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Agriculture's Role as an Upholder of Cultural Heritage Report from a Workshop Karoline Daugstad (ed.) TemaNord 2005:576 Agriculture's Role as an Upholder of Cultural Heritage Report from a Workshop TemaNord 2005:576 © Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen 2005 ISBN 92-893-1232-7 This publication can be ordered on www.norden.org/order. Other Nordic publications are available at www.norden.org/publications Nordic Council of Ministers Nordic Council Store Strandstræde 18 Store Strandstræde 18 DK-1255 Copenhagen K DK-1255 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) 3396 0200 Phone (+45) 3396 0400 Fax (+45) 3396 0202 Fax (+45) 3311 1870 www.norden.org Nordic Co-operation in Agriculture and Forestry Agriculture and forestry in the Nordic countries are based on similar natural pre-requisites, and often face common challenges. This has resulted in a long-established tradition of Nordic co-operation in agriculture and forestry. Within the framework of the Plan of Action 1996-2000, the Nordic Council of Ministers (ministers of agriculture and forestry) has given priority to co-operation on quality agricultural production emphazising environmental aspects, the management of genetic resources, the development of regions depending on agriculture and forestry and sustainable forestry. Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation, one of the oldest and most wide-ranging regional partnerships in the world, involves Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. Co- operation reinforces the sense of Nordic community while respecting national differences and simi- larities, makes it possible to uphold Nordic interests in the world at large and promotes positive relations between neighbouring peoples. Co-operation was formalised in 1952 when the Nordic Council was set up as a forum for parlia- mentarians and governments. The Helsinki Treaty of 1962 has formed the framework for Nordic partnership ever since. The Nordic Council of Ministers was set up in 1971 as the formal forum for co-operation between the governments of the Nordic countries and the political leadership of the autonomous areas, i.e. the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. Content Preface..........................................................................................................................9 Summary ....................................................................................................................11 1. The cultural heritage of agriculture ........................................................................19 2. Agriculture’s role as an upholder of the Swedish cultural heritage ........................21 2.1 In what way and how is agriculture seen as an upholder of cultural heritage in Sweden?........................................................................................21 2.2 What are seen as the main factors and actors influencing the development of agriculture’s role as a provider of cultural heritage and the development of environmental values in the agricultural landscape? ..................................22 2.3 Which measures are relevant for the link between agriculture and cultural heritage and environmental values in the agricultural landscape? ..................23 2.4 What future trends can be seen regarding the thematic focus of the measures? Who will be in control of the measures and strategies?.................25 3. Agriculture’s role as upholder of the Finnish cultural heritage...............................27 3.1 Background information on the development of Finnish agriculture .............27 3.2 In what way and how is agriculture seen as the upholder of agricultural heritage within the respective national context? .............................................29 3.3 What are the main factors and actors influencing the development of agriculture`s role as a provider of cultural heritage and the development of environmental values in the agricultural landscape? ..................................30 3.4 Which measures are relevant for the link between agriculture, cultural heritage and environmental values in the agricultural landscape? ..................31 3.5 What future trends can be seen regarding the thematic focus of the measures (and policies) and who will be in control of the measures and strategies?......33 4. Agriculture as an upholder of the Danish cultural heritage.....................................37 4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................37 4.2 Agriculture and the winds of change..............................................................38 4.3 Information as a proper tool ...........................................................................39 4.4 Measures to be taken? ....................................................................................40 4.5 Nature plans – the ultimate solution? .............................................................41 4.6 EU plays a vital role .......................................................................................42 4.7 Conclusions....................................................................................................42 5. Large scale maintenance of cultural landscapes .....................................................45 5.1 Protection and/or production? ........................................................................45 5.2 The Akureyri-declaration ...............................................................................46 5.3 Unreliability of subsidy systems.....................................................................47 5.4 Large scale maintenance of cultural landscapes .............................................48 5.5 Relations to other Nordic projects..................................................................50 6. Agricultural heritage in Estonia..............................................................................51 6.1 Introduction....................................................................................................51 6.2 Layers of heritage...........................................................................................51 6.3 Inventories......................................................................................................55 7. Agriculture’s role as an upholder of cultural heritage in Estonia seen from the agricultural authorities................................................................................................57 7.1 Some basic facts of Estonia............................................................................57 7.2 Estonian population dynamics 1970 – 2003...................................................58 7.3 Agricultural situation......................................................................................58 7.4 Cultural heritage in agriculture.......................................................................60 7.5 The most expressive examples of the cultural heritage related to agriculture.......................................................................................................61 7.6 The main factors for the survival of village culture........................................62 6 Agriculture’s Role as an Upholder of Cultural Heritage 8. Agriculture and cultural heritage in Iceland........................................................... 65 8.1 Iceland ........................................................................................................... 65 8.2 In what way and how is agriculture seen as an upholder of cultural heritage in Iceland? ........................................................................................ 66 8.3 What are seen as the main factors and actors influencing the development of agriculture’s role as a provider of cultural heritage and the development of environmental values in the agricultural landscape?.................................. 66 8.4 Which measures are relevant for the link between agriculture and cultural heritage and environmental values in the agricultural landscape?.................. 67 8.5 What future trends can be seen regarding the thematic focus of the measures (and policies) - and who will be in control of the measures and strategies?... 68 9. Agriculture’s role as an upholder of cultural heritage – a view from the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage............................................................. 69 9.1 In what way and how is agriculture seen as an upholder of cultural heritage within the respective national contexts? ........................................... 69 9.2 What is seen as the main factors and actors influencing the development of agriculture’s role as a provider of cultural heritage and the development of environmental values in the agricultural landscape? ...................................... 70 9.3 Which measures are relevant for the link between agriculture and cultural heritage and environmental values in the agricultural landscape?.................. 71 9.4 What future trends can be seen regarding the thematic focus of the measures (and policies) – and who will be in control of the measures and strategies? .. 73 10. Agriculture’s role as an upholder of cultural heritage – The Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food .............................................................................. 77 10.1 How and in what way is agriculture seen as an upholder of cultural heritage in the Norwegian context?................................................................ 77 10.2 What are seen as the