Chapter Planning Guide

Key to Ability Levels Key to Teaching Resources BL Below Level AL Above Level Print Material Transparency OL On Level ELL English CD-ROM or DVD Language Learners

Levels Resources Chapter Section Section Section Section Chapter BL OL AL ELL Opener 1 2 3 4 Assess FOCUS

BL OL AL ELL Daily Focus Transparencies 22-1 22-2 22-3 22-4 TEACH OL AL History Simulations and Problem Solving, URB p. 9 BL OL ELL Reading Skills Activity, URB p. 89 OL Historical Analysis Skills Activity, URB p. 90 BL OL AL ELL Differentiated Instruction Activity, URB p. 91 BL OL ELL English Learner Activity, URB p. 93 BL OL AL ELL Content Vocabulary Activity, URB* p. 95 BL OL AL ELL Academic Vocabulary Activity, URB p. 97 OL AL Reinforcing Skills Activity, URB p. 99 OL AL Critical Thinking Skills Activity, URB p. 100 BL OL ELL Time Line Activity, URB p. 101 OL Linking Past and Present Activity, URB p. 102 BL OL AL ELL Primary Source Reading, URB p. 105 p. 103 BL OL AL ELL American Art and Music Activity, URB p. 107 BL OL AL ELL Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity, URB p. 109 AL Enrichment Activity, URB p. 113 BL OL ELL Guided Reading Activity, URB* p. 116 p. 117 p. 118 p. 119 BL OL AL ELL Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide* p. 247 p. 250 p. 253 p. 256 Differentiated Instruction for the American BL OL AL ELL ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ History Classroom

BL OL AL ELL Unit Map Overlay Transparencies ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓

Unit Time Line Transparencies, Strategies, and BL OL AL ELL ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ Activities Cause and Effect Transparencies, Strategies, BL OL AL ELL ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ and Activities Why It Matters Chapter Transparencies, BL OL AL ELL ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ Strategies, and Activities Note: Please refer to the Unit 7 Resource Book for this chapter’s URB materials. * Also available in Spanish

758A Planning Guide Chapter

Plus • Interactive Lesson Planner • Differentiated Lesson Plans • Interactive Teacher Edition • Printable reports of daily All-In-One Planner and Resource Center • Fully editable blackline masters assignments • Section Spotlight Videos Launch • Standards Tracking System Levels Resources Chapter Section Section Section Section Chapter BL OL AL ELL Opener 1 2 3 4 Assess TEACH (continued) BL OL AL Supreme Court Case Studies p. 69 p. 77 BL OL AL ELL The Living Constitution ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ BL OL AL ELL American Issues ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ American Art and Architecture Transparencies, OL AL ELL ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ Strategies, and Activities High School American History Literature BL OL AL ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ Library American History Primary Source Documents OL AL ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ Library BL OL AL ELL American Music: Hits Through History CD ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ BL OL AL ELL StudentWorks™ Plus ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ BL OL AL ELL The American Vision Video Program ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ Reading Strategies and Activities for the ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ Social Studies Classroom Teacher Strategies for Success ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ Resources Presentation Plus! with MindJogger ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ CheckPoint Success With English Learners ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ ASSESS BL OL AL ELL Section Quizzes and Chapter Tests* p. 315 p. 316 p. 317 p. 318 p. 319 BL OL AL ELL Authentic Assessment With Rubrics p. 49 BL OL AL ELL Standardized Test Practice Workbook p. 49 BL OL AL ELL ExamView® Assessment Suite 22-1 22-2 22-3 22-4 Ch. 22 CLOSE BL ELL Reteaching Activity, URB p. 111 BL OL ELL Reading and Study Skills Foldables™ pp. 75–76 BL OL AL ELL American History in Graphic Novel p. 57 ✓ Chapter- or unit-based activities applicable to all sections in this chapter.

758B Chapter Integrating Technology

Using Student

Web Activities Teach With Technology

What is a Student Web Activity? A Student Web Activity uses the Internet to enrich chapter content. It also helps students to enhance their online research skills. How can a Student Web Activity help my students? A Student Web Activity can teach students how to conduct research online and extends the content provided in the textbook. Features include: • a research topic based on the chapter • short answer questions to assess comprehension • links to Web sites with more information • a form to e-mail answers to you or to themselves on the topics

Visit glencoe.com and enter a ™ code to go to a Student Web Activity.

You can easily launch a wide range of digital products Visit glencoe.com and enter ™ code from your computer’s desktop with the McGraw-Hill TAV9399c22T for Chapter 22 resources. Social Studies widget. Student Teacher Parent Media Library • Section Audio ●● • Spanish Audio Summaries ●● • Section Spotlight Videos ●●● The American Vision Online Learning Center (Web Site) • StudentWorks™ Plus Online ●●● • Multilingual Glossary ●●● • Study-to-Go ●●● • Chapter Overviews ●●● • Self-Check Quizzes ●●● • Student Web Activities ●●● • ePuzzles and Games ●●● • Vocabulary eFlashcards ●●● • In Motion Animations ●●● • Study Central™ ●●● • Web Activity Lesson Plans ● • Vocabulary PuzzleMaker ●●● • Historical Thinking Activities ● • Beyond the Textbook ●●●

758C Additional Chapter Resources Chapter

®

• Timed Readings Plus in Social Studies helps The following videotape programs are available from students increase their reading rate and fluency while Glencoe as supplements to this chapter: maintaining comprehension. The 400-word passages are similar to those found on state and national • Berlin Airlift: The First Battle of the Cold War assessments. (ISBN 0-76-701166-X) • Reading in the Content Area: Social Studies • Harry S. Truman: A New View (ISBN 1-56-501449) concentrates on six essential reading skills that help To order, call Glencoe at 1-800-334-7344. To find classroom students better comprehend what they read. The resources to accompany many of these videos, check the book includes 75 high-interest nonfiction passages following home pages: written at increasing levels of difficulty. A&E Television: www.aetv.com • Reading Social Studies includes strategic reading The History Channel: www.historychannel.com instruction and vocabulary support in Social Studies content for both ELLs and native speakers of English. www.jamestowneducation.com Reading List Generator CD-ROM

Use this database to search more than 30,000 titles to create a customized reading list for your students. • Reading lists can be organized by students’ reading level, author, genre, theme, or area of interest. • The database provides Degrees of Reading Power™ (DRP) and Lexile™ readability scores for all selections. • A brief summary of each selection is included. Index to National Geographic Magazine: The following articles relate to this chapter: Leveled reading suggestions for this chapter: • “DMZ: Korea’s Dangerous Divide,” by Tom O’Neill, For students at a Grade 8 reading level: July 2003. • Joseph McCarthy and the Cold War, by Victoria Sherrow • “Douglas MacArthur: An American Soldier,” by Geoffrey For students at a Grade 9 reading level: C. Ward and Cary Wolinsky, March 1992. • I Remember Korea: Veterans Tell Their Stories of the National Geographic Society Products To order the Korean War, 1950–53, by Linda Granfield following, call National Geographic at 1-800-368-2728: For students at a Grade 10 reading level: • ZipZapMap! USA Windows (ZipZapMap! USA). • The Emperor’s General: A Novel, by James Webb Access National Geographic’s new dynamic MapMachine For students at a Grade 11 reading level: Web site and other geography resources at: • Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China, by Jung Chang www.nationalgeographic.com For students at a Grade 12 reading level: www.nationalgeographic.com/maps • Spectacular Space Travelers, by Jason Richie

758D Introducing Chapter Chapter Focus TThehe ColdCold WarWar MAKING CONNECTIONS Begins How Did the Atomic Bomb Change the World? 1945 –1960 Ask students to imagine that a new, powerful weapon has been SECTION 1 The Origins of the Cold War invented by an enemy nation. This SECTION 2 The Early Cold War Years new weapon is so powerful that SECTION 3 The Cold War and American Society no one, not even its inventor, SECTION 4 Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies knows the extent of the damage that the new weapon might cause. Have students explain what feelings they might have about the use of such a weapon and list them on the board. Explain that many Americans grew fearful of the power of the atomic bomb, especially after the Soviet Union developed a bomb of its own. OL The Big Ideas As students study the chapter, The world’s first nuclear artillery shell is test remind them to consider the sec- fired on May 25, 1953. Such tests were common tion-based Big Ideas included in during the early cold war. each section’s Guide to Reading. 1948 1950 1953 • Berlin airlift begins • McCarthy charges • Armistice agreement The Essential Questions in the that Communists is reached in Korea activities below tie in to the Big 1945 Truman 1947 staff the U.S. Eisenhower • Franklin Roosevelt dies 1945–1953 • Truman State Department 1953–1961 Ideas and help students think Doctrine is • Korean War about and understand important declared begins U.S. PRESIDENTS chapter concepts. In addition, the U.S. EVENTS 1945 1950 Hands-on Chapter Projects with WORLD EVENTS their culminating activities relate the content from each section to March 1945 July 1945 1948 1949 • Yalta Conference • Potsdam • State of • Communists take the Big Ideas. These activities is held to plan Conference partitions Israel is power in China build on each other as students postwar world Germany created progress through the chapter. 758 Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins Section activities culminate in the wrap-up activity on the Visual Summary page. Section 1 Section 2 The Origins of the Cold War The Early Cold War Years Essential Question: How did the Cold War Essential Question: How did President emerge after World War II? (Relations between Truman attempt to deter Communism? the Soviet Union and the other Allies soured as (Truman authorized billions of dollars of the Soviets set up Communist governments in American aid to devastated European nations as Eastern Europe.) Tell students that in this sec- well as to the Allies’ former enemies, Germany tion they will learn how the Cold War began and Japan.) Tell students that this section will and how it affected American foreign focus on how American policies controlled policy. OL the spread of Communism during the Cold War. OL Introducing Chapter Chapter Audio MAKING CONNECTIONS How Did the Atomic Bomb More About the Change the World? Photo The destructiveness of the atomic bomb raised the stakes in military confl icts. Growing tensions between the Visual Literacy In the 1950s, United States and the Soviet Union after World War II led to a constant threat of nuclear war. nuclear tests were regularly car- • How did the atomic bomb change relations ried out above ground. People did between nations? not fully understand the danger- • Do you think the invention of the atomic bomb ous side effects of nuclear fallout. made the world safer? The United States alone has con- ducted more than 1,000 nuclear tests, some above ground and some below ground. The Test Ban Treaty of 1963 prohibits nuclear weapons tests “or any other nuclear explosion” in the atmo- sphere, in outer space, and under water. The treaty does not ban underground testing.

Dinah Zike’s Foldables Dinah Zike’s Foldables are three-dimensional, interac- tive graphic organizers that help students practice basic writing skills, review vocabu- lary terms, and identify main Analyzing Causes Make a ideas. Instructions for creat- Two-Tab Book Foldable that lists Long-Term 1960 the long-term and short-term Causes ing and using Foldables can • U-2 incident occurs causes of the Cold War. List the be found in the Appendix at information as you read and Short -Term Causes Cold War Causes review the chapter. the end of this book and in 1955 1960 the Dinah Zike’s Reading and Study Skills Foldables booklet. 1956 1957 • Hungarians rebel against the • Soviet Union Visit glencoe.com

Communist government launches Sputnik and enter code TAV9846c22 for Chapter 22 resources.

Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins 759 Visit glencoe.com and enter code Section 3 Section 4 TAV9399c22T for Chapter 22 The Cold War and American Society Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies resources, including a Chapter Essential Question: How did the Cold War Essential Question: How did Eisenhower’s Overview, Study Central™, change the nation at home? (People grew policies address Cold War issues? Study-to-Go, Student Web fearful of the possibility of Communists infiltrat- (Eisenhower believed the United States needed a Activity, Self-Check Quiz, and ing the U.S. government; others were afraid that strong economy as well as a strong military; he other materials. the Soviet Union would attack the United States also used covert operations to prevent Soviet with nuclear weapons). Tell students that in expansion.) Tell students that in Section 4 they Section 3 they will learn about how the Cold will learn about how President Eisenhower War affected all parts of American society. OL confronted the Soviet Union during the Cold War. OL

759 Chapter 22 • Section 1 Section 1 Section Audio Spotlight Video Focus The Origins of the Cold War

Bellringer fter the war ended, tensions continued to rise over Guide to Reading the amount of freedom the Soviets were going to Daily Focus Transparency 22-1 A

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Big Ideas ANSWER: D allow the nations they controlled. Leaders of Britain, the Teacher Tip: Students should compare the information in UNIT each list to infer the point of agreement between the two 7 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS nations. Chapter 22 TRANSPARENCY 22-1 Government and Society Although Comparing and Contrasting United States, and the Soviet Union held conferences

Directions: Answer the following A CLASH OF BELIEFS question based on the information World War II was nearly over, personal at left. What one thing did the but could not resolve this issue. AMERICAN LEADERS BELIEVED: SOVIET LEADERS BELIEVED: leaders of the United States and political differences among Allied and the Soviet Union agree Economic growth was Communism was a on following World War II? the key to world superior system. peace. A Communism was superior to Communism would leaders and the peoples they repre- capitalism. Economic growth eventually replace should be promoted by capitalism. B Both countries believed increasing world trade. that world trade should be Communism promoted. sented led to new global challenges. should be Democratic encouraged C Democracy and free enter- governments that in other nations. protected people’s prise were superior to rights made countries communism. more stable. Capitalist countries D Both countries believed their would try to destroy The free enterprise communism and system of government should The Yalta Conference system was the best should be approached be encouraged in other route to prosperity. with suspicion. Content Vocabulary nations. • satellite nations (p. 765) MAIN Idea Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta to discuss Poland, • Iron Curtain (p. 765) Germany, and the rights of liberated Europe. HISTORY AND YOU Do you remember Wilson’s idealistic Fourteen Points Guide to Reading Academic Vocabulary and how they were changed during negotiations after World War I? Read on • liberate (p. 760) Answers: to learn how negotiations during and after World War II led to results differ- • equipment (p. 762) ent from what Roosevelt and Truman wanted. Conferences Outcomes People and Events to Identify In February 1945, with the war in Europe almost over, Roosevelt, Yalta Conference Poland’s government • Yalta (p. 760) Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta—a Soviet resort on the Black Sea— recognized, free • Cold War (p. 762) to plan the postwar world. Although the conference seemed to go elections for Poland, • Potsdam (p. 764) well, several agreements reached at Yalta later played an important Declaration of role in causing the Cold War. Liberated Europe, Reading Strategy Germany divided, Categorizing Complete a graphic German reparations set organizer similar to the one below by Poland filling in the names of the conferences The first issue discussed at Yalta was what to do about Poland. Potsdam Conference German-Polish border held among the “Big Three” Allies and Shortly after the Germans invaded Poland, the Polish government established, German the outcomes of each. fled to Britain. In 1944, however, Soviet troops drove back the reparations to the Conferences Outcomes Germans and entered Poland. As they liberated Poland from Soviets reconstructed German control, the Soviets encouraged Polish Communists to set up a new government. This meant there were now two governments claiming the right to govern Poland: one Communist and one non-Communist. President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill both argued that the Poles should be free to choose their own government. “This To generate student interest and is what we went to war against Germany for,” Churchill explained, “that Poland should be free and sovereign.” provide a springboard for class Stalin quickly responded to Churchill’s comments. According to discussion, access the Chapter 22, Stalin, because Poland was on the Soviet Union’s western border, the Section 1 video at glencoe.com or need for its government to be friendly was a matter of “life and death” from the Soviet point of view. Every time invaders had entered Russia on the video DVD. from the west, they had come through Poland. Eventually, the three leaders compromised. Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to recognize the Polish government set up by the Soviets. Stalin agreed that the government would include members of the prewar Polish govern- Resource Manager ment and that free elections would be held as soon as possible.

760 Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins

R Reading C Critical D Differentiated W Writing S Skill Strategies Thinking Instruction Support Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Identifying, p. 762 • Pred. Consequences, • Visual/Spatial, p. 765 • Personal Writing, p. 762 • Interpreting a Map, • Det. Importance, p. 764 p. 761 p. 764 • Contrasting, p. 762 Additional Resources Additional Resources Additional Resources • Hypothesizing, p. 763 • Foldables, pp. 75–76 • Content Vocab. Act., Additional Resources • Academic Vocab. Act., p. 95 • Read. Essen., p. 247 URB p. 97 Additional Resources • Guided Read., URB p. 116 • History Simulations, URB p. 9 • Critical Thinking Skills Act., URB p. 100 • Quizzes/Tests, p. 315 Chapter 22 • Section 1 The Yalta Conference, 1945 The Declaration of Liberated Europe At Yalta, the Allies issued the Declaration of Liberated Teach Europe. The Soviet Union’s failure to uphold the Decla- ration contributed to the coming of the Cold War. The Declaration contained the following commitments: • The peoples of Europe will be allowed to create Critical Thinking democratic institutions of their own choice, but must C destroy all remaining aspects of Nazism and fascism Predicting Consequences in their societies. • The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Ask: What compromise did Union will help the peoples of Europe to do the fol- Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin, lowing: 1. Establish peace in their country reach about Poland? (Roosevelt 2. Provide aid to people in distress ▲ and Churchill agreed to accept the Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin at Yalta 3. Form temporary governments that represent all democratic elements of the society and hold free Communist government Stalin had elections to choose a government that responds to set up, and Stalin promised free the will of the people elections for Poland as soon as pos- • The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet The Division of Germany, 1945 Union will continue to support the principles sible.) Based on Stalin’s actions, expressed in the Atlantic Charter. do you think he would honor his 0 100 kilometers North Baltic Sea word about a liberated Europe? 0 100 miles Sea Albers Equal-Area projection POLAND Analyzing VISUALS (probably not; He saw the situation N E lbe 0 6 kilometers 1. Specifying In the Declaration of from a “Soviet point of view.”) OL U.K. R W E . NETH. 0 6 miles Liberated Europe, what three things S Berlin did the Big Three promise to help the BELG. peoples of Europe do? Allied Occupation 2. Locating In what zone in the Analyzing VISUALS Zones, 1945–1949 East CZECH. Berlin divided Germany was Berlin located? American West . Berlin Answers: British R e FRANCE n e R. i ub French h an 1. to establish peace in their R D Soviet countries, to provide aid to Present-day Germany SWITZ. AUSTRIA people in distress, and to form temporary, free govern- ments until a government The Declaration of establishment through free elections of gov- elected by the people could C ernments responsive to the will of the Liberated Europe people.” be formed 2. in the Soviet zone After reaching a compromise on Poland, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to Dividing Germany issue the Declaration of Liberated Europe. The After discussing Poland and agreeing to a declaration asserted “the right of all people to set of principles for liberating Europe, the choose the form of government under which conference focused on Germany. Roosevelt, they will live.” Churchill, and Stalin agreed to divide Germany The Allies promised that the people of into four zones. Great Britain, the United Europe would be allowed “to create demo- States, the Soviet Union, and France would cratic institutions of their own choice.” They each control one zone. The same four coun- also promised to create temporary govern- tries would also divide the German capital city ments that represented “all democratic ele- of Berlin into four zones, even though it was ments” and pledged “the earliest possible in the Soviet zone. Additional

Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins 761 Support The Granger Collection, New York

Activity: Economics Connection

Making Connections Explain to students on the Marshall Plan, the American Red Cross, that after World War II, millions of people were and UNICEF. Have groups present their findings uprooted. After six years of fighting, they had in a chart showing the main goals of each orga- fled their countries, hoping to find a place of ref- nization, how aid was given, and the effective- uge. Many large cities were completely devas- ness of each organization. OL tated, or left in ruins. Have students use library or Internet resources to research the ways in which the United States and Great Britain pro- vided aid to these people in distress. Organize students into three groups to conduct research 761 Chapter 22 • Section 1 Although pleased with the decision to Although security concerns influenced divide Germany, Stalin also demanded that their thinking, Soviet leaders were also com- Germany pay heavy reparations for the war munists. They believed that communism was damage it had caused. Roosevelt agreed, but a superior economic system that would even- W Writing Support he insisted reparations be based on Germany’s tually replace capitalism, and that the Soviet Personal Writing The Soviets ability to pay. He also suggested, and Stalin Union should encourage communism in other agreed, that Germany pay reparations with nations. Soviet leaders also accepted Lenin’s promised that Poland would have trade goods and products instead of cash. The theory that capitalist countries would eventu- free elections, then refused to let Allies would also be allowed to remove indus- ally try to destroy communism. This made the Poles vote. Have students trial machinery, railroad cars, and other equip- them suspicious of capitalist nations. ment write a journal entry about how from Germany as reparations. This decision did not resolve the issue. Over the American Economic Issues they would feel to learn that their next few years, arguments about German rep- country was not liberated and arations greatly increased tensions between While Soviet leaders focused on securing the United States and the Soviet Union. their borders, American leaders focused on their right to vote was suddenly economic problems. Many American officials gone. OL believed that the Depression had caused Tensions Begin to Rise World War II. Without it, Hitler would never The Yalta decisions shaped the expectations have come to power, and Japan would not R Reading Strategy of the United States. Two weeks after Yalta, the have wanted to expand its empire. Soviets pressured the king of Romania into Identifying Ask: What was the appointing a Communist government. The Cold War? (a silent war of hostility United States accused the Soviets of violating and competition between the the Declaration of Liberated Europe. United States and the Soviet Soon afterward, the Soviets refused to allow more than three non-Communist Poles to Union.) OL serve in the 18-member Polish government. W There was also no indication that they intended Critical Thinking to hold free elections in Poland as promised. C On April 1, President Roosevelt informed the Did the Soviet Contrasting Have students cre- Soviets that their actions in Poland were not acceptable. ate a T-chart. On one side, have Yalta marked a turning point in Soviet- Union Cause the students list Soviet goals after American relations. President Roosevelt had Cold War? World War II (to keep Germany hoped that an Allied victory and the creation Many people have debated who was weak, to encourage communism in of the United Nations would lead to a more peaceful world. Instead, as the war came to an responsible for the Cold War. Most other countries) and U.S goals on R end, the United States and the Soviet Union Americans, including diplomat George the other side (to repair the econo- became increasingly hostile toward each other. Kennan who had served in Russia, believed that it was Soviet ideology mies of European countries, to This led to an era of confrontation and com- petition between the two nations that lasted and insecurity that brought on the avoid future wars) OL from about 1946 to 1990. This era became Cold War. On the other side, communist known as the Cold War. leaders, such as Stalin’s adviser Andrei Zhdanov, believed that capitalism and Soviet Security Concerns imperialism caused the Cold War. The tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union led to the Cold War because the two sides had different goals. As C the war ended, Soviet leaders became con- cerned about security. They wanted to keep Germany weak and make sure that the coun- tries between Germany and the Soviet Union Additional were under Soviet control.

Support 762 Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins

Activity: Interdisciplinary Connection

Geography Tell students that several nations dents show the boundaries at the turn of each in Eastern Europe have a long history of being century or on other significant dates from 1500 overrun by more powerful nations. Organize to the present. OL students into small groups. Give each group a blank outline map of Eastern Europe today and several overhead transparencies. Have the groups research to show how the boundaries of these countries have changed by creating a series of overlays for the map. Suggest that stu-

762 American advisers also thought that the Chapter 22 • Section 1 Depression became so severe because nations Truman Takes Control reduced trade. They believed that when nations MAIN Idea Although President Truman took a stop trading, they are forced into war to get firm stand against Soviet aggression, Europe resources. By 1945, Roosevelt and his advisers remained divided after the war. C Critical Thinking were convinced that economic growth was the HISTORY AND YOU Have you ever had to say no key to peace. They wanted to promote eco- to someone or insist they do something? Read to Hypothesizing Ask: How can nomic growth by increasing world trade. learn about President Truman’s actions at Potsdam. economic growth prevent a Similar reasoning convinced American lead- C country from going to war? (If a ers to promote democracy and free enterprise. Eleven days after confronting the Soviets on country is prosperous, has plenty of They believed that democratic governments Poland, President Roosevelt died and Harry S. with protections for people’s rights made Truman became president. Truman was resources, and its people are gain- countries more stable and peaceful. They also strongly anti-Communist. He also believed fully employed, there is no reason thought that the free enterprise system, with that World War II had begun because Britain for war.) OL private property rights and limited govern- had tried to appease Hitler. He did not intend ment intervention in the economy, was the to make the same mistake with Stalin. “We best route to prosperity. must stand up to the Russians,” he told Secretary of State Edward Stettinius the day Identifying What did the Allies after taking office. decide at Yalta? Answer: The Allies decided Poland’s government, Europeans’ right to choose their own YES NO governments, the division of Germany and Berlin into four George F. Kennan Andrei Zhdanov zones, the addition of the Soviets American Diplomat Advisor to Stalin in the war effort against Japan, and reparations from Germany. PRIMARY SOURCE PRIMARY SOURCE “[The] USSR still [believes] in “The more the war recedes antagonistic ‘capitalist encircle- into the past, the more distinct ment’ with which in the long becomes . . . the division of the run there can be no permanent peaceful coexistence. . . . political forces operating on the At bottom of [the] Kremlin’s neurotic view of world affairs international arena into two major camps. . . . The principal is traditional and instinctive Russian sense of insecurity. . . . driving force of the imperialist camp is the U.S.A. . . . The And they have learned to seek security only in patient but cardinal purpose of the imperialist camp is to strengthen deadly struggle for total destruction of rival power, never in imperialism, to hatch a new imperialist war, to combat compacts and compromises with it. socialism and democracy, and to support reactionary and . . . In summary, we have here a political force committed antidemocratic profascist regimes. . . . Answers: fanatically to the belief that . . . it is desirable and neces- . . . As embodiment of a new and superior social system, sary that the internal harmony of our society be disrupted, the Soviet Union reflects in its foreign policy the aspira- 1. antagonistic “capitalist our traditional way of life be destroyed, the international tions of progressive mankind, which desires lasting peace encirclement” authority of our state be broken, if Soviet power is to be and has nothing to gain from a new war hatched by 2. to strengthen it in order to secure.” capitalism.” —Moscow Embassy Telegram #511, 1946 —from For a Lasting Peace for a People’s hatch an imperialist war that Democracy, no. 1, November 1947 wants to defeat socialism and democracy

1. Paraphrasing What belief of the Soviets does Kennan say 2. Identifying Central Issues What does Zhdanov say will prevent “permanent peaceful coexistence” with the are the goals of the “imperialist camp” led by the United United States? States? Hands-On

Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins 763 Chapter Project Step 1 Role-Playing to Demonstrate McCarthyism. For background, they can McCarthyism in Action consult sources found online or in the Library. Students can also research in books Step 1: Researching the Army- on McCarthy or McCarthyism to find direct McCarthy Hearings of 1954 Essential quotations from the hearings or people question: How did Senator Joe McCarthy who witnessed them. conduct the Army-McCarthy hearings that Putting It Together Students should share were televised in 1954? their research and then discuss the essential Directions Explain to students that they elements they want to convey about will be re-enacting or improvising the Army- McCarthyism in the performance they will McCarthy hearings that were so influential, do for the class. OL (Chapter Project contin- and which turned the tide against ued on page 771) 763 Chapter 22 • Section 1 The Iron Curtain in Europe, 1948 10°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E 40°E 50°E 20°W A R CT Communist IC countries CI RC LE R Reading Strategy Non-communist 70°N Reykjavik countries Determining Importance ICELAND Iron Curtain PRIMARY SOURCE

Truman was determined to dem- 0 400 kilometers “A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately light by the Allied victory. . . . From 0 400 miles onstrate American resolve toward 60°N Lambert Azimuthal D Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, N Equal-Area projection Y N N A the Soviet Union. Ask: Why was A E an iron curtain has descended across the L W D W N R E I continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals O F President Truman’s meeting with E W N S of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Molotov an important turning S Helsinki Oslo Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, point in U.S.–Soviet diplomacy? Stockholm Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia,

North a all these famous cities and the populations (Truman stood up to the Soviets. He UNITED e S Sea S Moscow around them lie in what I must call the Soviet Dublin KINGDOM DENMARK c Copenhagen ti demanded that Stalin hold free IRELAND l sphere, and all are subject in one form or Ba NETH. another, not only to Soviet influence, but to elections in Poland.) OL The SOVIET 50°N London Hague Berlin POLAND UNION a very high and, in some cases, increasing Bonn EAST measure of control from Moscow. . . . Brussels GERMANY Warsaw BELG. The Communist parties, which were very S Skill Practice Prague small in all these Eastern States of Europe, Paris LUX. WEST CZE CHOS GERMANY LOVAKIA have been raised to pre-eminence and power Interpreting a Map Have stu- FRANCE Vienna Bern AUSTRIA Budapest far beyond their numbers and are seeking dents look at the map. Ask: With HUNGARY everywhere to obtain totalitarian control. . . . SWITZ. ROMANIA which Communist countries Belgrade Bucharest In front of the iron curtain which lies IT across Europe are other causes for anxiety . . . did Austria share a border? Madrid A YUGOSLAVIA Corsica LY BULGARIA in a great number of countries, far from the (Yugoslavia, Hungary, and SPAIN Sofia Russian frontiers and throughout the world, 40°N Rome Tiranë Communist fifth columns are established and Czechoslovakia) BL Sardinia ALBANIA work in . . . absolute obedience to the direc- tions they receive from the Communist cen- ter.. . . I do not believe that Soviet Russia desires war. What they desire is the fruits of war and the indefinite expansion of their 1. Finding the Main Idea What was the “iron curtain,” and why power and doctrines.” Answers: do you think Churchill described it in that way? 1. a political and economic bar- 2. Identifying Central Issues What “other causes for anxiety” —Winston Churchill, address to Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri, March 5, 1946 rier between the Soviet did Churchill say the Soviets were creating? sphere and Western Europe; The image provides a strong division between the world Ten days later, Truman did exactly that dur- near Berlin. Both men had come to Potsdam ing a meeting with Soviet Foreign Minister primarily to work out a deal on Germany. and the Soviets. Churchill Molotov. Truman immediately brought up the Truman was now convinced that industry was wanted to illustrate that the issue of Poland and demanded that Stalin hold critical to Germany’s survival. Unless that nation’s Soviets would be a formida- R free elections as he had promised at Yalta. economy was allowed to revive, the rest of Europe Molotov took the unexpectedly strong mes- would never recover, and the German people ble enemy. sage back to Stalin. The meeting marked an might turn to communism out of desperation. 2. the Soviet attempts to estab- important shift in Soviet-American relations Stalin and his advisers were equally con- lish communism in other and set the stage for further confrontations. vinced that they needed reparations from countries across Europe Germany. The war had devastated the Soviet The Potsdam Conference economy. Soviet troops had begun stripping their zone in Germany of its machinery and In July 1945 with the war against Japan still industrial equipment for use back home, but Additional raging, Truman finally met Stalin at Potsdam, Stalin wanted Germany to pay much more.

Support 764 Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins

Activity: Collaborative Learning This Collaborative Learning Identifying Central Issues Ask stu- to use in their presentations. Remind stu- activity requires students within dents to imagine that they are delegates dents that the Allies were no longer sympa- each group to participate on some at the Potsdam Conference. Divide the class thetic toward Stalin. Stalin was worried level. Have each group select a rk. A into two groups: one representing the about the destruction in the Soviet Union. leader to help divide the wo Soviet Union, the other the United States. Have a representative from each group person from each group should be Have each group work together to write a engage in a debate. Ask the class to vote selected to lead the debate. paragraph defending their position on on the most convincing argument. OL German reparations. Students may use the library or Internet to find primary sources

764 At the conference, Truman took a firm stand against heavy Chapter 22 • Section 1 reparations. He insisted that Germany’s industry had to be REVIEW allowed to recover. Truman suggested that the Soviets take repa- Section 1 rations from their zone, while the Allies allowed industry to revive in the other zones. Stalin opposed this idea since the Soviet zone D Differentiated was mostly agricultural. It could not provide all the reparations Vocabulary Instruction the Soviets wanted. 1. Explain the significance of: Yalta, Cold To get the Soviets to accept the agreement, Truman offered War, Potsdam, satellite nations, Iron Visual/Spatial Bring in and dis- Stalin a small amount of German industrial equipment from the Curtain. cuss some political cartoons illus- other zones, but required the Soviets to pay for part of it with trating the Potsdam Conference food shipments from their zone. He also offered to accept the Main Ideas and the Cold War. Then have stu- new German-Polish border the Soviets had established. D 2. Identifying At Yalta, what agreement Stalin did not like Truman’s proposal. At Potsdam, Truman did the “Big Three” come to about dents design their own political learned that the atomic bomb had been successfully tested, and Germany’s future after World War II? cartoons illustrating the tension he hinted to Stalin that the United States had developed a new, powerful weapon. Stalin suspected that Truman was trying to 3. Summarizing What concerns made the between the Allies and the Soviets. bully him into a deal and that the Americans were trying to limit Soviets suspicious of the Western Allies? OL reparations to keep the Soviets weak. 4. Explaining How did the Potsdam Despite his suspicions, Stalin had to accept the terms. American Conference help bring about the and British troops controlled Germany’s industrial heartland, and Cold War? there was no way for the Soviets to get any reparations except by Answer: It increased tension cooperating. Nevertheless, the Potsdam conference marked yet Critical Thinking because Stalin suspected that another increase in tensions between the Soviets and the 5. Big Ideas How did different economic Americans. Truman wanted to limit systems cause tensions between the repa rations. United States and the Soviet Union? The Iron Curtain Descends 6. Organizing Use a graphic organizer Although Truman had won the argument over reparations, he similar to the one below to list events had less success on other issues at Potsdam. The Soviets refused that led to the Cold War. to make any stronger commitments to uphold the Declaration of Liberated Europe. The presence of the Soviet army in Eastern Assess Europe ensured that pro-Soviet Communist governments would Events That eventually be established in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Led to Cold War and Czechoslovakia. “This war is not as in the past,” Stalin com- mented. “Whoever occupies a territory also imposes his own social system. . . . It cannot be otherwise.” Study Central™ provides sum- 7. Analyzing Visuals Study the map on The Communist countries of Eastern Europe came to be maries, interactive games, and page 764. Why did the Soviet Union want called satellite nations because they were controlled by the to have control over the countries on its online graphic organizers to help Soviets, as satellites are tied by gravity to the planets they orbit. western border? students review content. These nations had to remain Communist and friendly to the Soviet Union. They also had to follow policies that the Soviets Writing About History approved. 8. Expository Writing Suppose that you After watching the Communist takeover in Eastern Europe, Close are an adviser to Truman. Write a report Winston Churchill coined a phrase to describe what had hap- explaining your interpretation of Assessing Have students use pened. In a 1946 speech delivered in Fulton, Missouri, he referred Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech. to an “iron curtain” falling across Eastern Europe. The press picked their graphic organizer from page up the term and, for the next 43 years, when someone referred to 760 and evaluate the effective- the Iron Curtain, they meant the Communist nations of Eastern ness of the conferences. OL Europe and the Soviet Union. With the Iron Curtain separating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West, the World War II era had come to an end. The Cold War was about to begin. Study Central™ To review this section, go Explaining How did the Potsdam Conference hurt to glencoe.com and click on Study Central. Soviet-American relations? Section 1 REVIEW 765

Answers

1. All definitions can be found in the section States. It was clear that Truman, with the 7. to protect itself from invasion by Germany and the Glossary. atomic bomb in his pocket, was not willing 8. Reports will vary but should include specific 2. Germany was divided into four zones con- to make concessions. references to Churchill’s speech. trolled by Great Britain, France, the Soviet 5. The United States wanted to promote Union, and the United States. strong economic growth throughout 3. The Soviets were suspicious that the Europe. The Soviet Union wanted only to Western Allies wanted to increase economic rebuild its own country. independence in Europe and establish free 6. governments. They were also unwilling to disagreement over Germany make the Germans pay large reparations. Soviet refusal to honor Declaration Events That of Liberated Europe 4. The conference increased the tension Led to Cold War Soviet actions in Poland between the Soviet Union and the United Potsdam Conference 765 Chapter 22 • Section 2 Section 2 Section Audio Spotlight Video Focus The Early Cold War Years

Bellringer resident Truman worked to contain communism by Guide to Reading supporting Greece, Iran, and West Germany. When Daily Focus Transparency 22-2 P

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Big Ideas ANSWER: H Communist North Korea invaded South Korea, Truman Teacher Tip: Students should pay attention to both what UNIT happened and when it happened when drawing 7 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS conclusions. Chapter 22 TRANSPARENCY 22-2 Trade, War, and Migration As the Drawing Conclusions and the UN sent troops to aid South Korea.

CIVIL WAR AND REVOLUTION IN CHINA Cold War began, the United States

1949 The Communists capture and control the capital, and popular support for the Nationalists declines. struggled to oppose Communist aggres- Late 1920s August 1949 Chinese Communists The United States discontinues aid to the Nationalists. The and Nationalists Nationalists flee to the small island of Taiwan. begin the struggle CHINA for control of the October 1949 sion in Europe and Asia through politi- government. The victorious Communists establish the People’s Republic of China.

Mid-1940s TAIWAN Containing Communism The United States sends the Nationalist leader $2 billion to prevent a Communist takeover. cal, economic, and military measures.

Directions: Answer the following question based on the above information.

Which of the following is a valid conclusion about United States support of the Nationalist MAIN Idea The Truman Doctrine offered aid to any nation resisting government of China? F The United States did not send enough H Other factors besides money helped the Content Vocabulary money. Communists win. communism; the Marshall Plan aided European countries in rebuilding. G Americans did not really care which side J The Communists had more money than the gained control. United States. • containment (p. 766) HISTORY AND YOU Is there a conflict in the world today where you think (p. 773) • limited war the United States should intervene? Read on to learn how President Truman adopted policies designed to stop the spread of communism. Guide to Reading Academic Vocabulary • insecurity (p. 766) Answers: • initially (p. 769) Despite growing tensions with the Soviet Union, many American Answers may include: 1945 officials continued to believe cooperation with the Soviets was possi- People and Events to Identify Soviet-U.S. division of Korea; ble. In late 1945 the foreign ministers of the former wartime Allies • George Kennan (p. 766) met first in London, then in Moscow, to discuss the future of Europe June 1950 North Korea invades • Long Telegram (p. 766) and Asia. Although both British and American officials pushed for South Korea; • Marshall Plan (p. 768) free elections in Eastern Europe, the Soviets refused to budge. “Our (p. 769) November 1950 China intervenes; • NATO relations with the Russians,” the British foreign minister gloomily • SEATO (p. 773) concluded, “are drifting into the same condition as that in which we April 1951 MacArthur fired had found ourselves with Hitler.” Reading Strategy Sequencing Complete a time line similar to the one below by recording The Long Telegram the major events related to the Increasingly exasperated by the Soviets’ refusal to cooperate, Korean War. officials at the State Department asked the American Embassy in To generate student interest and Moscow to explain Soviet behavior. On February 22, 1946, diplomat George Kennan responded with what became known as the Long provide a springboard for class 1945 1951 Telegram, a 5,540-word message explaining his views of the Soviets. discussion, access the Chapter 22, According to Kennan, the Soviets’ view of the world came from a Section 2 video at glencoe.com or traditional “Russian sense of insecurity” and fear of the West, intensi- on the video DVD. fied by the communist ideas of Lenin and Stalin. Because commu- nists believed that they were in a long-term historical struggle against capitalism, Kennan argued, it was impossible to reach any permanent settlement with them. Kennan therefore proposed what became the basic American policy throughout the Cold War: “a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.” Kennan explained that, in his opinion, the Soviet system had several major economic and political weaknesses. If the United States could keep the Soviets from expanding their power, it would be only a matter of time before the Soviet system would fall apart. Communism could be Resource Manager beaten without going to war. The Long Telegram circulated widely in

766 Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins

R Reading C Critical D Differentiated W Writing S Skill Strategies Thinking Instruction Support Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Identifying, p. 768 • Analyzing Prim. • Visual/Spatial p. 768 • Persuasive Writing, • Using Geo. Skills, • Summarizing, p. 770 Sources, p. 767 p. 769 pp. 767, 771 • Inferring, p. 771 • Drawing Con., Additional Resources • Personal Writing, p. 772 pp. 768, 772 • English Learner Act., Additional Resources Additional Resources • Det. Cause/Effect, URB p. 93 • Reading Skills Act., • Guided Reading Act., pp. 770, 773 URB p. 89 URB p. 117 • Reinf. Skills Act., URB • Reading Skills Act., URB Additional Resources p. 99 p. 89 • Quizzes/Tests, p. 316 • Read. Essen., p. 250 PRIMARY SOURCE Chapter 22 • Section 2 The Truman Doctrine “The peoples of a number of countries of the world have recently had totalitarian regimes forced upon them against their will. The Government of the United States has made frequent protests against coercion and intimidation, in Teach violation of the Yalta agreement in Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria. At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. C The choice is too often not a free one. . . . I believe that it Critical Thinking must be the policy of the United States to support free C peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed Analyzing Primary Sources minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must Ask students if the United States assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.” still practices the policy as set —Truman’s address to Congress, March 12, 1947 forth by Truman—that the U.S. “must assist free peoples.” Have ▲ President Truman signs the Foreign Aid Assistance students use current examples to Act, providing aid to Greece and Turkey; the use of aid to support nations resisting Communist pressure Marshall Plan Aid to Major Countries support their statements. AL became known as the Truman Doctrine. 30 24 S Skill Practice 18 Using Geography Skills 12 Provide students with a map of

1. Finding the Main Idea What was the stated goal Aid (millions) 6 Eastern Europe. Ask them to iden- of the Truman Doctrine? 0 tify the following: Turkey, the 2. Drawing Conclusions Which nation received the U. K. Italy Neth. straits of Dardanelles, the Black most aid through the Marshall Plan? Why do you Austria France Greece Norway Denmark Germany think this might be? Belg. & Lux. Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. The Marshall Plan Fifty Years Later. Source: Ask: Why did the Soviet Union want to gain influence over Truman’s administration. The administration local Communists in northern Iran establish a based its policy of containment—keeping separate government. Turkey? (To secure access to the communism within its present territory To American officials, these actions signaled Mediterranean.) BL through the use of diplomatic, economic, and a Soviet push into the Middle East. The secre- military actions—on this document. tary of state sent Stalin a strong message demanding that Soviet forces withdraw. At the Crisis in Iran same time, the battleship USS Missouri sailed into the eastern Mediterranean. The pressure Answers: While Truman’s administration discussed seemed to work. Soviet forces withdrew, hav- Kennan’s ideas, a series of crises erupted dur- ing been promised a joint Soviet-Iranian oil 1. to support free peoples, fight ing the spring and summer of 1946. These cri- company, although the Iranian parliament Soviet aggression, and stop ses seemed to prove that Kennan was right later rejected the plan. the spread of communism about the Soviets. The first crisis began in Iran in March 1946. 2. U.K.; It had been bombed and The Truman Doctrine For more of During World War II, the United States had the text of was America’s closest ally. put troops in southern Iran while Soviet troops Frustrated in Iran, Stalin turned northwest Truman’s Address to occupied northern Iran to secure a supply line to Turkey. There, the straits of the Dardanelles Congress, see page from the Persian Gulf. After the war, instead of were a vital route from Soviet Black Sea ports R54 in Documents withdrawing as promised, the Soviet troops to the Mediterranean. For centuries, Russia in American History. remained in northern Iran. Stalin then began had wanted to control this strategic route. In demanding access to Iran’s oil supplies. To August 1946, Stalin demanded joint control of S increase the pressure, Soviet troops helped the Dardanelles with Turkey. Additional

Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins 767 Support

Activity: Economics Connection

Analyzing Information The Tripartite a Soviet oil concession and a peace agree- fying oil and gas production areas. They Treaty of Alliance of January 29, 1942, was ment with the Azerbaijani Republic, a Soviet should then write a one-page report an agreement between Russia, Britain, and puppet republic set in the Soviet military answering the above questions. OL Iran. Allied troops agreed to withdraw from zone in Northern Iran. When the USS Missouri Iran within six months after the end of arrived and the Soviets finally left Iran, World War II. British and American troops Qavam then reclaimed his concessions. left Iran, but Stalin did not. Iranian Prime Ask: Why was Iran important to the Allies? Minister Ahmad Qavam tried to persuade Why did Stalin refuse to honor the treaty? Stalin to remove his troops by agreeing to Have students look at a current map identi-

767 Chapter 22 • Section 2 Presidential adviser Dean Acheson saw this offer. Instead, the Soviets developed their own move as part of a Soviet plan to control the economic program. This action further sepa- Middle East. He advised Truman to make a rated Europe into competing regions. The show of force. The president ordered the new Marshall Plan pumped billions of dollars worth R Reading Strategy aircraft carrier Franklin D. Roosevelt to join the of supplies, machinery, and food into Western Identifying Ask: How much Missouri in protecting Turkey and the eastern Europe. Western Europe’s recovery weakened Mediterranean. the appeal of communism and opened new money did Truman ask Congress Meanwhile, Britain tried to help Greece. In markets for trade. to appropriate to fight commu- August 1946 Greek Communists launched a In his 1949 Inaugural Address, President nism? ($400 million) Remind stu- guerrilla war against the Greek government. Truman also proposed assistance for under- British troops helped fight the guerrillas, but in developed countries outside the war zone. dents of the value of the dollar in February 1947 Britain informed the United The Point Four Program aimed to make “sci- 1947. Ask: Why did the United States that it could no longer afford to help entific advances and industrial progress avail- States have to support the Greek Greece due to Britain’s weakened postwar able for the improvement and growth of government? (The British did not economy. underdeveloped areas” regardless of region. On March 12, 1947, Truman went before The Department of State administered Point have the resources to help Congress to ask for $400 million to fight Four assistances from 1950 until its merger Greece.) BL Communist aggression in Greece and Turkey. with other foreign aid programs in 1953. His speech outlined a policy that became R known as the Truman Doctrine. Its goal was to The Berlin Airlift D Differentiated aid “free peoples who are resisting attempted Instruction subjugation by armed minorities or by outside President Truman and his advisers believed pressures.” In the long run, it pledged the United that Western Europe’s prosperity depended on Visual/Spatial Have students States to fight the spread of communism Germany’s recovery. The Soviets, however, still draw a map of the German zones worldwide. wanted Germany to pay reparations to the in 1948. Instruct students to use a Soviet Union. This dispute brought these nations to the brink of war. transparency to show what West The Marshall Plan By early 1948, U.S. officials had concluded Germany and West Berlin looked Meanwhile, postwar Western Europe faced that the Soviets were trying to undermine like after the United States, Britain, grave problems. Economies were ruined, peo- Germany’s economy. In response, the United ple were nearing starvation, and political chaos States, Great Britain, and France announced and France merged their zones. was at hand. In June 1947 Secretary of State that they were merging their zones in Germany Ask: Why was this merger not George C. Marshall proposed the European and allowing the Germans to have their own welcomed by the Soviets? (The Recovery Program, or Marshall Plan, which government. They also agreed to merge their Soviets saw this as an attempt to would give European nations American aid to D zones in Berlin and to make West Berlin part of rebuild their economies. Truman saw the the new German republic. undermine their reparations Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine as “two The new nation was officially called the plan.) OL halves of the same walnut,” both essential for Federal Republic of Germany, but it became containment. Marshall offered help to all known as West Germany. The Soviet zone nations planning a recovery program: eventually became the German Democratic Republic, also known as East Germany. West PRIMARY SOURCE Germany was not allowed to have a military, “Our policy is directed not against any country or but in most respects, it was independent. doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation The decision to create West Germany con- and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a vinced the Soviets that they would never get working economy in the world so as to permit the the reparations they wanted. In late June 1948, emergence of political and social conditions in Soviet troops cut all road and rail traffic to West which free institutions can exist.” Berlin hoping to force the United States to —quoted in Marshall: Hero for Our Times either reconsider its decision or abandon West Berlin. President Truman sent bombers with Although the Marshall Plan was offered to atomic weapons to bases in Britain and the the Soviet Union and its satellite nations in American commander in Germany warned: “If Eastern Europe, those nations rejected the we mean to hold Europe against communism, Differentiated

Instruction 768 Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins

Leveled Activities

BL Reading Skills Activity, OL Content Vocabulary AL Primary Source Reading, ELL English Learner Activity, URB p. 89 Activity, URB p. 95 URB p. 103 URB, p. 93

Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class

★ ★ Content Vocabulary Activity 22 ★★★★★★ Reading Skills Activity 22 Primary Source Reading 22-1 English Learner Activity 22 ★★★★★★

Formulating Questions The Cold War Begins, 1945–1960 DIRECTIONS: Match each description in the left column with the correct term in the right col- Containment or Liberation? Reader’s Dictionary The Cold War Begins, 1945–1960 ★ LEARNING THE SKILL umn. Write the letter of the correct term in the space provided. Then answer the questions at ★ About the Selection desisting: to halt It is important to think actively about your reading. Ask yourself questions as you the bottom of the page. ★ Appointed secretary of state by eviction: to force out A. PRE-READING ACTIVITY read. Formulating questions helps keep you involved and leads to thinking more 1. a country whose economy is primarily agricul- A. censure President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953, critically. You can find the answers to many questions right in your reading. tural Previewing the Material B. loyalty review pro- John Foster Dulles testified before the Sometimes you have to use your background knowledge and your own experiences Directions: Before reading President Truman’s defense of limited war in Korea, answer the 2. the policy of keeping communism within its cur- gram Senate during his confirmation hearing. to answer a question. following questions. rent territory through the use of diplomatic, eco- In his testimony, a portion of which C. containment appears below, Dulles proposed the libera- GUIDED READING 1. In this speech, Truman is trying to defend his military actions in Korea. What factors do There are two types of “text-explicit” questions. They are called “text-explicit” nomic, and military actions

22 you think a president has to consider when deciding to go to war? 22 22 D. covert tion of people under Soviet domination As you read, determine why—according because their answers are stated directly in the text. These two types of questions are 3. 22 lying under oath and criticized the containment policy that to Dulles—the policy of containment failed. “right there” questions and “think and search” questions. “Right there” questions E. developing nation President Truman had pursued. Then answer the questions that follow. are questions whose answers are easily found in one sentence in the text. “Think and 4. the radiation that follows a nuclear blast F. iron curtain search” questions, however, require you to look around and search for pieces of the 5. formal disapproval answer, stringing them together by using your thinking skills. G. limited war 2. Truman does not want the Cold War to escalate into a real war. From what you know CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER 6. established by President Truman to screen all fed- ★★about history, how seriously did Americans take the possibility of a third world war? CHAPTER eral employees H. perjury ★ PRACTICING THE SKILL here are a number of policy matters which I would prefer to discuss with DIRECTIONS: Read the following paragraph about the effects of the Korean War on U.S. for- 7. an effort to weaken a society and overthrow its I. fallout the committee in executive session, but I have no objection to saying in eign policy. Then answer the questions below on a separate sheet of paper. Finally, discuss as government T J. subversion open session what I have said before: namely, that we shall never have a a class the difference between the two types of questions. 8. hidden operations secure peace or a happy world so long as Soviet Communism dominates ★ B. PRE-READING ACTIVITY The Korean War also helped expand the Cold War to Asia. Before 1950 the United States had 9. a struggle for a specific objective, such as contain- one-third of all of the peoples that there are, and is in the process of trying at focused on Europe as the most important area in which to contain communism. After the Korean ing communism least to extend its rule to many others. Vocabulary Review War began, the United States became more militarily involved with Asia. Defense agreements were These people who are enslaved are people who deserve to be free, and Directions: Reviewing the words and expressions below will help you understand the reading. signed with Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Australia. American aid also began to 10. a symbol for the communist nations of Eastern who, from our own selfish standpoint, ought to be free; . . . flow to the French forces fighting Communist guerrillas in Vietnam. Europe and the Soviet Union . . . [W]e must always have in mind the liberation of these captive peoples. allies (n.): people who help and support one another Now, liberation can be accomplished by processes short of war. We have, conflict (n./v.): a state of disagreement or argument between people or countries, a battle; 1. “Right there” question: Where did the United States focus its efforts to contain commu- as one example—not an ideal example, but it illustrates my point—the defec- to be in disagreement nism before 1950? tion of Yugoslavia under Tito from the domination of Soviet Communism. . . . distrust (n./v.): disbelief, doubt; to be suspicious of 2. “Think and search” question: After the Korean War, with which Asian countries did the 11. What was the “military-industrial complex” that President Eisenhower warned The present tie between China and Moscow is an unholy arrangement, initiative (n.): a process by which citizens can suggest a change to the law; the ability to take United States become involved? Americans about in his farewell address? which is contrary to the traditions, the hopes, the aspirations of the Chinese action without waiting for guidance people. Certainly we cannot tolerate a continuance of that. . . . isolate (v.): to cut off, to separate Therefore, a policy which only aims at containing Russia where it now is, ★ APPLYING THE SKILL widen (v.): to make wide is, in itself, an unsound policy; but it is a policy which is bound to fail DIRECTIONS: Choose a partner to do this activity with you. One partner should create one because a purely defensive policy never wins against an aggressive policy. to go it alone: to take a different path than others “right there” question for each of the four sections in this chapter. The other partner should If our only policy is to stay where we are, we will be driven back. It is only by to drive a wedge between: to force two things or people to separate or move apart create a “think and search” question for each section. Then partners should trade questions 12. Explain how President Eisenhower used the threat of massive retaliation and brinksman- keeping alive the hope of liberation, by taking advantage of that wherever 768 and answer them as a chapter review. After answering the questions, partners should discuss ship to contain Communist advances. opportunity arises, that we will end this terrible peril which dominates the their responses, showing where in the text they found the answers and how they found world, . . . It must be and can be a peaceful process, but those who do not them. believe that results can be accomplished by moral pressures, by the weight of propaganda, just do not know what they are talking about. I ask you to recall the fact that Soviet Communism, itself, has spread from Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, controlling 200 million people some seven years ago to controlling 800 mil- Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, lion people today, and it has done that by methods of political warfare,

(continued) (continued) 89 95 103 93 then we must not budge.” The challenge was to alliance with Western Europe. By April 1949, Chapter 22 • Section 2 keep West Berlin alive without provoking war an agreement had been reached to create the Student Web with the Soviets. Instead of ordering troops to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)— Activity Visit fight their way to Berlin, and thereby triggering a mutual defense alliance. glencoe.com and war with the Soviet Union, Truman ordered NATO initially included 12 countries: the complete the activ- W Writing Support the air force to fly supplies into Berlin instead. United States, Canada, Britain, France, Italy, ity on the Berlin The Berlin airlift began in June 1948 and Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, the Netherlands, Airlift. Persuasive Writing Have stu- continued through the spring of 1949, bringing Norway, Luxembourg, and Iceland. NATO dents write an editorial support- in more than 2 million tons of supplies to the members agreed to come to the aid of any ing the creation of NATO. OL city. Stalin finally lifted the blockade on May member who was attacked. For the first time 12, 1949. The airlift symbolized American in its history, the United States had committed determination to contain communism and not itself to maintaining peace in Europe. Six years W give in to Soviet demands. later, NATO allowed West Germany to rearm and join its organization. This decision alarmed During the Berlin airlift, a Soviet leaders. They responded by organizing a NATO military alliance in Eastern Europe known as plane flew into the city the Warsaw Pact. The Berlin blockade convinced many every three minutes. Americans that the Soviets were bent on con- Evaluating What triggered the Without the supplies those quest. The public began to support a military beginning of the Berlin airlift? planes carried, West Berliners would have had to back down. NATO Is Born, 1949

The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 Founding members 70°N A Joined 1952 RC TIC After the Soviet Union blockaded West Berlin, the United 30°W CIR CLE Joined 1955 States delivered 4,000 tons of food, medicine, coal and ICELAND Warsaw Pact Analyzing VISUALS other supplies that were needed every day to keep the city N functioning. A cargo plane had to land with supplies every 60°N W E Answers: three and a half minutes. To keep the airlift running, crews S stayed onboard and food was brought to them while the 20°W NORWAY 1. United Kingdom, France, Italy, planes were unloaded and refueled. Meanwhile, 20,000 North ATLANTIC Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, volunteers in Berlin built a third airport, enabling the flow Sea OCEAN DENMARK the Netherlands, Norway, of supplies to increase to 13,000 tons a day. UNITED NETH. KINGDOM SOVIET Luxembourg, and Iceland 50°N E. UNION GER. POLAND W. 2. Greece, Turkey, West Germany BELG. GER. CZECH. LUX. FRANCE HUNGARY 10°W ROMANIA ITALY BULGARIA PORTUGAL 30°E ALB. 40°N TURKEY GREECE 0° 10°E 0 600 kilometers Answer: Soviet blockade of 0 600 miles Mediterranean Sea West Berlin Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection 20°E

Analyzing VISUALS 1. Interpreting Which nations are the founding members of NATO? 2. Identifying Which NATO nations shared a border with one or more Warsaw Pact nations? Additional

Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins 769 Support

Extending the Content

Point Four Program In his 1949 inaugural diminish the appeal of socialist or communist address, President Harry Truman announced (as doctrines. Officially titled the United States the fourth point of his speech) “a bold new pro- Technical Assistance Plan, the Point Four gram for making the benefits of our scientific Program focused on providing technical assis- advances and industrial progress available for tance to developing nations. the improvement and growth of underdevel- oped areas” around the globe. The program was intended to encourage development and eco- nomic growth in poorer countries and thereby

769 Chapter 22 • Section 2 The Korean War The Korean War, 1950–1953

MAIN Idea Attempts to keep South Korea free from communism led the United States to military R Reading Strategy intervention. HISTORY AND YOU What happens to someone N CHINA Summarizing Have students who disobeys a coach, employer, or teacher? Read W E state why China suspended its on to learn what happened to General MacArthur S when he criticized the president. er Riv u civil war during World War II and al NORTH Y KOREA what happened at the end of the 40°N The Cold War eventually spread beyond Sea of Japan war. (Communist forces and the Europe. Conflicts also emerged in Asia, where P‘yo˘ngyang (East Sea)

events in China and Korea brought about a Seoul 38th Parallel Nationalist government suspended 38°N new attitude toward Japan and sent American fighting to make sure Japan would Inch‘o˘n troops back into battle in Asia less than five SOUTH KOREA not try to invade. Once the war was years after World War II had ended. Yellow over, they continued fighting since a Sea 35°N Pusan resolution was never obtained.) OL JAPAN The Chinese Revolution 125°E 130°E In China, Communist forces led by Mao ▲ June–September 1950 Zedong had been struggling against the C Critical Thinking North Korean troops invade South Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai- Korea, driving South Korean and UN Determining Cause and shek since the late 1920s. During World War II, forces south into a small perimeter Effect Ask: What happened in the two sides suspended their war to resist around Pusan. Japanese occupation. With the end of World China when the United States War II, however, civil war broke out again. 0 400 kilometers Although Mao made great gains, neither side discontinued financial aid? (The 0 400 miles Chinese Nationalists fled to Taiwan, R could win nor agree to a compromise. Miller projection To prevent a Communist revolution in Asia, and China became an established the United States sent the Nationalist govern- North Korean-controlled territory Communist country.) What effect ment $2 billion in aid beginning in the mid- South Korean-controlled territory 1940s, but the Nationalists squandered this North Korean advance did this have on American policy UN counteroffensive advantage through poor military planning and and why? (The new strategy was Front line corruption. By 1949, the Communists had cap- to help Japan recover quickly from Chinese counteroffensive tured the Chinese capital of Beijing, while sup- Armistice line the war, due to its strategic location. port for the Nationalists declined. The Americans believed that by In August 1949 the U.S. State Department strengthening Japan, they could discontinued aid to the Chinese Nationalists. Taiwan. It used its veto power in the UN The defeated Nationalists then fled to the Security Council to keep representatives of the fend off communism in the rest of small island of Taiwan (Formosa). The victori- new Communist People’s Republic of China Asia.) OL ous Communists established the People’s out of the UN, allowing the Nationalists to Republic of China in October 1949. retain their seat. China’s fall to communism shocked Americans. To make matters worse, in September 1949 the Soviet Union announced New Policies in Japan C C that it had successfully tested its first atomic The Chinese revolution brought about a sig- weapon. Then, early in 1950, the People’s nificant change in American policy toward Japan. Republic of China and the Soviet Union signed At the end of World War II, General Douglas a treaty of friendship and alliance. Many MacArthur had taken charge of occupied Japan. Western leaders feared that China and the His mission was to introduce democracy and Soviet Union would support Communist revo- keep Japan from threatening war again. Once lutions in other nations. the United States lost China as its chief ally in The United States kept formal diplomatic Asia, it adopted policies to encourage the rapid Additional relations with only the Nationalist Chinese in recovery of Japan’s industrial economy. Just as

Support 770 Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins

Activity: Collaborative Learning

Contrasting In 1949, Nationalists fled the time lines in class. Ask: Why does China want Chinese mainland to the island of Taiwan. While Taiwan? How far will China go to ensure Taiwan mainland China became a Communist strong- does not become independent? What do the hold, Taiwan remained tied to the West. Have Taiwanese people want? OL students work in groups and trace the develop- ment of China and Taiwan over the last 55 years. Groups should create a time line to document and illustrate main events and crises between China and Taiwan. Have groups present their

770 Chapter 22 • Section 2

N N N CHINA CHINA CHINA W E W E W E S Skill Practice S r S r S r ve e e Ri Riv Riv lu lu lu Ya a a NORTH Using Geography Skills Have Y Y KOREA 40°N 40°N 40°N students look at the map of Korea. NORTH Sea of NORTH Sea of Japan P‘yo˘ngyang Sea of Japan KOREA KOREA Japan (East Sea) P‘yo˘ngyang (East Sea) (East Sea) P‘yo˘ngyang Ask them to identify the 38th par-

38th Parallel 38th Parallel Seoul 38th Parallel 38°N 38°N 38°N allel of latitude. Ask: Why did the Seoul Seoul Inch‘o˘n Inch‘o˘n Inch‘o˘n S Allies divide Korea at the 38th SOUTH Yellow Yellow SOUTH Yellow KOREA parallel? (It looks like an even divi- Sea SOUTH Sea KOREA Sea KOREA sion.) What is the importance of 35°N Pusan 35°N Pusan 35°N Pusan JAPAN JAPAN JAPAN Korea’s geographic location? 125°E 130°E 125°E 130°E 125°E 130°E (It is close to China and the Soviet ▲ September–November 1950 ▲ November 1950–January 1951 ▲ January 1951–July 1953 Union.) Led by General MacArthur, UN troops As UN forces near the Chinese border, Led by U.S. General Matthew Ridgway, BL land behind North Korean lines at the Chinese troops cross into North Korea the UN forces push the Chinese and port of Inchon. North Korean forces fall driving the UN back. MacArthur wants North Korean forces out of South back rapidly, and the UN forces head to attack Chinese territory. He publicly Korea. The war bogs down into a R Reading Strategy north into North Korea. argues with Truman and is fi red. stalemate along the 38th parallel. Inferring Ask: Why do you

▲ Soldiers of the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division man a think Truman called on the UN to machine gun near the Chongchun River in Korea, assist the United States troops in December 15, 1950. Korea? (Students might suggest that he did not want the world to think the United States was a “mili- Analyzing GEOGRAPHY tary bully.” He wanted international 1. Human-Environment Interaction What approval and support.) occurred at the port of Inchon in 1950? OL 2. Location What geographical feature forms the border between China and North Korea? Analyzing GEOGRAPHY the United States viewed West Germany as the over Korea, and border clashes were common. Answers: key to defending all of Europe against commu- The Soviet Union provided military aid to the 1. U.N. forces under General nism, it saw Japan as the key to defending Asia. North Koreans, who quickly built up an army. On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops invaded MacArthur landed and cut off The Korean War Begins the south, rapidly driving back the poorly the North Korean army. equipped South Korean forces. 2. The Yalu River. At the end of World War II, American and Truman saw the Communist invasion of Soviet forces entered Korea to disarm the South Korea as a test of the containment policy Japanese troops stationed there. The Allies and ordered United States naval and air power divided Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude. into action. He then called on the United Soviet troops controlled the north, while Nations to act. Truman succeeded because the American troops controlled the south. Soviet delegate was boycotting the UN Security R As the Cold War began, talks to reunify Council over its China policy and was not Korea broke down. A Communist Korean gov- present to veto the American proposal. With ernment was organized in the north, while an the pledge of UN troops, Truman ordered American-backed government controlled the General MacArthur to send American troops south. Both governments claimed authority from Japan to Korea. Hands-On

Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins 771 Chapter Project Step 2 Role-Playing to Demonstrate Senator McCarthy, army lawyer Joseph McCarthyism in Action Welch, other senators on the committee, and a witness. Step 2: Creating the Roles and the Script Essential question: How much of Putting It Together Students should meet a hearing can student cast members per- to finalize the product—a script outline form and who will write the script? (some improvisation might be allowed), and a definite beginning and an end that Directions From reading about the hear- will make sense to viewers. OL ings or even seeing them if a historical video (Chapter Project continued on page 777) exists, students will create their script and cast different students in the lead and sup- porting roles. These roles should include 771 Chapter 22 • Section 2 Truman vs. MacArthur W Writing Support Personal Writing Have stu- dents write a journal entry expressing what they think about the MacArthur/Truman debate. Ask: Should a country use all the military force at its disposal to guarantee a victory, or should a W country fight a limited war, hop- ▲ Entitled “Not a General’s Job,” this cartoon ing to avoid a nuclear war? OL suggests that MacArthur had overstepped his authority in Korea. C Critical Thinking Analyzing VISUALS When 1. Identifying Points of View Which of the Drawing Conclusions cartoons supports President Truman’s decision to the Chinese came to the aid of the fire General MacArthur? Explain. ▲ President Truman, Secretary of State Dean Acheson, North Koreans, MacArthur wanted and “The Pentagon” are held over the flame of public 2. Making Inferences What does the cartoon on opinion for firing General MacArthur. “John Q.” refers the right imply MacArthur was trying to do in Asia? to attack China but Truman dis- to “John Q. Public,” or the American people. agreed. Ask: Why was Truman against expanding the war to China? (Truman wanted to fight a limited war. The Chinese would be a The American and South Korean troops were As his troops fell back, an angry MacArthur driven back into a small pocket of territory near demanded approval to expand the war against formidable enemy. He didn’t want the port of Pusan. Inside the “Pusan perimeter,” China. He asked for a blockade of Chinese to drop another atomic bomb.) OL as it came to be called, the troops stubbornly ports, the use of Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist resisted the North Korean onslaught, buying forces, and the bombing of Chinese cities with time for MacArthur to organize reinforcements. atomic weapons. On September 15, 1950, MacArthur ordered Analyzing VISUALS a daring invasion behind enemy lines at the Truman Fires MacArthur President port of Inchon. The Inchon landing took the Truman refused MacArthur’s demands because Answers: North Koreans by surprise. Within weeks they he did not want to expand the war into China or to use the atomic bomb. MacArthur per- 1. the one on the right were in full retreat back across the 38th paral- lel. Truman then gave the order to pursue the sisted. He publicly criticized the president, 2. make decisions reserved for North Koreans beyond the 38th parallel. arguing that it was a mistake to keep the war the president MacArthur pushed the North Koreans north limited. “There is no substitute for victory,” to the Yalu River, the border with China. MacArthur insisted, by which he meant that if the United States was going to go to war, it should use all of its power to win. Keeping a China Enters the War The Communist war limited was, in his view, a form of appease- People’s Republic of China saw the advancing ment, and appeasement he argued, “begets UN troops as a threat and warned the forces to new and bloodier war.” C halt their advance. When those warnings were Determined to maintain control of policy ignored, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu River in and to show that the president commanded November. Hundreds of thousands of Chinese the military, an exasperated Truman fired troops flooded across the border, driving the MacArthur for insubordination in April 1951. Additional UN forces back across the 38th parallel. Later, in private conversation, Truman explained:

Support 772 Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins (l)The Granger Collection, New York; (r)The Granger Collection, New York

Activity: Collaborative Learning

Identifying Central Issues A contro- to use the library or the Internet to locate discussion, writing major ideas on the versy between Harry S. Truman and General and read the letter from Truman to board. OL Douglas MacArthur began shortly after the MacArthur, dated April 11, 1951. Have stu- outbreak of the Korean War. It reached a cli- dents work in groups to discuss if President max when the president relieved MacArthur Truman made the correct choice. Ask: Do of his command. Truman believed in limited you think President Truman exercised his war; MacArthur wanted total victory. presidential powers according to the Constitution? Should Truman have dealt Have students review the Constitutional differently with MacArthur? After groups powers of the president. Then ask students have reached their conclusions, lead a class 772 “I was sorry to have to reach a parting of the way with the big man Chapter 22 • Section 2 in Asia, but he asked for it and I had to give it to him.” REVIEW MacArthur, who remained popular despite being fired, returned Section 2 home to parades and a hero’s welcome. Many Americans criti- cized the president. Congress and other military leaders, how- C Critical Thinking ever, supported Truman’s decision and his Korean strategy. Vocabulary American policy in Asia remained committed to limited war—a 1. Explain the significance of: George Determining Cause and war fought to achieve a limited objective, such as containing Kennan, Long Telegram, containment, Effect Ask: How did the Korean communism. Truman later explained why he favored limited war Marshall Plan, NATO, limited war, SEATO. War change U.S. policy in regard in Korea: to communism? (Prior to the Main Ideas PRIMARY SOURCE 2. Explaining How did the Truman Doctrine Korean War, the U.S. preferred to use “The Kremlin [Soviet Union] is trying, and has been trying for a long and the Marshall Plan address the spread political and economic pressures. time, to drive a wedge between us and the other nations. It wants to see of communism? After Korea, the U.S. turned toward a us isolated. It wants to see us distrusted. It wants to see us feared and hated by our allies. Our allies agree with us in the course we are follow- 3. Describing What originally led to the militaristic approach by building up ing. They do not believe we should take the initiative to widen the con- formation of two Koreas? its army and its arsenals.) OL flict in the Far East. If the United States were to widen the conflict, we might well have to go it alone.” Critical Thinking —from “Address to the Civil Defense Conference,” May 7, 1951 4. Big Ideas How did the Long Telegram influence U.S. foreign policy? As Truman also noted, America’s allies in Europe were much 5. Categorizing Use a graphic organizer Answer: He saw it as a test of closer to the Soviet Union. If war broke out, Europe would suffer the similar to the one below to list early con- most damage and might well be attacked with atomic bombs. This the U.S. containment policy. flicts between the Soviet Union and the concern—that all-out war in Korea might lead to nuclear war—was United States. the main reason why Truman favored limited war. This concern shaped American foreign policy throughout the Cold War. Conflicts Between the USSR Changes in Policy and the U.S. Assess By mid-1951, the UN forces had pushed the Chinese and North Korean forces back across the 38th parallel. The war then settled down into a series of relatively small battles over hills and 6. Analyzing Visuals Study the maps of other local objectives. In November 1951, peace negotiations Study Central™ provides sum- began, but an armistice would not be signed until July 1953. More the Korean War on pages 770–771. When than 33,600 American soldiers died in action in the Korean War, did the United Nations control the most maries, interactive games, and and more than 2,800 died from accidents or disease. territory in Korea? When did both sides online graphic organizers to help The Korean War marked an important turning point in the finally agree on an armistice line? students review content. Cold War. Until 1950, the United States had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid to contain communism. After Writing About History the Korean War began, the United States embarked on a major 7. Persuasive Writing Write a letter to military buildup. the editor of a newspaper explaining why Close The Korean War also helped expand the Cold War to Asia. you agree or disagree with President Cause and Effect Have stu- Truman’s firing of General MacArthur. Before 1950, the United States had focused on Europe as the C dents work in groups to create most important area in which to contain communism. After the Korean War began, the United States became more militarily two cause and effect graphic involved in Asia. In 1954 the United States signed defense agree- organizers—one for the Cold War ments with Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, and and the other for the Korean Australia, forming the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). American aid also began flowing to French forces War. OL fighting Communists in Vietnam. Study Central™ To review this section, go Analyzing How did President Truman view the to glencoe.com and click on Study Central. Communist invasion of South Korea? Section 2 REVIEW 773

Answers

1. All definitions can be found in the section parallel. Talks to unite the country broke 6. November 1950; July 27, 1953 and the Glossary. down with the Soviets establishing a 7. Letters will vary but should express a point 2. The Truman Doctrine pledged U.S. military Communist government in the north and of view based on facts. involvement to fight the spread of commu- the U.S. organizing a non-Communist gov- nism, and the Marshall Plan provided eco- ernment in the south. nomic aid to strengthen resistance to 4. In the Long Telegram, George Kennan rec- communism. ommended a policy of containment of the 3. At the end of World War II, the Soviet Union Soviet Union’s expansion, which became a and the United States both entered Korea mainstay of U.S. foreign policy throughout to disarm Japanese troops. The Soviets took the Cold War. control of Korea north of the 38th parallel, 5. Students should include: Crisis in Iran, Berlin and the U.S. took control south of the 38th crisis, Korean War, Crisis with Turkey 773 Chapter 22 • Section 3 Section 3 Section Audio Spotlight Video Focus The Cold War and American Society

Bellringer earing subversive activity, the government tried to Guide to Reading root out Communists in government, Hollywood, Daily Focus Transparency 22-3 F

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Big Ideas ANSWER: No. Explanations may vary but should include and labor unions, while Americans learned to live with the point that few Communists were actually found. UNIT Teacher Tip: Have students compare the total number of 7 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS employees with the actual number of employees fired. Chapter 22 TRANSPARENCY 22-3 Struggles for Rights In the early Drawing Conclusions the threat of nuclear attack.

Directions: Answer the following LOYALTY REVIEWS question based on the table. part of the Cold War, the fear of com- Do you think the Red President Truman began loyalty reviews Scare—the fear of in 1947 to screen federal employees for Communist Communist infiltrators— munism led to a hunt for spies and to infiltrators. With the federal government setting the example, many other organizations and businesses was justified? Explain your began searching for Communists. answer. intolerance and suspicion of people FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF EMPLOYEES GOVERNMENT CALIFORNIA A New Red Scare Total number 6 million 11,000 with radical ideas in the United States. Investigated by 14,000 none the FBI Quit during the review 2,000 none MAIN Idea Public accusations and trials followed in the wake of fears of Fired for “questionable loyalty” 212 157 or refusal to sign Content Vocabulary communism and spies. a loyalty oath • subversion (p. 774) HISTORY AND YOU Do you remember reading about the fears of commu- (p. 774) • loyalty review program nism during the early twentieth century? Read on to learn of a second major • perjury (p. 776) scare in the 1950s. Guide to Reading • censure (p. 778) • fallout (p. 781) Answers: Students should com- During the 1950s, thousands of ordinary people—from teachers to plete the outline by including all Academic Vocabulary autoworkers to high government officials—shared a disturbing expe- rience. Rumors and accusations of Communists in the United States headings in the section. • manipulate (p. 775) • convince (p. 776) and of Communist infiltration of the government tapped into fears that Communists were trying to take over the world. People and Events to Identify The Red Scare began in September 1945, when a clerk named • Red Scare (p. 774) Igor Gouzenko walked out of the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa, Canada, • Alger Hiss (p. 776) and defected. Gouzenko carried documents revealing a massive effort • McCarran Act (p. 778) by the Soviet Union to infiltrate organizations and government agen- To generate student interest and • McCarthyism (p. 778) cies in Canada and the United States, with the specific goal of provide a springboard for class obtaining information about the atomic bomb. Reading Strategy discussion, access the Chapter 22, The Gouzenko case stunned Americans. It implied that spies Summarizing As you read, summarize had infiltrated the American government. Soon, however, the search Section 3 video at glencoe.com or the section content by using the major for spies escalated into a general fear of Communist subversion. on the video DVD. headings to create an outline similar to Subversion is the effort to weaken a society secretly and overthrow the one below. its government.

The Cold War and American Society I. A New Red Scare A. The Loyalty Review Program The Loyalty Review Program B. C. In early 1947, just nine days after his powerful speech announcing the Truman Doctrine, the president established a loyalty review program to screen all federal employees. Rather than calm public suspicion, Truman’s action seemed to confirm fears that Communists had infiltrated the government and helped to increase the fear of communism sweeping the nation. Between 1947 and 1951, more than 6 million federal employees were screened for their loyalty—a term difficult to define. A person might become a suspect for reading certain books, belonging to vari- ous groups, traveling overseas, or even seeing certain foreign films. About 14,000 employees were subject to scrutiny by the Federal Resource Manager Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Some 2,000 employees quit their jobs

774 Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins

R Reading C Critical D Differentiated W Writing S Skill Strategies Thinking Instruction Support Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Making Connections, • Recognizing Bias, p. 776 • Visual/Spatial, pp. 776, • Descriptive Writing, • Visual Literacy p. 780 pp. 775, 781 • Det. Cause/Effect, p. 777 780 p. 778 • Inferring, p. 775 • Interpreting, p. 778 • Kinesthetic, p. 777 Additional Resources • Read. Essen., p. 253 Additional Resources Additional Resources Additional Resources • Historical Analysis Skills • Guided Reading Act., • Supreme Court Case • Differentiated Instruct. Act., URB p. 90 URB p. 118 Studies, p. 69 Act., URB p. 91 • Prim. Source Reading, • Link. Past and Present, URB p. 105 URB p. 102 • Interpret. Political Cartoons, URB p. 109 • Quizzes/Tests, p. 317 Chapter 22 • Section 3 The Hunt for Spies, 1947–1954 Teach

R1 Reading Strategy Making Connections Have ▲ Loyalty and Dissent, Oppenheimer, 1953 students work in small groups and Although he had led the effort to develop the atomic come up with a definition for loy- bomb, Dr. Robert Oppenheimer’s left-wing views and opposition to the hydrogen bomb led to the suspen- alty. Discuss as a class why it is dif- sion of his security clearance and controversial public ficult to define an abstraction in hearings. absolute terms. OL

▲ Hiss v. Chambers, 1948 In 1948, Whittaker Chambers, a TIME magazine editor and former Communist Party R2 Reading Strategy member, testifi ed that U.S. diplomat Alger Hiss was a Communist. Hiss denied being a spy or a member of the Communist Party. Evidence provided by Chambers led to Inferring HUAC was concerned Hiss being convicted of perjury. that Communists were using the ▲ The Rosenbergs Are American film industry to dissemi- Convicted, 1950 nate their ideas. Ask: Why did Analyzing VISUALS In 1950 the hunt for spies who had this tactic seem plausible? 1. Summarizing What were the Rosenbergs given U.S. nuclear secrets to the Sovi- accused of and what was the result? ets led to the arrest of Julius and Ethel (Students might say that films Rosenberg. Accused of running a 2. Explaining Why was Robert Soviet spy network, the Rosenbergs reached large audiences, so many Oppenheimer’s security clearance became the fi rst civilians executed for Americans would be exposed to suspended? espionage in 1953. Their case was con- troversial and led to public protests. Communist ideas—and it would happen without their knowledge or consent.) OL during the check, many under pressure. machinations of sinister figures engaged in Another 212 were fired for “questionable loy- un-American activities.” Hoover’s aim was to alty,” although no actual evidence against them R1 expose not just Communists but also was uncovered. “Communist sympathizers” and “fellow travel- Analyzing VISUALS ers.” Under Hoover’s leadership, the FBI sent House Un-American agents to infiltrate groups suspected of subver- Answers: Activities Committee (HUAC) sion and wiretapped thousands of telephones. 1. They were accused of running Although the FBI helped screen federal Hollywood on Trial One of HUAC’s first a Soviet spy network. They employees, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover was hearings in 1947 focused on the film industry were executed. not satisfied. In 1947 Hoover went before the as a powerful cultural force that Communists 2. He opposed the hydrogen House Un-American Activities Committee might manipulate to spread their ideas and bomb and had left-wing (HUAC). Formed in 1938 to investigate both influence. HUAC’s interviews routinely began, Communist and Fascist activities in the United “Are you now, or have you ever been, a mem- R2 views. States, HUAC was a minor committee until ber of the Communist Party?” Future American Hoover expanded its importance. president Ronald Reagan was head of the Hoover urged HUAC to hold public hear- Screen Actors Guild at the time and, when ings on Communist subversion. The commit- called before HUAC, he testified that there tee, Hoover said, could reveal “the diabolic were Communists in Hollywood. Additional

Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins 775 Support

Activity: Collaborative Learning

Identifying Points of View Many Have students work in groups to research violate citizens’ right to free speech? Have members of Hollywood were brought HUAC versus Hollywood. They may use students prepare a five minute presentation, before the HUAC; half provided names for actual transcripts or articles, many of which offering their views on these questions. Ask the committee to investigate, the other half can be found on the Internet. Ask: Is it students to use specific examples to support refused to name names. Nine screenwriters un-American to produce a film that their findings. OL and one director went to jail. Nearly 300 contains Communist propaganda? What writers, directors, and actors were films were identified as “Communistic”? “blacklisted,” or unable to get jobs. One Does the entertainment business have the actor, Charlie Chaplin, left the United States. power to manipulate public opinion? Was Others changed their names to get work. Hollywood a menace to society? Did HUAC 775 Chapter 22 • Section 3 During the hearings, ten screenwriters, The Rosenbergs denied the charges but known as the “Hollywood Ten,” used their Fifth were condemned to death for espionage. Many Amendment right to protect themselves from people believed that they were not leaders or self-incrimination and refused to testify. The spies but victims caught up in the wave of anti- D Differentiated incident led producers to blacklist, or agree not Communist frenzy. Appeals, public expres- Instruction to hire, anyone who was believed to be a sions of support, and pleas for clemency failed, Communist or who refused to cooperate with however, and the couple was executed in June Visual/Spatial Have students the committee. In 1950 a pamphlet called Red 1953. write two newspaper headlines Channels was published, listing 151 blacklisted Project Venona The American public hotly about the execution of the actors, directors, broadcasters, and screenwrit- ers. The blacklist created an atmosphere of dis- debated the guilt or innocence of individuals, Rosenbergs. One headline should trust and fear. like the Rosenbergs, who were accused of be from the point of view of being spies. There was, however, solid evidence someone who believes that the Alger Hiss In 1948 Whittaker Chambers, a of Soviet espionage, although very few TIME magazine editor and former Communist Americans knew it at the time. In 1946 Rosenbergs were innocent of the Party member, testified to HUAC that several American and British cryptographers, working charges, and the other should be government officials were also former for a project code-named “Venona,” cracked from the point of view of someone Communists or spies. the Soviet spy code of the time, enabling them The most prominent official named by to read approximately 3,000 messages between who is convinced of their guilt. OL Chambers was Alger Hiss, a diplomat who Moscow and the United States collected had served in Roosevelt’s administration, during the Cold War. attended the Yalta conference, and taken part The messages collected using Project C Critical Thinking in organizing the United Nations. After Hiss Venona confirmed extensive Soviet spying and Recognizing Bias Ask: sued him for libel, Chambers testified before a an ongoing effort to steal nuclear secrets. The grand jury that, in 1937 and 1938, Hiss had government did not reveal Project Venona’s Do you think union members, given him secret documents from the State existence until 1995. The Venona documents schools or universities, churches, Department. Hiss denied being either a spy or provided strong evidence that the Rosenbergs or businesses have the right to a member of the Communist Party, and he also were indeed guilty. make members divulge informa- denied ever having known Chambers. The committee was ready to drop the investi- The Red Scare Spreads tion about their political views? gation until Representative Richard Nixon of Why or why not? (Responses will California convinced his colleagues to continue Following the federal government’s exam- vary. Most students will suggest the hearings to determine whether Hiss or ple, many state and local governments, univer- sities, businesses, unions, churches, and private that political views are private Chambers had lied. Chambers produced copies of secret documents, along with microfilm that organizations began their own efforts to find and protected under the he had hidden in a hollow pumpkin on his farm. Communists. The University of California Constitution.) OL These “pumpkin papers,” Chambers claimed, required its 11,000 faculty members to take proved Hiss was lying. A jury agreed and con- loyalty oaths and fired 157 who refused to do victed Hiss of perjury, or lying under oath. so. Many Catholic groups became strongly anti-Communist and urged their members to The Rosenbergs Another sensational spy C identify Communists within the Church. case centered on accusations that American The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 required union Answer: to discover Communists had sold the secrets of the atomic leaders to take oaths that they were not Communists who might have bomb to the Soviets. Many people did not Communists, but many union leaders did not infiltrated the U.S. government believe that the Soviet Union could have pro- object. Instead, they launched their own efforts duced an atomic bomb in 1949 without help. or areas of American society to purge Communists from their organiza- D This belief intensified the hunt for spies. tions. The president of the CIO called In 1950 the hunt led to a British scientist Communist sympathizers “skulking cowards” who admitted sending information to the and “apostles of hate.” The CIO eventually Soviet Union. After hearing his testimony, the expelled 11 unions that refused to remove FBI arrested Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, a New Communist leaders from their organization. York couple who were members of the Communist Party. The government charged Explaining What was the pur- Additional them with heading a Soviet spy ring. pose of the loyalty review boards and HUAC?

Support 776 Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins

Activity: Interdisciplinary Connection

Civics Many people, including Albert Have students research the details of the Have students write a two-page summary Einstein and Pope Pius XII urged clemency trial. Ask: Who were the Rosenbergs? How of their findings to present in class. for the Rosenbergs. Files released after the did they come under suspicion? Why was Encourage students to include photos in fall of the Soviet Union seem to indicate the trial so highly publicized? What were their reports. OL that the Rosenbergs were guilty. However, the official charges? Why were they sen- information revealed in a 1996 interview tenced to death? How many people pro- with David Greenglass, Ethel Rosenberg’s tested their execution? What exactly did brother, puts Ethel’s guilt in doubt. the Venona transcripts reveal about them?

776 Chapter 22 • Section 3 McCarthyism PRIMARY SOURCE “While I cannot take the time to name all the men MAIN Idea Senator Joseph R. McCarthy used the in the State Department who have been named as fear of communism to increase his own power and members of the Communist Party and members of destroy the reputations of many people. a spy ring, I have here in my hand a list of 205 that C Critical Thinking HISTORY AND YOU Have you ever known anyone were known to the Secretary of State as being who spread untrue stories about others? Read on to members of the Communist Party and who never- Determining Cause and find out about the false accusations that Senator theless are still working and shaping the policy of Effect McCarthy accused people McCarthy spread in the early 1950s. the State Department.” of being Communists with no evi- —quoted in The Fifties dence. Ask: Why was McCarthy In 1949 the Red Scare intensified even fur- ther. In that year, the Soviet Union successfully The Associated Press picked up the state- so successful in getting the press tested an atomic bomb, and China fell to com- ment and sent it to newspapers nationwide. C to believe his claims, even munism. To many Americans, these events While at an airport, reporters asked McCarthy though he had no evidence? seemed to prove that the United States was to see his list of Communists. McCarthy replied (People were extremely fearful.) OL losing the Cold War. Deeply concerned, they that he would be happy to show it to them, but wanted to know why their government was unfortunately, it was in his bag on the plane. In failing. As a result, many continued to believe fact, the list never appeared. McCarthy, how- that Communists had infiltrated the govern- ever, continued to make charges and draw D Differentiated ment and remained undetected. attention. Instruction In February 1950, soon after Alger Hiss’s McCarthy’s use of sensationalist charges was Kinesthetic Illustrate how base- perjury conviction, a little-known Wisconsin not new. When he ran for the Senate in 1946, he senator gave a political speech to a Republican accused his opponent, Robert M. La Follette, Jr., less yet powerful McCarthy was women’s group in West Virginia. Halfway of being “communistically inclined.” McCarthy by designating some students as through his speech, Senator Joseph R. did not provide any evidence to support his accu- “Communists” for a day. Arbitrarily McCarthy made a surprising statement: sation, but it helped him win the election. assign these students to sit in a different part of the class. Do not call on them or let others talk to McCarthyism them. They can only rejoin the group if they identify someone else as a Communist. The accused will join the isolated group. OL

Analyzing VISUALS

▲ The wall of Answers: the U.S. State D Department is 1. he refused to condemn smeared by McCarthy McCarthy. 2. Answers will vary. Students should support their choice.

Analyzing VISUALS 1. Explaining What does the cartoon on the left imply about President Eisenhower’s leadership dur- ing the McCarthy era? ▲ President Eisenhower and CIA Director Allen Dulles try not to make any noise in the hope that the “bull,” Joe 2. Assessing Which cartoon do you think is more McCarthy, will go away without doing much damage. critical of McCarthy? Why? Hands-On

Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins 777 Chapter Project (r)The Granger Collection, New York Step 3 Role-Playing to Demonstrate Putting It Together After the perfor- McCarthyism in Action mance, the students who created and performed the mock-hearing should Step 3: Staging the Hearing Essential meet. They can then decide if they need to Question: Does the role-play or mock revise it in any way based on audience hearing succeed in reflecting what hap- feedback. OL pened and give a sense of why McCarthy (Chapter Project continued on page 785) ultimately failed? (Performers’ Perspective) Directions Students will perform the role- play before the entire class. Viewers can take notes and ask questions after the performance. 777 Chapter 22 • Section 3 After becoming a senator, McCarthy contin- Communist influences, McCarthy turned the ued to proclaim that Communists were a dan- investigation into a witch hunt—a search for ger both at home and abroad. To some disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irra- audiences, he distributed a booklet called “The tional fears. His tactic of damaging reputations C Critical Thinking Party of Betrayal,” which accused Democratic with vague and unfounded charges became Party leaders of corruption and of protecting known as McCarthyism. Interpreting Truman vetoed Communists. Secretary of State Dean Acheson McCarthy’s sensational accusations drew the McCarran Bill stating, “The was a frequent target. According to McCarthy, W the attention of the press, which put him in the basic error of this bill is that it Acheson was incompetent and a tool of Stalin. headlines and quoted him widely. When he moves in the direction of sup- He also wildly accused George C. Marshall, questioned witnesses, McCarthy would badger the former army chief of staff and secretary of them and then refuse to accept their answers. pressing opinion and belief…that state, of disloyalty as a member of “a conspir- His tactics left a cloud of suspicion that would make a mockery of the Bill acy so immense as to dwarf any previous such McCarthy and others interpreted as guilt. of Rights and of our claims to ventures in the history of man.” Furthermore, people were afraid to challenge McCarthy was not alone in making such him for fear of becoming targets themselves. stand for freedom in the world.” charges. In the prevailing mood of anxiety Ask students if they agree with about communism, many Americans were McCarthy’s Downfall Truman or Congress, which over- ready to believe them. In 1954 McCarthy began to look for Soviet rode his veto. Ask: Do you think spies in the United States Army. During weeks a bill such as the McCarran Act The McCarran Act of televised Army-McCarthy hearings, millions could become law in present In 1950, with the Korean War underway and of Americans watched McCarthy question and times? (Responses will vary.) OL McCarthy and others arousing fears of bully officers, harassing them about trivial Communist spies, Congress passed the Internal details and accusing them of misconduct. His Security Act, usually called the McCarran Act. popular support began to fade. Declaring that “world Communism has as its Finally, to strike back at the army’s lawyer, W Writing Support sole purpose the establishment of a totalitarian Joseph Welch, McCarthy brought up the past Descriptive Writing dictatorship in America,” Senator Pat McCarran of a young lawyer in Welch’s firm who had McCarthyism was often called the of Nevada offered a way to fight “treachery, been a member of a Communist-front organi- infiltration, sabotage, and terrorism.” The act zation while in law school. Welch, who was “Witch Hunt of the 1950s.” Have made it illegal to “combine, conspire, or agree fully aware of the young man’s past, now students research and explain with any other person to perform any act which exploded at McCarthy for possibly ruining the the metaphor in a one-page would substantially contribute to . . . the estab- young man’s career: “Until this moment, I C lishment of a totalitarian government.” think I never really gauged your cruelty or your paper. (Students should compare The McCarran Act required all Communist recklessness. . . . You have done enough. Have McCarthyism to the Puritan perse- Party and “Communist-front” organizations to you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have cution of women in Salem.) AL publish their records and register with the you left no sense of decency?” United States attorney general. Communists Spectators cheered. Welch had said aloud could not have passports to travel abroad and, what many Americans had been thinking. As in cases of a national emergency, Communists Senator Stuart Symington of Missouri com- and Communist sympathizers could be mented, “The American people have had a arrested and detained. Unwilling to punish look at you for six weeks. You are not fooling Answer: it ruined many careers, people for their opinions, Truman vetoed the anyone.” McCarthy had lost the power to colored political life, and influ- bill, but Congress easily overrode his veto in arouse fear. Newspaper headlines repeated: enced popular culture 1950. Later Supreme Court cases, however, “Have you no sense of decency?” limited the scope of the McCarran Act. Later that year, the Senate passed a vote of censure, or formal disapproval, against McCarthy’s Tactics McCarthy—one of the most serious criticisms it can level against a member. Although he After the Republicans won control of remained in the Senate, McCarthy had lost all Congress in 1952, McCarthy became chairman influence. He died in 1957. of the Senate subcommittee on investigations. Using the power of his committee to force Evaluating What were the Additional government officials to testify about alleged effects of McCarthyism?

Support 778 Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins

Activity: Technology Connection

Identifying Points of View News writ- When McCarthy began attacking the United work in groups to present a “live” or “prere- ers, radio broadcasters, average Americans, States Army, he had gone too far. Those who corded” TV talk show that reflects Murrow’s and even well-known and respected politi- had remained silent finally spoke up, stance, public reaction, and McCarthy’s spin cians were afraid to speak out against including Edward R. Murrow, an experienced on the broadcast. AL McCarthy for fear they would be next to television broadcaster. On March 9, 1954, face his committee (HUAC). When the Murrow used his television program, See It McCarthy hearings were televised, it drew Now, to express his views on McCarthyism. national attention. The American people Have students use the Internet and library were able to witness the bullying tech- to discover what Murrow said and how the niques of McCarthy. American public reacted. Have students 778 Analyzing Supreme Court Cases Supreme Court Cases Are There Limits on Congressional Power?

★ Watkins v. United States, 1957 More About the Case Background to the Case Watkins, who was an active leader In 1954 labor organizer John Watkins testifi ed before the in the labor movement, was iden- House Un-American Activities Committee. He agreed to discuss tified by witnesses as Communist. his own connections with the Communist Party and to identify Watkins testified freely about his people he knew who were still members, but he refused to give information about those who were no longer members. Watkins own activities, admitting to partic- received a misdemeanor conviction for refusing to answer ipating in some Communist activi- questions “pertinent to the question under inquiry.” In 1957 ties and to making contributions. he appealed his case to the Supreme Court. As a union official, he also worked How the Court Ruled closely with the Communist Party. The Watkins case raised the question: Is it constitutional for However, Watkins denied that he a congressional committee to ask any question or investigate was ever a “card carrying member” any topic, whether or not it is directly related to Congress’s law- of the Communist Party, and he making function? In a 6-to-1 decision—two members did not refused to answer questions participate—the Supreme Court held that the activities of HUAC ▲ Senator Joseph McCarthy (above) symbolized the fears of the early during its investigations were, indeed, beyond the scope of the 1950s, when communist spies were suspected to have infiltrated all about others who may have been stated aims of the committee, as well as the authority of aspects of American society. Together, McCarthy’s committee in the members of the Communist Party, congressional powers. Senate and the House Un-American Activities Committee used their power to subpoena people to investigate their loyalty. As a result claiming that information was not many reputations were smeared and careers ruined. relevant to the Committee’s work.

PRIMARY SOURCE PRIMARY SOURCE The Court’s Opinion Dissenting View “The power of the Congress to conduct investigations is “It may be that at times the House Committee on Un- inherent in the legislative process. That power is broad. . . . But, American Activities has, as the Court says, “conceived of its 1. must be based on the law- broad as is this power of inquiry, it is not unlimited. There is no task in the grand view of its name.” And, perhaps, as the Court making, or legislative duties, general authority to expose the private affairs of individuals indicates, the rules of conduct placed upon the Committee by of Congress without justifi cation in terms of the functions of the Con- the House admit of individual abuse and unfairness. But that is 2. He argued that Congress was gress. . . . Nor is the Congress a law enforcement or trial agency. none of our affair. So long as the object of a legislative inquiry is These are functions of the executive and judicial departments legitimate and the questions propounded are pertinent thereto, pursuing an inquiry on a of government. No inquiry is an end in itself; it must be related it is not for the courts to interfere with the committee system of “legitimate” topic, and the to, and in furtherance of, a legitimate task of the Congress. inquiry. To hold otherwise would be an infringement on the judicial branch should not Investigations conducted solely for the personal aggrandize- power given the Congress to inform itself. . . .” interfere. ment of the investigators or to “punish” those investigated are —Justice Tom Campbell Clark, author of the dissenting opinion in indefensible.” Watkins v. United States 3. Warren appears to have been —Chief Justice Earl Warren, writing for the majority in hostile to HUAC. Watkins v. United States

1. Explaining On what does Warren say a congressional inquiry must always be based? 2. Discussing Why does Clark disagree with the majority opinion? 3. Making Inferences What opinion do you think Warren had of HUAC? Differentiated

Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins 779 Instruction

Name ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Date ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Class ࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝࿝ Supreme Court Case Study 38 Limits of Congressional Investigations Watkins v. United States, 1957 Analyzing a Supreme Court Decision ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ Background of the Case ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ In the 1950s, the United States was in the grips of the Cold War. Many citizens feared Communism and anything associated with it. In 1954, John Watkins, a labor organizer, was called to testify before the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC). The Committee investigated individuals and organizations thought to be disloyal to the U.S. government, especially those with ties to the Communist Party. The HUAC was often criticized for disregarding the civil liberties of those it had called to testify. When John Watkins testified before the Committee, he answered questions about his involvement in the Communist movement. He also described his association with current Objective: Learn how judicial review was applied to a Differentiated Instruction Strategies Communist Party members, whom he named. However, Watkins refused to identify any indi- viduals whom he believed were no longer involved in the Communist movement. He argued that this information was beyond the scope of the Committee’s authority. Watkins was charged with contempt of Congress. He was convicted and sentenced to one year in prison and a $100 fine. The sentence was suspended and Watkins was released on probation. The Court of Appeals upheld his conviction, and Watkins appealed to the United States Supreme Court. refusal to answer questions of the HUAC. BL Define judicial review using your own Constitutional Issue ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ The Court had previously examined this issue. In Kilbourn v. Thompson (1881) and McGrain v. Daugherty (1927), standards were set for Congressional investigations. Those with the purpose of passing new legislation were considered constitutional. Witnesses Focus: Identify the central issue of the case: words. refusing to cooperate could be held in contempt of Congress. Sinclair v. United States (1929) held that a committee could require a witness to testify before it. However, the witness could refuse to answer questions that went beyond the scope of the committee’s authority. The witness could also refuse to answer questions that were not relevant to the committee’s inquiry. Watkins v. United States tested this principle. Congressional powers of investigation are not AL Write a brief essay in which you argue ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ The Supreme Court’s Decision ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ The Court voted 6 to 1 to overturn Watkins’s conviction. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote the majority opinion. unlimited. against the Court’s decision. The Court’s decision stated that the power of Congress to investigate is not unlimited. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Copyright The McGraw-Hill © by Inc. Warren believed that HUAC’s investigation did not meet the standards set in Kilbourn, McGrain, and Sinclair. He wrote, “There is no general authority to expose the private affairs of individuals without justification in terms of the functions of the Congress.” According to Warren, HUAC’s investigation went beyond the established limits of Congressional power in this regard. Teach: Discuss the Court’s opinion. ELL Create a list of all of the unfamiliar

(continued) Supreme Court Case Studies 75 Assess: Explain the importance of the case (First and words in the reading. Then work with a Case Study 38: Fifth Amendment rights). partner to define them. Watkins v. United States, Close: Write a paragraph summarizing the case. p. 75 779 Chapter 22 • Section 3 attack, while others became active in politics in Life During the Early an effort to shape government policy. Writers Cold War responded by describing the dangers of atomic war and the threat of communism— D Differential MAIN Idea Obsessed with fear of a nuclear sometimes to convince people to take action Instruction attack, many Americans took steps to protect and sometimes to protest policies they feared themselves. might lead to war. Visual/Spatial Have students HISTORY AND YOU Have you ever felt the need to create a chart that includes all the protect yourself from something dangerous or scary? Read to learn more about how Americans tried to Facing the Bomb nations that have developed deal with their fears during the early 1950s. Already upset by the first Soviet atomic test nuclear weapons since 1945. The in 1949, Americans were shocked when the chart should include the name of The Red Scare and the spread of nuclear D Soviets again successfully tested the much the country and the year it con- weapons had a profound impact on American more powerful hydrogen bomb, or H-bomb, life in the 1950s. Fear of communism and of in 1953. The United States had tested its own ducted its first nuclear test. OL nuclear war affected the thinking and choices H-bomb less than a year earlier. of many ordinary Americans, as well as their Americans prepared for a surprise Soviet leaders in government. Some Americans attack. Schools set aside special areas as bomb S Skill Practice responded by preparing to survive a nuclear shelters. In bomb drills, students learned to Visual Literacy Have students look at the school picture and the bomb shelter. Ask: How did people think they were going to Living with the Bomb in the 1950s survive a nuclear bomb? (by cov- The Cold War convinced many in American society that they needed ering their heads and eyes, hiding to be prepared to survive a nuclear attack. While authorities made underground, eating canned food) Civil Defense plans, individuals took it upon themselves to build Ask: Have you seen any old fall- bomb shelters and stockpile supplies. out shelter signs in your commu- nity? If so, where are they ▲ located? (Answers will vary.) BL In the 1950s school children took part in “duck- and-cover” drills designed to give them a chance at ▲ The Civil Defense surviving a nuclear blast if Agency set up bomb Analyzing VISUALS they were far enough from shelters in cities, and made S the epicenter. plans to assist survivors Answers: after an attack. Today the Civil Defense Agency is 1. to protect people from a known as FEMA—the Federal Emergency nuclear bomb blast Management Agency. 2. If a nuclear bomb were

dropped, most services would ▲ Some Americans invested in personal bomb shelters stocked with food to allow them to survive not be available. Each person a bomb blast and the radiation that would follow. would have to fend for himself. Analyzing VISUALS 1. Explaining What was the purpose of the “duck-and-cover “drills and bomb shelters? 2. Making Inferences Even if some preparations would not work, why might the government have Additional wanted people to prepare for war?

Support 780 Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins

Activity: Interdisciplinary Connection

Literature The literature and pop culture The other side portrayed an unrealistic view and watch a few episodes of 1950s sitcoms of the 1950s reflected themes that were of family life in suburbia. Houses were filled to create a poster with a 1950s theme to be often in conflict with one another. On one with new appliances and perfect children. shared with the class. OL side, the view was annihilistic, filled with Television shows such as Ozzie and Harriet anti-Communism hysteria and the threat of and Leave It To Beaver portrayed families nuclear war. Ray Bradbury’s The Martian who were not concerned about bomb shel- Chronicles features a doomsday view of the ters or communism. future. Science fiction movies such as The Have students read some of Bradbury’s sto- Invasion of the Body Snatchers were allego- ries, look at movie posters from the 1950s, ries for communist (alien) subversion. 780 duck under their desks, turn away from the windows, and cover Chapter 22 • Section 3 their heads with their hands. These “duck-and-cover” actions REVIEW were supposed to protect them from a nuclear bomb blast. Section 3 Although “duck-and-cover” might have made people feel safe, it would not have protected them from deadly nuclear radiation. R Reading Strategy According to experts, for every person killed outright by a nuclear Vocabulary blast, four more would die later from fallout, the radiation left 1. Explain the significance of: Red Scare, Making Connections Ask: over after a blast. To protect themselves, some families built back- subversion, loyalty review program, Alger Why would John Hersey’s book yard fallout shelters and stocked them with canned food. Hiss, perjury, McCarran Act, McCarthyism, Hiroshima have been so popular censure, fallout. during the Cold War? (It tied Popular Culture in the Cold War Main Ideas together the recent history of using Worries about nuclear war and Communist infiltration filled 2. Explaining What was the result of an atomic bomb to people’s fears the public’s imagination. Cold War themes soon appeared in films, President Truman’s loyalty review program? that the U.S. would soon be victims plays, television, the titles of dance tunes, and popular fiction. In 1953 Arthur Miller’s thinly veiled criticism of the Communist 3. Analyzing Hearings to investigate of a nuclear attack.) OL witchhunts, The Crucible, appeared on Broadway. The play remains Communist subversion in what organiza- popular today as a cautionary tale about how hysteria can lead to tion led to McCarthy’s downfall? false accusations. Matt Cvetic was an FBI undercover informant 4. Identifying What event made Americans who secretly infiltrated the Communist Party in Pittsburgh, fearful of a nuclear attack by the Soviets? Pennsylvania. His story captivated magazine readers in the Answer: Americans prepared for Saturday Evening Post in 1950 and came to movie screens the next Critical Thinking year as I Was a Communist for the FBI. Another suspense film, a surprise Soviet attack, worried Walk East on Beacon (1951), features the FBI’s activities in an espi- 5. Big Ideas How did the Red Scare and about a nuclear war, and onage case. McCarthyism change American society watched films and read books and government? In 1953 television took up the theme with a series about an about Communist infiltrations. undercover FBI counterspy who was also a Communist Party 6. Organizing Use a graphic organizer official. Each week, I Led Three Lives kept television viewers on similar to the one below to list the causes edge. Popular tunes such as “Atomic Boogie” and “Atom Bomb and effects of the Red Scare of the 1950s. Baby” played on the radio. In 1954 author Philip Wylie published Tomorrow! This novel Causes Effects describes the horrific effects of nuclear war on an unprepared Assess American city. As an adviser on civil defense, Wylie had failed to convince the federal government to play a strong role in building Red Scare bomb shelters. Frustrated, he wrote his novel to educate the pub- lic about the horrors of atomic war. One of the most famous and enduring works of this period is Study Central™ provides sum- John Hersey’s nonfiction book Hiroshima. Originally published as 7. Analyzing Visuals Study the cartoons maries, interactive games, and the entire contents of the August 1946 edition of The New Yorker on page 777. Which cartoon do you think magazine, the book provides the firsthand accounts of six survi- online graphic organizers to help R makes the stronger point? Explain. vors of the U.S. dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, students review content. Japan. Not only did it make some Americans question the use of Writing About History the bomb, Hiroshima also underscored the real and personal hor- rors of a nuclear attack. 8. Persuasive Writing Suppose that you Close At the same time that these fears were haunting Americans, the are a newspaper editor during the Army- country was enjoying postwar prosperity and optimism. That spirit, McCarthy hearings. Write an editorial giv- Identifying Have students combined with McCarthyism, fears of Communist infiltration, and ing reasons why people should support or break into groups and discuss condemn Senator McCarthy. the threat of atomic attack, made the early 1950s a time of con- how American society reflected trasts. As the 1952 election approached, Americans were looking for someone or something that would make them feel secure. fears of the nuclear age. OL Describing How did the Cold War affect life in the 1950s? Study Central™ To review this section, go to glencoe.com and click on Study Central. Section 3 REVIEW 781

Answers

1. All definitions can be found in the section 6. Causes: Alger Hiss Trial, Rosenbergs, Russia’s and the Glossary. successful test of an atomic bomb 2. Six million federal employees were Effects: Loyalty Review Program, HUAC, screened for their loyalty, 2,000 employees McCarran Act, McCarthyism, fallout shelters, quit their jobs, and 212 were fired. blacklists, duck-and-cover, and so on 3. the U.S. Army 7. Responses will vary. Students should sup- 4. The Soviets successfully tested a hydrogen port their answers with sound reasoning. bomb in 1953. 8. Editorials will vary but should reflect a posi- 5. While people were enjoying postwar pros- tion supported with persuasive reasons. perity and optimism, they feared commu- nism and an atomic attack. 781 Chapter 22 • Section 4 Section 4 Section Audio Spotlight Video Focus Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies

Bellringer resident Eisenhower believed developing new Guide to Reading technology to deliver nuclear weapons would help Daily Focus Transparency 22-4 P

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Big Ideas ANSWER: D prevent war. He also directed the CIA to use covert Teacher Tip: Remind students that they are looking for UNIT trends rather than actual numbers. 7 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS Chapter 22 TRANSPARENCY 22-4 Science and Technology Nuclear Interpreting Line Graphs operations in the struggle to contain communism.

Directions: Answer the following EISENHOWER’S “NEW LOOK” question based on the line graphs. technology enabled Eisenhower to

MILITARY SPENDING During his presidency, $60 how did Eisenhower modify $50 billion $50 military spending and the change U.S. military policy, while new $40 nation’s nuclear arsenal? $30 $34 billion A He reduced both military $20 spending and the number of $10 missile technology marked the begin- bombs in the arsenal. Billions of Dollars $0 During the 1950s B He increased both military spending and the number of Massive Retaliation NUCLEAR ARSENAL bombs in the arsenal. ning of the space age. 20 18,000 18 C He increased military spend- 16 14 ing and reduced the number 12 of bombs in the arsenal. 10 MAIN Idea Eisenhower fought the Cold War by increasing the U.S. 8 D He reduced military spending 6 and increased the number of

(In Thousands) 4 1,000 Number of Bombs 2 bombs. Content Vocabulary 0 nuclear arsenal and using the threat of nuclear war to end conflicts in Korea, During the 1950s • massive retaliation (p. 783) Taiwan, and the Suez. (p. 783) • brinkmanship HISTORY AND YOU Do you know anyone who uses threats to get his or • covert (p. 785) her way? Read further to learn about Eisenhower’s use of nuclear threats to Guide to Reading • developing nation (p. 785) achieve foreign policy goals. (p. 787) Answers: • military-industrial complex brinkmanship, covert operations, Academic Vocabulary By the end of 1952, many Americans were ready for a change in leadership. The Cold War had much to do with that attitude. Many • imply (p. 786) massive retaliation people believed that Truman’s foreign policy was not working. The • response (p. 787) Soviet Union had tested an atomic bomb and consolidated its hold People and Events to Identify on Eastern Europe. China had fallen to communism, and American • Central Intelligence Agency (p. 785) troops were fighting in Korea. • Sputnik (p. 787) Tired of the criticism and uncertain he could win, Truman decided not to run again. The Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson, gover- To generate student interest and Reading Strategy nor of Illinois. The Republicans chose Dwight D. Eisenhower, the provide a springboard for class Organizing Complete a concept web general who had organized the D-Day invasion. Stevenson had no similar to the one below by filling in chance against a national hero who had helped win World War II. discussion, access the Chapter 22, aspects of Eisenhower’s Cold War Americans wanted someone they could trust to lead the nation in Section 4 video at glencoe.com or Policies. the Cold War. Eisenhower won in a landslide. on the video DVD.

Eisenhower’s “More Bang for the Buck” Cold War Policies The Cold War shaped Eisenhower’s thinking from the moment he took office. He was convinced that the key to victory in the Cold War was not simply military might but also a strong economy. The United States had to show the world that free enterprise could pro- duce a better society than communism. At the same time, economic prosperity would prevent Communists from gaining support in the United States and protect society from subversion. As a professional soldier, Eisenhower knew the costs associated with large-scale conventional war. Preparing for that kind of warfare, he believed, was too expensive. “We cannot defend the nation in a way which will exhaust our economy,” the president declared. Instead of maintaining a large and expensive army, the nation “must be pre- pared to use atomic weapons in all forms.” Nuclear weapons, he said, Resource Manager gave “more bang for the buck.”

782 Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins

R Reading C Critical D Differentiated W Writing S Skill Strategies Thinking Instruction Support Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Additional Resources Teacher Edition • Explaining, p. 787 • Analyzing Info., p. 783 • Visual/Spatial, p. 784 • Cont. Vocab. Act., URB • Using Geo. Skills, p. 785 • Speculating, p. 784 • Gifted and Talented, p. 95 Additional Resources • Drawing Con., p. 785 p. 786 • Academic Vocab. Act., Additional Resources • Guided Reading Act., • Evaluating, p. 786 URB p. 97 • Time Line Act., URB URB p. 119 Additional Resources p. 101 • Am. History in Graphic Additional Resources • American Art and Music • Read. Essen., p. 256 Novel, p. 57 • Supreme Court Case Act., URB p. 107 • Prim. Source Reading, Studies, p. 77 • Enrichment Act., URB URB p. 103 • Quizzes/Tests, p. 318 p. 113 • Authentic Assess., p. 49 • Reteaching Act., URB p. 111 Chapter 22 • Section 4 TECHNOLOGY& HISTORY Cold War Technology President Eisenhower’s emphasis on nuclear weapons required new technology Teach to deliver them. Eisenhower wanted to make sure that the United States could wage nuclear war even if the Soviets destroyed American bases in C Critical Thinking Europe or Asia. This required tech- Analyzing Information Have nology that would allow the U.S. to strike the USSR without needing students create a T-chart. One col- ▲ bases in Europe. ICBMs umn should list the advantages of Because bombers could be shot down, Eisenhower also approved the develop- massive retaliation; the other col- ▲ Long-Range Bombers ment of intercontinental ballistic missiles umn should list the disadvan- Sixteen missiles (ICBMs) that could reach anywhere in the In 1955 the U.S. Air Force unveiled were carried in silos world in less than 30 minutes. The Atlas tages. Lead a discussion as to the huge B-52 bomber (above), located here. missile (right) was the fi rst American which could fl y across continents to whether massive retaliation is a ICBM. It was also used to launch the fi rst drop nuclear bombs. The B-52 is still seven U.S. astronauts. It is still used today sound policy. OL in use today. to launch satellites.

Analyzing VISUALS

▲ Missile Submarines Analyzing VISUALS Eisenhower also began a pro- 1. Determining Cause and Effect How did gram to build submarines Eisenhower’s nuclear strategy lead to the Answers: capable of launching nuclear development of new technologies? missiles from underwater. The 1. Nuclear weapons had to be Polaris submarine (left) 2. Defining What is an ICBM and what is its delivered quickly and with lit- launched in 1960 and carried purpose? 16 nuclear missiles. tle or no harm to Americans. Special planes required new technology—their range had The Korean War had convinced Eisenhower John Foster Dulles, the dominant figure in the to be longer with an ability to that the United States could not contain com- nation’s foreign policy in the 1950s, strongly munism by fighting a series of small wars. defended this approach: fly higher. Missiles that were Such wars were unpopular and too expensive. launched from land and from Instead, wars had to be prevented from hap- PRIMARY SOURCE submarines were also pening in the first place. The best way to do “You have to take chances for peace, just as you must developed. that seemed to be to threaten to use nuclear take chances in war. Some say that we were brought to the verge of war. Of course we were brought to the 2. intercontinental ballistic mis- weapons. This policy came to be called C massive retaliation. verge of war. The ability to get to the verge without sile; its purpose was to reach getting into the war is the necessary art. . . . If you try The new policy enabled Eisenhower to cut its target within 30 minutes— military spending from $50 billion to $34 bil- to run away from it, if you are scared to go to the lion. He did this by reducing the size of the brink, you are lost. We’ve had to look it square in the no pilot required. face. . . . We walked to the brink and we looked it in army, which was expensive to maintain. At the the face. We took strong action.” same time, he increased the U.S. nuclear arse- nal from about 1,000 bombs in 1953 to about —quoted in Rise to Globalism 18,000 bombs in 1961. Critics called this brinkmanship—the willingness to go to the brink of war to force Brinkmanship the other side to back down—and argued that President Eisenhower’s willingness to it was too dangerous. During several crises, threaten nuclear war to maintain peace wor- however, President Eisenhower felt compelled ried some people. However, Secretary of State to threaten nuclear war. Differentiated

Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins 783 Instruction

Name Date Class

Primary Source Reading 22-1 ★★★★★★

Containment or Liberation? Reader’s Dictionary Writing a Narrative Essay ★ About the Selection desisting: to halt Appointed secretary of state by eviction: to force out President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953, John Foster Dulles testified before the Senate during his confirmation hearing. In his testimony, a portion of which appears below, Dulles proposed the libera- GUIDED READING

tion of people under Soviet domination As you read, determine why—according 22 and criticized the containment policy that to Dulles—the policy of containment failed. President Truman had pursued. Then answer the questions that follow. Objective: Examine a speech regarding the policy of Differentiated Instruction Strategies

★★CHAPTER

here are a number of policy matters which I would prefer to discuss with Tthe committee in executive session, but I have no objection to saying in containment. List the examples Dulles gives. Why open session what I have said before: namely, that we shall never have a BL secure peace or a happy world so long as Soviet Communism dominates one-third of all of the peoples that there are, and is in the process of trying at least to extend its rule to many others. These people who are enslaved are people who deserve to be free, and who, from our own selfish standpoint, ought to be free; . . . Focus: Read the speech to determine the message. does he give these examples? . . . [W]e must always have in mind the liberation of these captive peoples. Now, liberation can be accomplished by processes short of war. We have, as one example—not an ideal example, but it illustrates my point—the defec- tion of Yugoslavia under Tito from the domination of Soviet Communism. . . . The present tie between China and Moscow is an unholy arrangement, which is contrary to the traditions, the hopes, the aspirations of the Chinese Teach: List the reasons Dulles gives to support his Find another primary source about people. Certainly we cannot tolerate a continuance of that. . . . AL Therefore, a policy which only aims at containing Russia where it now is, is, in itself, an unsound policy; but it is a policy which is bound to fail because a purely defensive policy never wins against an aggressive policy. If our only policy is to stay where we are, we will be driven back. It is only by keeping alive the hope of liberation, by taking advantage of that wherever argument. containment. opportunity arises, that we will end this terrible peril which dominates the world, . . . It must be and can be a peaceful process, but those who do not believe that results can be accomplished by moral pressures, by the weight of propaganda, just do not know what they are talking about. I ask you to recall the fact that Soviet Communism, itself, has spread from Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, controlling 200 million people some seven years ago to controlling 800 mil- Assess: Write an essay either supporting or contradict- ELL Outline the speech. lion people today, and it has done that by methods of political warfare,

(continued) 103 ing Dulles’ opinion. Primary Source Reading, Close: Ask students: In your opinion, why did contain- URB p. 103 ment fail? 783 Chapter 22 • Section 4 The Korean War Ends The threat to go to the brink of nuclear war seemed to work. In July 1953 negotiators Student Skill During his campaign for the presidency, signed an armistice. The battle line between Activity To learn Eisenhower had said, “I shall go to Korea,” how to create a the two sides in Korea, which was very near C Critical Thinking multimedia presen- promising to end the costly and increasingly the prewar boundary, became the border tation visit glencoe. unpopular war. On December 4, 1952, he kept D Speculating Remind students between North Korea and South Korea. A com and complete his promise. Bundled against the freezing “demilitarized zone” (DMZ) separated them. the skill activity. that during the Korean War, Korean winter, the president-elect talked with American troops are still based in Korea, help- Truman did not want to fight frontline commanders and their troops. ing to defend South Korea’s border. There has Eisenhower became convinced that the never been a peace treaty to end the war. China; MacArthur wanted to use ongoing battle was costing too many lives and atomic weapons. Eisenhower bringing too few victories. He was determined The Taiwan Crisis “hinted” that he would use C to bring the war to an end. The president then nuclear bombs, and the Chinese quietly let the Chinese know that the United Shortly after the Korean War ended, a new States might continue the Korean War “under crisis erupted in Asia. Although Communists backed off. Ask: Did Eisenhower circumstances of our own choosing”—a hint had taken power in mainland China, the do the right thing? Should at a nuclear attack. Nationalists still controlled Taiwan and several Truman have used a similar threat? Write student responses on the board and decide as a class which president took the best approach to end the war. OL Sputnik Launches a Space Race D Differentiated As the United States began to develop ICBMs, Instruction Americans were stunned to discover that the Soviet Union already had them. On October 4, 1957, the Visual/Spatial Have students Soviets demonstrated this technology by launching create a time line, listing actions Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit Earth. Worried that the United States was falling behind, the North Koreans have taken in Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space the last ten years. Ask: How Administration (NASA) to coordinate missile research should the U.S. and the world and space exploration. It also passed the National Defense Education Act (NDEA), which provided deal with North Korea? funds for education in science, math, and foreign (Responses will vary.) OL languages. Sputnik marked the beginning of a new era—the ▲ Sputnik (above) was the world’s first use of satellites in space. Both nations in the Cold artificial satellite. It made news around War began launching satellites to assist in communi- the world and launched the space race. cations and to spy on the other nation. Today, satel- lites are a vital part of modern communications and travel. They transmit television and cell phone signals, and the satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS) help ships and airplanes to navigate. Hikers and drivers can also buy GPS receivers to help determine Essays will vary but should where they are. include an opinion supported ANALYZING HISTORY Do you think missile and satellite technology helped prevent conflict dur- ▲ Scientists prepare with information from the text. ing the Cold War or made the Cold War worse? the first U.S. satellite, Explorer I, for launch Create a multimedia presentation on the Space in 1958. Race and how it has changed American society.

▲ Sputnik II, launched only a month after Additional Sputnik, carried the first living creature into orbit—an “astro” dog named Laika. Support 784 Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins (tr)The Granger Collection, New York

Extending the Content

Space Race New technology led to planes Explorer 1 lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida. that could fly across continents at very high alti- The United States had just launched its first arti- tudes and deliver nuclear bombs. Americans ficial satellite. were sure they were ahead of the Russians in the Less than a year after the launch of Sputnik 1, arms race. But Sputnik shocked and terrified Congress approved the creation of the National them. Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Then, on November 3, 1957, the Soviets stunned Its mission was to develop an unmanned moon the Americans again when they launched probe, hoping to be the first to the moon. Its Sputnik 2 with a live dog on board! America met goal, however, was a human space exploration this challenge head on. On January 31, 1958, program. 784 small islands along China’s coast. In the fall of Chapter 22 • Section 4 1954, China threatened to seize two of the Covert Operations islands. Eisenhower saw Taiwan as part of the MAIN Idea Eisenhower directed the Central “anti-Communist barrier” in Asia that needed Intelligence Agency to use covert operations to limit to be protected at all costs. the spread of communism and Soviet influence. C Critical Thinking When China began shelling the islands and HISTORY AND YOU Do you enjoy reading spy nov- announced that Taiwan would be liberated, els? Read on to learn of the development and work Drawing Conclusions First Eisenhower asked Congress to authorize the of a spy agency in the United States. with Korea and then again with use of force to defend Taiwan. He then warned Taiwan, Eisenhower “hints” to the Chinese that any attack on Taiwan would C China that the U.S. may use be resisted by U.S. naval forces stationed President Eisenhower relied on brinkman- nearby and hinted that they would use nuclear ship on several occasions, but he knew it could nuclear weapons. Ask: How weapons to stop an invasion. Soon afterward, not work in all situations. It could prevent war, many times do you think a threat China backed down. but it could not, for example, prevent Com- like this will work? Is brinkman- munists from staging revolutions within coun- ship a good diplomatic tool? The Suez Crisis tries. To prevent Communist uprisings in other countries, Eisenhower decided to use covert, (Answers will vary. Students may The following year, a serious crisis erupted or hidden, operations conducted by the Central suggest that it will only work a few in the Middle East. Eisenhower’s goal in that Intelligence Agency (CIA). times.) OL region was to prevent Arab nations from align- Many of the CIA’s operations took place in ing with the Soviet Union. To build support developing nations—nations with primarily among Arabs, Secretary of State Dulles offered agricultural economies. Many of these coun- to help Egypt finance the construction of a tries blamed European imperialism and S Skills Practice dam on the Nile River. American capitalism for their problems. Their Using Geography Skills Have The deal ran into trouble in Congress, how- leaders looked to the Soviet Union as a model students locate the Suez Canal on ever, because Egypt had bought weapons from of how to industrialize their countries. They Communist Czechoslovakia. Dulles was forced often threatened to nationalize, or put under a map. Ask: What two bodies of to withdraw the offer. A week later, Egyptian government control, foreign businesses oper- water does the Suez Canal troops seized control of the Suez Canal from ating in their countries. connect? (the Mediterranean Sea the Anglo-French company that had controlled One way to stop developing nations from it. The Egyptians intended to use the canal’s moving into the Communist camp was to pro- and the Red Sea) BL profits to pay for the dam. vide them with financial aid, as Eisenhower The British and French responded quickly had tried to do in Egypt. In some cases, how- to the Suez Crisis. In October 1956, British and S ever, where the threat of communism seemed French troops invaded Egypt. Eisenhower was stronger, the CIA ran covert operations to furious with Britain and France. The situation overthrow anti-American leaders and replace Answer: Brinkmanship is the became even more dangerous when the Soviet them with pro-American leaders. willingness to go to the brink of Union threatened rocket attacks on Britain and France and offered to send troops to help war to force the other side to Egypt. Eisenhower immediately put U.S. Iran and Guatemala back down. nuclear forces on alert, noting, “If those fellows Two examples of covert operations that start something, we may have to hit them— achieved U.S. objectives took place in Iran and and if necessary, with everything in the Guatemala. By 1953, Iranian Prime Minister bucket.” Mohammed Mossadegh had already national- Under strong pressure from the United ized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. He States, the British and French called off their seemed ready to make an oil deal with the invasion. The Soviet Union had won a major Soviet Union. The pro-American Shah of Iran diplomatic victory, however, by supporting tried to force Mossadegh out of office, but Egypt. Soon afterward, other Arab nations failed and fled into exile. The CIA quickly sent began accepting Soviet aid as well. agents to organize street riots and arrange a Identifying What was coup that ousted Mossadegh and returned the brinkmanship? shah to power. Hands-On

Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins 785 Chapter Project Step 4 Role-Playing to Demonstrate notes, viewers should evaluate the perfor- • Why did support for McCarthy eventu- McCarthyism in Action mance by answering and discussing the fol- ally fade? lowing questions: Putting It Together After the discussion, Step 4: Critiquing the Performance • What was the main message of the have students divide into groups and each

Essential Question: Does the role-play performance? choose one of the questions cited above. or mock hearing succeed in reflecting Give groups a few minutes to agree on an • How did the performance compare with what happened and give a sense of why answer. Then have each group recite their McCarthy ultimately failed? (Viewers’ the description of McCarthyism in the answers. OL (Chapter Project continued on the textbook? Perspective) Visual Summary page) Directions Viewers of the performance • Why did McCarthy’s early targets not should divide into groups or meet as whole challenge him when they stood to critique the performance. Using their accused? 785 Chapter 22 • Section 4 The following year, the CIA intervened in communist society. Although the speech was Guatemala. In 1951, with Communist support, secret, the CIA obtained a copy of it. With Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán was elected president Eisenhower’s permission, the CIA arranged for of Guatemala. His land-reform program took it to be broadcast to Eastern Europe. C Critical Thinking over large estates and plantations, including Many Eastern Europeans had long been those of the American–owned United Fruit frustrated with Communist rule. Hearing Evaluating Ask: Is secret C Company. In May 1954, Communist Khrushchev’s speech further discredited com- aggression by the CIA, such as in Czechoslovakia delivered arms to Guatemala. munism. In June 1956 riots erupted in Eastern Guatemala and Eastern Europe The CIA responded by arming the Guatemalan Europe. By late October, a full-scale uprising justifiable? Why or why not? opposition and training them at secret camps D had begun in Hungary. Although Khrushchev in Nicaragua and Honduras. Shortly after these was willing to tolerate greater freedom in What events in your lifetime CIA-trained forces invaded Guatemala, Arbenz Eastern Europe, he had never meant to imply have shaped your answer? Guzmán left office. that the Soviets would tolerate an end to com- (Responses and examples will munism in the region. Soon after the uprising Trouble in Eastern Europe began, Soviet tanks rolled into Budapest, the vary.) OL capital of Hungary, and crushed the rebellion. Covert operations did not always work as Eisenhower hoped. Stalin died in 1953, and a D Differentiated power struggle began in the Soviet Union. By The Eisenhower Doctrine Instruction 1956, Nikita Khrushchev had emerged as the The United States was not the only nation leader of the Soviet Union. That year, using covert means to support its foreign policy. Gifted and Talented Have Khrushchev delivered a secret speech to Soviet President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt had interested students research the officials. He attacked Stalin’s policies and emerged from the Suez crisis as a hero to the cultural, social, and historical fac- insisted that there were many ways to build a Arab people, and by 1957 he had begun working tors that affected the Hungarians’ reaction to Communist control. Have students present their find- ings in a brochure form, complete with photos and captions. AL The U-2 Incident In 1960, the Soviet Union shot down an American U-2 spy plane in Soviet air space. The incident led Analyzing VISUALS to a dramatic confrontation at the U.S-Soviet summit in Paris in 1960. Answers: 1. war 2. Because the U-2 flew so high,

it might go undetected. ▲ Calling President Eisenhower “a thief caught red-handed,” ▲ Soviet Premier Khrushchev The U-2 (above left) was warns the Paris summit that America’s most sophisticated further spy flights will lead spy plane, able to fly higher to war. than any other plane at the time. The pilot, Francis Gary Powers (above right), was captured but later released.

Analyzing VISUALS 1. Paraphrasing What did Nikita Khrushchev say would be the result of further U.S. aerial spying? 2. Making Inferences Why was the U-2 used as Additional a spy plane? Support

Activity: Collaborative Learning

Determining Cause and Effect In he learned pilot Francis Gary Powers was Ask: Do you think Khrushchev overre- 1959 Premier Khrushchev visited several alive. Khrushchev left Paris before the acted or do you think he was justified in cities in the United States and met with meeting and withdrew an invitation to leaving the summit? OL President Eisenhower. The two leaders Eisenhower to visit the Soviet Union. The agreed to a summit in Paris the following focus of the summit was disarmament. year. The U-2 incident occurred just weeks Have students use the Dwight D. Eisenhower before the summit. When Eisenhower Library on the Internet to create a poster of thought the pilot was dead, he denied the the U-2 incident and write a one-page allegations, but he admitted the truth when report about what happened to Powers.

786 with Jordan and Syria to spread pan-Arabism—the idea that all Arab Chapter 22 • Section 4 people should be united into one nation. Eisenhower and Dulles REVIEW worried about Nasser’s links to the Soviets and feared that he was Section 4 laying the groundwork to take control of the Middle East. In late 1957 Eisenhower asked Congress to authorize the use of military R Reading Strategy force whenever the president thought it necessary to assist Middle Vocabulary Why did East nations resisting Communist aggression. The policy came to be 1. Explain the significance of: massive retal- Explaining Ask: called the Eisenhower Doctrine. It essentially extended the Truman iation, brinkmanship, covert, Central Eisenhower warn the American Doctrine and the policy of containment to the Middle East. Intelligence Agency, developing nation, people about the military- In February 1958 Eisenhower’s concerns appeared to be con- Sputnik, military-industrial complex. industrial power? (He thought firmed when left-wing rebels, believed to be backed by Nasser and the Soviet Union, seized power in Iraq. Fearing that his government Main Ideas a military-industrial power would was next, the president of Lebanon asked the United States for help. 2. Summarizing Why did Eisenhower want threaten democracy.) OL Eisenhower immediately ordered 5,000 marines to Lebanon to pro- to depend on nuclear weapons instead of tect its capital, Beirut. At the same time, British forces went into traditional military approaches to war? Jordan at the request of King Hussein to protect his government. Once the situation stabilized, the U.S. forces withdrew. 3. Defining What was the goal of the Eisenhower Doctrine? Answer: A Spy Plane Is Shot Down Critical Thinking Iran, Guatemala, and the coun- After the Hungarian uprising, Khrushchev reasserted Soviet 4. Big Ideas How did technology shape tries of Eastern Europe power and the superiority of communism. Although he had sup- Eisenhower’s military policy? ported “peaceful coexistence” with capitalism, he began accusing the “capitalist countries” of starting a “feverish arms race.” In 1957 5. Organizing Use a graphic organizer sim- after the launch of Sputnik, Khrushchev boasted, “We will bury ilar to the one below to list Eisenhower’s capitalism. . . . Your grandchildren will live under communism.” strategies for containing communism. Assess Late the following year, Khrushchev demanded the withdrawal Strategies for of Allied troops from West Berlin. Secretary of State Dulles rejected Containing Khrushchev’s demands. If the Soviets threatened Berlin, Dulles Communism announced, NATO would respond, “if need be by military force.” Brinkmanship worked again, and Khrushchev backed down. At Eisenhower’s invitation, Khrushchev visited the United Study Central™ provides sum- States in late 1959. After the success of that visit, the two leaders 6. Analyzing Visuals Study the photo- maries, interactive games, and agreed to hold a summit in Paris. A summit is a formal face-to- graph of Khrushchev on page 786. How online graphic organizers to help face meeting of leaders from different countries to discuss impor- does this photograph illustrate the U.S. tant issues. students review content. and Soviet relationship at this point in the Shortly before the summit was to begin in 1960, the Soviet Union Cold War? shot down an American U-2 spy plane. At first, Eisenhower claimed that the aircraft was a weather plane that had strayed off course. Writing About History Close Then Khrushchev dramatically produced the pilot. Eisenhower 7. Persuasive Writing Suppose that you refused to apologize, saying the flights had protected American Evaluating Have groups debate are a member of Eisenhower’s Cabinet. security. In response, Khrushchev broke up the summit. the effectiveness of Eisenhower’s Defend or attack brinkmanship as a for- In this climate of heightened tension, President Eisenhower eign policy tactic. Be sure to provide spe- foreign policy. OL prepared to leave office. In January 1961 he delivered a farewell cific reasons for your opinions. address to the nation. In the address, he pointed out that a new relationship had developed between the military establishment and the defense industry. He warned Americans to be on guard R against the influence of this military-industrial complex in a democracy. Although he had avoided war and kept communism contained, Eisenhower was also frustrated: “I confess I lay down my official responsibility in this field with a definite sense of dis- appointment. . . . I wish I could say that a lasting peace is in sight.” Study Central™ To review this section, go Explaining In what nations did the United States to glencoe.com and click on Study Central. intervene with covert operations? Section 4 REVIEW 787

Answers

1. All definitions can be found in the section 5. Strategies for 6. Khrushchev looks strained and defensive, and the Glossary. Containing with his fists clenched, an image that 2. He thought large-scale conventional wars Communism reflects the strained relations between the were too expensive and would exhaust the U.S. and the Soviet Union. economy. Nuclear weapons provided “more 7. Responses will vary but should express bang for the buck.” an opinion supporting or opposing 3. to extend military aid to the Middle East in brinkmanship. order to contain communism strong economy 4. It allowed him to pursue the policy of brink- nuclear weapons for massive retaliation manship since the nuclear arsenal was a brinkmanship real threat. It also allowed the U.S. to spy on covert operations other nations with satellites and spy planes. 787 Chapter 22 • Visual Summary

Chapter VISUAL SUMMARY You can study anywhere, anytime by downloading quizzes and flashcards to your PDA from glencoe.com. Visual/Spatial Instruct stu- dents to use the information on the page and prepare two cause Causes of the Cold War and effect graphic organizers— Long-Range Causes one for immediate causes of the • Both the United States and the Soviet Union believe their economic and political systems are superior. Cold War and one for long term • Defeat of Germany creates a power vacuum in Europe and leaves U.S. causes. OL and Soviet forces occupying parts of Europe. • The U.S. wants to rebuild Europe’s economy and support democratic Evaluating Ask students to cre- governments to ensure peace and security. ate a T-chart. In one column, have • The USSR wants Germany weak and believes nations on the Soviet border should have Communist governments. them identify positive effects of the Cold War (rebuilding Europe, Immediate Causes rebuilding Japan, NATO is created). • At Yalta, Soviets promise to allow free elections in Eastern Europe but instead gradually impose Communist regimes. In the other column, have them • At Potsdam, Soviets want German reparations, but the U.S. supports list negative effects (Germany is rebuilding Germany’s economy. divided, China falls to communism, • Soviet troops help Communists in northern Iran, but U.S. pressure HUAC invades people’s private lives, forces a withdrawal. ▲ From left to right: British Prime Minister Clement • George Kennan sends the Long Telegram to U.S. offi cials, explaining Atlee, U.S. President Harry Truman, and Soviet leader more weapons of mass destruction Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference in 1945. that the Soviets need to be contained. The conference contributed to the onset of the Cold are built). Ask: Which effects do • Soviets send aid to Communist rebels in Greece and demand Turkey War because of disagreements over how to handle you think are neutral? (Responses share control of the Dardanelles with the USSR; Truman issues the postwar Europe. will vary.) OL Truman Doctrine and sends aid to Greece and Turkey. Effects of the Cold War Effects in Europe • U.S. launches the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe. • Germany is divided into two separate nations. • The USSR blockades Berlin; U.S. organizes the Berlin Airlift. • The U.S. creates NATO; the USSR creates the Warsaw Pact.

Global Effects • When China falls to communism, the U.S. responds by helping Japan build up its economy and military. • When Communist North Korea invades South Korea, the U.S. organizes an international force to stop the invasion.

Effects on the United States • Soviet spies are arrested. • A new Red Scare leads to laws restricting the Communist Party in the U.S. and to investigations by the House Un-American Activities Committee and Senator Joseph McCarthy. ▲ The Soviet Union displays its nuclear capabilities in the form of these short-range missiles during celebrations • Americans practice civil defense; some build bomb shelters. commemorating the 40th anniversary of the Bolshevik • President Eisenhower orders the development of new rockets, Revolution in 1957. The nuclear arms race was a part of the Cold War for nearly 40 years. bombers, and submarines that can carry nuclear weapons. Hands-On • Eisenhower uses the CIA to covertly contain communism.

Chapter Project 788 Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins Step 5: Wrap Up Role-Playing to Demonstrate essential question and submitting it to you McCarthyism in Action as an audio file. Putting It Together Students will synthe- Step 5: Wrap Up Essential Question: size the information presented and the dis- What was the impact of McCarthyism? cussions following each step to summarize How did it shape American history? the big idea—how McCarthyism impacted Directions Students should draw from the history of the United States. OL each step of the chapter project to write a brief essay that answers the essential ques- tion (above). You may want to give students the option of recording their answer to the

788 Chapter 22 • Assessment Chapter ASSESSMENT

Answers and Analyses Reviewing Vocabulary Reviewing Main Ideas Reviewing Vocabulary Directions: Choose the word or words that best complete the Directions: Choose the best answer for each of the following sentence. questions. 1. C Developing nations are nations that are transforming eco- 1. After World War II, the Soviet Union wanted to establish a Section 1 (pp. 760–765) nomically, and are not relevant to buffer zone of ______on its European border. 6. Which of the following was a major outcome of the Yalta A developing nations Conference? the question. Capitalist nations B capitalist nations A the division of Germany are the opposite of what the C satellite nations B the terms of Germany’s surrender USSR would want to set up. D demilitarization C the establishment of satellite nations Demilitarization is an action, not D the establishment of NATO an object, and does not make 2. The policy of ______became the main approach in U.S. grammatical sense. foreign policy toward the Soviet Union during the Cold War. 7. At Potsdam, the main conflict was over which of the A democracy following? 2. D The United States wanted to B limited war A the United Nations stop, or contain, the spread of C free trade B the invasion of Japan communism. Democracy is not a D containment C German reparations foreign policy approach. Free D nuclear weapons trade does not make sense in the 3. Once the Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb, Americans began to fear the effects of ______, assuming they initially context of the Cold War. survived a nuclear attack. Section 2 (pp. 766–773) A fallout 8. George Kennan first suggested which foreign policy? 3. A Fallout is the aftereffect of B censure A brinkmanship a nuclear attack. Censure is a C subversion B containment political term. Subversion does D duck-and-cover C massive retaliation not make sense in the context of D the Marshall Plan the sentence. Duck and cover was 4. In his farewell address, President Eisenhower warned the an action that was to be taken American people about the dangers of 9. Which of the following events set off the Korean War? during an attack, not after. A the Central Intelligence Agency. A The Japanese invaded South Korea. B massive retaliation. 4. C Eisenhower issued the warn- B Soviet-controlled North Korea invaded South Korea. C the military-industrial complex. ing due to the new relationship C Chinese-controlled North Korea invaded South Korea. D brinkmanship. that had developed between the D The Soviet Union invaded North Korea. military and the defense industry. 5. Though a professional soldier, President Eisenhower adopted He was afraid their influence ______as the proper way to battle communism. would be too far reaching and A détente TEST-TAKING TIP warned Americans to be on guard. B implied response When you first start a test, review it completely so that you C inversion can budget your time most efficiently. For example, if there are essay questions at the end, you will want to be sure you leave 5. D Eisenhower’s theory of D massive retaliation enough time to write complete answers. massive retaliation was that the threat of total nuclear destruction Need Extra Help? would prevent all war. Fighting If You Missed Questions . . . 123456789 GO ON Go to Page . . . 765 766 780–781 787 783 760–761 764–765 766 771 small-scale wars would not bring an end to the Cold War. Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins 789 Reviewing Main Ideas believed Germany needed industry to survive 9. B It is important that students understand 6. A At the conference, Germany and needed money to fuel industry. Stalin the Korean conflict was between North Korea was divided into four parts, one wanted reparations from Germany. He was not and South Korea, which eliminates A and D. each controlled by the U.S., Great concerned with the German economy, because However, students may have trouble choosing Britain, France, and the Soviet the Soviet economy was so devastated. between B and C. Students should remember Union. Berlin was also divided that the Korean War involved the two main between the four nations. Satellite 8. B Kennan’s proposal of containment of players in the Cold War: the U.S. and USSR. nations and NATO were not estab- Communism became the basis for American lished until after the conference. Cold War foreign policy. Brinkmanship and massive retaliation were later policies instituted 7. C Truman and Stalin met at by Eisenhower’s administration. The Marshall Potsdam to discuss mainly what Plan was a plan to help rebuild Europe after to do with Germany. Truman WWII. 789 Chapter 22 • Assessment Chapter ASSESSMENT

10. B The Marshall Plan was aimed at rebuilding Europe after 10. What was the underlying goal of the Marshall Plan? Critical Thinking the war. An underlying motiva- A to contain Soviet expansion in the Middle East and Asia Directions: Choose the best answers to the following questions. B to rebuild European economies to prevent the spread of tion was to stop the spread of communism Base your answers to questions 15 and 16 on the map below and on your knowledge of Chapter 22. communism—strong European C to monitor the growth of the military-industrial complex economies would help keep in the United States Berlin After World War II, 1945 European nations from falling to D to Americanize Western European nations communism. N 0 6 kilometers Section 3 (pp. 774–781) W E 0 6 miles 11. A Remind students that Transverse Mercator 11. After World War II, the purpose of HUAC was to S projection HUAC stands for House Un- A hold public hearings on Communist subversion. r e East v Tegel American Activities Committee. i B locate chapters of the Communist Party. R Berlin l

e v Brandenburg Gate Un-American activities are anti- C administer the loyalty review program. a H Checkpoint Charlie American. During the Red Scare Gatow West D create the McCarran Act. Sp Berlin ree that swept the nation in the years Tempelhof River following WWII, Communists or 12. The McCarran Act required those who were believed to be A every government employee to take a loyalty oath. communist “sympathizers” were B all Communist Party chapters to disband. considered un-American—a C all Communist organizations to register with the American sector Soviet sector threat to the nation. government. British sector East Germany D the censure of members of Congress who would not French sector Airport 12. C Although many local gov- support HUAC. ernments, businesses, unions, etc., 15. Why was Stalin initially able to control access to West Berlin? asked employees to take loyalty Section 4 (pp. 782–787) A West Berlin was in the Soviet Union. oaths, such as the University of 13. Eisenhower’s administration developed an approach to for- B West Berlin was ruled by Communists. California, all government employ- eign policy based on the threat of nuclear attack, known as C West Berlin was in the Soviet sector of Germany. ees did not have to take an oath. A containment. B massive retaliation. D West Berlin had been invaded and occupied by the The government did not order all Red Army. Communist Party chapters to dis- C subversion. D duck-and-cover. band. The act did require these 16. Why did Stalin order a blockade of West Berlin? organizations to register with the A West Berlin was primarily agricultural and would help 14. The Eisenhower Doctrine extended the Truman Doctrine to feed the Soviet army. government. The act was passed which region? over Truman’s veto. B Stalin wanted to unite Berlin and organize free elections A Asia for Germany. B Eastern Europe 13. B Students should relate C Stalin was afraid of the U.S. nuclear technology and C South America wanted a larger buffer zone. attack to retaliation, which may D the Middle East D Stalin wanted the United States to abandon West Berlin. help them remember the policy of massive retaliation. Containment was the policy under the Truman administration. Subversion is a Need Extra Help? If You Missed Questions . . . 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 GO ON rebellion or treason, and does not Go to Page . . . 768 775 778 782–783 786–787 768–769 768–769 fit. Duck-and-cover was a plan to “survive” a nuclear attack. 790 Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins

14. D The Truman Doctrine offered aid to any nation resisting communism and was connected Critical Thinking 16. D A blockade attempts to keep supplies to the policy of containment. The and food out of a certain area. Keeping food Eisenhower Doctrine was issued 15. C Although the map is helpful, the incor- out of West Berlin would not help feed the in response to the Pan-Arabism rect answers are easily eliminated. The map is Soviet army. Stalin wanted to unite Berlin movement, which some feared labeled East Germany, which eliminates A. West under his own control, and would not want would lead to communism in the Berlin included the American, British, and free elections. He wanted the U.S. to leave. Middle East. French sectors, according to the map key, so it West Berlin would not create a significant buf- was not ruled by Communists and not occu- fer zone. pied by the Soviet Army. Berlin was, however, in the Soviet sector.

790 Chapter 22 • Assessment Chapter ASSESSMENT

20. Smith believes the 17. One historical lesson from the McCarthy era is the realiza- Document-Based Questions tion that Republicans and Democrats in Directions: Analyze the document and answer the short-answer ques- Senate are dividing the nation, A loyalty oaths prevent spying. tions that follow the document. B communism is attractive in prosperous times. playing into the Soviet plan or C Communist agents had infiltrated all levels of the U.S. Margaret Chase Smith, a Republican senator from Maine, was a “confuse, divide, and conquer.” government. newcomer and the only woman in the Senate. Smith was upset by McCarthy’s behavior and hoped that her colleagues would D public fear of traitors can lead to intolerance and reprimand him. When they failed to do so, Smith made her discrimination. “Declaration of Conscience” speech. Extended Response

Analyze the cartoon and answer the question that follows. Base your “As a United States Senator, I am not proud of the way 21. Students must take a position answer on the cartoon and on your knowledge of Chapter 22. in which the Senate has been made a publicity platform for either that the Cold War could irresponsible sensationalism. I am not proud of the reckless abandon in which unproved charges have been hurled from have been prevented or could not this side of the aisle. I am not proud of the obviously have been prevented. Students staged, undignified countercharges that have been should use evidence from the attempted in retaliation from the other side of the aisle . . . I am not proud of the way we smear outsiders from the Floor chapter, and possible topics for of the Senate and hide behind a cloak of congressional discussion include Yalta, the immunity. . . . Marshall Plan, the Berlin Airlift, As an American, I am shocked at the way Republicans and Democrats alike are playing directly into the and the formation of NATO. Essays Communist design of ‘confuse, divide, and conquer’. . . . I should adhere to the guidelines want to see our nation recapture the strength and unity it for writing a persuasive essay and once had when we fought the enemy instead of ourselves.” should present a clear and well- —from Declaration of Conscience reasoned argument. 19. In the speech, Smith expresses anger with whom? Why? 20. According to Smith, who is really dividing the nation?

Extended Response

18. In this cartoon, the cartoonist is expressing 21. Many factors contributed to the development of the Cold War, but could it have been avoided? Write a persuasive A pride in America’s technological know-how. essay arguing that actions of the United States or the Soviet B anxiety that America is behind in the space race. Union following World War II might have prevented the Cold C a wish for larger, more elaborate cars. War, or that it was inevitable. D the need to share auto technology with Russia. STOP

For additional test practice, use Self-Check Quizzes— Chapter 22 at glencoe.com.

Need Extra Help? If You Missed Questions . . . 17 18 19 20 21 Go to Page . . . 777–778 R18 791 791 760–773

Chapter 22 The Cold War Begins 791 Ross Lewis Milwaukee Public Library

17. D The Red Scare during the McCarthy era were making strides in frivolous things like fins led many people to discriminate and accept on cars while the USSR had already launched a Have students visit the Web site poor or legally suspect treatment of people satellite into space. at glencoe.com to review considered to be Communists and subversives. Chapter 22 and take the Self- The culture of fear during the era allowed this Check Quiz. discrimination to take place. Document-Based Questions

18. B The car salesman in the cartoon is 19. Smith expresses anger with the members Need Extra Help? of Senate, both Republican and Democrat, who expressing pride in American know-how, but Have students refer to the Uncle Sam looks concerned. Direct students to took part in irresponsible charges and accusa- tions against fellow Americans. She also pages listed if they miss any of read the caption. The caption pokes fun at the questions. American technology; it says that Americans expresses anger at the way they hide behind congressional immunity to do so. 791