Sweeney Todd's Motivation in the Murders in Hugh Wheeler's 1979'S Musical Thriller Sweeney Todd: the Demonbarber Offleetstreet

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SWEENEY TODD’S MOTIVATION IN THE MURDERS IN HUGH WHEELER’S 1979 MUSICAL THRILLER SWEENEY TODD: THE DEMON BARBER OF FLEET STREET

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

SEDYO UTOMO

Student Number: 114214106

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018

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SWEENEY TODD'S MOTIVATION IN THE MURDERS IN HUGH WHEELER'S 1979'S MUSICAL THRILLER SWEENEY TODD: THE DEMONBARBER OFFLEETSTREET

By SEDYOUTOMO

Student Number: 114214106

Approved by

June 02, 2018

Drs. Hinnawan Wijanarka. M.Hum June 02, 2018 Co-Advisor

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SWEENEY TODD'S MOTIVATION IN THE MURDERS IN HUGH WHEELER'S 1979 MUSICAL THRILLER SWEENEY TODD: THE DEMONBARBER OFFLEETSTREET

By SEDYOUTOMO

Student Number: 114214106

Defended before the Board ofExaminers On July 11,2018 and Declared Acceptable

BOARD EXAMINERS

Name Chairperson : Dewi Widyastuti. S.Pd.. M.Hum. Secretary : Drs. Hirmawan Wiianarka. M.Hum. Member I: MariaAnanta Tn Suryandari, S.S, M.Ed. Member 2 : Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd, M.Hum. Member 3 : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka. M.Hum.

Yogyakarta, July 31, 2018

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award ofany other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text ofthe undergraduate thesis.

ne 01,2018

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dhanna

Nama : Sedyo Utomo

Nomor Mahasiswa : 114214106

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang beIjudul

SWEENEY TODD'S MOTIVATION IN THE MURDERS IN HUGH WHEELER'S 1979 MUSICAL THRILLER SWEENEY TODD: THE DEMON BARBER OF FLEETSTREET beserta perangkat yang diperiukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa periu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royaiti kepada saya selama mencamturnkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 01 Juni 2018

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to firstly express my fondest of gratitude towards Allah SWT for His everlasting guidance throughout my existence. My most sincere gratitude I would then like to express towards my father whose support always reaches out to me in spite of everything that is happening in my life. The trust that my family has given me to finish my study is also one that I would never take away for granted.

I would like to express my fondest gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dewi

Widyastuti, S. Pd, M.Hum, for her support in bettering my thesis which gives way to the straightening up of my path in becoming a better person. One that would never get past me is the trust that the late Dr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A has given me.

His hope shines the light in the finishing of my study.

I would lastly like to show towards my greatest gratitude my friends I have made throughout the years of my study. Monik, Patrick, Hans, Tyok, Yudha,

Bobob, Willy, Rian, and Ceribo are those that have showed and taught me the importance of friendship in life. My gratitude also reaches out to those that I met in the struggles of maintaining an organization and acting in a theatre.

Sedyo Utomo

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... i APPROVAL PAGE ...... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iii STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ...... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii ABSTRACT ...... ix ABSTRAK ...... x

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 4 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 4 D. Definition of Term ...... 6

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 7 A. Review of the Studies ...... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 8 1. Theory of Characters and Characterization ...... 8 2. Theory of Motivation ...... 12 3. Literature and Psychology ...... 16 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 16

CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY ...... 18 A. Object of the Study ...... 18 B. Approach of the Study ...... 19 C. Method of the Study ...... 20

CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS ...... 22 A. Sweeney Todd’s Characteristics ...... 22 1. Overly Confident ...... 22 2. Violent ...... 24 B. Sweeney Todd’s Motivation ...... 30

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION ...... 37

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BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 41

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ABSTRACT

SEDYO UTOMO. Sweeney Todd’s Motivation in The Murders in Hugh Wheeler’s 1979 Musical Thriller Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2018.

Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street was written as a play script by Hugh Wheeler. The script tells a story of a man whose job was a barber named Sweeney Todd who was falsely charged of crime and sent away by a judge named Judge Turpin. All of this happened because Judge Turpin took an interest in Todd’s wife, Lucy. Fifteen years passed, Sweeney Todd escaped from prison and came back to London through the help of Anthony. Sweeney Todd then was assisted by Mrs. Lovett to avenge what Judge Turpin and his associate, Beadle Bamford, did to him.

Thus, the analysis of Sweeney Todd’s motivation is brought into existence. This study comes with two problem formulations. The first formulation is the laying down of Sweeney Todd’s characteristics, and the second being the laying down of Sweeney Todd’s motivation in the murders that he commits in the story.

The research of this analysis uses a library research method. In order to understand Sweeney Todd’s way of thinking, the analysis requires a psychoanalytic approach. The analysis’ main source is coming from a play script by Hugh Wheeler, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street.

Through the analysis, it is apparent that Sweeney Todd’s characteristics are that he shows to be an overly confident and very violent one. From thereon, it is apparent that Sweeney Todd is motivated to murder the two main targets because these two have violated his way in fulfilling his love and belongingness need in accordance with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

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ABSTRAK

Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ditulis dalam bentuk naskah drama oleh Hugh Wheeler. Naskah ini menceritakan kisah tentang seorang laki-laki yang bekerja sebagai seorang tukang cukur bernama Sweeney Todd yang dituduh telah melakukan sebuah kejahatan dan di deportasi oleh seorang hakim bernama Judge Turpin. Lima belas tahun kemudian, Sweeney Todd berhasil untuk kabur dari penjara dan kembali ke London dengan bantuan Anthony. Sweeney Todd lalu dibantu oleh Mrs. Lovett untuk membalaskan dendamnya kepada Judge Turpin dan rekannya, Beadle Bamford.

Dari situ, penelitian mengenai motivasi Sweeney Todd lahir. Studi ini mempunyai dua rumusan masalah. Rumusan masalah yang pertama adalah penjelasan karakteristik yang ada di dalam diri Sweeney Todd, dan rumusan yang kedua adalah penjelasan motivasi pembunuhan yang dilakukan Sweeney Todd.

Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi kepustakaan. Untuk memahami cara berfikir Sweeney Todd, metode psikoanalisis adalah metode yang digunakan penilitian ini. Sumber utama dari penelitian ini adalah naskah drama yang ditulis oleh Hugh Wheeler, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street.

Setelah diteliti lebih jauh, bisa terlihat karakteristik dari Sweeney Todd adalah bahwa dia mempunyai kecenderungan untuk menjadi seseorang yang terlalu percaya dengan dirinya sendiri, dan juga seseorang yang sangat kasar. Dari situ, bisa terlihat bahwa hasrat Sweeney Todd untuk membunuh kedua target utamanya disebabkan kedua target ini telah menghalangi cara Sweeney Todd untuk memenuhi kebutuhan rasa keberadaan dan cintanya mengikuti hirarki kebutuhan yang dicetuskan oleh Maslow.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

Motivations of characters in a story have always been the driving element of a story and most of the time; a character is set to be the highlight of the story to evoke certain emotions on the recipients, or readers of the story. Such case is true in the play that this thesis uses as its subject. The main character in the play is driven by his very own ego to achieve happily-ever-after of the story that he would go as far down as possible. That being said, the idea of analyzing the driving factor of this particular character to achieve whatever goal he seeks revolves around the proper understanding of his psychological being. Whether his goal is influenced by his conscience or his upbringing is what this study will try to uncover.

In order to achieve goals, characters must have sufficient drive to concern themselves with the aforementioned goals. Such drive plays a significant role in determining what the characters will do in order to achieve what they desire. As desire is the force that is able to make people to take action, the psychology of the character can also influence the desire. Thus, with enough pressure to sway the psychology of a person, the desire is sure to follow suit.

This closely relates to the idea of Homeostasis; an idea that revolves around the “…tendency toward the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment”

(Weiner, 1989: 5). This idea does not exclude characters in a literary work. Most

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especially because the aforementioned firmly believes that characters in a literary work are, in essentiality, individuals. Thus, the needs of these characters will need to be specified in order to understand the reasoning behind it. This will pave way to the conclusive assertion to the actions done by the characters.

As what has been previously mentioned, studying the desire and what influences the desire of the characters in a literary work, most specifically the main character of the play that is being used for this study, Sweeney Todd, is the main topic that is going to be elaborated further. This is predominantly supported by the fact that individual character has their own characteristics that shape and individualize themselves from the others.

This study will also touch upon the idea of instinctive nature that an individual has. As pointed out by Jung, in his Contributions to Analytical Psychology, an action that is instinctive in nature is defined by the existence of a particular unconsciousness that precedes the psychological motive of an individual (Jung, 1928:

271). Further onto the matter, this study is also driven by the fascination of the fact that instincts that an individual exhibits is conventionally understood to have come and be able to be acquired from frequently repeated actions (1928: 273).

The essentiality of the characters’ psychology in a story is another thing that shapes the idea of this study. The psychology of characters in a story covers broad range of ideas that pave the way to the quality of the storyline. With enough interests gained from the magnification or the relevance of the characters with the readers, multiple interpretations and discourses are sure to follow. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Hence, without disregarding the previous statement, this study is concerned with the idea that analyzing characters in a story is necessary in order to further understand why the story is shaped the way it is. In order to achieve such conclusion, a psychological analysis is particularly the approach that will be prominent in the elaboration of the topic at hand.

As previously mentioned, the well-being of characters in a story will sum up what the characters are like and thus will also give clear ideas as to what the characters might do next in the progression of the story. By understanding the psyche of a character in a story, it will offer great possibility of expansions of the story and symbols that a character may embody, or lack thereof, will also be able to be traced.

Furthermore, as characters have various goals to achieve and ways to acquire them, knowing the ground on which these supposed opposite characters stand is essential in the understanding of the story, and will open up possible multiple interpretations of the story. Multiple interpretations exist in a story only makes that particular story to be able to be approached in so many ways that the story will essentially be an engaging experience with which anyone can participate.

Hugh Wheeler’s Musical Thriller, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet

Street, contains one of the perfect examples to the study of how the psychological fitness of a person can influence their desires and ways of achieving said desires. The characters involved in the story show that they clearly have their own way of dealing with what essentially is their issues in some of the unique ways possible. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

One of those characters being the main character of this story himself,

Sweeney Todd. Having failed achieving his newfound goal the first time, manages to cope up by doing something that he will otherwise have not done or thought of, such as working together with a landlady by being a barber on a pie shop and making themselves huge and successful.

As the example above clearly indicates, there are quite a lot of questionable, or otherwise interesting, choices that this main character makes after a significant change happens to his earlier dispositions. These changes should also be noted are not inherently minor as they redefine the ways this particular character does the things he does. In essentiality, his psychological fitness is what is being challenged by these changes as what will be unraveled in this study.

B. Problem Formulation

1. What are the characteristics of Sweeney Todd?

2. What is Sweeney Todd’s motivation in achieving his goal?

C. Objectives of the Study

The study revolves around the elaboration of the characterization the main character of the story, Sweeney Todd in a play entitled “Sweeney Todd: The Demon

Barber of Fleet Street”. Through their characteristics, the study will be able to explain how Sweeney Todd arrives to the conclusion to do things the way he does. That being said, the proper elaboration of this particular character’s characteristics, the study will be able to identify the motivation that is apparent in the character of Sweeney Todd in the story. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The apparent motivation that Sweeney Todd has from understanding his characteristics will be the critical step to acquire the general ground of this particular study, as motivations of this particular character will be able to explain the reasons as to why he has the slightest idea to do what he does in the story.

The derivation of the interest in the understanding of a character’s motivation would not be able to be conclusively surmised without proper understanding in the character’s psychological being. In order to do so, personality traits that a character has should be properly addressed and that is what this study is designating towards.

Once the personality of the character has been properly laid out, reasoning behind the actions that a character does will be able to be comprehended.

As far as this study is concerned, the main character does the things he does because there are certain drives that pave the way to his actions. Towards that notion, this particular character is faced with predicaments that change his thought-process which also in turn influence his very self to succumb into a state of despair and anxiety. With that in mind, the study of his thoughts is one of the things that this study aims to extrapolate.

The study will then carry on to how this particular character reason with his own thoughts and what he has fixated to seek after in the entirety of the story. Such case will be able to determine the psychological beings of Sweeney Todd and what exactly drives this character to his mission.

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D. Definition of Terms Motivation, as stated by Graham and Weiner, is understood as the study that revolves around the reason as to why certain individuals think and act the way they do (Graham & Weiner, 1996: 63). As defined by Beck, motivation is understood to be the study which concerns itself with the determination of choice, persistence, and vigor of behavior that is directed by a certain goal (Beck, 1978: 24).

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

Firm understanding to the topic which this study tries to unravel is of the essence, and therefore, the presence of other studies pertaining to the matter at hand is required. That being said, the topic which this study aims to fulfill is, in essentiality, the motivation of literary characters. Such case is true for the main character of the literary work used for this study, Sweeney Todd.

One of the correlating studies is conducted by Lia Damayanti in her 2016 thesis which tries to propose and expound, in an intricate manner, the motivation of the main characters in a novel by John Green entitled The Fault in Our Stars.

Lia Damayanti notes the importance of theory of motivation as to acknowledge and understand the reasoning regarding the motivation of the main characters to cherish their lives despite the obstacles that they face (2016: 4).

Another riveting statement proposed by Damayanti is that in conjunction to the person’s ability to resolve a predicament which affects one’s decision, the two plausible outcomes can then arrive, which are essentially the goodness or the badness of that person (2016: 2). The implication of this statement is that through thorough analysis of the choices of the characters, be it their choices of words, or just general direction in their lives, the “blackness” or “whiteness” of these characters can then be conclusively deduced.

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The second correlating study is a thesis proposed by Yuliana Sere in 2017 she entitles Love and Belongingness as Mrs. Lovett’s Motive to Hide Lucy’s Identity Seen

In Hugh Wheeler’s Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. The case which

Sere tries to deconstruct and elaborate shares the same literary work as the one that is used for this study. However, there are some notes to be had from the analysis of one of the major characters in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, in which case Mrs. Lovett.

Sere notes that the action of a character in a literary work can be deciphered positively or negatively depending on the actions done by said character and that reasoning precedes such actions (2017: 3). With that in mind, the characters that this study analyzes will undergo cohesive exposition to their actions and, supplied with adequate evidences, conclusive justification for such actions.

B. Review of Related Theories

In order for this study to fulfill its ultimate purpose, in which case to prove the existence of the motivations of the two main characters to achieve the state of tranquility and their ways of acquiring them, a number of relevant and important theories are present to back what this study seeks to resolve.

1. Theory of Characters and Characterization

Another theory essential to this study is the theory of characters and characterization. Theory of characters and characterization allows for the validity of the explanation to the characteristics of the characters in a story. Abrams defines characters in a story as entities that can be paramount to the interpretation of the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

overall storyline as they can pave way to the conclusions of the story through their endowment of their moral stance, intelligence, and their emotional stability, or lack thereof (Abrams, 1999: 33).

As asserted by Arp and Johnson in their book they entitle Literature:

Structure, Sound, and Sense, the main character is required to be an individual who possesses an enticing appearance or the ability to evoke empathy (Arp & Johnson,

2006: 161). Gender is also a relevance to be considered in order for a particular emotion to be carried over to the recipients as noted by Arp and Johnson:

“If the protagonist is male, he need not be perfect, but usually he must be fundamentally decent – honest, good-hearted, and preferably good-looking. He may also have larger-than-life qualities, showing himself to be daring, dashing, or gallant. He may defy laws made for “ordinary” people, but this makes him even more likable because he breaks the rules for a good reason: to catch a criminal, or to prevent a disaster (2006: 161).”

This assertion serves to account for the understanding that the defiance against the conventional rules that the protagonist undertakes has the ability to evoke certain predetermined reaction from the masses. It is not that this foreshadows what is in the minds of the audience, but more of a logical equation. An established ground on which the action of a literary character takes, a reaction towards such action is sure to follow and having a protagonist’s reasons, such that of defying the boundaries of set rules and laws in order to defeat the antagonist who has also been established to retain antagonistic behavior, will in turn give way to the positive reinforcement towards the protagonist. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

As the subject of this study is a literary work that goes under the category of drama, it is also important for this study to establish a good connection with characterizing characters in a drama. In order to rake up that point, one assertion made by Lethbridge and Mildorf states that close awareness towards characters that exist in a play is an important aspect since they are what shapes a play (Lethbridge &

Mildorf, 2004: 113).

In order to characterize a character in a drama, Lethbridge and Mildorf asserted that there are two important techniques to be used; the first being authorial and the second being figural. The characterization of a character in a drama can then be derived explicitly or implicitly. What this means is that in both authorial and figural, the direct or indirect characterization of a character can thereafter follow.

In an explicit author-based characterization, or what is considered an authorial characterization, the characters are described through the commentary of the author on the play script itself that can also be pointed out by the stage director (Lethbridge

& Mildorf, 2004: 117). Thus, the author’s involvement is rather full-on in terms of characterizing the characters in and of themselves.

In an implicit authorial characterization, characters are characterized through their correspondences and contrasts (Lethbridge & Mildorf, 2004: 117). What this essentially means is that the characters’ characteristics will be able to be identified by the spectators through the actions and decisions that are made by the characters throughout the play. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

In an explicit figural characterization, the characterization of characters in a play can be derived from the comments done by themselves or other characters within the play (Lethbridge & Mildorf, 2004: 117). Whereas, the implicit figural characterization lays more towards the physical appearance of the characters themselves and, thence, can be seen by the spectators.

The relevance of this theory to the study can be verified because the theory of characters and characterization deals with the understanding of narrative, as well as overall analysis and insights of literary studies, through psychological means

(Bortolussi, 2003: 133). Bortolussi further asserts that there are several supporting theories on the subject matter from which the analysis of literary characters can derive. a. Characters as People

According to this assertion, hypotheses about the driving factors of a character’s decision, which explicably elaborate the said character’s motivations, either consciously or unconsciously-derived, are the textual gaps in which the analysis of a character’s psychological personality traits, more often than not, fills

(Bortolussi, 2003: 134). Supporting evidences in the text which reflect the interpretation of characters, and the assumption that literary characters are inherently humane (2003: 134). That being said, the sense that they have psychological motives and unconscious drives lead to the absence of required information to the conclusion of the construction of a cohesive image and persuasive narrative about a particular character to be filled in (2003: 135) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

b. Characters as Textual Signs

This particular assertion goes on to show that the making out of literary characters can be obtained through systematic analysis (Bortolussi, 2003: 136).

Characters in a literary work is, in its essence, the manifestation of reader’s sound understanding of a text (2003: 136). This is based on the approach that to formulate a firm understanding of a character, the putting together the textual signs by which a literary work is cluttered is a viable process (2003: 136).

c. Characters as Constructions

Bortolussi also remarks that the view that despite the fact that characters in a literary work differ from people in real life in the ontological sense of the way, the notion to reach conclusive analysis towards their identity shares a similar approach is what this assertion paves the road to. Hence, the approach of identifying literary characters is done in a manner “…as if they were real people, and real people are processed in terms analogous to the categories brought to bear on the interpretation of literary characters” (Bortolussi, 2003: 140).

Another assertion by Rudolf Allers enhances the study’s justification in understanding a character because “…the appointment of a man to a particular post depends not only on his professional abilities in the narrower sense, his education or technical qualifications, but also, and essentially, on his character” (Allers, 1931: 1).

2. Theory of Motivation

One of the theories being used to back the resolution of this study is the theory of motivation. Theory of motivation, by its nature, is able to assist this study PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

through its explanation of the essence of motivation that exists. This particular theory deals with the choices as they appear, the latency of the realization of the said choices, the keenness of the realization of the choices, their persistence, as well as the emotions put into realizing these choices (Graham & Weiner, 1996: 63). As these essential elements to motivation are well explained, this theory will be able to be related to the characters that this study is based upon as these characters are human beings and do represent their actions as what they are.

As noted by Jung in his book entitled “Understanding Human Motivation”, humans are able to assess behavioral patterns that exist within others and themselves all the same (Jung, 1978: 5). Through this assessment, it is understood that individuals who are able mentally capable are well within the boundaries where they can perceive what others have in mind when they do what they do. As such, this study is in-keeping with the assertion stated above since motivation of an individual is one of the main priorities that this study is conducting.

The influence of motivation is certainly also something that needs to be addressed as asserted by Jung in the very same book that “…emotions may serve as motivating factors” (1978: 28). Such influence is most certainly needed to be understood so that the analysis to the rationalization that an individual exhibits will be able to be synchronized and grasped.

The analysis of human motivation is also an interest that is shared by

Abraham Maslow as he arranged the hierarchy of priority which must be fulfilled in ascending order by an individual. With that in mind, there are five needs that exist PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

and have to be fulfilled in Maslow’s hierarchy of priority that influence human motivation: a. Physiological Needs

Physiological needs deal with human’s basic needs that are well within the boundary of physical survivability. Such needs include satiability, hydration, breathability, fatigue, sexual intercourse, shelter, and sensory stimulation (Hjelle &

Ziegler, 1976: 369). Thusly, this particular needs is at the bottom of the hierarchy of priority since it is essentially the foundation that deals with the most basic and important aspect of being, which is to physically survive. That being said, the failure to the fulfillment of this need will result in the preoccupation of fulfilling this particular need which halts the process of attaining much higher needs (1976: 369). b. Safety Needs

Safety needs deal with human’s concern in the certainty, structure, and predictability that his/her environment provides (Hjelle & Ziegler, 1976: 370). This particular need is fulfilled by having adequate experience and education in the sense that an individual will be more aware to the unpredictability of an occasion. Other things that also fulfill this particular need is the maintenance of this need. What this means is that humans long for an undisrupted routine, or to put it in other words, a sense of security to that particular routine that has been originally established by an individual.

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c. Belongingness and Love Needs

The third need that humans long for to be fulfilled in Maslow’s hierarchy of priority is the need for belongingness and love. This particular need deals with the desire of affectionate relationship with others (Hjelle & Ziegler, 1976: 371). The primary aspect to the rise of the need for belongingness and love is the fulfillment of the first two needs; physiological and safety needs (1976: 371). The fact that humans are very susceptible to the feelings of loneliness, friendlessness, and rejection is also one of the things that drive humans to fulfilling this need. d. Self-Esteem Needs

This particular need deals with self-respect and esteem that is gotten from others after the emergence of belongingness and love needs are adequately fulfilled

(Hjelle & Ziegler, 1976: 372). Self-respect part of this need include the desire for competence, confidence, the strength of oneself, achievement, independence, and freedom (1976: 372). Once that has been achieved, an individual with strive for esteem from others. As such, the esteem part includes the desire for prestige, recognition, acceptance, attention, reputation, and appreciation (1976: 372). e. Self-Actualization Needs

The final and top of Maslow’s hierarchy of priority is the need for self- actualization. This need deals with the desire of self-improvement after the realization of one’s talents, capabilities, and potentialities (Hjelle & Ziegler, 1976: 373). Thusly, this particular need seeks to reach the highest potential that one can ever reach (1976:

373). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

3. Literature and Psychology

As this study relies heavily on the exposition of a literary character’s pyche, it is important for this study to acknowledge the importance of the relation between literature and psychology. As stated by Wellek and Warren, a study of literature that comprises itself in the realm of psychology, it is known as “psychology of literature”

(Wellek and Warren, 1956: 81). This particular interest revolves around the existence of types and laws within the realm of psychology that can be observed in a literary work (1956: 81).

Further in the work of Wellek and Warren they entitle Theory of Literature, they stated that psychology can indeed be a way to interpret and evaluate a literary work (Wellek and Warren, 1956: 90). The judgment of characters exist in plays and novels are established by Wellek and Warren to be true psychologically (1956: 91).

C. Theoretical Framework Theories that have been laid out in the previous section of this chapter will be used accordingly and will act as the justification of the propositions made in this study. The three theories mentioned previously will be able, and rightfully so, to identify the issues that have also been mapped out in the problem formulation of this study. That being said, the very first theory that this study has acknowledged in using is the theory of characterization.

Theory of characterization will be mostly capable in the field of identifying the characteristics of characters in a story, most specifically Sweeney Todd’s. In its PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

usage, theory of characterization will break down all the possible actions that can justify the characteristics of the main character of this play.

Theory of motivation will then take its place in determining the driving factor of the actions done by Sweeney Todd. In the process of doing so, this theory will explain why those driving factors exist in the character of Sweeney Todd, and what they actually are with the assistance of Maslow’s theory of motivation which explicates the five tenets of human motivation, or as well understood by the masses as the hierarchy of needs.

Finally, as this particular study revolves in the exposition of a literary character’s psychological being, this study understands that the acknowledgement of the existence of psychology and literature is important. Thus, the use of the relation between psychology and literature is used to establish the primary reason why the study of psychology within a literary work is essential.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of Study

This study makes full use of 1979 play script which book was written by Hugh

Wheeler and musical score written and composed by Stephen Sondheim entitled

“Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street”. The play script bases its musical composition on a version of “Sweeney Todd” that was directed by

Christopher Bond. The play script is about 198 pages long with pictures taken from the 1979’s materialization of the play that stars Len Cariou as Sweeney Todd and

Edmund Lyndeck as Judge Turpin. It also managed to receive multiple praises from many critics.

The 1979 play script of “Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street” managed to win the 1979 Tony and Drama Critics Circle Award as the best musical.

Numerous praises from critics of different backgrounds also give this play its rightful place to be one of the best musical to have been performed. Most critics give salutation to the musical score of this play; citing it to be “… brilliant, even sensationally so”, a “joy to the world”, and a “… display of extraordinary talent.” The plot of the play also gives way to the acquisition of all the praises and Tony award.

“Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street” is a musical theatre with a plot that gives the taste of thriller genre. The plot of the play starts with Sweeney

Todd’s coming back to his residence in London after a false accusation is laid upon

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him by the antagonist of the play; Judge Turpin, that he is to be sent to the prison in

Australia. Initially, Sweeney Todd, whose actual name is Benjamin Barker, comes back to London expecting that he would reunite with his family. Upon knowing that his family has also been ruined by the same person that accused and sent him to the prison of Australia, he swears to make Judge Turpin pay for what he has done to him and his family; by killing him.

B. Approach of the Study

The approach used in this study is the approach of psychoanalysis. This is supported by the fact that this study requires significant amount of explanations towards actions that human beings undertake when given choices and sound reasoning as to why they choose those choices. This study will also mostly deal with behaviors of human beings as they are, whether those behaviors are acquired or inherited.

Conscience of human beings is also being considered in this study and psychoanalytic criticism makes use of the methods exist in psychoanalysis in order to interpret a literary work. As noted by Peter Barry in his Beginning Theory, psychoanalysis is, at its core, a therapeutic counseling which stands in the border of ailing mental disorders through understanding the interactions done by one’s conscience (Barry, 1995: 92). With that in mind, Barry also noted that psychoanalytic criticism indeed is a form a literary criticism (1995: 92). Barry further stated that such criticism uses techniques that are available in psychoanalysis (1995: 92). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

That being said, an analysis done on a literary work that scrapes the psychological being of the characters within said work is thence understood as psychoanalytic criticism. As this study is revolved around the understanding and elaboration of personality that a literary character inherits, such criticism is the main ground on which this study bases itself.

C. Method of the Study

The study conducts its research using library research through close reading of the material used to acquire the knowledge in regards to the subject. Library research is chosen for this study because in order to fully understand the subject, a text or something of the sort is needed for appropriate intertextuality and necessary validation to the arguments of the analysis that this study will have to provide. That being said, the text used in this particular library research for the study is a play script.

The play script used in this library research was read closely in order to not miss and at the same time acquire the knowledge for the scope for which this study is aiming. Necessary plots to fulfill the issues brought in this study were laid out on papers to assist the analysis of the character, his personality, his motivations, and his way of achieving his goal. This method also led to easier conclusion that this study also ultimately seeking towards.

Conclusions made in this study involve the characteristics of the main character,

Sweeney Todd. In order to find the appropriate conclusion for this particular PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

character, his actions in the play were mapped out on papers and then linked to their lines and conclusions were able to be drawn from this method.

Possible conclusions were then verified to the theories used in this study, such as the theory of characters and characterization, theory of motivation, and the theory of the relation between literature and psychology. Valid conclusions were put as the arguments that will be provided in the analysis of this study thereafter. However, discarded conclusions were not completely ignored and they would serve as plausible alternative to questions that might arise from the arguments of the valid conclusions. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

Following the guidelines that have been laid out in the first couple of pages of the first chapter of this study, the analysis will be focusing on the main character,

Sweeney Todd. The reason to this is because the changing of personality that the protagonist undergoes is shown to be quite severe and the cause of this change is solely because of the antagonist’s action.

As the importance of understanding of the main character’s reasoning behind his actions is at stake, the characteristics of Sweeney Todd will first be laid out. This cannot be stressed enough because as further the story goes, the changing of this character’s individual does possess the ability to alter the flow of the story.

A. Sweeney Todd’s Characteristics

1. Overly Confident

As asserted by Arp & Johnson, a literary character may exhibit a characteristic that shows a quality that is larger-than-life and that shows his very own self to be dashing, or gallant (Arp & Johnson, 2006: 161). As further stated by Arp & Johnson, a literary character, most especially one that is male, is able to defy laws that are conventionally agreed by the people in general because that notion can make him particularly more likeable (2006: 161). That being said, the very first characteristic that is apparent through analyzing Sweeney Todd is that he is shown to reflect an individual who possesses demeaning attitudes towards whomever he sees lesser than

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him which paves that way to the understanding that he is an overly confident individual. This is actually following to the theory of characterization by Arp and

Johnson that this study uses as the character of Sweeney Todd possesses and displays imperfection in an individual and that he defies the rules that define the conventional

“ordinary”. The following suggests the analysis stated previously:

TODD: Must you glare at me, woman? Off with you, off I say! …(Making a gesture as if to strike her) Off, I said. To the devil with you! (She scuttles away, turns to give him a piercing look, then wanders off) (Wheeler, 1979: 7)

Through this excerpt, Todd is making a gesture as if he were flaunting his power over someone he thinks does not deserve his attention. Some might argue over this particular instance because it might just be Todd’s way of defending himself from the supposed filth that the beggar woman might affect him, but such claim can undergo another point of view because these next few lines will prove Todd’s superiority when he indeed has the capability of having one:

MRS. LOVETT: Eyetalian. All the rage, he is. TODD: Not for long. MRS. LOVETT: Oh, Mr. T, you really think you can do it? TODD: By tomorrow they’ll all be flocking after me like sheep to be shorn. (Wheeler, 1979: 32 – 33)

Through this excerpt, it is apparent that Todd confides himself and Mrs.

Lovett that he will be able to make the people adore him and praise him for what he is able to achieve; being the best barber in town. Todd even remarks that the people who will be shown his talent as equivalent to that of sheep. However, this particular characteristic does not end here as Sweeney Todd keeps showing his overly confident PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

vibe as the story progresses. The following line will also set another point of view of the characteristics of Sweeney Todd:

MRS. LOVETT: But what if he recognizes you? Hadn’t we better-? TODD: I will do what I have set out to do, woman. MRS. LOVETT: Oops. Sorry, dear, I’m sure. (Wheeler, 1979: 33)

Through this line it can be seen that Todd also shows his superiority over Mrs.

Lovett as he addresses her not by her name, but by her gender. It is quite clear that his remark sets a rather antagonistic tone as Mrs. Lovett shows to be rather compelled by

Todd’s statement.

Thus, we have revealed one of the characteristics that Todd possesses, and that is the fact that he is an overly confident individual. Todd seeks people’s recognition over his ideals and his abilities.

2. Violent

The following analysis will analyze Todd’s behavior as the story progresses.

Todd’s behavioral change takes quite the change as he was a rather content and reserved when he first appeared as what will be shown through the lines below:

ANTHONY: I have honored my promise never to question you. Whatever brought you to that sorry shipwreck is your affair. And yet, during those many weeks of the voyage home, I have come to think of you as friend and, if trouble lies ahead for you in London . . . if you need help—or money . . . TODD: (Almost shouting) No! (Wheeler, 1979: 8 - 9)

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Through these lines, it is apparent that Todd is established as a rather violent person, especially when he is triggered over what relates to his problem. Anthony’s proposal to lend a hand is rejected, almost instantaneously, as well as violently, as

Todd’s line suggests that he shouts, instead of calmly rejecting it. Further study over this particular characteristic of Todd will reveal more disdain that is pent up within

Todd’s character:

TODD: (ANTHONY starts, perplexed; TODD makes a placating gesture, sings quietly and intensely) There’s a hole in the world like a great black pit and the vermin of the world inhabit it and its morals aren’t worth what a pig could spit and it goes by the name of London. (Wheeler, 1979: 9)

This particular line, which goes after Todd’s rejection of Anthony’s offer of aid, shows his view on the people of London. The view that Todd’s share from this line is apparent that he sees London to be filled with “vermin of the world” with morals that “aren’t worth what a pig could spit”, which shows that the people of

London are a bunch of antagonizing and despicable people in Todd’s eyes. He then goes on to show his further hatred towards the people of London:

TODD: At the top of the hole sit the privileged few, making mock of the vermin in the lower zoo, turning beauty into filth and greed. (Wheeler, 1979: 9)

The apparent violence of Sweeney Todd can be seen here since his showing a disdain towards the people of London in general, he proceeds to show his view on the people who are essentially running the town of London, or as he calls them as “the privileged few”. These “privileged few” are the ones who are not even trying to make

London a better place, but they rather make “mock of the vermin the lower zoo”, and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

that they turn “beauty into filth and greed”. Todd’s sentiments show how inhospitable

London is, without trying to de-antagonize himself as he still sees the less-privileged ones in London as “the vermin in the lower zoo”, as well as analogizes London to a zoo.

As the story goes on, his increased violence is further explicated when he meets Pirelli, who then reveals himself to be Daniel O’Higgins, a once young Irish lad who Sweeney Todd hires fifteen years before his departure from London.

PIRELLI: It’ll hold me over till your customers start coming. Then it’s half your profits you’ll hand over to me every week on a Friday, share and share alike. All right . . . Mr. Benjamin Barker? TODD: Why do you call me that? PIRELLI: You don’t remember me. Why should you? I was just a down and out Irish lad you hired for a couple of weeks—sweeping up hair and such like—(Holding up razor) but I remember these—and you. Benjamin Barker, later transported to Botany Bay for life. So, Mr. Todd—is it a deal or do I run down the street for me pal Beadle Bamford? PIRELLI: (Sings, nastily) You t’ink—a you smart, you foolish-a boy. Tomorrow you start in my-a employ! You unner-a-stan’? You like-a my plan—? (Once again he hits his high note, and once again he is interrupted— TODD knocks the razor out of his hand and starts, in a protracted struggle, to strangle him) (Wheeler, 1979: 63 – 64)

This shows how violent Sweeney Todd can be that when enough of his buttons are pushed, he can and will murder whoever does so. In this case, Pirelli threatens Sweeney Todd to hand over half of his earning every week, or his cover as

Sweeney Todd will be revealed to his target’s associate, Beadle Bamford. That being said, the violence that he commits from hereon only escalates further. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Through the course of the story, Todd finally meets his arch-enemy and attempts to kill him discretely before his plans were blown by Anthony:

JUDGE: Pretty women, yes! TODD: Pretty women, here’s to JUDGE: Pretty women, sir! TODD: Pretty women, all the JUDGE: Pretty women! TODD: Pretty women . . . JUDGE: Pretty women, sir! (TODD raises his arm in a huge arc and is about to slice the razor across the JUDGE’s throat when ANTHONY bursts in) (Wheeler, 1979: 91)

All the way to this point, Sweeney Todd is able to obtain Judge Turpin’s trust and make himself to be the barber of Judge Turpin. This shows how content he is even when he is faced with his enemy before this particular incident happens. As what proceeds these lines, Sweeney Todd is hit with a mental breakdown which prompts him to be even more violent:

TODD: I had him—and then . . . MRS. LOVETT: The sailor busted in. I saw them both running down the street and I said to myself: “The fat’s in the fire, for sure!” TODD: I had him! His throat was bare beneath my hand—! MRS. LOVETT: (Alarmed, pacifying) There, there, dear. Don’t fret. TODD: No, I had him! His throat was there, and he’ll never come again! MRS. LOVETT: Easy now. Hush, love, hush. I keep telling you— TODD: (Violently) When? MRS. LOVETT: What’s your rush? TODD: Why did I wait? You told me to wait! Now he’ll never come again! (Music becomes ferocious, TODD’s insanity, always close to the surface, explodes finally) (Wheeler, 1979: 93 – 94)

It can be seen through these lines that Todd is unable to contain himself anymore that he is overwhelmed with anger after the failure of murdering his enemy. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

He is also shown to ignore every single attempt of Mrs. Lovett’s gesture to calm his nerves. As what can be inferred from the exposition of the last line, Todd has always been in the verge of going insane, and because of the incident that precedes these lines, his insanity, to properly address the quotation above, “explodes finally.”

The initial explosion of Sweeney Todd’s pent up rage only leads to an even bigger mental explosion that he essentially has completely lost his composure as what will be shown in these next few lines:

TODD: There’s a hole in the world like a great black pit and it’s filled with people who are filled with shit and the vermin of the world inhabit it— but not for long! They all deserve to die! Tell you why, Mrs. Lovett, tell you why: because in all of the whole human race, Mrs. Lovett there are two kinds of men and only two. There’s the one staying put in his proper place and the one with his foot in the other one’s face— look at me, Mrs. Lovett, look at you! (Wheeler, 1979: 94)

From this point onward, Sweeney Todd is blinded with rage that he admits that he is no longer a person of good virtue as he even points out that death is something that everyone deserves as it will bring them relief as the lines that is provided below suggest:

TODD: No, we all deserve to die! Tell you why, Mrs. Lovett, tell you why: because the lives of the wicked should be—(slashes at the air) made brief. For the rest of us, death will be a relief—we all deserve to die! (Wheeler, 1979: 94)

Note that Sweeney Todd’s admission of his failure brings him to undermine himself as “the wicked”. This also shows how Sweeney Todd himself has lost a good faith in himself and that point is further proven by the proceeding line:

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TODD: (Keening) And I’ll never see Johanna, no I’ll never hug my girl to me—finished! (Wheeler, 1979: 94 – 95)

Sweeney Todd shows his lack of confidence by admitting to himself that he will never be able to reunite with his daughter, Johanna. Further down the line,

Sweeney Todd’s violent nature steadily climbs up as he confides in himself that he will murder as many people as he can as his training ground:

TODD: And I will get him back even as he gloats. In the meantime I’ll practice on less honorable throats. (Wheeler, 1979: 95)

Sweeney Todd then weeps one last time about his failure and uses that as a token of righteousness to the murders that he will commit as what will be proven in the lines below:

TODD: And my Lucy lies in ashes and I’ll never see my girl again, but the work waits, I’m alive at last (Exalted) and I’m full of joy! (Wheeler, 1979: 95 – 96)

One point of interest that should also be noted here is that he sees his failure as one of his driving force to the violent crimes that he will inevitably and admittedly commit. The weeping part seems to be a part of his way in understanding how dire the situation that he is currently facing. However, then, Todd comes to the realization that the crimes that he will subsequently do is justifiable and pretty much a favor to the well-being of the people as the previous lines that has been provided above proves that Sweeney Todd sees that everyone deserves death as every single person is wicked and that their lives should be made brief.

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B. Sweeney Todd’s Motivation

As Graham and Weiner elaborate the definition of motivation in their Theories and Principles of Motivation, motivation in itself is the study for the reason behind the behavior and the process of thinking that an individual possesses (Graham &

Weiner, 1996: 63). This involves the completion of tasks that an individual is given despite the harshness of the difficulty of the tasks and the failure of completing the tasks because of the provocation of the difficulty of those tasks. Thus, in-keeping with the notion of Graham and Weiner’s elaboration of how motivation eventually escalates into the beings of individuals in achieving their goals, the analysis to

Sweeney Todd’s motivation will be elaborated from the inception of the story.

As Sweeney Todd’s characteristics have been established, it is apparent that the underlying reason behind Todd’s goal, which is to kill his primary target, Judge

Turpin, is to avenge what he has lost as the story unfolds. This premise can be seen through Todd’s line when he first meets Mrs. Lovett in her run-down pie shop:

TODD: Fifteen years sweating in a living hell on a trumped up charge. Fifteen years dreaming that, perhaps, I might come home to a loving wife and child. (TODD strikes ferociously on the pie counter with his fists) Let them quake in their boots—Judge Turpin and the Beadle—for their hour has come. (Wheeler, 1979: 19)

Sweeney Todd’s strength of determination can be seen here as he has suffered a good amount of time and his grudge still does not wear off; it has instead become the driving factor to his coming back to London. Sweeney Todd’s strong will of coming back home so that he can reunite with his family is also one of the driving forces that lead him to his decision. Having that said, the choice that Sweeney Todd PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

makes is clear from this point, and that is to exact revenge to Judge Turpin, and subsequently, the Beadle.

Sweeney Todd’s motivation can be further analyzed through Maslow’s five tenets of human motivation in his hierarchy of needs. It is important to understand that Sweeney Todd’s needs have been violated by the actions done by the antagonist of the story, Judge Turpin, as the lines below suggest:

TODD: There was a barber and his wife. And she was beautiful. A foolish barber and his wife. She was his reason and his life, and she was beautiful. And she was virtuous. And he was—(Shrugs) naïve. There was another man who saw that she was beautiful, a pious vulture of the law who with a gesture of his claw removed the barber from his plate. Then there was nothing but to wait and she would fall, so soft, so young, so lost, and oh, so beautiful! (Wheeler, 1979: 9 – 10)

Through the background that Sweeney Todd lays down here, it is apparent that his five needs have indeed been taken away from him. The most apparent need in

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs that Sweeney Todd is missing here is belongingness and love need as it is shown here that his reason for belonging is his wife and that specific fulfillment has been lost. Thus, he seeks to seize them back by coming back to

London.

In the interest of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the fulfillment of the needs has to stack from the bottom upwards. With that in mind, the very first need that Sweeney

Todd has to fulfill is the physiological need. Sweeney Todd’s fulfillment for this particular need has essentially been covered as he mentions that he has a place to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

stay, specifically around Fleet Street, when he converses with Anthony in the beginning of the story.

TODD: If you want, you may well find me. Around Fleet Street, I wouldn’t wonder. ANTHONY: Well, until then, Mr. Todd. (Wheeler, 1979: 10)

Thus, with the fulfillment of having a place to call home, or a place that can protect him from extreme temperature as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs states,

Sweeney Todd is able to climb up as far as the hierarchy of needs is concerned.

Therefore, as Sweeney Todd is able to fulfill his physiological needs, his safety needs is one that he can concern himself about afterwards.

As it is understood that the needs for safety deals with the reassurance of the stability of one’s environment, hence one’s financial security, it is important to understand how security in one’s finance is actually an issue in the timeline of the story as mentioned by Mrs. Lovett:

MRS. LOVETT: No denying times is hard, sir—even harder than the worst pies in London. Only lard and nothing more—(As TODD gamely tries another mouthful) Is that just revolting? All greasy and gritty, it looks like it’s molting, and tastes like—well, pity a woman alone with limited wind and the worst pies in London! (sighs heavily) Ah sir, times is hard. Times is hard. (Wheeler, 1979: 14)

Acknowledging the fact that the current times in the story is understood to be one that is harsh, Sweeney Todd is then faced with the invention of securing his financial needs. As the story unfolds, Sweeney Todd’s precedence on this need is brought upon to his concern by Mrs. Lovett through the lines below: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

MRS. LOVETT: You’re going to—get ‘em? You? A bleeding little nobody of a runaway convict? Don’t make me laugh. You’ll never get His ‘igh and Mightiness! Nor the Beadle neither. Not in a million years. (No reaction from TODD) You got any money? (Still no reaction) Listen to me! You got any money? TODD: No money. MRS. LOVETT: Then how you going to live even? TODD: I’ll live. If I have to sweat in the sewers or in the plague hospital, I’ll live—and I’ll have them. MRS. LOVETT: Oh, you poor thing! You poor thing! (A sudden thought) Wait! (She disappears behind a curtained entrance leading to her parlor. For a beat TODD stands alone, almost exalted. MRS. LOVETT returns with a razor case. She holds it out to him) See! It don’t have to be the sewers or the plague hospital. When they come for the little girl, I hid ‘em. I thought, who knows? Maybe the poor silly blighter’ll be back again someday and need ‘em. Cracked in the head, wasn’t I? Times as bad as they are, I could have got five, maybe ten quid for ‘em, any day. See? You can be a barber again. (Wheeler, 1979: 20)

As the conversation above shows, despite Sweeney Todd’s eagerness in achieving his goal, he is assured by Mrs. Lovett that he has a means to secure his financial needs, and that is through barbering. Now that Sweeney Todd is capable in covering the second need in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the third need he is to fulfill is the belongingness and love need.

Belongingness and love need is understood to be a need that involves a person’s desire for affectionate relationship with other individuals, one of them being a person’s family. Sweeney Todd shows this particular need to be his motivating force in coming back to London as shown through his confession.

(Wheeler, 1979: 19)

After the revelation of what happens to his wife, Lucy, and daughter, Johanna,

Sweeney Todd is motivated in taking revenge against those who has violated this particular need that he needs to fulfill in order to advance in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. As Maslow’s hierarchy of need states, the inability of a person to fulfill belongingness and love need will make that particular person to strive for recognition from others. Thus, Sweeney Todd partly fulfills this need by going his way to challenge Pirelli, a proclaimed barber to the King of Naples, to a shaving and tooth- pulling contest in the middle of a marketplace where Pirelli’s caravan is located.

PIRELLI: (Bows and poses splendidly for a moment, in one hand an ornate razor, in the other a sinister-looking tooth-extractor; sings) I am Adolfo Pirelli, Da king of da barbers, da barber of kings, E buon giorno, good day, I blow you a kiss! (He does) And I, da so-famous Pirelli, I wish-a to know-a who has-a da nerve-a to say my elixir is piss! Who says this? TODD: I do. (He holds up the bottle of elixir) I am Mr. Sweeney Todd and I have opened a bottle of Pirelli’s Elixir, and I say to you it is nothing but an arrant fraud, concocted from piss and ink. (MRS. LOVETT takes the bottle from TODD, sniffs it) MRS. LOVETT: He’s right. Phew! Better to throw your money down the sewer. (She tosses the bottle to the ground. The onlookers “ooh and aah” with shocked excitement) TOBIAS: (Beating agitatedly on the drum, shouting) Ladies and gentlemen, pay no attention to that madman. Who’s to be the first for a magnificent shave? TODD: (Breaking in) And furthermore . . . (Glaring at PIRELLI) I have serviced no kings, yet I wager that I can shave a cheek and pull a tooth with ten times more dexterity than any street mountebank! (He holds up his razor case for the crowd to see) You see these razors? MRS. LOVETT: The finest in England. TODD: (To PIRELLI) I lay them against five pounds you are no match for me. You hear me, sir? Either accept my challenge or reveal yourself as a sham. (Wheeler, 1979: 41 – 43) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

As what can be inferred from Sweeney Todd’s actions, he flaunts his capabilities to the crowd of people which shows that he indeed strives for recognition from others in order to restore his sense of belongingness. With his sense of belongingness restored from having the recognition he seeks through the contest with

Pirelli, Sweeney Todd’s need for love is something that he needs to fulfill next in order to advance upwards the hierarchy of needs.

As Sweeney Todd acknowledges up to this point that he is unable to ever fulfilling his love need through his wife, he attempts to fulfill this need by succumbing to Mrs. Lovett’s affection for him.

TODD: Mrs. Lovett, what a charming notion, eminently practical and yet appropriate, as always. Mrs. Lovett how I’ve lived without you all these years I’ll never know! (Wheeler, 1979: 98)

This particular fulfillment of the need of belongingness and love, however, only partially satisfied for Sweeney Todd as he still shows a very strong affection to his wife through the lines below:

MRS. LOVETT: Come on, dear. Give us a kiss. (Kisses him) Ooh, that was lovely. Now, Mr. T., you do love me just a little bit, don’t you? TODD: Of course. MRS. LOVETT: Then how about it? Of course there’d have to be a little visit to St. Swithin’s to legalize things. But that wouldn’t be too painful, would it? TODD: (Back with his obsession) I’ll make them pay for what they did to Lucy. (Wheeler, 1979: 140 – 141)

This serves to show that the loss of belongingness and love need that Sweeney

Todd experiences makes him unable to love affectionately anymore as his loyalty still PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

belongs to his wife, Lucy. This also showcases how the violation of his fulfillment to belongingness and love need drives Sweeney Todd to partake revenge against Judge

Turpin and his associate, the Beadle.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

As its due, the study of analyzing Sweeney Todd’s motivation in the murders that he commits comes to a close. To run through the course of the analysis, the characteristics of Sweeney Todd are the first major point that this study accomplishes to cover. The importance of this point to be covered is because in order to find clues as to why Sweeney Todd does what he does in a way that distinguishes him from the rest, his personal traits, or characteristics, need to be well-addressed. As such, this study reveals that Sweeney Todd exhibits two major characteristics that are prevalent through the course of the story. Those two characteristics are that he is an overly confident person and the fact that he is a very violent individual.

The overly confident characteristic that Sweeney Todd exhibits is shown through his very first encounter with the beggar woman. It is shown through his lines and gestures that he flaunts over someone that holds little value to him. Sweeney

Todd tries to make her go away through harsh words such as “Off with you, off I say!” and as far as making a gesture as if to strike her. Todd’s flaunting over his power is also seen through his dialogue with Mrs. Lovett. As Todd knows what he is capable of in terms of barbering, he states that he will be able to mesmerize the people and that those people will flock after him like sheep to be shorn.

The very violent part of Sweeney Todd is shown through his dialogue with

Anthony in the beginning of the play. After Anthony offers him a sincere help, Todd refuses this offer by shouting “No!” at him. This particular characteristic of Todd is

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even more prevalent when he encounters Pirelli. As Pirelli knows Todd’s secret; that he is actually Benjamin Barker, he kills Pirelli by strangling him.

The final major point that this study goes on to analyze is Sweeney Todd’s motivation. The analysis of Sweeney Todd’s motivation in this study establishes itself to utilize Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. As far as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is most concerned, the needs must be fulfilled in an orderly manner. With that in mind, this study shows that Sweeney Todd is able to fulfill the need that exists in the very foundation of hierarchy of needs, which is the physiological need. Sweeney

Todd fulfills this need by having an established ground that he has a settlement to come back to in Fleet Street which shows that Sweeney Todd is able to, at the very least, protect himself from extreme temperatures, as noted in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs itself.

Now that it is understood that Sweeney Todd is able to fulfill the most basic need, he goes on to show that he fulfills the second need that exists right after physiological need in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which is the safety need.

Sweeney Todd manages to fulfill this need by reestablishing his job as a barber after being convinced by Mrs. Lovett. This brings Sweeney Todd to the third need that he needs to fulfill; the belongingness and love need.

As the story unfolds, Sweeney Todd’s reason to come back to London is for him to reunite with his wife, Lucy, and his daughter, Johanna. This serves to show that his urge to fulfilling belongingness and love need is the primary objective of

Sweeney Todd. This need, however, is shown to be unable to be fulfilled by Sweeney PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Todd because his wife and daughter have been taken away by the very same person that made him serve his time in prison, Judge Turpin. Thus, Sweeney Todd swears that he will exact revenge against Judge Turpin because he has taken away Sweeney

Todd’s means in having a secured means of fulfilling his belongingness and love need.

As Maslow’s hierarchy of needs states, the repercussion of the inability of fulfilling this need is that such person will seek out ways to fulfill it. Thus, after the revelation of this important detail of the story, Sweeney Todd then fulfills the belongingness part of this need, by winning a barbering challenge that he instigated against Pirelli in the middle of a crowded marketplace. This, in a way, restores his sense of belongingness and further secures Sweeney Todd’s security need since this makes him acquire recognition and fame which paves way to his coming back in barbering business.

The recognition that gets through winning the challenge that Sweeney Todd himself instigated also cements his way towards his two targets, Judge Turpin and the

Beadle. This is supported by the fact that the Beadle himself commends Sweeney

Todd’s excellence in barbering and promises Sweeney Todd that he will come to his parlor. In this acquisition of trust of Judge Turpin’s right hand, the Beadle, Sweeney

Todd has secured his way in obtaining back what he has lost and avenging himself and his family.

Coming back to sentiment of this particular action that Sweeney Todd does being partial to the fulfillment of his belongingness and love need, Sweeney Todd PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

shows that he is, in fact, still longs for affectionate love from a particular someone.

This is show by his succumbing to Mrs. Lovett’s affection insofar as to making her his next lover. However, this spectacle only goes on to show that, despite the affection that he gets from Mrs. Lovett, Sweeney Todd’s true affection still lies upon his wife, Lucy, that he is still burning with passion to exact revenge on Judge Turpin and the Beadle, the perpetrators of the violation to the fulfillment of his belongingness and love need.

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