The Barkflies & Booklice (Psocoptera)

THE BARKFLIES & BOOKLICE (PSOCOPTERA) OF CORNWALL & THE ISLES OF SCILLY

Keith N.A. Alexander

Metylophorus nebulosus (Stephens) Stenopsocus stigmaticus (Imhoff & Labram) THE BARKFLIES & BOOKLICE (PSOCOPTERA) OF CORNWALL & THE ISLES OF SCILLY

Keith N.A. Alexander

CISFBR

(Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Federation for Biological Recorders)

ERCCIS

(Environmental Records Centre for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly)

OCCASIONAL PUBLICATIONS No. 3

2011

CISFBR & ERCCIS

OCCASIONAL PUBLICATIONS No. 3

2011

Design and typesetting by Wheal Seton Press Dr. Colin French, 12 Seton Gardens, Weeth Road, Camborne, Cornwall TR14 77S, UK.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the copyright owners.

ISBN: 1-902864-08-5

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE CORNISH FAUNA 1 3 SPECIES TOTALS 2 4 EQUIPMENT FOR FIELDWORK 2 5 RETENTION OF VOUCHER SPECIES 3 6 USEFUL LITERATURE 3 7 NATIONAL RECORDING SCHEMES 3 8 RECORDING IN CORNWALL 3 9 THE CATALOGUE OF BARKFLIES & BOOKLICE OF CORNWALL & THE ISLES OF SCILLY 4 9.1 Sources of Records 4 9.2 Area of Study 4 9.3 Nomenclature 4 9.4 Status 4 9.5 Organisation of 10km Square Records 7 9.6 Abbreviations used for recorders 7 9.7 Mapping 7 9.8 Details of species ecology and local records in current taxonomic order 8

Acknowledgements 18

References 18

Index 19

1 INTRODUCTION

Nearly 100 species of Psocoptera have been recorded in Britain. Although amongst the least known of insects, they are actually abundant in the Cornish countryside, especially on trees and shrubs, and some live with us in our homes and work places. All are small, soft- bodied insects, often with distinctively patterned wings but some have reduced wings and are flightless. The species which naturalists are most likely to come across and identify are the free- living species known as barkflies and which occur on trees and shrubs – the arboreal group. Other wild situations which support a few species include:

• leaf-litter beneath concentrations of trees and shrubs, • tall grassy vegetation, particularly reed beds and fens, but also dry calcareous or base- rich grasslands; • rock faces with lichen growth.

The arboreal barkflies found in Britain fall into two well-defined ecological groups. Most species are found mainly on the bark, but a smaller group of about a dozen species are predominantly found on foliage. They lay their eggs mainly on the foliage and both the young stages and the adults feed on the debris and microflora on the leaf surfaces. The bark-living species feed on encrusting algae and fungal spores – see Saville (2010) for example. A large group of species are found associated with artificial environments created by the activities of people, such as stored produce, especially grains and grain products, where they feed upon fungal spores and thereby further contaminate the perishable goods with their waste. In this situation Psocoptera are generally referred to as booklice, as the species concerned are similar in appearance to other species found exploiting fungal spores from the pastes formerly used in book-binding. Other household debris may also be exploited. Most of the British (and Cornish) species also occur on mainland Europe and some of the domestic ‘booklice’ are almost cosmopolitan. There is also an Atlantic islands element to the fauna, and one which is currently expanding, presumably in response to climate change but perhaps also aided by increasing transport and commercial linkages. The recent appearance of Atlantopsocus adustus is an interesting example, otherwise only known from Madeira, the Azores and the Canary Islands.

2 SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE CORNISH FAUNA

Many of the arboreal species appear to have some degree of association with old growth – sites with a long and unbroken continuity of large old open-grown trees – and this links with the well-recognised species-richness of the epiphytic lichen communities of these situations – the better developed epiphytic vegetation will provide a greater variety of opportunities for associated invertebrates. Caecilius fuscopterus, for instance, may primarily be associated with ancient oak woodlands, while the larger picture-winged Loensia and Trichadenotecnum are best known from historic parklands, old orchards and other old wood-pasture situations. Cornwall appears to have a particularly good representation of the larger species with patterned wings – ideal camouflage while at rest amongst lichens. Old heather stands may also have their own distinctive assemblage of barkflies, although this is little studied. The woody stems are a good source of encrusting algae and old stands will provide good ecological continuity of habitat. Enderleinella obsoleta may be a key species in this respect as it has so far only been found on the old heather along the bounder fields of Carn Galver, Zennor. Rock outcrops and especially sea cliffs also provide bare surfaces encrusted with epiphytes. The rare Blaste quadrimaculata may prove to be a key species for this situation, although the saxicolous fauna is not well-studied. A further important habitat type is situations with tall grassy vegetation. The rare Kolbia quisquiliarum is a speciality of this type of situation and has been found amongst tall grasses on the abandoned tin-streaming site at South Penquite Farm, Blisland The Atlantic island fauna has already been referred to and three species only recently detected in the county were originally described from Madeira, the Canary Islands and the Azores: Atlantopsocus adustus, Epicaecilius pilipennis and Trichopsocus brincki. The last two have also been turning up widely across Britain, which suggests that accidental transportation by people must be involved to some extent at least. However, A. adustus has been steadily expanding in Cornwall since it was first detected and has otherwise only been found in Sussex – this may be colonising naturally via the Atlantic air currents. A fourth species, Propsocus pulchripennis, may also fit in with this fauna as it is a widespread subtropical species known from Madeira. These are just recent arrivals of course – early colonists from the south-west would be more difficult to appreciate in such a poorly studied group.

3 SPECIES TOTALS

The Cornish list currently stands at 45 species, including 28 species which are probably natives, 5 probable recent colonists, colonists, 6 introductions and 6 difficult to categorise. Additions may be expected in all three categories as the fauna here has not been well-studied in the past. The true total of natives is probably around 35 of the 50+ nationally, while the potential for further introductions is enormous. Distinguishing the three origins is however fraught with difficulty as the so-called natives colonised the area as conditions became suitable for them following natural climate change. Ectopsocus species were unknown to early recorders and so the longer-established species may be assumed to have colonised only about 100 years ago, most probably arriving with imported plant material during the Victorian period. Continual colonisation is as much a natural phenomenon as local extinction, species ranges are dynamic, responding to a wide range of variables, some natural, some clearly man-made, and the distinction is all too often indecipherable. The majority of the 26 species listed by Clark (1906) have been found subsequently, the exceptions being some of the synanthropic species. Two species named in Clark (1906) are now regarded as synonymous and it is unclear whether he was really referring to two different species.

4 EQUIPMENT FOR FIELDWORK & STUDY

The most widely used piece of equipment for catching barkflies is the standard entomological sweep-net which is used to capture specimens which are otherwise invisible amongst tall vegetation or on aerial branches. Close examination of trunk bark may also reveal many species. Increasingly specialists are using the leaf-sucker devices now available from garden centres - a net securely placed across the opening of the sucker tube intercepts solid materials which can then be sorted in a tray. This technique is especially useful for leaf litter species, although sieving is another approach. A microscope is essential for the identification of most barkflies, but the experienced field naturalist can get by without one for some of the larger - and especially picture-winged - species, and a hand-lens can help a lot. The most useful general microscope is a binocular with magnification to x40, or even better x60. Some identification characters are best seen at higher magnification however and especially if slide-mounted.

5 RETENTION OF VOUCHER SPECIES

As with so many invertebrate groups, the retention of voucher material and the maintenance of a reference collection are essential. Common and widespread species with which recorders can demonstrate familiarity are not a problem however, and such records are generally acceptable. Specimens for retention will normally need to be treated in some way to promote preservation. Psocoptera are relatively delicate and specimens should either be pickled in 70- 80% industrial meths or made into permanent slide mounts. For certain species it is necessary to examine genitalia and these may need to be carefully displayed in any slide mount. Information on techniques can be found in New (2005) Obviously all reference or voucher specimens need to have attached details of where found, when and by whom. Labels should be kept in the same individual pickle storage container or written onto the slide mount.

6 USEFUL LITERATURE

While identification keys have been available for the British fauna for many years (New, 1974 and 2005) the regular arrival of additional species makes it advisable to have access to a copy of the European handbook (Lienhard, 1998; in French but well illustrated). New (1969a & b, 1971) provides useful introductory information on the natural history of many of the British species. This is summarised and updated in New (2005) but still well worth reading. The late Bob Saville established a very useful web-site in partnership with the national Biological Records Centre – www.brc.ac.uk/schemes/barkfly/. This contains species accounts, distribution maps, a gallery of images, and a very useful identification key with photographic images of the actual features which need close examination.

7 NATIONAL BARKFLY RECORDING SCHEME

There is a national recording scheme co-ordinated through the Biological Records Centre and with its own website: www.brc.ac.uk/schemes/barkfly/. Details of new records should be passed to Keith Alexander in the first instance.

8 RECORDING IN CORNWALL

Records should be sent to:

Keith Alexander, 59 Sweetbrier Lane, Heavitree, Exeter EX1 3AQ.

E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 01392 413092.

9 THE CATALOGUE OF BARKFLIES & BOOKLICE OF CORNWALL & THE ISLES OF SCILLY 9.1 Sources of Records

The first and only previous county list appears to be that compiled for the Victoria County History (Clark, 1906). Very few records are known subsequently until the present author began to study this very interesting fauna. These are mostly detailed on the ERICA database. No claim is made that the records presented here are exhaustive. It is well known that publication is one of the most effective means of drawing out records.

9.2 Area of Study

The following accounts include records for the whole of the Watsonian Vice-Counties of West and East Cornwall (VCs 1 and 2 respectively) including the Isles of Scilly.

9.3 Nomenclature

The species name used in this account and the order of presentation are based on New (2005), supplemented by information from Lienhard (1998) and the National Barkfly Recording Scheme website.

9.4 Status

The conservation status of British barkflies has not been assessed in any systematic way and comments given on national statuses in the following catalogue are largely based on information provided within the Barkfly Recording Scheme website. Provisional assessments of the local status are based on the current opinion of the author only. A few of the recently arrived Atlantic Islands species are included in the second edition of the Red Data Book for Cornwall & the Isles of Scilly as the extent of potential habitat in Cornwall and Britain is unclear at present.

The CISFBR Red Data Book species are:

• Atlantopsocus adustus pRDB • Blaste quadrimaculata pRDB • Caecilius fuscopterus NS • Enderleinella obsoleta NS • Kolbia quisquiliarum NS • Propsocus pulchripennis NS

Clark’s (1906) list of 25 or 26 species has now risen to 45 species, the increases representing a mixture of overlooked natives, recent colonists, and recent introductions with imported goods. The complex situation with regard to knowledge of the origins of the Cornish barkflies and booklice is demonstrated by the following table, which also breaks down the fauna by habitat assemblage types. Species listed in the Red Data Book for Cornwall & The Isles of Scilly are marked by an asterisk.

Species Origin in Cornwall Assemblage type Native Recent Brought in Trees & Field layer Built colonist with goods shrubs environment Trogiidae Cerobasis guestfalica ? ? + + Lepinotus inquilinus + + L. reticulatus + + Trogium pulsatorium + + Liposcelididae Liposcelis bostrychophila + + L. decolor ? ? Leaf litter + Epipsocidae Bertkauia lucifuga + Leaf litter Caeciliusidae Caecilius fuscopterus* + + Valenzuela burmeisteri + + Valenzuela flavidus + + Leaf litter Valenzuela piceus + + + Epicaecilius pilipennis ? ? + Enderleinella obsoleta* + + Stenopsocidae Graphopsocus cruciatus + + Stenopsocus immaculatus + + S. stigmaticus + + Amphipsocidae Kolbia quisquiliarum* + + Lachesillidae Lachesilla pedicularia + + + + Ectopsocidae Ectopsocus axillaris + + E. briggsi ? ? + Leaf litter E. petersi ? ? + Peripsocidae Peripsocus didymus + + Peripsocus phaeopterus + + Peripsocus subfasciatus ? ? + Trichopsocidae Trichopsocus brincki ? ? + T. clarus + + + T. dalii ? ? ? + Philotarsidae Philotarsus parviceps + + Philotarus picicornis + +

Species Origin in Cornwall Assemblage type Native Recent Brought in Trees & Field layer Built colonist with goods shrubs environment Elipsocidae Cuneopalpus cyanops ? ? + Elipsocus abdominalis + + E. hyalinus + + E. pumilis + + Propsocus pulchripennis* ? ? ? + Mesopsocidae Mesopsocus immunis + + Mesopsocus unipunctatus + + Psocidae Amphigerontia bifasciata + + A. contaminata + + Blaste quadrimaculata* + + Rock faces + Psococerastis gibbosa + + Metylophorus nebulosus + + Atlantopsocus adustus* ? ? + Loensia fasciata + + L. variegata + + Trichadenotecnum + + sexpunctatum Totals of +/- certain origin 28 6 Totals of unclear origin 8 5 11 Totals by assemblage 37 9 9

Species currently not on the Cornish list but which are almost certainly present but overlooked are:

Species Origin in Cornwall Assemblage type Native Recent Brought in Trees & Field layer Built colonist with goods shrubs environment Lepidopsocidae Pteroxanium kellogi + + Leaf litter Trogiidae Lepinotus patruelis + + Peripsocidae Peripsocus alboguttatus + + + P. milleri + + Elipsocidae Reuterella helvimacula + + Psocidae Trichadenotecnum majus + + 9.5 Organisation of 10km Square Records

In the following catalogue, the codes for the four 100km squares which coincide with the county are not organised alphabetically, but in the sequence SV, SW, SX, SS, as this more logically follows the sequence from west to east.

9.6 Abbreviations used for recorders

Abbreviations used for the various records refer to the following recorders:

AJH Andrew J Halstead (kept specimens for KNAA during Dipterists Forum field meetings in the county). DAS David A Sheppard (Nature Conservancy Council’s England Field Unit; currently with Natural England, Peterborough) ECMH E Chris M Haes GCB G C Bignell KNAA Keith N A Alexander MH M Hewitt PAG Paul Gainey PK Pete Kirby SJC Simon Grove (ex National Trust Biological Survey Team)

9.7 Mapping

Mapping is taken from the ERICA for Windows database, courtesy of Colin French, in conjunction with DMAP, courtesy of Alan Morton. There may be a few inconsistencies of data between the catalogue entries and the maps, due to ERICA not containing full data coverage at the moment. The map bringing together all of the records held on ERICA (see below) very usefully demonstrates the good breadth of survey coverage achieved across Cornwall, albeit rather sparsely so. Future recording activity can now be better targeted at poorly investigated areas. All Psocoptera records

4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 9.8 Details of species ecology and local records in current taxonomic order Order Psocoptera

Series TROGIOMORPHA

Family TROGIIDAE Cerobasis guestfalica (Kolbe) – Native &/or Introduction. On tree trunks, walls, palings, etc; also may be common in warehouses, etc. Cornwall (Clark, 1906).

Lepinotus inquilinus von Heyden – Introduction. A domestic species. Cornwall (Clark, 1906).

Lepinotus reticulatus Enderlein – Introduction. A domestic species. SW53 Hatch’s Hill, Angarrack, on books indoors, 1988, ECMH.

Trogium pulsatorium (Linnaeus) – Introduction. In domestic situations, common in warehouses, etc; almost cosmopolitan. Cornwall (Clark, 1906).

Series TROCTOMORPHA

Family LIPOSCELIDIDAE Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel – Introduction. A relatively new introduction into the UK and a major pest species. First described as new to science in 1944. A pest in museum collections, a contaminant of stored products, a head-louse and, more recently, the causal agent of allergic reactions such as asthma. Turk (1997) mentions that this is probably the commonest species in Cornish houses. SX35 Antony, from bed shakings, ix.1974, MH.

Liposcelis decolor (Pearman) – Native &/or Introduction. Found amongst leaf litter as well as in stored products. This may be what was meant by Clark (1906) as ‘Atropos divinatoria’. SW53 Hatch’s Hill, Angarrack, on books indoors, 1988-94, ECMH.

Series PSOCOMORPHA

Family EPIPSOCIDAE Bertkauia lucifuga (Rambur) – Native; County Scarce. A primary inhabitant of woodland leaf- litter, apparently widespread nationally but not common. Cornwall, Epipsocus lucifugus (Clark, 1906). SW95 Crowhill Valley, Trenowth, amongst leaf litter at base of Luzula tussocks, 12.vii.2001, KNAA. SX15 Ethy Wood, amongst leaf litter at base of Luzula tussocks, 13.vii.2001, KNAA.

Family CAECILIUSIDAE Caecilius fuscopterus (Latreille) – Native; RDBCIS. Lives amongst the foliage of broadleaved trees and often found by sweep-netting the field layer in woodlands; local nationally. Clark (1906) lists both C. fuscopterus and C. vittatus, which are regarded as the same thing today. The old oak coppices seem to be the main habitat in the county. SW83 Camerance Wood, St Just-in-Roseland, 1.ix.2009, KNAA. SW84 Bishop’s Wood, Truro (Clark, 1906). SX15 Ethy Wood, St Winnow, 7.vii.1983, KNAA.

Valenzuela burmeisteri (Brauer) – Native. Lives amongst evergreen foliage, especially yew, occasionally on broadleaves. Probably overlooked in the county. SW83 Trelissick Park, from branches of old parkland oak, 3.ix.2009, KNAA.

Valenzuela flavidus (Stephens) – Native. Lives on the foliage of broadleaved trees and shrubs wherever they grow; the first generation is passed amongst leaf litter, the arboreal generation laying eggs on the leaves. Cornwall (Clark, 1906); ubiquitous in the county.

Valenzuela flavidus

4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4

SW61 Mullion, 20.ix.1980, & Predannack, 20.ix.1981, DAS. SW71 Main Dale, 3.vii.1981, DAS. SW72 Goonhilly, 31.vii.1981, DAS. SW83 Trelissick, oak, 12.vi.1989; elm, 1.ix.2009; oak, 2.ix.2009, KNAA. SW84 Lamorran Wood, St Michael Penkevil, 13.vi.2007, KNAA. SW85 Newlyn Downs, St Newlyn East, 12.viii.2007, KNAA. SX06 Retire Common (east), roadside ash, 8.vii.2001; Red Moor, swept, 8.vii.2001, KNAA. SX15 Ethy Park, oak, 30.v.2000; Penpoll Creek, 19.viii.2002; Frogmore Farm, Lanteglos, 26.viii.2006, KNAA. SX17 South Penquite Farm, Blisland, 15.x.2005, KNAA. SX28 Tregeare Down, 10.vii.2001, KNAA. SX45 Churchtown Farm, Saltash, 20.vii.2005, KNAA. SX46 Cotehele, Calstock, widely on estate, vii.2006, KNAA. SX47 Clitters Wood, Gunnislake, 29.ix.2004, KNAA.

Valenzuela piceus (Kolbe) – Native; County Scarce. Found mainly on low vegetation and shrubs, but also on conifers. Cornwall (Clark, 1906). SW95 Crowhill Valley, Trenowth, off Ulex europeus, 12.vii.2001, KNAA.

Epicaecilius pilipennis (Lienhard, 1996) – Recent arrival. Originally described from wet heath situations on Madeira, but has since been found scattered widely across Britain. SW83 Camerance Wood, one amongst Luzula litter on old hedge-bank, 1.ix.2009, KNAA.

Enderleinella obsoleta (Stephens) – Native; RDBCIS. On tree and shrub foliage, nationally rare. SW43 Carn Galver, Zennor, one from old heather on ridge, 7.viii.2007, KNAA. SW83 Falmouth (Clark, 1906).

Family STENOPSOCIDAE Graphopsocus cruciatus (Linnaeus) – Native. On the foliage of a wide variety of trees and shrubs, especially broadleaves. Common & widespread nationally, and common amongst the foliage of gorse Ulex europaeus in West Penwith and elsewhere in Cornwall.

Graphopsocus cruciatus

4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 SW43 Trevean Cliff, U. europaeus, 17.v.1989 & 10.viii.2007; Boswednack, U. europaeus, 22.v.1989; Pennance, U. europaeus, 23.v.1989; Rosewall Hill, short-winged form on U. europaeus, 5.vi.2000; Foage Farm, Zennor, 9.viii.2006, KNAA. SW44 Treveal, U. europaeus, 23.v.1989, KNAA. SW54 Nanterrow Farm, Gwithian, 4.vi.2005, KNAA. SW61 Mullion Cliff, 6.vii.1981, 3.viii.1981 & in malaise trap 27.vii.-5.viii.1981; Clahar Bridge, Goonhilly Downs, 1980/81, DAS. SW64 Deadman’s Cove, Camborne, 15.viii.2007, KNAA. SW72 Goonhilly, 31.vii.1981, & Trevassack, 1980/81, DAS. SW83 Trelissick, U. europaeus, 12.vi.1989; Newton Cliff, St Mawes, Salix, 3.vii.1989; Treluggan Cliff, Gerrans, 23.viii.2007, KNAA. SW84 Bishop’s Wood, Truro (Clark, 1906). Lamorran Wood, St Michael Penkevil, 13.vi.2007, KNAA. SX06 Retire Common (east), U. europaeus, 8.vii.2001, KNAA SX15 Ethy Woods, 7.vii.1983 & 13.vii.2001; Penpoll Creek, 19.viii.2002, KNAA. SX17 South Penquite Farm, Blisland, 2005, KNAA. SX19 Lower Tresmorn, 8.vi.2000, KNAA. SX25 Kilminorth Wood, 1.vi.2000, KNAA. SX28 Tregeare Down & Innyside Woodland, Penheale, 10.vii.2001, KNAA. SX38 Eggbear, 31.v.2000, KNAA. SX46 Calstock & St. Dominick, vii.2006, KNAA.

10 Stenopsocus immaculatus (Stephens) – Native. On the foliage of trees and shrubs, mainly broadleaves; widespread nationally. Cornwall (Clark, 1906); widespread in the county.

Stenopsocus immaculatus

4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 SW61 Clahar, 1980/81, DAS. SW74 Chapel Coombe, St Agnes, bramble amongst blackthorn & hawthorn scrub, 21.viii.2007, KNAA. SW83 Treluggan Cliff, Gerrans, 23.viii.2007, KNAA. Trelissick, 1.ix.2009, KNAA. Turnaware Point, ash/Clematis scrub, 1.ix.2009, KNAA. SX04 Ropehaven Cliffs, 12.vii.2001, KNAA. SX05 North Hill Wood, Luxulyan, 7.vii.1983, KNAA. SX06 Red Moor, 7.vii.1983, KNAA. SX15 Penpoll Creek, wooded stream valley, 19.viii.2002; Frogmore Farm, Lanteglos, 26.viii.2006, KNAA. SX17 South Penquite Farm, Blisland, 25.viii.2005, KNAA. SX46 Cotehele Wood, 19.vi.1989, SJG. SS21 Coombe Wood & Stowe Warren, Kilkhampton, 12 & 13.vii.2006, KNAA.

Stenopsocus stigmaticus (Imhoff & Labram) – Native. On tree foliage, widespread nationally but localised. Found to be very widespread in the east of the county in July 2001, but only previously reported from the Lizard in 1980/81. Almost certainly an overlooked and widespread native. SW61 Clahar, 1980/81, DAS. SW95 Crowhill Valley, Trenowth, 12.vii.2001, KNAA. SX04 Ropehaven Cliffs, 12.vii.2001, KNAA. SX06 Retire Common (east), roadside Salix, 8.vii.2001; Breney Common, oak, 8.vii.2001, KNAA. SX28 Innyside Woodland, Penheale, 10.vii.2001, KNAA. SX36 Cadsonbury Woods, 11.vii.2001, A Halstead, & 13.vii.2001, KNAA. SX46 Cotehele, 11.vii.2001, AJH.

Family AMPHIPSOCIDAE Kolbia quisquiliarum Bertkau – Native; RDBCIS. An overlooked species first noted in 2005. Favours tall grassy vegetation on dry, well-drained soils. SX17 South Penquite Farm, Blisland, tall grasses on tin-streaming site, 22.vi.2005, KNAA.

11 Series HOMILOPSOCIDEA

Family LACHESILLIDAE Lachesilla pedicularia (Linnaeus) – Native. Reputedly often common amongst dry grass, in haystacks, and similar situations; occasionally found indoors. Cornwall (Clark, 1906). Probably an overlooked species which is widespread in the county. SW97 Markham’s Quay to Lundy Beach, St Minver Highlands, 3.vii.2006, KNAA. SX19 Dizzard Oakwood, off blackthorn, 10.vii.2001, KNAA.

Family ECTOPSOCIDAE Ectopsocus axillaris (Smithers) – Introduction. Described from New Zealand and subsequently discovered in Australia. Common amongst gorse foliage in Cornwall; the date of its arrival here is unclear, but presumably during the 1990s as it was first noticed in Britain in 2001, and presumably imported with plant material. It is mainly associated with evergreen foliage but has also been found on oak. SW43 Osborne Carne, Morvah Cliffs, 8.viii.2007, KNAA. SW54 Hudder Down, Camborne, 15.viii.2007, KNAA. SW64 Western Hill, Portreath, gorse, 17.viii.2007, KNAA. SX15 Lansallos East Coombe, off dead foxglove head, 24.viii.2006, KNAA. SX17 South Penquite Farm, Blisland, 13 & 22.vi. & 23.viii.2005, KNAA. SX46 Haye Farm, Bohetherick, 20.vii.2006, KNAA.

Ectopsocus briggsi McLachlan – Long-established introduction? Old records are likely to include E. petersi (see below) and so require examination of any available voucher material; data is only provided for recently examined vouchers. Not recorded by Clark (1906) but only described new to science from material collected at Lynmouth in 1899. Now known to be relatively cosmopolitan and it seems likely that this was an accidental introduction with imported plants during the Victorian period. Found on the foliage of trees and shrubs in late summer and autumn, the earlier stages being active more in the field layer amongst dead vegetation generally and leaf litter; now very widespread and one of the commonest species nationally. SW83 Trelissick, ix.2009, KNAA. SX06 Lanhydrock Park, 30.ix.2008, KNAA. SX17 South Penquite Farm, Blisland, 23 & 25.viii. & 15.x.2005, KNAA. SX46 Cotehele Apple Orchard, Calstock & Morden Farm, St Dominick, 18.vii.2006, KNAA. SX47 Clitters Wood, Gunnislake, 29.ix.2004, KNAA.

Ectopsocus petersi Smithers – Long-established introduction? Distinguished from E. briggsi in Ireland as long ago as 1978 but was not really looked for in Britain until Withers (1997) found it to be the commoner of the two species in Norfolk. First properly sought locally in June 2000. Found on the foliage of trees and shrubs; widespread and common nationally; almost certainly a relatively recent establishment in Britain. SW43 Foage Farm, Zennor, 8.viii.2006, KNAA. SW74 Chapel Combe, 21.viii.2007, KNAA. SW83 Camerance Wood, 1.ix.2009, KNAA. SW85 Newlyn Downs, St Newlyn East, 12.viii.2007, KNAA. SX17 South Penquite Farm, Blisland, 23.vi., 23.viii.& 15.x.2005, KNAA.

12 Family PERIPSOCIDAE Peripsocus didymus Roesler – Native; County Scarce. On the trunk and branches of broadleaved trees and shrubs; much scarcer than the otherwise very similar P. phaeopterus from which it was first distinguished in 1939. SW63 Godolphin, off ash, oak & sycamore, 14.vii.2008, KNAA. SW83 Trelissick, off heather in oak wood, 25.vi.2009; off apple tree, 1.ix.2009, KNAA.

Peripsocus phaeopterus (Stephens) – Native. On the trunk and branches of broadleaved trees and shrubs, where feed on algae; widespread and fairly common nationally and locally. SW95 Crowhill Valley, Trenowth, 12.vii.2001, KNAA. SX05 North Hill Wood, Luxulyan, 7.vii.1983, KNAA. SX06 Red Moor, 7.vii.1983, KNAA. SX15 Ethy Woods, off ivy, 13.vii.2001, KNAA. SX17 South Penquite Farm, Blisland, 2005, KNAA. SX19 Dizzard Oakwood, blackthorn, 10.vii.2001, KNAA. SX38 Launceston (Clark, 1906) – not distinguished from didymus at this time. SX46 Cotehele, birch, 20.vi.1989; Cotehele Apple Orchard, 18.vii.2006, KNAA.

Peripsocus subfasciatus (Rambur) – Introduction? On tree foliage; widespread but localised; records may include P. milleri which may have been overlooked until first noted in Britain in about 2004. A common species on blackthorn scrub around the county. The sudden widespread appearance of this species in the county suggests an established introduction.

Peripsocus subfasciatus

4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 SW43 Foage Farm, Zennor, blackthorn thicket, 8.viii.2006, KNAA. SW84 Lamorran Wood, St Michael Penkevil, blackthorn by estuary, 13.vii.2007, KNAA. SW95 Crowhill Valley, Trenowth, 12.vii.2001, KNAA. SX04 Ropehaven Cliffs, 12.vii.2001, KNAA. SX06 Breney Common, oak, 8.vii.2001, KNAA. SX15 Lansallos East Coombe, 24.viii.2006, KNAA. SX17 South Penquite Farm, Blisland, 2005, KNAA. SS21 Coombe Wood, Stowe, Kilkhampton, 13.vii.2006, KNAA.

13 Family TRICHOPSOCIDAE Trichopsocus brincki Badonnel – Recent Immigrant or Introduction. Regarded as a Madeiran endemic until discovered in south-east Devon in 2003, but already now more widespread nationally. SW43 Porthmeor Valley, Zennor, off ivy, 9.viii.2007, KNAA. SW83 Camerance Wood, 1.ix.2009, KNAA. SX17 South Penquite Farm, Blisland, 22.vi.2005, KNAA.

Trichopsocus clarus (Banks) – Introduction? Thought to be an introduction as first found in Britain in hothouses, but now found more widely on the foliage of trees and shrubs. SW74 Chapel Coombe, St Agnes, bramble amongst hawthorn and blackthorn scrub, 21.viii.2007, KNAA. SW83 Turnaware Point, ash/Clematis scrub, 1.ix.2009, KNAA.

Trichopsocus dalii (McLachlan) – Native? On the foliage of trees and shrubs, mostly broadleaves. Cornwall (Clark, 1906). SW63 Godolphin Orchard, 14.vii.2008, KNAA.

Family PHILOTARSIDAE Philotarsus parviceps Roesler – Native. Formerly confused with P. picicornis until Saville (2001) drew attention to the presence in GB of both species. P. parviceps has since proved to be the most widespread and so old records are placed here. They are found on the bark of many kinds of trees, feeding on algae. SW43 Foage Farm, blackthorn thicket, 8.viii.2006; Porthmeor Valley, Zennor, 9.viii.2007, KNAA. SX06 Red Moor, 8.vii.2001, KNAA. SX16 River Fowey Floodplain Fields, Lanhydrock Estate, aerial dead branches on field oaks, 30.ix.2008. KNAA. SX17 South Penquite Farm, Blisland, 2005, KNAA. SX26 Liskeard ‘P. picicornis‘(Clark, 1906). SX36 Cadsonbury Woods, 11.vii.2001, AJH. SX45 Churchtown Farm, Saltash, 20.vii.2005, KNAA. SX46 Cotehele, 19.vii.2006, KNAA. SS21 Steeple Point, Morwenstow, blackthorn scrub, 13.vii.2006, KNAA.

Philotarsus picicornis (Fabricius) – Native; County Scarce. On the bark of many kinds of trees, feeding on algae (see previous species). SW74 Allet Bog, one swept, 9.vii.2010, KNAA. SX06 Red Moor, 8.vii.2001, KNAA. SX36 Cadsonbury Woods, 11.vii.2001, AJH. SX46 Cotehele Estate, 19.vii.2006, KNAA.

Family ELIPSOCIDAE Cuneopalpus cyanops (Rostock) – Introduction? Apparently confined to the foliage of pine. Cornwall (Clark, 1906)

Elipsocus abdominalis Reuter – Native; County Scarce. Formerly known as E. mclachlani Kimmins. On the bark of many kinds of tree; specialist feeder on lichens; widespread nationally and locally common. SW61 Clahar, 1980/81, DAS. SX06 Retire Common (east), roadside hawthorn, 8.vii.2001, KNAA.

14 Elipsocus hyalinus (Stephens) – Native. On bark of many kinds of trees, feeding on algae and some lichen material. Widespread and common nationally; abundant in Cornwall.

Elipsocus hyalinus

4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 SW43 Trevessa, sycamores, 5.vi.2000; Foage Farm, Zennor, 8.viii.2006, KNAA. SW54 Nanterrow, Gwithian, 4.vi.2005, KNAA & PAG. SW61 Predannack, 20.ix.1980; Clahar Bridge, 22.ix.1980, DAS. Lower Predannack, elm, 6.vi.2000, KNAA. SW62 Cury, 2.vi.1981, DAS. SW64 North Cliffs, Camborne, 15.viii.2007, KNAA. SW71 Crousa Downs, 17.ix.1980 & Paddock, 2.vi.1981; Golgotham, 7.vii.1981; Erisey, 21.ix.1980, 8.vi. & 2.viii.1981, DAS. SW72 Goonhilly, 2.viii. & 19.ix.1980, 5.vi.1981, DAS. Tremayne Woods, ash, 31.v.1989, KNAA. SW74 Chapel Combe, St Agnes, 21.viii.2007, KNAA. SW75 Holywell Dunes, 3.vii.1983, KNAA. SW83 Falmouth (Clark, 1906). Newton Cliff, St Mawes, Salix, 3.vii.1989, KNAA. Treluggan Cliff, Veryan, Salix, 11.vii.2001, KNAA. SW84 Truro (Clark 1906). Lamorran Wood, St Michael Penkevil, 13.vi.2007, KNAA. SW85 Newlyn Downs, St Newlyn East, 12.viii.2007, KNAA. SX15 Penpoll Creek, 19.viii.2002; Frogmore Farm, 26.viii.2006 & Triggabrowne Cliff, Lanteglos, 29.viii.2006, KNAA. SX17 Delford Bridge, Kerrow Downs, boundary hawthorn, 29.v.2000; South Penquite Farm, Blisland, various dates 2005, KNAA. SX19 Bynorth Cliff, East Dizzard, on lichen-covered oak boughs, 8.vi.2000; Lower Tresmorn, hawthorn, 8.vi.2000 & crab apple, 9.vi.2000, KNAA. SX26 Draynes Wood, 30.v.2000, KNAA. SX29 Hilton Wood, Week St Mary, 31.v.2000, KNAA. SX46 Cotehele Apple Orchard, Calstock, & Morden Farm, St Dominick, 18.vii.2006, KNAA.

15 Elipsocus pumilis (Hagen) – Native; County Scarce. Formerly known as E. westwoodi McLachlan. On bark of many kinds of trees; feed on algae and fungal spores; often commoner on conifers; widespread nationally and locally common, but apparently scarce in the county. SW84 Bishop’s Wood, Truro (Clark, 1906). SX15 Hogg’s Moor, 12.vii.2001, KNAA. Frogmore Farm, Lanteglos, 6.viii.2006, KNAA. SX18 Bowithick Bog, Salix, 6.vii.1983, KNAA. SX19 Dizzard Oakwood, blackthorn, 10.vii.2001, KNAA.

Propsocus pulchripennis (Perkins) – Immigrant or Introduction? RDBCIS. Discovered to be widespread in the Isles of Scilly in 2000 (Saville et al 2005), and also found on the East Sussex coast in 2004. Found amongst fairly short, open-structured grassy vegetation on sand close to high tide level in the Isles of Scilly. Later searches at the same localities (September 2002) failed to reveal the species. Known from many countries across the subtropical regions, including Madeira. SV80 St Agnes/Gugh, 8.ix.2000, PK. SV81 Bryher, in considerable numbers, 9.ix.2000; Samson, 12.ix.2000, PK. SV91 St Mary’s, two localities, 9.ix.2000, but not ix.2002, PK.

Family MESOPSOCIDAE Mesopsocus immunis (Stephens) – Native; County Scarce. Reputedly common and widespread nationally although very localised in reality. Feed on algae on bark. SW83 Trelissick Park, aerial dead branches on parkland oak, 24.vi.2009, KNAA.

Mesopsocus unipunctatus (Mueller) – Native. Common and widespread nationally; on trees and low vegetation, where feed on algae. Cornwall (Clark, 1906); probably widespread, overlooked in county. SW61 Clahar, 1980/81, DAS. SW62 Penrose, hazel, 6.vi.1989, KNAA. SW83 Lodge Plantation, Trelissick, oak, 12.vi.1989, KNAA. Turnaware Point, 8.vi.1989, SJG.

Series PSOCETAE

Family PSOCIDAE Amphigerontia bifasciata (Latreille) – Native. Widespread nationally; feeds on encrusting algae on tree branches. Cornwall (Clark, 1906); widespread in the county but not common. SW54 Nanterrow Farm, Gwithian, 4.vi.2005, KNAA & PAG. SW64 Nanterrow Farm, Gwithian, 4.vi.2005, KNAA. SW61 Clahar, 1980/81, DAS. SX17 South Penquite Farm, Blisland, 22.vi.2005, KNAA. SX46 Cotehele, birch, 20.vi.1989, KNAA.

Amphigerontia contaminata (Stephens) – Native; County Scarce. Widespread nationally, on various trees and low vegetation, where it feeds on algae. An overlooked species, only recently reported from the county. SW43 Foage Farm, Zennor, 8.viii.2006, KNAA.

Blaste quadrimaculata (Latreille) – Native; RDBCIS. Lives on lichen-covered rocks, walls and posts, and on various trees. SW83 Falmouth (Clark, 1906). SX45 Millbrook, beaten from a bush, 1.vii.1903, GCB.

16 Psococerastis gibbosa (Sulzer) – Native. Found locally on many kinds of tree, especially in southern and central England. Cornwall (Clark, 1906); probably widespread, overlooked in county. SX15 Penpoll Creek, 19.viii.2002, KNAA. SX17 South Penquite Farm, Blisland, 23.viii.2005, KNAA. SX46 Cotehele Wood, Calstock, 17.vii.2006; Morden Farm, cherry orchard & field oak, 18.vii.2006; Bohetherick Cherry Orchard, 19.vii.2006, KNAA.

Metylophorus nebulosus (Stephens) – Native. Widespread nationally, but localised; on the bark of many kinds of tree; usually present only in low numbers. Widespread in the county, although rather localised. SW71 Crousa Downs, 4.viii.1980, DAS. SW83 Treluggan Cliff, Veryan, one off Salix, 11.vii.2001, KNAA. SW84 Bishop’s Wood, Truro (Clark, 1906). SX15 Hogg’s Moor, on hazel branch in birch woodland, 12.vii.2001, KNAA. SX36 Cotehele, 11.vii.2001, AJH. SS21 Stowe Barton, Kilkhampton, roadside hedge, 13.vii.2006, KNAA.

Atlantopsocus adustus (Hagen) – Recent arrival; RDBCIS. Only recently recognised in Britain (Alexander, 2007) and only so far known from Cornwall and a single record from Sussex. It has mostly been found on coastal scrub. The combination of relatively high humidity and frost-free conditions may be important.

Atlantopsocus adustus

4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4

SW43 Carn Galver Mine, Salix, 8.viii.2007, & Trevean Cliff, Zennor, Salix, 10.viii.2007, KNAA. SW54 Hudder Down, Camborne, off gorse and blackthorn on cliff-tops, 15 & 16.viii.2007, KNAA. SW61 Windmill Farm, Landewednack, 3.viii.2009, KNAA. SW63 Godolphin Hall Gardens & Orchard, 27.v. & 14.vii.2008, KNAA. SW64 North Cliffs, Camborne, off blackthorn on cliff-tops, 15.viii.2007, KNAA SW74 Chapel Coombe, St Agnes, off bramble amongst hawthorn & blackthorn scrub, 21.vii.2007, KNAA. SW83 Treluggan Cliff, Gerrans, blackthorn & Salix, 23.viii.2007, KNAA. Trelissick, orchard trees, 1.ix.2009; one in flight trap in old hedgerow oak, 2.ix.2009, KNAA.

17 SX06 Lanhydrock Estate, widely, 29.v., 15 & 16.vii. & 30.ix.2008, KNAA. SX15 Lantivet Bay, Lanteglos, on elm regrowth in cliff combe, 26.viii.2006, KNAA.

Loensia fasciata (Fabricius) – Native. On the bark of a wide range of trees; widespread nationally but not usually common. Local in county. SW83 Round Wood, Trelissick, oak, 8.vi.1989, coll. SJG det KNAA. SW84 Truro (Clark, 1906). Lamorran Wood, St Michael Penkevil, on old oak at saltmarsh fringe, 13.vi.2007, KNAA. SX19 Bynorth Cliff, East Dizzard, on lichen-covered oak boughs, 8.vi.2000; on oak trunk, Lower Tresmorn, 9.vi.2000, KNAA. SX46 Smeaton, 19.vii.2006; Burcombe & Haye Farm, Bohetherick, apple trees in old orchard, 20.vii.2006, KNAA.

Loensia variegata (Latreille) – Native; County Scarce. On the bark of a wide range of trees; widespread nationally but not usually common. Cornwall (Clark 1906). SX15 Pendower House, Lanteglos, old apple tree in relict orchard, 26.vii.2006, KNAA.

Trichadenotecnum sexpunctatum (Linnaeus) – Native; County Scarce. On bark on a wide range of trees; widespread nationally but not usually common. SW83 Trelissick, one in flight trap on old parkland ash tree and three in another on old hedgerow oak, 2.ix.2009, KNAA. SW84 Truro (Clark, 1906). SX15 Ethy Woods, one off heather under oaks, 13.vii.2001, KNAA.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to record my thanks to: Bob Saville for his extensive help and encouragement. Charles Lienhard for help with identifications, Joe Botting for use of his photographs. Colin French for access to the ERICA database and desk top publishing this review; ERCCIS and CISFBR for their help in carrying this project through to publication.

REFERENCES

Alexander, K.N.A. 2007. Atlantopsocus adustus (Hagen) (Psoc.: Psocidae) new to Britain from East Cornwall. Entomologist’s Record 119: 76. Clark, J. 1906. In Page, W. (ed.) The Victoria History of the Counties of England. Cornwall. Archibald Constable & Co. Lienhard, C. 1998. Psocoptères Euro-Méditerranéens. Faune de France 83. New, T.R. 1969a. The early stages and life histories of some British foliage-frequenting Psocoptera, with notes on the overwintering stages of British arboreal Psocoptera. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 121: 59-77. New, T.R. 1969b. Observations on the biology of Psocoptera found in leaf litter in southern England. Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 18: 169-180. New, T.R. 1971. An introduction to the natural history of the British Psocoptera. The Entomologist 104: 59-97. New, T.R. 1974. Psocoptera. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 1 (7): 1-146. 1st edition. New, T.R. 2005. Psocids Psocoptera (Booklice and barklice). Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 1 (7): 1-146. 2nd edition.

18 Saville, B. 2001. New British barklice (Psocoptera) since 1974. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 137: 79-83. Saville, B., Alexander, K.N.A., Dolling, W.R. & Kirby, P. 2005. Some notable British barkfly (Psocoptera) observations. Entomologist’s Record 117: 35-39. Saville, R.E. 2010. An initial study of the feeding and egg-laying preferences of bark dwelling psocids (Psocoptera) using composite bark blocks. Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation 122: 35-42. Turk, SM. 1997. Booklice and Barklice (Psocoptera). P 174 in : Spalding, A. (ed.) Red Data Book for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. Croceago Press, Camborne. Turk, S.M. & Alexander, K.N.A. 2009. Barkflies and Booklice (Psocoptera). Pp 211-2, in: CISFBR, Red Data Book for Cornwall and The Isles of Scilly. Croceago Press. Praze-an- Beeble. Withers, P. 1997. The free-living bark-lice (Insecta; Psocoptera) of Norfolk. Transactions of the Norfolk & Norwich Naturalist’s Society 31: 87-94.

INDEX

Amphigerontia bifasciata 6, 16 Liposcelis decolor 5, 8 Amphigerontia contaminata 6, 16 Loensia fasciata 6, 18 Atlantopsocus adustus 1, 2, 4, 6, 17 Loensia variegata 6, 18 Atropos divinatoria 8 Mesopsocus immunis 6, 16 Bertkauia lucifuga 5, 8 Mesopsocus unipunctatus 6, 16 Blaste quadrimaculata 1, 4, 6, 16 Metylophorus nebulosus 6, 17 Caecilius fuscopterus 1, 4, 5, 8 Peripsocus alboguttatus 6 Caecilius vittatus 8 Peripsocus didymus 5, 13 Cerobasis guestfalica 5, 8 Peripsocus milleri 6 Cuneopalpus cyanops 6, 14 Peripsocus phaeopterus 5, 13 Ectopsocus axillaris 5, 12 Peripsocus subfasciatus 5, 13 Ectopsocus briggsi 5, 12 Philotarsus parviceps 5, 14 Ectopsocus petersi 5, 12 Philotarsus picicornis 5, 14 Elipsocus abdominalis 6, 14 Propsocus pulchripennis 2, 4, 6, 16 Elipsocus hyalinus 6, 15 Psococerastis gibbosa 6, 17 Elipsocus mclachlani 14 Pteroxanium kellogi 6 Elipsocus pumilis 6, 16 Reuterella helvimacula 6 Elipsocus westwoodi 16 Stenopsocus immaculatus 5, 11 Enderleinella obsoleta 1, 4, 5, 10 Stenopsocus stigmaticus 5, 11 Epicaecilius pilipennis 2, 5, 9 Trichadenotecnum majus 6 Epipsocus lucifugus 8 Trichadenotecnum 6, 18 sexpunctatum Graphopsocus cruciatus 5, 10 Trichopsocus brincki 2, 14 Kolbia quisquiliarum 2, 4, 5, 11 Trichopsocus clarus 5, 14 Lachesilla pedicularia 5, 12 Trichopsocus dalii 5, 14 Lepinotus inquilinus 5, 8 Trogium pulsatorium 5, 8 Lepinotus patruelis 6 Valenzuela burmeisteri 5, 9 Lepinotus reticulatus 5, 8 Valenzuela flavidus 5, 9 Liposcelis bostrychophila 5, 8 Valenzuela piceus 5, 9

19 Blaste quadrimaculata (Latreille) Loensia fasciata (Fabricius)

Valenzuela burmeisteri (Brauer) Peripsocus subfasciatus (Rambur)