Canada and the USSR/CIS: Northern Neighbours Partenaires Du Nord : Le Canada Et L'urss/CÉI

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Canada and the USSR/CIS: Northern Neighbours Partenaires Du Nord : Le Canada Et L'urss/CÉI Editorial Board / Comité de rédaction Editor-in-Chief Rédacteur en chef Kenneth McRoberts, York University, Canada Associate Editors Rédacteurs adjoints Mary Jean Green, Dartmouth College, U.S.A. Lynette Hunter, University of Leeds, United Kingdom Danielle Juteau, Université de Montréal, Canada Managing Editor Secrétaire de rédaction Guy Leclair, ICCS/CIEC, Ottawa, Canada Advisory Board / Comité consultatif Alessandro Anastasi, Universita di Messina, Italy Michael Burgess, University of Keele, United Kingdom Paul Claval, Université de Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV), France Dona Davis, University of South Dakota, U.S.A. Peter H. Easingwood, University of Dundee, United Kingdom Ziran He, Guangzhou Institute of Foreign Languages, China Helena G. Komkova, Institute of the USA and Canada, USSR Shirin L. Kudchedkar, SNDT Women’s University, India Karl Lenz, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany Gregory Mahler, University of Mississippi, U.S.A. James P. McCormick, California State University, U.S.A. William Metcalfe, University of Vermont, U.S.A. Chandra Mohan, University of Delhi, India Elaine F. Nardocchio, McMaster University, Canada Satoru Osanai, Chuo University, Japan Manuel Parés I Maicas, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Espagne Réjean Pelletier, Université Laval, Canada Gemma Persico, Universita di Catania, Italy Richard E. Sherwin, Bar Ilan University, Israel William J. Smyth, St. Patrick’s College, Ireland Sverker Sörlin, Umea University, Sweden Oleg Soroko-Tsupa, Moscow State University, USSR Michèle Therrien, Institut des langues et civilisations orientales, France Gaëtan Tremblay, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada Hillig J.T. van’t Land, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Pays-Bas Mel Watkins, University of Toronto, Canada Gillian Whitlock, Griffith University, Australia Donez Xiques, Brooklyn College, U.S.A. 2 International Journal of Canadian Studies Revue internationale d'études canadiennes 9, Spring/Printemps 1994 Canada and the USSR/CIS: Northern Neighbours Partenaires du Nord : le Canada et l'URSS/CÉI Table of Contents/Table des matières J.L. Black Introduction/Présentation ..........................5 Leigh Sarty Lessons of the Past? Reflections on the History of Canadian-Soviet Relations ..................................11 Kim Richard Nossal The Politics of Circumspection: Canadian Policy towards the USSR, 1985 to 1991 ................................27 Helena G. Komkova Canadian Studies in Russia ........................47 John B. Hannigan Canada's Northern Cooperation with the Soviet Union and Russia: A Natural Partnership?...........................53 Mary Ann Van Meenen Educational Policies of the Soviet and Canadian Governments Toward the Native Peoples of Siberia and the Northwest Territories .......71 Tatiana Zabelina and Yevgenia Issraelyan Russian and Canadian Women: Challenge of the Modern World .....95 Arkadi Tcherkassov La perception du Québec en URSS/Russie................105 Rémi Hyppia Les relations Québec-Russie .......................115 Donald Senese James Mavor: Canadian Pioneer of Russian Studies ...........125 Jean-Guy Lalande Perceptions de la Russie tsariste dans la presse canadienne, 1914-1916.................................137 Sergei Yu. Danilov Soviet Perceptions of Canada, 1942-1945 ................161 Matt Bray INCO's Petsamo Venture, 1933-1945: An Incident in Canadian, British, Finnish and Soviet Relations .......................173 André Donneur La politique du Canada à l'égard de l'URSS : de la rigidité à l'ouverture.................................197 Introduction Présentation The differences between Les différences entre les Canadiens et Canadians and Russians are well- les Russes sont bien connues. Leurs known. Their lives always have vies se sont toujours déroulées dans been conducted within vastly des systèmes sociaux, politiques et different social, political and économiques extrêmement différents. economic systems. Canadians are Les Canadiens font partie d'un État part of a relatively new national relativement neuf et constituent un state and represent an amalgam amalgame d'immigrants de nombreux of immigrants from many pays et groupes ethniques, tandis que countries and ethnic groups, les Russes sont une nation distincte while Russians are a distinct qui occupe un vaste territoire où bien nationality that populates a large peu de gens, ou de peuples, sont territory into which very few venus vivre de l'extérieur. Bien que la people(s) have immigrated. Russie impériale et l'URSS aient été Although both Imperial Russia des États multinationaux, la culture et and the USSR were multi- la politique russes y dominaient. Les national, they were dominated by Canadiens sont des hybrides issus Russians culturally and d'une myriade de nationalités. Nos politically. Canadians are a deux pays s'affrontent sur les marchés hybrid of myriad nationalities. internationaux depuis le milieu du Our two countries have been dix-neuvième siècle, et ils ont competitors in trade since the officiellement été des pays ennemis middle of the ninetenth century, beaucoup plus souvent qu'ils n'ont été and enemies at the official level des amis. far more often than they have Il n'en demeure pas moins que les been friends. similitudes entre le Canada et la Nevertheless, the similarities Russie sont frappantes. En fait, les between Canada and Russia are deux pays partagent même un certain striking. Indeed, they have a nombre de caractéristiques qui leur number of things in common sont propres. Les Russes ont noté ces which they share with no other ressemblances depuis près de deux countries. These similarities have siècles, tandis que, pour la plupart, les been noticed by Russians for Canadiens les ont ignorées. Au dix- nearly two centuries, while neuvième siècle, dans l'imaginaire Canadians, for the most part, personnel des Russes, le Canada have ignored them. In the servait de modèle — un peu comme nineteenth century individual dans une fable d'Ésope — à une vaste Russians often used Canada as a gamme de changements qu'ils se model — usually in an Aesopian proposaient d'apporter à leur propre format — for a wide variety of pays. Au cours du vingtième siècle, le proposals for change in their own Canada a parfois été perçu comme la country. In this century, Canada pièce carrée qu'on essaie d'insérer sometimes was seen as the square dans un trou rond, c.-à-d. un pays peg to squeeze into an « impérialiste », mais qui était lui ideological round hole; that is, an aussi victime de l'impérialisme (à la International Journal of Canadian Studies / Revue internationale d'études canadiennes 9, Spring/Printemps 1994 IJCS / RIÉC “imperialist” country that was fois britannique et américain). Les also a victim of (British and relations canado-russes ont été American) imperialism. The souvent extraordinairement Canadian-Russian relationship incohérentes au plan diplomatique. has been extraordinarily Le Canada a traité l'URSS comme inconsistent at the diplomatic une ennemie plus longtemps que ne level. The Canadian government l'a fait tout autre pays industrialisé et has treated the USSR as an lui a régulièrement imposé des enemy longer than any other embargos ainsi qu'à ses agences. D'un Western industrialized country, autre côté, des politiciens canadiens and it has imposed embargoes ont également participé à plusieurs against the Soviet Union and its initiatives à caractère unique visant à agencies regularly. But Canadian s'associer de façon particulière avec politicians also have participated l'URSS, comme en témoignent les in several unique initiatives to visites à Moscou de L.B. Pearson, en establish special association with 1955, et de P.E. Trudeau, en 1971. the USSR, as visits to Moscow by Le Canada et la Russie se partagent la L.B. Pearson (1955) and P.E. plupart des terres arctiques du globe. Trudeau (1971) attest. Les Canadiens et les Russes sont des Canada and Russia share most of peuples nordiques et cette the world's arctic lands. « nordicité » modèle et alimente notre Canadians and Russians are littérature et notre culture — pour ne northern peoples and a rien dire de notre amour du hockey. “northernness” shapes and Les terres que nous habitons nurtures our literature and culture nourrissent des flores et des faunes — and our mutual love for très semblables. Les vastes étendues hockey. We live in lands with de nos deux pays exercent une similar flora and fauna. influence sur les communications et Communication and les transports qui est tout à fait propre transportation in both countries à nos deux pays. Nous faisons partie are uniquely influenced by vast des deux plus grandes collectivités distances. We inhabit the world's officiellement multiculturelles et two largest officially multi- bilingues, et nous partageons cultural and bilingual l'expérience de vivre dans des pays communities and share the où la relation entre le centre et la experience of living in countries périphérie a toujours été where the relationship between perturbatrice. the centre and the periphery has Par ailleurs, nous sommes tous les consistently been troubling. deux obsédés par notre voisin We also share an obsession with commun, les États-Unis, même si ce our mutual neighbour, the United n'est pas toujours pour les mêmes States, if not always for the same raisons. reasons. Le présent recueil d'articles est le This collection of essays is an résultat indirect de deux événements indirect outcome of two complètement indépendants l'un de independent events. The first was l'autre. Le premier remonte à la the creation in 1990 of a large
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