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Henry W. Slocum and America's Civil War

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"STAY AND FIGHT IT OUT': HENRY W. SLOCUM AND AMERICA'S CIVIL WAR By BRIAN CHRISTOPHER MEL TON Bachelor of Science, 1998 Toccoa FaIls College Toccoa FaIls, Georgia Master of Arts, 2001 Texas Christian University Fort Worth, Texas Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of AddRan College of Humanities and Social Sciences Texas Christian University in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December, 2003 Copyright by Brian Christopher Melton 2003 "STA Y AND FIGHT IT OUT": HENRY W. SLOCUM AND AMERICA'S CIVIL WAR Major rofessor For AddRan College of Humanities and Social Sciences 11 ACKNOWELDGEMENTS The author would like to acknowledge the efforts of everyone who contributed to the assembly of this manuscript. A special thanks is due Dr. Steven Woodworth, Dr. D. Clayton Brown. Dr. Mark Gilderhus, and Dr. Todd Kerstetter for the invaluable time they committed to serving on my dissertation committee. Rebekah Ambrose of the Onondaga Historical Association was a great help and consistently went far above the call of duty in aiding my research. Elizabeth Redkey of SUNY Albany also aided me a great deal, and was a pleasure to work with. Pompeytown historian Sylvia Shoebridge provided a good deal of useful information and several leads. I would also like to thank Mr. John A. Slocum for sharing his family memories with me. Last, but far from least, I would like to remember my patient wife, who not only has put up with the topic for the last several years, but given me invaluable input on drafts 1Il TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................... I. Early years................................................................................................. 8 II. Advancement.............................................................................................. 21 III. Stagnation and Controversy....................................................................... 58 IV. Gettysburg.................................................................................................. 88 V. Heading West............................................. ............................................ .... 123 VI. The Army of Georgia............................................. .................................... 154 VII. Postwar Life............................................................................................... 186 Conclusion.................................................................................................. 202 Selected Bibliography................................................................................ 204 VITA.......................................................................................................... 209 Abstract....... ...... ....... .... .............................................................................. 21 0 IV ABBREVIATIONS The location of archival material is noted in the first citation. The following abbreviations are used in the footnotes: BHS-Brooklyn Historical Society, Brooklyn, New York GNMP-Gettysburg National Military Park, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania HL-Huntington Library Collection, San Marino, California MeA-Morgan County Archives, Madison, Georgia NYL-New York State Archives and Library, Albany, New York NYHS-New-York Historical Society Collections, New York, New York OHA-Onondaga Historical Association, Syracuse, New York: Biographical Clippings File TPHS-Town of Pompey Historical Society, Pompey Town, New York USMHI-United States Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, Brake Collection v Introduction Henry Warner Slocum and History This study resulted from some very practical considerations. It began while I prepared an article on Sherman's March to the Sea, particularly the Army of Georgia's tramp through the small town of Madison. When I searched for information on their commander. a thin, prickly New Yorker, by the name of Henry W. Slocum, I discovered that little had been written on him. Unlike most other Civil War army commanders, he had no in print biographies, and even though he commanded one-half of the army under Sherman, most of the books about the March itself did not devote much space to him. In fact. Lee Kennett's otherwise exemplary work, Marching Through Georgi~ does ~ot even have an index listing for him, even though some of his subordinates appear. I pieced together a brief synopsis of Slocum's life for the purposes of the article, though I remained wholly displeased with the scant information I found. What I learned of Slocum was minimal. Born in New York to a small goods merchant. Slocum paid for his own early education, eventually attending West Point. He served in the artillery for a few years, but resigned and returned to civilian life. Elected colonel of the Twenty-seventh New York in Lincoln's first call for troops, Slocum rose through the ranks rapidly, becoming a Major General by mid 1862. He saw action in every major battle with the Army of the Potomac from Bull Run to Gettysburg, with the notable exceptions of Antietam and Fredericksburg. Transferred west, he served for a time in Tennessee and Mississippi before joining Sherman's Atlanta campaign. He commanded the left wing of Sherman's army for the subsequent March to the Sea and Through the Carolinas, and was present at Johnston's final surrender. He thus led men at 2 the regimental, brigade, division, corps, and even army level, though he never found his way into independent command. Slocum was the subject of only two biographies, both quite laudatory and the most recent published in 1913. Only a smattering of articles appeared concerning him. most connected to his controversial performance at Gettysburg. One of the earliest accounts of Slocum's life appeared on 29 April 1894,just after his death. Oliver O. Howard delivered a eulogy to Slocum's memory at the Plymouth Church in Brooklyn, New York. Every biography of Slocum, including the present, makes use of this document. Having met there to sing the praises of his friend, Howard portrayed Slocum's wartime career in a dazzling light, making him shine as brightly as either Grant or Sherman. It is difficult to read it in its entirety and not think that Howard's grasp on history and Slocum's place in it is somewhat tenuous. Rather than cast such aspersions on the general's personality, it is only necessary to point out what Howard attempted that day. He did not address an assembly of historians or a gathering of Civil War enthusiasts. He wrote and delivered a eulogy, not serious history. Howard wanted to have his audience focus exclusively on the good aspects of Slocum's role in the war and pass over any negative ones. For instance, he offered no criticism of Slocum's performance on the first day at Gettysburg, though he speaks of it elsewhere. Instead, he stated that, "[b]ut for Slocum the waters of Rebellion would have passed around the heights and the 'high-water mark' would not have been found on that Cemetery crest.,,1 Given Howard's purpose,lauding Slocum was not out of place. But the reader must remember why he wrote his speech and not expect to see any of the low points of Slocum's career. 3 Since the war, only two authors aside from the present took up their pens to write an extended, researched account of the life of Henry Slocum. The first, William F. Fox, did so as a part of the dedication of Slocum's statue at Gettysburg in 1902. Of all the authors thus far attempting to undertake this project, Fox had the best access to the man himself. Fox knew Slocum, had access to his papers, and also knew many of Slocum's fellow officers. Unfortunately, his work would not meet the standards of modem history for the simple reason that, like Howard, Fox did not aim for them. In Memoriam: Henry Warner Slocum is just that: a memorial. Fox was not terribly concerned with supplying his readers with a critical look at the general's life. Indeed, he was just as likely as Howard to ignore Slocum's foibles. Memorials overlook these things to focus on the good an individual accomplished. Also, it was relatively short. Fox's narrative of Slocum's life takes up only 54 pages of a 325-page book. For the sake of time, Fox often skims over important events. Again, for his purposes, such an approach was perfectly understandable, but the fact remains that it did not translate into good history. Still, even with these difficulties, Fox's memorial is a great source of information. He seems to have been an honest author and felt no need to exaggerate Slocum's role in the war. He also reproduced primary source documents no longer available elsewhere. For instance, he reprints letters to and from Sherman that reveal some of Slocum's personality. Slocum's more recent biography demonstrates ancestor worship at its best, or worst, as the case may be. In 1913, Charles Elihu Slocum of Toledo, Ohio, published The Life and Services of Major-General Henry Warner Slocum. He was not content with 4 simply focusing on highlights; in some cases he almost manufactured them. Taking up nearly 400 pages, he stuffed the book full of verbatim reports from the Official Records, letters taken from the pages of Fox's memorial, and the like, all available elsewhere. Not only accenting whole every favorable word ever written about the general, Charles Slocum sweetened his narrative to the point that readers may find it noxious. He made a few unique claims and provided a few new leads, but his book was so poorly documented
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