, where many supporters wore T-shirts with Xanana Gusmão’s portrait on them 151 ix x LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 5.4 A CNRT baseball cap, given to supporters at election campaign rallies in 2012 and also featuring the image of Xanana 152 Fig.
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