1924. . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 831
By Mr. WOODRUFF: A bill (H. R. 5257) for the relief of HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Alonzo C. Sbekell; to the Committee on Military Affairs. By .Mr. YATES: A bill (H. R. 5258) conferring upon William FRIDAY, January 11, 19~4. A. Kirby the rank of major, and for other purposes; to the The Horu;e met at 12 o'clock noon. Committee on Mill tary Affairs. Tlie Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Montgomery, D. D., offered PETITIONS, ETC. the following prayer: Under clause 1 of Rule L~II, petitions and papers were laid Our Father, we bless Thee that Thy arms are s.o safe and on the Clerk's de k and referred as follows : so merciful to rest in ; may we ever love and live in Thee. 498. By the SBEAKER (by request): Petition of Jos. G. Strengthen every moral purpose of our beings; vitalize every Fitzsimmons, president of the Carolinas Auto Supply House, spiritual fiber of our breasts, that we may resist all tempta· Charlotte. N. C., favoring tax reduction and opposing a soldiers tion, and with firm and steadfast conviction follow Thy holy bonus; to the Committee on Ways and l\1eans. p-recepts. Help us to exemplify al:l those virtues that make for 499. Also, petition of Philippine Legislature, independence godly character in individual and in state. Enrich our minds; mi ion to the United States, urging the Congress of the United direct our ways that we may in all things do our whole duty. States to recognize the independence of the Philippine Islands; Through Jesus Christ our Lord. ·Amen. to the Committee on Insular Affairs. The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday wa read and 500. Ily Mr. ALLEN: Papers accompanying House bill 5104, approved. granting an increase of pension to Samuel H. Rodeheaver; to · EXTENSION OF REMARKS. the Committee on Invalid Pensions. 501. Ily l\Ir. CROWTHER: Petition of Myrle E. Bliss and :Mr. KING. l\IT. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ex three other citizens of R. F. D. No. 7, Schenectady, N. Y., in tend my remarks in the REcor.D by inserting an interview, with dorsing the so-called Mellon plan of tax revision ; to the Com some comments upon it, in the Evening Star under date of mittee on Ways and Means. December 31, 1923, with the Hon. Mr. G_\RNER, a Member -of 502. Also~ petition of Woman's Republican Club (Inc.), of Congress from the State of Texas. I have submitted this to New York City, urging the Ways and l\Ieans Committee of the Mr. GARNER, .according to the amenities of the floor, and it is Hou e to give to the Green bill paramount consideration over satisfactory to him that I do this. all other legislation, and to report said bill favorably to the The SPEAKER. The genUeman from Illinois asks unani House at the earliest moment; to the Committee on Way.s and mous con.-sent to extend his remarks in the RECORD by inserting l\leans. ' therein an interview in the Evening Star with Mr. GAR.~ER of 503. By 11Ir. CULLE.N: Petition of the Brooklyn Chamber of Texas. Is there objection? Commerce, indorsing President Coolidge's recommendations for There was no objection. authority to appoint a coil1lllissi.on empowered to deal with Mr. KING. l\fr. Speaker, under the leave granted me by the whatever emergency situation that might arise in the coal in Hon e, I here insert an interview by the Hon. JoHN F. GARNER. dustry, to aid conciliation and voluntary arbitration when col an honorable l\fember of the House, lately given by him to the lective bargaining fails and to conh·ol distribution to prevent Washington E>ening Star and printed in that paper on the profiteering and insure constant supply of this vital necessity; 31st day of December, 1923. It will probably be referred to by to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. many Members of the House during the eoming debate of the 504. Ily .Mr. FULLER: Petitions of the Un.i-on League Club, so-called Mell-0n plan of tax adjustment, and indeed it pictnres of Chicago, Henry S. Whipple, of Rockford, and sundry other vividly what is takjng place he1·e now in the legislative field, an•l citizens of Illioois, favoring the plan of tbe Secretary of the depicts the wonderful power of the fascisti bloc in and out Treasury for tax reduction; to the Committee on Ways an'd of Congress, and I shall, with permission of the Ilouse, refer Lo Means. it more at length under some remarks which I hope to make 505. Al o, petition of the Illinois State Federation of Lal)or, under the title of "The American house of overlords." for relief of postal employees, betterment of conditions of their cmpl-0yment, for a. eniority law that will be fair and just, for CHARGES CO?\SPIRACY OF RICH TO GAIN TAX BlL'L PASS.\GE--REPI!ESEN amendment of the retireme-nt law by eliminating the pruviso TATIIE GARNER SAYS 0RG~N'IZED PROPAGANDA IS BEHi 'D filE.jSU::tE as to maxim.um compensation, and for increase of salaries; to WHICH FAVORS BIG h.~ER:ESTS AND IGNORES SMALL INCOME EArtNER. the Committee on the Post Offke and Post Roads. Charging that a "huge organized conspiracy -Of predatory interPsts" GOG. Ily Mr. KINDRED: Petition of board of supervisors of is endeavoring by nation-wide propaganda to coerce Senators and Repre E . ex County, KY., favoring the erection of a bridge across the sentatives to support the Mellon tax leg· Iation before all of its pro narrows of Lake Champlain, bet'\\·een Crown Point, in the visions are made known, Representative JOHN GARNER, of Texas, rank State of New York, and Chimney Point, in the State of Ver ing Democrat on the Ways and Means Committee, issued u formal stat~ mont ; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. ment of warning la.st night. 507. Al o, petition of the American Association for the Reeog Represent.ative GAR~EU, according to the statement given out by the nition of the Irish Republic, asking Congress to demand the Democratic National Committee, spoke with authority for the millority release of all republican prisoners in Ireland ; to the Com membership of the Ways and Means Committee, whleh has been C<1n mittee on Foreign Affairs. sidering the proposed tax measure for everal weeks. 508. By Mr. STRONG of Pennsylvanfa.: Petition of citizens of Plain and conclusive evidence of this conspiracy, Representative Indiana, Pa.., favoring lower taxes and a more simple, efficient, GARNER says, is found in the wording of telegrams and letters bein .~ and economical Government; to the Committee on Ways and receh-ed by Senators and Representatives in Congress, which are in 1\leans. identical language, showing that they emanate from one source, alth-0ugl1 509. By l\Ir. YATES : Petition of B. A. Eckhart, of Chicagt1, coming from various sections of the country. This is a form ften Ill., urging that the terrible burden of taxes be removed and employed by tbese predatory interests to influence the nnsuspPctin.g therefore urging that the tax proposal by Secretary Mellon be public and to bulldoze, intimidate, and coerce Representatives.
adopted; to the Committee on Ways and Means. COME Bl!IFORE .BILL PUBLISHED. 510. Also, petition of J. J. Bullington, clepartment of Illinois of the American Legion, urging support of adjusted compensa " In this case the propaganda emanating from this organized con tion hm, and stating 75,000 Illinois service men are anxious for spiracy attempt~ to coerce Senators and Representatives to support it pas age; to the Commitee on Ways and Means. the Mellon tax bill before they have had the opportunity to SN· the 511. Also, petition of American Legion at Harrisburg, Ill., bill or to study and to understand its provisions. It is plainly evi favoring the bonus; to the Committee on Ways and Means. dent also that the C'Onstituents of the Senators and Repr·e ·entatives 512. Also, petition of C. ll,. Hodgscin, secretary of the Weaver who signed these mes. ages could not have I..-nown all of the provisions Manufacturing Co., of Springfield, Ill., favoring the Kelly of the Mellon tax bill, because most of the me sages were recei \ed Stevens bill and the Merritt bill; to the Committee on Inter before the bill was made public. state and Foreign Commerce. u The lIIlconsciona'ble instigators of this conspiracy have not only 513. B:r l\Ir. YOUNG: Petition of Community Clnb of Kensal, sought in this way to browbeat and coerce Congress, together with N. Dak., urging the passage of House bill 4159 ; also of the the implied threat contained in these identical-form messages, but Rotary Club of Valley City, N. Dak.., urging the passage of they have attempted, and in a Ia.rge measure :rpparently suceeede " The discovet·y that the Mellon tax bill fails to glve millions of At the encl of the Worlu War the United States smldenly accumu farmers, tradesmen, and mall bu iness men generally the relief they lated many new and great international interests; its Diplomatic and were told they would get by the Mellon bill propagandists fuls fully Consular Service assumed a new importance. American busine s inter justified the attitude of Democratic and we tern Republican con ests found new avenues of commerce and t~ade opened up to them in gl·essional leaders in refusing to accept the measure in advance and all parts of the world. To the Department of State logically were tlleir ,,,-ithout the opportunity to scrutinize its provision . Many of those inquiries for assistance directed, with the result that new and inrnlvecl who criticized these leaders are now, in the face of the disclosures duties became a part of the hitherto already arduous work of the officers of the Mellon bill's inadequacy and inequities, urging its amendment of the Diplomatic and Consular Service. to Include these millions of taxpayers in Its alleged benefit. Compensation and prospects insufficient to secure and hold men of SEEK 'l'O AMElND BII.L, ability other than those of lndepentlent means ha,ve hampered the de "Even representatives of the Coolidge administration on the Ways velopment of the foreign service. Our ambassadors, ministers, secre nnd Means Committee of the House, who heralded Mr. Mellon's pro taries, and consuls have been and arc to-day handicapped in their work po~.'.ll as perfect and incapable of improvement, at'e also busy in efforts by the meager salaries allowed them in compari. on with tho e paid the to patch up the b}.11 to save themselves from the wrath of the miutons representative of other countries. Trained and actequate staffs of of farmer , trade men, and small business men against whom the recognized ability are indispensable to the Government, and the offiePrs Mellon bill made such unju 't discrimination, while Secretary Mellon, of the foreign service should by all mean be as ured that conf>picuous on the other hand, was framing his plan for cutting in half the taxes ability and fidelity will be appropriately recognized and rewarded by a t !Jc Ycry biggest indi \idual and corporate taxpayers. their Government. '.l.'he future of the foreign service I. in thP llancls " The inequity in some of the provisions of the Mellon tax bill will of Congre s. l•c thoroughly demonstrated and, if possible, corrected when the Demo I . crnts ha>e an opportunity to discuss the bill and otl'er amendments ORG.ANIZATIO~ OF THE STATE DF.P.l.TITMEXT. 1:1· a substitute measure. Democrats in Congres~ can be depended Since tlle World War the United State Cfo•el'llment haR :H1Rmned a 111Jon to act favNably upon every sound pro>ision of the Mellon plan, new po ition among the family of nations of the world. Its inter lmt they will uot be coeece YlEWS Oil' THE SECRET~RY OF STATE CO:-iCER:SING THE ~·onEIGN SERVICE. thP " S"!cretary of Foreign Affairs." Tllis was in the year 1781, the birth of what wa called the Department of Foreign Affairs. It occu ln every part of the earth the diplomat1c and consular officers of pied as its offices two rooms, one for the Secretary and one for his the "Cnited States are watching every turn of event in their relation deputy and clerks. The office rent for the first year was itemized as to the general policies of thi Government. They report every source 200. of international irritation ; they note the ignal. of economic and In the present year of 1923 the Department of State is housed in the political unrest, of international rivalries, prejudices, ub>ersive ten dencies, and discriminatory policies. Tbey aid the Governmcn t not imposing building companioning the White House, where 604 members of the home office under the Assistant Secretarie labor as the hands merely in settling disputes but in removing or limiting the causes of and eyes nnd counsellor of the ecretary of State, upon whose shoul po. slble controversy. ders the burden of its great responsibility ultimately rests. And in Every American should feel aRhamed that any country in the world the field of foreign service, acting as representatives to gather informa should have a better diplomatic organfaation than the United States. tion and to carry out policie in all foreign countries, the personnel is This ls not a matter simply of national pride; it is a matter of listed as 3,44 7. Though for many years now it bas borne the familiar national - }Curity. title of the Department of State, it is peculiarly the De11artment or The truth is that our foreign service is undermanned and underpaid. Foreign .Affairs, as it was entitled by those wbo first conceived it. You can not have an efficient foreign service without having trai11ed Immediately after the Spanish War, when the labors or the State mm, and you can not keep men without an adequate system for their Department became more intensive and more exten ·ive, the home work selection and maintenance; and you can not keep men who have been was distributed according to certain so-called politico-geograpblca.l tli>i prnperly selected and trained and are invaluable to their country unless sions. For instance, there was primarily established a thPn of great you offer reasonable opportu.nities for promotion. (Charles Evans est moment as an examplt> and standard for subsequent divl ion the Hughes.) Far Eastern Divblon. IIere were grouped together xperts who, through FOREWORD. experience in the Diplomatic Service or the Consular Rcrvice, were In this volume is contained a comprehensive anal.rsi" of the organi famlliar with the linng conditions, the political and trade conditions zation and administration of the Diplomatic and Consular Service of of Japan and China, the great people that made up the Far East. .All the United States under the limitations imposed upon the Department correspondence that dealt in any way with these countries was directed of State by existing law. The conclusion .is reached that there is need to this grnup of Far East experts. The value of sueh organization led for complete reorganization, unification, ancl coordination of these immediately to the establishment of other divisions along the e politico services if this Government is to maintain its proper position and geographical lines, and to-day tbe organization of the department in dignity abroad among the great nations of the earth. cludes six such divisions, as follows : Division of Far Eastern Affairs, 1924. OONGRESSION Alj RECORD-HOUSE. 833 Division of Latin American Affairs, Division of West European Af The Consular Bureau is one of the important units of the depart fairs, Division of Near Eastern .Affairs, Division of Mexican Affairs, and ment. It has charge of all the records of the personnel of the Consular Division of Ea~tern European Affairs. Such organizations with ex Service and has supe1·vision of the administration of the whole Consular pert<; in every corner of the world have made the home service branch Service, with its 411 offices anil stations. It keeps constantly in touch of the State Department immeasurably more effective in its dealings with the personnel, numbering nearly 3,000. The duties of the director with world problems, as these divisions are charged with the general also Involve the censoring, grading, and approval of commercial and supei·vislon of our relations, diplomatic and consular, political and eco economic reports; distribution of commercial and economic reports to nomic, with the countries falling within their respective fields. the Department of Commerce and other Government agencies. He, too, The commissioned officers of the Department of State are, of course, la the budget officer of the department and is charged with the the Secretary of State, the Undersecretary, three Assistant Secretaries, preparation of all estimates of appropriations for the department. and the solicitor; and, too, there are trained men at the heads of vari Detail of a surprising nature is involved in the varied activities ous important bureaus and divisions that have to do with the general through which the foreign a!Iairs of our country are administered, conduct of the department's multifarious duties. particularly at home. Take the office which issues passports. During The Secretary of State is charged, under the direction of the Presi the tourist season as many as a thousand a day are issued, and during dent, with the duties appertaining to correspondence with the public the year 1922 nearly 150,000 passports were issued. Associated with ministers and the consuls of the United States and with the representa this ottice is the vise ottice, which deals with the important question of tives of foreign pow&s accredited to the United States. He is re granting vises on foreign passports, which means that upon this office garded as the first in rank among the members of the Cabinet. He is rests the responsibility of determining whether foreigners desiring to also the custodian of the treaties made with foreign States, and of the enter the United 8tates are or are not objectionable from the view laws of the United States. He grants and issues passports, and point of safety to our institutions and Government. exequaturs to foreign consuls in the United States are issued through The division of p-0litical information, the division of current informa bis office. He publishes the laws and resolutions of Congress, amend tion, the bureau of appointments, and the bureau of accounts are all ments to the Constitution, and proclamations declaring the admission functioning with definite objectives in view. The bulk of the important of new States into the Union. information that flows into the department from its agents scattered The Undersecretary of State is the principal assistant of the Secretary throughout the world fi-0ws out again through various channels. The of State in the discharge of his various functions, aiding in the formu consular trade reports to the Secretary of State, many of them filled lation and execution of the foreign policies of the Government, in the with information of real importance to business ·houses and leaders of reception of representatives of foreign governments, etc. In matters industry in this country, describe opportunities for the extension of which do not require the personal attention of the Secretary of State .American trade and commerce in foreign countries. These reports are be acts for the Secretary of State, and in the absence of the Secretary sent' to the Department of Commerce for publication, and approxi of State he becomes the Acting Secretary of State. The Undersecretary mately 2,000 copies each month are printed and utilized by the im of State is charged with the general direction of the work of the De P<>rtant business concerns of the country. To the Treasury Department partment of State and of the foreign service. goes all the information supplied to the State Depa1·tment by its rep The Assistant Secretary of State has charge of all matters pertaining resentatives abroad concel'l1ing financial matters and, too, data relating to foreign trade, and supervises the office of the economic adviser. to outbreaks of contagious diseases in foreign lands which may ulti He has supervision over the work of the Division of Far Eastern Affairs, mately necessitate the United States Public Health Service taking the Division of Near Eastern Affairs, and the Division of Eastern Euro steps to prevent the introduction of these diseases into the United pean Affairs. He is the chairman of the board of examiners for the States. Consular Service, and in the absence of the Secretary of State and the There is also constant interchange of information between the State Undersecretary of State he becomes the Acting Secretary of State. Department and the Department of Justice concerning matters of 'l'be 8econd Assistant Secretary of State has direct supervision over extradition; with the Department of Agriculture relating to foreign the Division of Passport Control and the vise office. He makes deci crops, soils, climate, plant and animal diseases; with the Department sions in citizenship and other cases :nvolving complex questions of of Labor concerning immigration, as consular officers are obliged to vise law and policy. He is consulted by the officers of the department upon the passports of every immigrant bound for the United States; with matters of diplomatic procedure and general questions of international the War and Navy Departments relating to confidential matters having law and policy, particularly when involving the traditional practice of to do with political conditions abroad. At the request of the Secretary the Department of State. of State naval vessels always are ready to drop anchor in a foreign port for such purposes as may be indicated. The Third Assistant Secretary of State is charged with the admin istration of the Diplomatic Service, the administration of the depart II. ment, administrative matters concerning international conference and THE DIPLOMATIC SERVICE. commissions, and with matters pertaining to ceremonial and protocol. So functions the home office, with a personnel of 600. Corre He has supervision over the work of the Diplomatic Bureau, the office sponding to the home service is the foreign service of 3,447, who in of the chief clerk, the bureau of appointments, the bureau of accounts some capacity or another are representatives of .America in foreign and the bureau of indexes and archives. He is charged with th~ lands-the field representatives, so to speak, through whom the De presentation to the President of ambassadors and ministers of foreign partment of State acquires the knowledge upon which to found its countries newly. accredited to the United States ; h~ is chairman of the decisions and its policies, and through whom, too, its mandates are board of examiners for the Diplomatic Service. executed abroad. As is generally known, this foreign service em There is the 'olicitor of the State Department, whose rank is high braces those attached to the Diplomatic Service and those engaged in and whose responsibilities are great. The office of the solicitor treats the Consular Service. with matters dealing with legal relations of our own Government with The diplomatic officers are accredited directly to the foreign na foreign states, involving international law in all its complications tional governments, the consular officers to municipalities or districts. and ramifications. There, too, are treaties composed and international One speaks, namely, of the ambassador to Great Britain, while it is conventions and agreements, from which the work of this particular the consul general at London, a city, which distinguishes that rep ottice grades down to the questions of claims of individual American resentative, and this terminology is universal when reference is mad~ citizens against foreign governments or the e:: ~ cution of wills and the to diplomatic officers or to consular officers. Although the labors administration of private property in foreign lands. Expatriation of the two branches of tlle foreign service are distinct, it will be and extradition cases are here also executed. In this division alone seen from a consideration of the activities of each that there are more than 20 trained assistant solicitors and law clerks are constantly many questions in which both divisions necessarily are interested, employed on work which requires the most painstaking attention and and that in all there is need for closest cooperation. Yet the consuls care. deal directly with the municipal authorities of the locality to which Then, too, there is an economic adviser, whose function it is to they are assigned, while the diplomatic officers deal only with the officers of the general government. advise with the Secretary of State on the broad questions of inter national trade and related subjects, embracing loans to foreign gov The personnel of the Diplomatic Service numbers in all 629, in cluding ambassadors, ministers, secretaries, and clerks. These rep ernments, tariffs, commercinl treaties, and with such questions as those resentatives · of the Government of the United States are distributed dealing with the study of oil resources in all parts of the world, etc. in 51 countries in which we maintain diplomatic missions. It is the The Diplomatic Bureau 1CU1intains the records of the personnel of the task of these men in diplomacy to keep in closest touch with every United States Diplomatic Service and of the embassies and legations phase of the national life of the country where they reside and to accredited to the United States. It also falls to this bureau to arrange keep the State Department informed with regard to all national for the free entry of the official and personal effects of these repre questions of finance, commerce, arts, sciences, agriculture, mining, sentatives of other governments and of those of diplomatic officers of taritr, taxation, population, laws, and judicial statistics of that the United States as they pass to and fro in the course of their duties country. Particularly are they to keep well informed and observe in all parts of the world. and understand and interpret the intricacies of tbe national policies, LXV--53 834 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. JANUARY 11, as these may have bearing upon the policies of our own G<>vemment. conditions under which they may operate by pointing out opportunities And, too, they are to convey to the foreign government a clear tor trade expansion in pro. pect, in bridging over difficulties, or in exposition of the mind and attitude of America upon all subjects smoothing out rough contads that may have arisen. It may be known in which our Government is interested. Out of this comes also the to a consul, for instance, that a local firm is in the market for a cer duty of standing up for the rights of the citizens of the United tain typo of gasoline engine. He very likely will under such condi States as a whole and for any individual American citizen. tions seek to interest the foreign customer in purchasing an engine In the year just pas ed, of 1923, 15 of the 51 diplomatic missions from an American business firm, or he may advise the home office of this Government rendered the following out tanding types and at Washington of the opportunity opening up for American engines. extent of service to American commercial· interests: In 126 distinct .As a matter of fact, one consul did accomplish the sale of 53 gasoline cases, involving mlllion,s of dollars, they have been able to protect engines and encouraged negotiations for an agency on a basis of a these interests by preventing cliscriminations against them. In 31 minimum sale yearly of 500 such engines. In another instance a cases they have removed restrictions on American commerce. In 70 thoroughly representative consul persuaded the cu toms authorities to cases they have given aid in settlement of claims and debts of change the classification of a certain motor chassis so that it would American citizens against foreign governments. In 49 cases they be subject only to the duty imposed on motor trucks. A contract for have rendered assistance to representatives of American concerns in the building of tramways and eletric power plant was awarded to an obtaining for them equal treatment with nationals of other govern American firm through the efforts ot the American con ul of the ments in submitting proposals and being awarded contracts. .A.nd locality ; an agency for drugs and sundries was established at another in 88 cases they have giTen general assistance and advice to American foreign center; engineering work was awarded to an American firm bu iness firIDB in connection with financial and commercial matters. involving $425.,000 ; something like 7,000 cases ot Pacific coast apples Also, these same missions rendered innumerable other services of im were guided to another foreign destination in a trade award. All of portance. these accomplishments :ire but typical cases of the eno.rmous labor of An example of direct results to our shipping interests through the consular officers in every corner ot the world in stimulating Amer diplomatic action will be of interest to those who follow the de ican business enterprise and American trade. v lopment of America's foreign trade through the instrumentality of For the year 1923, for instance, the Consular Service sent out more the Diplomatic Service. During the past few years so-called "emi than a. million letters, received 904,601. The consular invoices were grant licenses," i. e., permission to transport emigrants, have been 806,817. Their replies to trade inquiries numbered 55,502. They obtained by American steamship companies from a number of Euro gave 39,459 bills of health. They handled 1,037 estates. They gave pean countries. The Department of State, through its diplomatic service in 75,309 cases of protection and welfare ; and so on through representath"es in Europe, has been of real assistance to American their multifarious and daily routine transactions. shipping companies in obtaining these licenses. Prior to the war the Despite all this work ot the Department of St.ate in its home service, emigrant business from Europe was handled Ia1·gely by foreign lines, or home office, as it is more frequently referred to, and in its Diplo and the new American companies- encountered formidable opposition matic and Consular Services abroad, the expense entailed is e:xreed· in their attempt to compete for a fair part of this trade. ingly small. The expenditures of the State Department proper, or Another example of succe sful diplomacy is the application of the rather the home office, for 1923 was $1,096,824, the Diplomatic Serv open-door principle. American diplomats and consuls in far-away re ice cost $2,360,469, and the Consular Service $4,987,208, the total cost gions are zealously guarding the principle of equal opportunity for being $8,435,501.51. Such are the disbursements, but the receipts American trade, and when this principle is challenged the e officer almost balance the e ·penses. The consular fees were, for the year immediately advise the State Department, and the diplomatic officer 1923, $6,805,579.30. the passport fees were $1,144,862.63, and mis accredited to the government concerned registers America's official pro cellaneous fees were $31,124, making the total receipts equal $7,981,- test and takes the necessary steps to assure the American company its 5G6.61. Thus the net cost of maintaining the senice of the entire full rights. DPpartment of State at home and abroad for 1923, despite its tre In another instance a certain foreign nation was about to execute a n~ nclous activities and their almost incalculable value, was onlr forced loun which would have sequestered about $17,000,000. The $453,934.90. efforts of the American legation prevented this seque tration. Again IV. in another instance of a South American country the legation per· NEW Rlll.SPONSIBII.ITIES OF THlll FOREIGN SERVICE. suaded the officials of that country that mail matter should be carried by American vessels over a many-stop voyage, and thus e tablished a Such in brief is an outline of the organization at present of the contact with that country which is far·reaching and fundamental. In State Department at home . and abroad. The work is increasing with another country import duties on the packing of American automobiles every day, and will grow more and more as the influence of America were reduced from 30 to 10 per cent. And further till, bank deposits in foreign countries becomru more potent and her foreign commerce ex that had been already sequestered by n foreign government were re pands more and more. And the resvonsibilities ot the Diplomatic and leased and returned to their American owners. Consular Service are truly to-day greater than ever before, and greater III. also is the interest of American business men in the succes ful handling of our foreign affairs, politically, economically, and commercially. If THE CO~SULAR SJlilVICE. this Government is to handle effectively foreign atrairs, pressing for These isolated and typical cases are mentioned merely to show the attention, the Government must have an adequate staff of trained and practical work which our emba sies and legations abroad are doing in businesslike American diplomats and consuls, with suffitient incentive the direct interest of America and American institutions. .And they to make a career of the foreign service. are but small, indeed, compared to the greater questions of protecting The salaries paid to officers in the Diplomatic Service are admit~edly the rights of America to participate in the opening up of new fields of inadequate as compared with those paid the diplomatic officers of other industry, In the inclusion of her business firms on an equitable basis n tio:ns. Compensations and prospects insufficient to secure and hold with nationals of other countries, in the influence of the tariff laws ot men of ability other than those of independent means have hampered foreign countrie'S, and in general by keeping the American Government the development of the Diplomatic Service. From ambassadors and at peace with all the world. ministers down through the lowest grades of secretaries, America's Turning now to that other branch of the foreign service of the State diplomatic representatives abroad a1·e underpaid when the importance Depa.l'tment, the one named and known as the Consular Service, we and dignity of their posts are taken into consideration. The duties ot find in it a personnel of 2,818, of whom 55 are consuls general, 317 secretaries are particularly arduous and exacting and the salaries are consuls, 135 are vice consuls of career, 87 are consular agents, 14 allowed them are far below what they might command for the services a re interpreters, 2 are student interpreters, 11 are consular assistanrn, if employed by private bu. ine s concerns. 2,197 are clerks and other employees. While the work of the diplo A secretary ot .the highest grade now receives a maximum salary of matic officers deals, as explained, with the national foreign govern· $4,000. Generally this grade and salary has been reached only after ments, the work of the con ular officers is, as previously detailed, only many years of diligent application in the service. Such a prospect is with municipalities. Ilut in addition to this distinction there is an not attractive to de irable men who do not pos ess independent means. other; the work of the diplomatic officers is in a mea ~ ure political, that Some of the able t men in the service ha. ve made and are making ot the con ul is busine and commercial. Not one pound of goods can serious personal sacrifices in order to continue in the Diplomatic Service leave a foreign country for the United States, nor can a ship clear port, of the Government. .Also at pre ent in the Consular ervice it is nor any pas enger depart, without the knowledge, consent, and official difficult to retain men because of tempting offers constantly made them action of the consul of the place. Such definite functions give the to go into the service of private business ccmcerns. consul a very intimate understanding of the commercial condition and These two services, the Diplomatic and Consular, by laws that are standiDg of his particular post. Out of this knowledge which the con antiquated and out of date, have been separated into water-tight com suls po ess there has developed, and as its value is becoming more partments, when they should be, in fact, one- service, or at least so acknowledged, will continue to develop, a position as adviser to Ameri coordinated that their officers might be interchangeable. can business concerns with respect to trade at their post or station. There is pressing need for greater flexibility between the two branches It is not the purpose of the Go>ernment that the consul should serve ot what is, in truth, one foreign service. No matter how well equipped as the sales agent of any one firm, yet there is work for him to do in for diplomatic work a consular officer may be, under the present law the furnishing information to business men regarding the legal and trade Government is not able to use that officer officially for such work even ... • 1924. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 835 in an emergency, nor may it assign an admirably qualified diplomatic for in precisely the manner in which expenditures are mmally ac :;,ecretary to an important consular post. No less an authority than counted for, so that it is known what has bei>n done with the money Secretary of Stu te Hughes has charactt>rized this state of affairs as bor and usually the exact benefit derived from the outlay. <1ering on the ridiculous. Benefits of economy and efficiency would Tbe "post allowance," on the other hand, was used by the British accrue from a • ystem of combined administration which would assure and French and by this Government during the war and immediately an efficient coordination of these two services of the Department of after the war to cover tbat increase in expenditures arL~ing out o-f State. the fluctuations in foreign exchange, the sudden rise in the cost of living, A fact that is of interest to those who have followed the develop and for other purposes. It was a sort of war bonus, such as we had in ment of the Diplomatic Service is that although there is provision for the United States for the classified civilian employees, and was given the retirement of men in the Army and Navy and in the civil service in addition to their regular compensation, and hence was a personal generally of the United States Government there are no retirement pro bonus for the officer. vi ions for men in the diplomatic and consular branches. This is so The proposed legislation would combine the Diplomatic and Consular despite the fact that the Consular Service as long ago as 1906 was Services into the "Foreign serrice of the United States," thus creating placed upon a merit basis, and also in 1909 the diplomatic secretaries a single service on a reasonably interchangeable basis ; it would grade were placed upon a nonpolitical basis providing for appointment after all persons appointed to the service below the rank of ambassador and competitive examination and promotions for reasons of merit and minister at fixed salaries; it would provide means for the transfer, efficlency. Forbidden by law to engage in business or other gainful under the merit system, of tbose in the subordinate positions to posts occupations, these men in the foreign senice have no means of building of the highest honor and responsibility. In short, this legislation woulu up resen-es for old age, and living abroad, as they do, in all kinds of broaden tbe scope of the Diplomatic and Consular Services in such a climates, which makes the heaviest demands on their physical powers, manner that it would open up an avenue for a "career" for those who they are cut off from opportunities in the United States which other haye been found fitted by training and temperament for what will wise might be open to them when they reach an age when retirement eventually become in America, as it now practically is in Europe among from actiYe service might be contemplated. Then, too, other countries the older nations, the "profession of diplomacy." lrnve a well-established practice of proYiding men in their foreign It has been estimated that the benefits which the Rogers bill proposes, service with representation allowances, which are somewhat similar to including increases in salaries, the provision for retirement annuities, the allowances made their foreign representatives by important busi and representation allowances, will entail an initial increase over present ness interests of this country. Our foreign service officers are not now expenditures of the State Department not to exceed $375,000. As· the reimbursed for most actual expenditures incurred at their foreign Department of State is the one department of the Government that posts on strictly official bu iness. comes nearest to paying its way, because of the consular, shipping, and v. passport fees it ccllects, this added expense to tbe Government is trivial when compared with the benefits that naturally would accrue to the PROPOSED REMEDIAL LEGISLATION. American people. Adequate support and encouragement for the diplomatic and con VI. sular officers of the United States would seem a proper policy and a WH.'>T FOREIGN GOVEHXMENTS PAY THEIR DIPLOMATIC OFFICERS. sound business principle. Representative JOHN JACOB ROGERS of fassa chusetts, majority member of tbe Committee on Foreign Affairs in tbe Another phase of America's diplomatic position among nations con cerns the desirability, even the necessity, for the purchase by the House of Representatives, before the adjournment of the Sixty-seventh Congress introduced a bill designed to strengthen and improve the United States of suitable homes for its diplomatic representatives Diplomatic and Consular Service by remedying the chief defects which abroad. While the matter of official residences is not touched upon in now seem apparent. This bill pa sed the House, but was not considered the particular Rogers bill under discussion, it is still one that inter ests all Americans when it is considered that dignified homes are sup by the Senate before adjournment. It has been reintroduced by Mr. plied the ambassadors and ministers of other nations in foreign capi RoG~1RS in the present , ession. It is rlesignated as House bill 17, and tals, and, too, when it is considered further that salaries paid Ameri proyides for the reorganization and reclas ·ification of diplomatic secre can diplomatic officers are universally smaller than those paid by for taries and consuls in such a manner as to give the United States Gov eign Governments to their diplomatic representatives. In this con ernment a flexible service and to accord to career men in the Diplo nection the following tables will be of interest to those concerned in matic Service salaries comparable to those paid to consuls of corre tbe future deYelopment of this Government's foreign service: flponding grades. The general purpose of this blll has the indorsement of President Oompan1tfre statement showing salar-ies of ambassadors and ministers Co.olidge, Secretary Hughes, and other high officials of the State De at important posts. partment, tbe Chamber of Commerce of the United States, and other large business interests of the country, as well as the approval of the Great United late President Harding at the time of its introduction in the House Britain. States. more than a year ago. Briefly, the principal object of the proposed legislation is to reorganize Albania._----···········································-· S8,515 $10,000 the foreign service. In the words of President Coolidge in his message Argentina ...... :_ .. 43,978 17,500 Austria. __ .. _. _..... _...... _...... _...... I 2J, 899 10,000 to Congress, December 6, 1923, "The foreign service of the United 17,500 States needs· to be reorganized and improved." ~~~~u:i:::::::::::: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : I ~; ~gg 10,000 The four most fmportant provisions of the bill are : Brazil.···············-········-·-·········-··············· 45,014 17 500 Bulgaria...... 17,032 10;000 1. The adoption of a new and uniform salary scale with a view fo Chile .. _..... -··_ ...... -...... _..... 23,359 broadening the field of selection by eliminating the necessity for' private China . _...... _...... _. . . . 1 24, 332 l;~·~ Colombia ...... _...... 14, 399 10;000 incomes and permitting the reiative merits of candidates to be adjudg1~d Cuba...... 19, 012 112 ()()() on the basis of ability alone. Czechoslovakia ...... _...... 19,466 10;000 2. The amalgamation of the diplomatic and consular branches into a Denmark...... _...... 21, 899 10,000 single foreign service on an interchangeable basis. Th is would relieve Egypt .. -...... -. -... -. - - -.. -.. -...... _...... l 5 , 39, 7,500 ·Esthonia, Latvia, and Lithuania...... 1~, 006 10,000 the limitations of the present consular career and effectually coordinate Finland .. _...... ___ . _.. . . • ...... • ...... • . • . . 18, 735 10,000 the political and the economic branches of the service. 17,500 3. The granting of representation allowances, which would lessen 17,500 &~!:~t~::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ....:. ~~:. ~~. 17,500 the demands on the private fortunes of ambassadors and ministers and 10,000 render it practicable to promote a greater number of trained officers 17,500 to those positions. ~g,~ 4. Tbe extension of the civil service retirement act, with appropriate 12; 000 modifications, to the foreign service. This has become necessary for 10,000 11 10,000 maintaining the desired standard of effciency under the merit system. 1 1 1 10,000 'l'he meaning of "representation allowances," which the Rogers bill 17, 500 proposes to grant American diplomats in lieu of tbe " post allowances," !li!ll 1:: :1 !! !!! : 12,000 11 10,000 which were a sort of bonus granted during the war to cover emergency r~~r1 ii ~ i~! ~11~11 r:i~ :~::1~ ~: 10,000 expenses, is an allowance which has its origin in the practice of foreign Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes ..... _._ .....•...... _...... 18, 979 10,000 governments, notably the British. It may cover furniture and fur l~~,~ nishings for the official residence and the rent of the officer's residence. 10;000 It may cover entertainment. It may cover an allowance for receptions on the annual Fourth of July celebrati(lnS given by our officers abroad. l~~:: It may cover the expenses of official entertainments given to the officers ib~:;!!l:1:1i::;:;:;;::;;:;i~;;;:::1:::::;;:~::; ':i.! ···· ··io;ooo and commanders of our fleets when they visit foreign ports. It may 10,000 cover ;a.rious outlays which the head of a mission or a consulate makes in properly representing his Government. Moreover, it is to be accounted 1 Residences owned by Government and supplied in addition to salary. 836 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. JANUARY 11, Oomparnfite statement showing salaries of principal consular otfi,ce:rs MESSAGE FROM THE SE::qATE. at important posts. A message from the Senate, by Mr. Crockett, one of its clerks, announced that the Senate had passed bills of the following Great United Britain States. title, in which the concurrence of the House of Representatives was requested: S. 75. An act for the relief of the Cleveland State Bank, of Argtntina: Cleveland, Miss. ; Buenos Aires .•.•••.•.•••.••••••••.••••••••••••.••••••• SS,000 S.129. An act for the relief ot the William D. Mull-en Co.; Rosario...... •.....••..•.•.•.•.•.•••.••.•. '1}·~1 8,600 6 325 3,500 S. 214. An act for the relief of the Old National Bank of Mar· ~1~,"1'ii°t1:eij;:::::::::::::: :: :: : : : :: :: : :: :: : : : :: :: : : : 9;240 !,600 tinsburg, Martinsburg, W. Va.; Brazil: 8,394 4,000 S. 602. An act to extend the time for the construction of a Bahia..················································Para ...... •••...•..•••...••..••...... 9,124 5,000 bridge across the Arkansas River between the cities of Little Rio de Janeiro ...... •...... •.•••..•..... 12, 166 8,000 Rock and Argenta, Ark. ; 11,679 ti,500 6,569 5,500 S. 625. An act to extend the time for the construction of a ~=;;,.s~mr~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6,812 6,500 bridge across the White River at or near Batesville, Ark.; Fra.nce: S. 733. An act granting the consent of Congress to the con Bordeaux ...••••.•••••••.•.••••.•..•••••••••••.•••••.. 6,447 4, 500 Havre ...... •...•.•...•.....•...... •.. 6,569 5,500 struction of a bridge over the Hudson River at Poughkeepsie, Lille ...... •.•.•.•...... •..••...... 6 325 4,000 N. Y.; and 6'.569 5,000 S. 1376. An act to provide for the equitable distribution of ~:ne 9,246 5,000 Paris ...... •.....•...•...... ••.••..•.•.•....::: :: :::: :: :::: :: :::::::::: :: :: :: :: :: ::: ::: :: : 9,246 12,000 captured war devices and trophies to the States and Territories Germany: of the United States and to the District of Columbia. BCoelrlin .. •• • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~ 6,000 g. 4,500 The message also announced that the President pro tempore O;?Ue •• "." ••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8:759 4,000 had appointed Mr. 0DDIE and Mr. DIAL members of the joint fr.~~::::::·.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6, 325 2 500 select committee on the part of the Senate as provided for in 12;000 the act of February 16, 1889, as amended by the act of March 2, g~~~~~~~~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ······6;325" 5,500 Italy: 1895, entitled "An act to authorize and provide for the disposi Genoa ...... •.•••...•.....••..•••...•...•••...... 9,2!6 5,500 tion of useless papers in the executive departments" for the :Milan.••••••••..•.•••.•••••••••••.•••••••••••••.•••.•.• 9,246 5,000 in 9, 2'16 5,000 disposition of useless papers the Post Office Department. ~:fe~(;_:: ::: :: :: : ::: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :::::: :: ::: ::: :: : : : 6,447 4.,000 SENATE BILLS REFERRED. Mexico, Mexico City..•.•...... •...•.....•...... 8,273 15,000 Netherlands: Under clause 2, Rule XXIV, Senate bil1s of the following Amsterdam ..••...... •.....•...... •...... ••...... 5,000 title were taken from the Speaker's table and referred to their Rotterdam ....••...••...... •.•...•.•.•...... 8,000 Norway: appropriate c0mmittees as indicated below: Christiania .....•..•...•...... •.....•.....•...... 6,569 5,500 S. 75. An act for the relief of the Cleveland State Bank, of Bergen...... ••.•.•.•••••••••••••••...... 6,325 4 500 Cleveland, Miss. ~ to the Committee on Claims. 6,813 ~000 S. 129. An act for the relief of the William D. Mullen Co. ; to ~!~~1!Jra!~~~-~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8,150 14, 500 Poland, ~·arsaw ...... 6,447 6,000 the Committee on War Claims. Portugal: S. 214. An act for the relief of the Old National Bank of Lisbon .•...... •..•••..•••.•....••••••.•••••••.•.... 6,325 4, 500 Lo!ll'enco Marques ...... •...... •.... 8,515 3,500 1\lartiD.Sburg, ::\1artinsburg, W. Va.; to the Committee on Romania, Bucharest ...... •...... •...... •...... 6,447 5,000 Claims. Russia: S. 602. An act to extend the time for the construction of a Moscow . . •...•.•••••••.•.••••.••••••••.•••.•••••••.••• ~246 s5 500 Petrograd ...... •...... ·1,664. •a: soo bridge across the Arkansas River between the cities of Little Spain: Rock and Argenta, Ark.; to the Committee on Interstate and Barcelona. ..•.•..•...... •.•.•.••..•.••••.•.•...••.... ~,246 5 500 Foreign Commerce. Madrid ...... •...... •.....•.•...... •.•...... •..... 6,447 2'.500 Sweden: S. 625. An act to extend the time for the construction of a Ooteborg ...... •.••...... •.••..•.••...... 9,246 3,000 bridge across the White River at or near Batesville, Ark. ; to Stockholm...... •...•.•...... •..••••...•.•..•..... 6,447 8,000 the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Switzerland: Geneva .•...•...... •..•.•...... •.. 6,326 3 500 S. 733. An act granting the consent of Congress to the con Zurich ...... •...•...... · 9,246 8;000 struction of a bridge over the Hudson River at Poughkeepsie, Turkey: N. Y. ; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Constantinople ..•••...... •...... •.•.•••.••..•.. 8, 759 8,000 Beirut...... •...... •...•...•...... •...••... s, 759 4,000 S. 1376. An act to provide for the equitable distribution of 8, 759 5,500 captured war devices and trophies to the States and Terri· uni~~~~~ ·Nevi :York::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 26,035 tories of the United States and to the District of Columbia J to the Committee on Military Affairs. 1 Consul temporarily in charge. THE LATE EDWARD LARUE HAMILTON. 'Office now closed. 1\fr. KETCHAM. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to Though this Government maintains consular offices in 410 cities or address the House for five minutes in eulogy of the late 67 countries, the United states owns but four consulate building~. Edward L. Hamilton, of Michigan. These are at Amoy, China; Snanghai, ·china; Seoul, Chosen; Tahiti, The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Michigan asks unani· Society Islands. The consulate at Yokohama was destroyed recently mous consent to addre s the House for fi e minutes. Is them by earthquake. objection? Only six embassy buildings are owned by this Government-those at There was no objection. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Santiago, Chile ; Habana, Cuba; London, Eng l\lr. KETCHAM. Mr. Speaker, on Friday morning, November land ; Mexico City, Mexico ; Constantinople, Turkey; while the embas y 2, 1923, Edward Larue Hamilton, of Niles, Mich., entered into building at Tokio, Japan, was recently destroyed, also by earthquake. eternal rest. For 24 years and until his voluntary retirement Legation bufldings owned by the- United States Government num~r but in 1921 he sen-ed with distinguished ability as a l\Iember ot six and are Jocated at Peking, China; San Jose, Costa Rica; Tangier, this body. Morocco ; Panama, Republic of Panama; San Salvador, Republic of El The unusual length of tbls service and the high rank he at· Salvador; and at Bangkok, Siam. tained as a Member of the House makes it fitting that a tribute It is important that our foreign servlce be composed of eager, ambi to his memory shall be spoken within this Hall where his public tious, alert, efficient, satisfied representatives, where. every post is one career centered, and from this forum where he spoke always of high honor and far-reaching responsibility. This condition, how with interest and often with eloquence. ever, can only be attained by the translation of public interest and Mr. Hamilton entered Congress in 1807. But two Members support into a series of well-considered, nonpar&an, and con tructive of the present House were here when be came-Speaker GILLErr legislation measures which public opinion now demands and of which ind Representative CooPER of "Wisconsin-and but one, Repre en· the bill hereinbefore referred to is only the first step. tatlve BUTLER of Pennsylvania, entered with him. He brought CHANGE OF REFERENCE. to bis new work a brilliant and well-trained mind and a remark able power of application. These with his genial manner and l\lr. FAIRFIELD. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent nodest bearing opened the way to a noteworthy career a a l gis for change of reference of the bills H. R. 1136, 1137, and 1139, lator and to an enduring place in the affection and esteem of hJs private bills, from the Committee on Pensions to the Committee colleagues. on Invalid Pensions. In the matter of committee assignments, that are such im The SPEAKER Is there objection? portant factors in shaping careers in this House, lUr. Hamilton There was no objection. fared well. He served 4 years on Elections No. 1, 12 years on 1924. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 837 Territories, 8 years on Insular Affairs, and 10 years on Inter prophets," Does anyone dispute it? Take out of the Bible, state and Foreign Commerce. During his eight years chairman that great book which we all revere, these two commandments ship of the Committee on Territories, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and that which clusters around them, and the.re would be little and Arizona were admitted to the Union, and his was a large left in the book. The whole life of Jesus and His wonderful part in shaping the legislation that added these last three stars teachings were based upon these two commandments, and it to the :flag. The Philippines, Hawaii, and Alaska will .forever was them which He had in mind when He said, " I came not bear the marks of his constructive statesmanship in legislation to destroy the law, but to fulfill it." Likewise upon the Con relating to them. He closed his congressional career on Inter stitution of the United States and the Declaration of Inde state and Foreign Commerce, achieving the position of ranking pendence rest our whole system of laws and structure of go1- member. Here, as on every other committee, his service was of ernment. the highest order. If ever in an evil hour, eithe1· thrcmgh motives of indifference On the floor of the House his work was distinctive. His or consideration of expediency, we cast them aside, then our speeches were prepared with the greatest care and always com whole system of laws and structure- of government will be manded the closest attention. His style was sententious and imperiled.. [.Applause.] ep '. grammatic, his diction perfect, and his turns of expression The Constitution was the logical outgrowth of the Declara dazzling and unique. His nation-wide reputation as an orator tion of Independence and was the means adopted to preserve was shown in the great demand for his services during cam the liberties which our forefathers had achieved at such great paigns and upon great civic and anniversary occasions. His sacrifice. It was not the Constitution which gave us our liber discussions of the current political questions were outstanding ties. Its purpose was t(} safeguard and preserve them. in their clearness and force and rank among the best of his HISTORY OF THll MUI."G OF "THE CONSTITUTION, time. It will be profitable to-day if we spend a moment in re~iew The relations between l\fr. Hamilton and the district he ing some of tbe historical facts connected with the making of represented for almost a quarter of a century were ideal. Every the Constitution and its subsequent ratification. lost of us interest of his constituents was carefully safeguarded and indi are of coUl'se familiar with the fact that during the Revolu vidual matters were given prompt, capable, and courteous at tionary War the only National Qoyernment wbich our fathers tention. The district in turn took great pride in bis fine accom had was the Continental Congress. It was a revolutionary plishments and in the increasing honors that came to him with body ancl not a representative assembly in the true sense of the the passing of the years. word, and it was soon realized that the~e was need for a more The personal attributes and characteristics of Mr. Hamilton compact union between the thirteen Colonies to preserve them endear~d him to all with whom he was associated and gained against foreign aggression. Accordingly the Cootinental Con and held for him a wide circle of very close personal friends. gress of 1777 adopted the Articles of Confederation and Per His home life was ideal and his community relationships very petual Union. The purpose was good, but the means were inef close and mutually helpful fectual. Under this system of confederati-on the Colonies .re As a man, a citizen, and a distinguished and capable public tained their separate entity and ,practically sovereign powers. ervant, Edward Larue Hamilton attained an ideal that few They made no pro-visions for .a President, and although Con can realize, and such a life is worthy of the tribute which it is gress was established it was given no .authority to enforce its my privilege to pay and which, by the courtesy of the House, legislative acts and no means by which the respective States ls to have a permanent place in the RECORD. could be compelled to contribute to the national welfare. The APPROPRIATIONS--1.N"TERIOR DEPARTMENT. new Republic was a nation in name only and powerless to funetion as one separate and distinct power. Under the Ar Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House re ticles of Confederation the Colonies conducted their affairs as solve itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the they pleased. They issued debased cunency, put obstacles in state of the Union for the further consideration of the bill the way of interstate commerce, and passe to the opinion of the Alexander Berkmans and Emma Goldmans you go over the top in the morning do not go straight nheacl; antl the Leen Trotskie · and Nicolai Lenius and their Bolshevik take a zigzag course, and the sharpshooters won't get you." following. It is not constitutional government they want. They The next day the captain came aero s Sam in the hospital all want either the dictatorship of the proletariat or the unre shot to pieces, and said, " Sam, it must be that you didn't do strained lawlessne~s of anarchy. what I told you." "Yes, I did, Cap'n," repliert Sam, "but the Wf\ do not expect approval of radicals of their type. It trouble was that I zagaed when I should have zigged and I woulu be no credit to us if we had it. But it should be the zigged when I should have zagged." [Laughter and applause. l soun:e of a great deal of satisfaction to know that the intel That is the trouble with the citizen who thinks that he has ligent, liberal thought of the world is united in pronouncing the right to pick out the laws which suit him and say "These our system of government, with its three separate, distinct I wm obey," anrt then pick out cerrnin laws that do not suit branches, the executive, the legislative, and the judicial, as hfm and say, "These I will not obey." He will find himself one of the best ever devised for the self-government of an intel "zagging when he should zig and zigging when be should zag." ligent and liberty-loving people. Contrary to the prophecy of We have some sections in the United States where there seems t'be critics of our Government, who said at the time the Consti to be a large element of population who seems to think they tuUou wa adopted that the new Republic would not last 1ery can openly defy our prohibition laws and violate them at will. lonp:, the struggling young Republic of Revolutionary days has Those who seek to defy our prohibition laws mu. t be given to grown to be the strong man among the nations of the world. understand that the American people have poken out clearly Although the United States occupies but '3. small part of the and distinctly upon this question. [Applause.] Forty-six of total land area of the world, yet' it produces 24 per cent of the the 48 States of the Union adopted the eighteenth amendment worlcl's supply of wheat, 60 per cent of the world's supply of in the regular constitutional way, and it is now just as much a cotton, 75 per cent of tbe world's supply of corn, 40 per cent of part of the Federal Constitution as the original document that the world's upply of iron and steel, 27 per cent of the world's was adopted in 1787. supply of cattle, 20 per cent of the world's supply of gold, 40 Mr. LINTHICUM. Will the gentleman yield? per cent of the world's supply of silver, 52 per cent of the Mr. BLACK of Texas. In just a moment. Antl regardless of worl RELIGIOUS LIBEBTY, is due, but their improvement will not come at the hands of Another one of our highly prized rights under the Constitu the man who hurls the cynic's brand and laughs at virtue and tion i the right of religious liberty, the right of a man to honor and God, but will be the product of the citizen who is worship God or not, according to the dictates of his own con in thorough sympathy and aceord with the best that can be science. Upon one occasion a prominent American statesman found in our American institutions, both civil and religious. from the State of my friend STEAGALL of Alabama, I believe, INDUSTRIAL LIBERTY. Dr. J. L. l\1. Curry-was he not from the gentleman's State? Now I want to discuss also the subject of industrial liberty Mr. STEAGALL. Yes. under the Constitution. We hear a great deal said in these l\lr. BLACK of Texas. Was taking dinner in the city of days about the confiict between capital and labor. Some cap London with the celebrated English statesman, John Bright, tains of industry say that organized labor is despotic and m1- and during the course of the after-dinner conversation Mr. reasonable in its demands, and some of the labor leaders say Bright asked him this question : " What notable contribution that capital is arbitrary and tyrannical; and if we were to has your America made to the science of government?" And judge both of them by certain specific things which have hap Doctor Curry replied, "The doctrine of religious liberty.'' And pened in the past, we might conclude that both are right in Mr. Bright, after a moment's reflection, made this noteworthy their estimate of each other. But I do not take the view that reply: " That was indeed a notable contribution." there is necessarily any conflict between the rights of capital Thomas Jefferson wrote bis own epitaph in the following and the rights of labor when they are viewed in their larger language : and better aspects. [Applause.] Capital, when honestly and Here was buried Thomas .Jefferson, author of the American Dec usefully employed, is entitled to a reasonable return if it can laration ot Independence, of the statute of Virginia for religious earn it; not guaranteed by the Government. Do not under liberty, and father of the University of Virginia. stand me to favor the Government guaranteeing any return to private enterprise. Three great outstanding achievements of his career-author But when honestly and usefully employed, it is entitled to of the Declaration of Independence, writer of the Virginia earn a reasonable return if it can make it. Mind you, I put statute for religious liberty, and father of the University of the emphasis on "honestly and usefully employed." That Virginia. excludes fictitious capitalization of industry and watered stock There must never be the slightest semblance of union be in any business. The American people and industry itself tween church and state. [Applause.] Each has its own proper should be interested in the State and National Governments sphere in which to labor, and neither must ever be permitted to making every effort to drive out d!sbonest capitalization of _interfere with the rightful prerogatives of the other. industry wherever it occurs. [Applause.] Then capital on its On May, 16, 1920, I bad the privilege of hearing Dr. George part must recognize that labor is not a commodity, to be bought W. Truett, pa tor of the Fir t Baptist Church of Dallas, Tex., and sold as chattels, but is a divine creative force, a human preach a great sermon from the east steps of the National element, that is entitled to and must receive the utmost con apitol, Washington, D. C., on the subject of "Baptists and sideration at the hands of human society. [Applause.] It is religious liberty." The sermon was preached in connection thE'se basic truths which we must accept with confidence and with the Southern Baptist Convention, whiCb was being held in good will as a basis for industrial peace. I am happy to believe Washington at that time, and at the request of the Baptist that we are making notable progress albeit it may not be a Churches of Washington. In that sermon, among other things, rapid as we would like to see. Some one may say, "Your be said: views nre too general upon the question." Very well ; I will Baptists have one consistent record concerning liberty throughout all make them more specific. I believe in the unquestioned right their · 1ong and eventful history. They have never been a party to of labor to organize and bargain collectively, and, in order that oppression of conscience. They have forever been the unwavering it may effectively exercise that right, to select its own repre champions of liberty, both religious and' civil. Their contention now sentatives. Is, and has been, and please God, must ever be, that it is the natural Labor may make a mistake in the selection of its repre00enta and indefeasible right of every human being to worship God or not tives, as indeed it has done in the past, but that does not alter according to the dictates of his own conscience and as long as be does the principle that labor has the right to select its own repre not infringe upon the rights of others; he is to be held accountable sentatives. It is a right which is necessary to the freedom of alone to God for au bis religious beliefs and practices. Our contention contract and should not be whittled down or destroyed. I is not for mere toleration but for absolute liberty. There is a wide condemn unreservedly any effort to do so. While I believe in difference between toleration and Jib rty. Toleration implies that the unquestioned right of labor and capital to organize and somebody falsely claims the right to tolerate. Toleration is a con bargain collectively and to select representatives of their own ce. sion, while liberty is a right. '.roleratlon is a matter of expediency, choosing, I do not believe that either has the right or should while liberty ·is a matter of principle. Toleration is a gift from man, be permitted to win any of its demands by methods of in wbile liberty is a gift from God. timidation, force, or violence. [Applause.] All that is arbi It is the consistent and in istent contention of our Baptist people, trary or coercive, either in the ranks of labor or the ranks of always and everywhere, that religion must be forever voluntary and un capital, must be thrown into the discard, and those who seek coerced, and that it is not the prerogative of any power, whether civil to employ them will only prepare the ruin of their own organi or ecclesiastical, to compel men to .conform to any religious creed or zations. form of wor hip or to pay taxes for the support of a religious organiza FAI:M ORGANIZATION. tion to which they do not belong and in whose creed they do not be Of course, in discussing this subject of freedom of organization lieve. and freedom of contract, it goes without saying that I believe God wants free worshippers and no other kind. in the complete right of farmers to organize and bargain collec In the words which I ha \e just quoted Doctor Truett ets tively by selling their farm products through cooperative market forth clearly and ably the true American doctrine of religious ing agencies. I believe that every man who has given any liberty-the kind which Dr. J. L. M. Curry told John Bright thought at all to tbe subject will admit that the most hopeful America bad contributed to the world's science of government; outlook, the mo t optimistic prospect for the settlement of a the kind which we living Americans must preserye inviolable to great many of our difficult problems of marketing will be fournl the generations which are to follow us. through the operation of cooperati,Te farm marketing organiza While I bold firmly to these principles of complete liberty tions. [Applause.] I had much rather risk the farmers tlJem of action to every individual to determine for himself what selves working through cooperative marketing organizations, church he will join or whether he will join any at all, still, under wise and constructive leadership, solving marketing difli as a citizen, I urge the utmo t reverence and devotion to all culties, than to risk setting up some kind of Government bureau that is good in the family life, the church life, and the state. to buy ancl sell farm products such as is provided in the .l. -orris Of course no thinking man would say but there are many Sinclair bill. [Applause.] We already have enough Govern things in the home life, the church life, and the state which ment bureaus and enough Government emplorees -without passim~ can be much improved. The human race has always struggled laws to provide for more. [Applause.] I told my constituent '3 onward and upward toward its ideals and is yet far from when I was at home la.st summer that I was going to stand firmly. the attainment of a perfect goal. The home can no doubt against the creation of new Government boards and bureau~, much improve the sacredness of its altars. The churches can and I intend to keep that promise. no doubt increase their usefulness a thousandfold, and the Gov There came to my desk last·night an article written by Hon. ernment under which we live can be made more serviceable to George B. Terrell. commissioner of agriculture for the State the people. To be sure, none of these institutions is perfect of Texas, in which he discusses this proposal to set up a Gov and I would not bold them free from criticism where criticism ernment bmeau to buy and sell farm products. While the article 840 CONGRESSIO~AL RECORD-· HOUSE. JANUARY 11, is too long for me to read, I do want to read one paragraph a functioniug Government corporation. Tbat is what the which I think is e. pecially applicable to the _rTorris-Sinclair Grain Corporation did during the period of the war. The uill. He says : price named by the Grain Corporation was the price paid to I want the prices ot' farm products fixed by the producer through the wheat growers. their marketing associations and not fixed by the Government or th•) Now, gentlemen, I mu t conclude my remarks, and in doing 13peculators. If the thinking people who believe in democratic princi so I just want to say this word: If we are to encourage co ple. and the pre , the great molder of public opinion, don't cry out operative marketing and avoid putting the Government into again t this paternali tic plan, it may be foi ted upon us before we the buying and selling of farm products, the cooperative or realize what is being done. ganizations mu t be afforded an adequate credit reservoir to which they can re ort for fi11ancing their marketing opera ~ 1r. Lll"l"'EBERGEil. Will the gentleman yield for a question? tions. It takes a great deal of money to move the basic farm Mr. BLACK of Texas. Just a moment and then I will. products, such as wheat, cotton, and corn, into and through I want to read upon this same proposition of Government the channels of commerce. . price fixing a statement from another man, one who is very The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman has expired. prominent and 1ery influential in American public life. Let 1\fr. LINEBERGER. I ask that the gentleman be given fiye me read it to you : minutes additional. It is much easier for industry to believe Congre smen when they 1\1r. BLACK of Texas. Three minutes will be sufficient. promise a law that will fix everytlling than it is to get to work within lHr. SHALLENBERGER. I ask that the gentleman' time the industry to do the necessary fixing. It i just so with the be extended five minutes. farmers. I have no doubt that thousands of farmer would believe The CHiURl\IAN. The time is in the control of ge11tlemen the last good word bad been spoken if Congress in the next session on either side. were to enact a law fixing the price of wheat at say $2.GO a bushel, Mr. TAYLOR of Colorado. I yield the gentleman five addi or whatever the price fixers think necessary. The organizing of farmers tional minutes. o that they may have an effectirn voice in determining the terms and Mr. BLACK of Texas. I do not know, 1\fr. Cllairman, that I conditions upon which the product of their toil shall be put upon the will take up the additional five minutes, but what I was about market is a long, hard task. That task requires years to accomplish, to say was this: These cooperative marketing organizations, if while a law can be passed in a few weeks if everything goes well. The they are to be successful, must be able to finance their business Mr. Chairman, my objection is not principally to the number The principle of bureaucracy tends to official interference in many of employees. For three congressional terms I have studied of the properly private all'alrs of life and to the inefficient and ob· the Indian problem, and every new fact revealed has con 11truetlve performance of duty through min11te subdivision of functions, firmed my conviction that our treatment of the American In inflexible formality, and pride or plnce. dians is the sorriest tale that has ever been written in the his tory of this Ilepublic. Nor do I refer to the old days of brutal Bagehot. the great English writer on constitutional govern disposses ion of the native inhabitants; I refer to the present ment, declared that- situation of the Indians, shackled by a despotic system, gagged A bureaucracy is sure to think that its duty is to augment offi<'inl l>y unjust power, blindfolded by enforced ignorance, while over power, official busines , or official numbers, rather than to leave free them stands a bureaucracy intent only upon its own perpetua the energies of mankind. tion. Now, you can not have a real bureaucratic government of a · Mr. Chairman, the most un-Amerlcan organization under the free people. It is always where there is least liberty, as in fiag is the Indian Bureau. It is a denial of -every fundamental Russia during the Czars, that you find the successful passion principle proclaimed by this Republic. Its methods and its for power which characterizes bureauc1·acy. purposes are as completely out of t_une with tho e of America Bureaucracy must have a subject class, with pos ession of as the doctrine of the divine right of kings to rule. Its exist sufficient property to make profitable their government by a ence to-day, 90 years after its establishment, is the most dis ruling class. The one agency of the United States Government graceful fuct in all the record of American annals. which can properly be termed a bureaucracy is the Indian What is the American ideal? It is the development of the Bureau. It is a system of 5,400 appointed officeholders con Jndh-idual through liberty so that he may promote the common trolling the destinies of many thousands of subject Indians, good of the Nation. Our fundamental belief is t:hat all men who own property worth more than a billion dollar . are equally entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happi Steward Edward White, the noted author who knows the ne s and that snch equality of opportunity will best promote Indian question at first hand, has summed up the situation in .American civilization. clear-cut fashion: The Indian Bureau system is built upon the denial of this fundamental Americanism. It rests upon the principle of the The trouble is a bureaucracy with all its inevitable hldebound red superman. It in ists that it is better fitted to guard the life, tape and ossified craniums. It imply can not be done that way. liberty, and pursuit of happiness of the Indian than he himself. You can not place the physical, mental, moral, and financial--ob, e pe. It justifies its policy of throttling the Indian and compelling dally tlnanctal-a.1fairs of any segregated body of human souls in the him to bow to its bureaueratic will by declaring that our complete control of any group of men without the check of an effec Ameriean civilization will be advanced by such sacrifice of indi tive public opinion, or votes, or the ability to hit back, and not run nduals. against disaster. The Indians have none of these thing , e pecially votes. It would mean disaster, I repe~t. even though the controlling Tbe bureauizing of the American Indians ls in reality the body of men were all wise, high-minded, and altruistic. same principle as the Prussianizing of Alsace and Lorraine. The Indian Bureau is none of these things. I say this in full Tbe bureau a su:mes its superiority to the Indians as did the knowledge of the fact that many of the personnel are devoted men Prn sians to the Alsatians. It is but a short step from this doing the best they can. The best must be ineffective under this claim of superiority to the propo ition that there is an obliga system ; and no one knows that better than themselves. As for wis tion upon the superior to rule the inferior for his own good. dom, high-mindedness, and altruism I refer you to published records. Whatever eLe may be said of this doctrine, it is not American. No people bas been more plundered, more mishandled., more often the The Declai·ation of Independence ls a clarion cry that all victims of petty red tape, wild-eyed theory, and complete practical men, Ted men as well as white men, have a God-given right to inefficiency than the Indian ; nor has any pollcy ever been defonde If the report 'is correct, and if the law of Congress was car 'These- 'employees are not helpers and instructors. They are ried out, it must be admitted that the 25,98-7 who have no supervisors. Indian blood at least have no place on Indian Bureau rolls. The Indian Bureau is another name for arbitrary supervi ion That leaves 75,519 Indians by blood in the Five Civilized 'llribes. of Indian life, liberty, property, and happine s. Read the Assistant Commissioner Meritt has stated that 80 per cent classified list of the 'employees in the field service as furnished of the .Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes are no longer under to me offic'ially by the bureau itself. the jurisdiction of the Indian Bureau, ha-ving received patents There is 1 chief supervisor, 8 supervi ors of Indian scbools, in fee -for their lands. If that be true, there are -00,415 more 10 special supervisors, 1 supervisor of Indian employment, 5 who are not under the bureau. supervising engineers, 1 chief medical supervisor, "1 medical Then the fact is that there ai:e only 15,105 Indians in the supervisor, 1 chief supervisor of forests, ·2 supervisors of for Five Civilizea Tribo who are in any way responsibilities of the e ts, 7 deputy supervisors of forests, 1 supervising oil-well plug bureau. ging inspector, 78 supervi ors of livestock and stockmen, 16 The Indian Bureau states that there are 30,000 other Indians supernsors of ditches. · who have received patents in fee under the act ·of l\1ay 8, 1908, There are 121 supervisors in this ervice. I do not give these and are thus outside bureau . jurisdiction. The freedmen, employees this title, it is given them by the Indian "Bureau, and intermarried whites, and patent-in-fee Indian rmake a total correctly expres es their task. It is supervisor. That word of J.16,402 who are presumed to be free from bill'eau regula come from two Latin words, they say, meaning over and tions. sight-o\ersight. It is a good word, but the oversight has been There are still more. In the commissioner's report for 1923 in the American Congre permitting any agency created by there is a list of the States where there i no upervision of itself to usurp authoTity until it has 'become a upernatural .Jndians by the bureau. Alabama has 405; Michigan, 6,417; bureau supervising human beings into helple sne s and hopeless Pennsylvania has 358, and so forth. In all, the1·e are in such ness. I am in favor of orderino- ·ome of thes supervisor to States 20,378 Indians who are entirely out i There are 28 teachers of domestic science to help the Indian MULTIPLIED RESTRICTIVE REGULATION. girls become good home maker~. There :;i.re 72 chiefs of· police Mr. Chairman, bureaucracy means also the multiplication of for organized control and coercion of Indians. regulatory laws and regulations. There are now on the statute There are 8 persons classified as teachers of housekeeping books about 370 treaties and 2,000 laws relating to Indian for Indians. There are 143 housekeepers for overworked affairs, practically every one of them having been enacted bureau employees. upon the initiative and with the approval of the Indian Bureau. There are 3 teachers of agriculture for all that great number It has made of the Indian reservations prison stockades who are to be fettered for life to agricultural pursuits on the whose walls are built higher and higher, more and more com reservations. There are 12 special police officers to spy out pletely shutting out the Indians from active participation in Indians who dare protest against injustice. the duties o! American life and citizenship. There are 18 manual training teachers and industrial teach If any Member of Congress doubts the purpose of thi'S system, ers in the whole far-flung Indian Service to teach Indian youths let him introduce a bill to remove some of these restrictions to use their hands for their self-support. There are 89 judges and giYe the Indians a taste of freedom. He will soon know on the reservation to mete out punishment to Indian offenders. the opposition of the bureau to such legislation. But if he can There are 3 physical directors-2 for the boys and 1 for the devise a new fantastic plan to govern Indian conduct in all its girls-to give training in physical development. There .are 64 various manifestations, discover some restrictive scheme which disciplinarians to compel obedience to rules and regulations. has been overlooked by adroit bureaucrats, he will be welcomed There is 1 " overseer ,, of Indian employment, presumably into the inner fold and his bill be given enthusiastic approval to help Indians secure jobs where they can make a livelihood. by the bureau. There are 2 constables to cooperate with special police offi But in addition to the thousands. of laws passed by Congress cer chief of police, privates of police force, and judge. there are tens of thousands of rules and regulations passed by There is 1 "outing agent" who is to administer the law that the Indian Bureau and having all the force of law. What a Indian students shall have a chance to work during their labyrinth in which to elude a seeker after truth. What a vacations and live with white families. There are 12 watch maze in which to hide evils of administration. men to guard bureau buildings. "The more corrupt the rule, the more numerous the laws," There are 4 band instructors and 1 orchestra instructor to said the old Roman Tacitus over 2,000 years ago. To-day the elevate the souls of the Indians with music. There are 15 Indians are lost in a network of restrictions that defies either examiners of inheritance to dictate disposition of Indian prop comprehension or analysis. erty. If every Indian who unknowingly violated one of these laws 'l'here are 8 supervisors of Indian schools. There are 81 or ironclad rules were in the jail to which bureau employees forest guards. _ claim the right and the power to send him, there would be need There ls 1 day-school superintendent in the entire service. for no bureau employees save those to fuxnish bread and water There are 78 supervisors of livestock and stockmen. for the prisoners. Even then it would not require more than There are 4 school representatives, whatever that may be. the present proportion of one employee to each eight families. There are 10 supervisors of forests, chief supervisor, super The fact is the Indian Bureau regards these reservations, YiRor, and deputy supervisors. the Indians. and their property as personal possessions: To There is 1 librarian in the entire service. There are 3 call them to account for their methods of ruling is regarded as su1)erintendents of warehouses. an insolent interference. You may be sure that there is always I said there were 942 persons in the actual school force out of a law or a rule or a regulation to give color to that claim. 5,482 employees. That is an unanswerable indictment of the Let me present a picture o:t the facts as given to me by real purpose of bureau control. B~t there are still ~ore accus Andrew J. Ashurst, who was an Indian Bureau employee for ing facts when you begin t-0 investigate the work bemg done by eight years, from 1915 to 1923, and who served under two these we have credited with being a part of the forces of educa administrations and on four reservations. From the beginning tion and de·rnlopment. he conceived that his duty was to help the Indians, and be was l\Ir. Chairman, I have in my possession a score of affidavits always in difficulties as a result, but a simple transfer to from pupils in some of these schools and from their parents another reservation ended his efforts when he went too far in showing brutal and inhuman treatment. These have been his refusal to teamwork with the bureaucracy. placed before the Secretary of the Interior, and I am sure will He had been a stockman on the Fort Berthold Reservation, lead to action on the particular cases involved. But remedy for but finally became disgusted when he was told to repair a individual wrongs inherent in a system will not cure a funda stockade for the branding of Indian cattle, and learned when mental evil and I hope that Secretary Work, a world-renowned he asked for assistance that all the other employees were busy ph;vsician ~nd surgeon, will not ~e satisfied with doctoring building a dance hall on the reservation. symptoms when it comes to the Indian Bureau. . He was transferred to the Warm Springs Reservation in l\Iy colleagues, it is bad enough to see an old Indian, a feeble Oregon where he reported for duty in 1920. He says: shadow of the proud warrior who fought under Grant and Sher man for the preservation of the American Union, as he seeks 1n the year of 1915 the department had shipped a large number of the rights God gave to every man and is denied; that is bad rattle to Warm Springs, ·which they were to sell to the various Indians. enough. and many of these cattle were sold to them. The reservation stockman It is bad enough to see an old Indian woman who has moth was the young son of the superintendent of the re ervation, and not ered soldiers as be holds up appealing hands for a dole of knowing much about matters, carelessly branded the cattle out to the rations, while in her own right she bas property to suffice for Indians as they bought the stock, and not burning the brand sufficiently, comforts all her life ; that is bad enough. they failed to form a mark or scar, resulting in a mix-up later on, for It is bad enough to see an Indian lad in the khaki of the these cattle were held in a single band through the winter and all fed World War with an empty sleeve to tell of his sacrifice for by the stockman and his assistants at a point near the railroad station Uncle Sam on Flanders fields denied the right to a voice in the where hay could be had from some foreign point. The winter was very GoYernment he helped to save; that is bad enough. severe and many cattle died; so, in the spring the department lost i~ nut the greate t evil in all the bureau catalogue is that enthusiasm over the matter and decided to leave but a few cattle for Indian childhood is dwarfed by tribalism and doomed to bar the Indians at Warm Springs and ship the balance. 1n doing so the bnrism with never a chance for growth and development into Indians claim that many cattle were shipped that various members of' efficient, worthy members of the Republic. There are 19,599 their tribe had bought and paid for or were compelled to pay for later. eligible Indian children of school age not in school at all. l\Ir. Ashurst declares that the great nnmber of horses over Thou ands of those in school are being systematically rendered stocked the range, but still the Indian Bureau permitted four unfit to take their place in American life through neglect, en large bands of sheep to be grazed on the reservation, feedin~ forced drudgery, or sinister purpose. 1\fillions of dollars from out tlrn meadows and keeping Indian cattle off the grass. tax funds spent for alleged education while childhood is robbed When the administration changed the Indians were en of its right to grow. That is the worst thing of all, and as there couraged and hoped for better things. There was no improve is a God of Justice in the world it must be recompensed in full ment, and finally the Indians decided to send a written request measme by all tho~ responsible for it. for remedy to the Indian Bureau at Washington. Those missionary societies which receive special favors on l\fr. Ashurst copied this letter and the question it contained Indian reservations and pay for them with blanket indorse on his typewriter and as a result was severely rebuked by ments of the bureaucracy are disowning the Master they pro Supervisor Coon. He was told that there are no definite rules fes to serve. Did he not once say of the children : in the Indian Sen~ice for an employee, but tllat they are under Whosoever causes one of these little ones to stumble it were bette-r the orders of the superintendent, and that it is u grave offens~ far him that a millstone were tied about his neck and tllat he were in the eyes of the department for an employee to report any cast into the depths of the sea. misconduct of the superintendent. , 846 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. JANUARY 11, In conclusion Supervisor Coon stated that be would ask for Question No. 16. I s the superintendent supposed to denounce us Ashurst'~ transfer, and in due time be received a letter from by calling us dogs and hogs '/ We thought his was a nobler position. Assistant Commissioner l\Ieritt stating that he bad been trans Question No. 17. During our first month's work with the reservation ferred to Fort Hall Reservation, Idaho, for " departmental forest department our salary checks were $6 shy. On inquiring of the reasons." superintendent rPgarding tile whereabouts of the shortage he told us Now, let us see what requests the Indians made of the bureau. that it would be paid us in the following month, but the following Here is the letter : month failed to bring in the $6, as did all other months. We would wARM SPRINGS, OREG., February 1, 1922. like to know why this money did not go to us as promised? COMMISSIONER INDIAN AFFAIRS, Question No. 18. Is it necessary for the superintendent to be absent Washington, D. C. from this place so much during the summer months? We would DEAR Srn: We, the undersigned members of the various Indian tribes like to see more of our superintendent. We would like to have him residing upon the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, do herein petition visit our homes occasionally. your honor to answer the following questions. We are satisfied that We, the undersigned, are of the opinion that Supt. 0. L. Babcock an answer to them will be a solution of our difficulties. bas not the welfare of the Indians at heart. He should have dis As several of the questions do not concern all parties we are placing couraged the sales of that tract of land adjacent to Kah-Ne-Ta, Hot them upon separate sheets in order that we may sign only those whicb Springs, if be had our interests at heart, for the sale of the springs concern us. are ruined as far as the Indian's interests are concerned; for the capitalist who bought the adjoining tract can turn the waters of the Respectfully, PERRY KUCKUP. springs upon bis lands and freeze the Indian out. JAKE SNITUPS. LEWIS LA CLAill. Every move that the superintendent makes is for the white man's 0. B. KAI.ANA. benefit. The superintendent sat silently by and saw an Indian's farm on Deschutes River sacrificed for a small grocery bill. He could The following quet':tions a re signed by fifty-odd members of the re - have had an employee assi t in constructing a water wheel or ditch ervation. .All of them are leaders in the progress and development of whereby the place could have been irrigated and hence converted into this reservation : an ideal home. But the fault of all is with the superintendent; Question No. 1. Why does Supt. 0. L. Babcock bring in outsiders to when the superintendent goes dead at bis post all bis employees lay cut and haul cordwood? We need the money and want the work. down also. Question No. 2. Why did be give this last contract, which consisted .Aside from these 18 questions and the one suggestion, we ask for of cleaning the irrigation ditch at the agency, to outside white men? permission to have an Indian council of 12 Indians, who are to make ·we asked for this work and were turned down. an examination of the proceedings of the agency office ever so often, so Question No. 3. Why were we deprived of the opportunity of putting that some determination can be bad as to the manner in whlcb our these many telephone poles into the agency which were installed here affairs arc being conducted; for, as you are no doubt aware, we will last summer? There arc thousands of poles here in the form of cedar foot the many bills of expense in the end. We find from general trees profusely growing ancl all of them accessible to hauling. conclusions that the superintendent is inclined to ask for appropria Question No. 4. Why is it that the superintendent keeps unnecessary tions that are not needed. For instance, our school bad an excellent white employees about the agency? There are many Indians that would picket fence around it. The superintendent bad it condemned and a not only care for one of these jobs but would gladly accept the position new iron one placed in its stead, which was unnecessary expense. of night watchman or assistant farmer. This is a sample of many other things. Question No. 5. Why not send the reservation farmer out to assist )lr. Ashurst declares that these questions were reasonable. us'/ There ar~ those among us that have orchards to prune, straw The Indians wanted to make money in order to pay for some stacks to top off, and implements to adjust, and many other affairs reimbursables foisted on them years before by the bureau. that would occupy his full time if it were devoted to that cause. They wanted the wood cutt.ing and the irrigation-canal work, Question No. 6. When an Indian purchased a tract of land from the cutting and hauling of telephone poles, and painting the another Indian and made a cash payment through the office, why did agency buildings. All this work was done by outside labor at the superintendent insist that the check be made out in his (the super higher cost than the Indians asked. intendent's) name, then cash the check, and hold the funds back? .A.s to question 5, Mr. A.shurst states that the superintendent Why did not the superintendent hand the check directly to the In told the farmer that there was nothing to do and he had better dian that sold the land? It gives us the opinion that the superintendent stay at the agency. He states that the agency store allowed might have used the money. tbe Indians credit all winter and sold inferior-quality goods at Question No. 7. Although the Mecca Trading Co. trusts us through an enormous price. Then the trader took tbe Indians' crops at the winter for groceries, we would like very much to market our grain his own price. l\lr. Ashurst made charges against the tra<1er at the towns of Gateway .or Madras, where the prices are always to the superintendent, declaring that be was unfit to be on the higher. We would pay the l\Iecca Trading Co. on our way home. The reservation. His complaints went for nothing, but the trader's superintendent seems to be interested in the matter to the extent that brother-in-law made such convincing proof that finally the be allows and assists the Mecca Trading Co. to attach our grain. trader's license was canceled. Could we hereafter be allowed to market at the point where prices are Question 10 concerns the employment of man and his wife by the highest? the proprietor of a hotel on the reservation. The employer Question No. 8. Is it the policy of the department to prosecute one refu ed to pay for tbe work done, and the superintendent stated Indian in the Federal court for getting drunk and allow others to go that the work was wasted and should not be paid. The Indians free? Why is Supt. 0. L. Babcock so determined to pt·osecute Joe then employed an attorney and collected the money due them. Kickup in the Federal court? Joe is a noncitizen Indian. Why not take All of these questions concerned matters which demanded this case home to the age11cy, where it belongs? attention and remedy. Here is the answer to them: Question No. 9. Why are we not protected from the outrageous profits of the .Agency Trading Co.? We note they are well protected DEPARTMENT Oil' INTERIOR, OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, and supplied with water and light from the agency plants. This store Washington, D. C., May 31, l9:?2. has just changed hands. It would be a good tim.e to start them in right. DEAR Srns : Referring further t-0 your letter of February 15, trans mitting a number of questions signed by various Indians, for whom you Question No. 10. Why will the superintendent assist a white man to acted as a committee, you are advised that the several matters made beat an Indian man and wife out of hi~ hard-earned money? The the subject of inquiry have been looked into carefully by an investigat proper decision on the part of the superintendent would have saved this ing official; and without making answer upon each question separately, man and wife the embarrassment of an attorney. it is deemed sufficient to advise that superintendent bas made satisfac Question No. 11. This question was ruled out by us after being tory explanation and has acceptably followed the direction of this office reconsidered, also before sending it to the commissioner. and, in general, rules and regulations for the management of Indian Question No. 12. Why does not the superintendent converse with us reservations. before leasing our range to sheepmen? We have a very poor country Sincerely yours, El B. MERITT, and overstocked with horses, therefore there is no room for sheep. Acting Oonimissioner. Question No. 13. We have sufficient steers to furnish the school with meat during the entire term. Could we have the contract? Surely bureaucracy has no finer characteristic than the loy Question No. 14. We are obliged to call your attention to the affairs alty of the bureaucrats one to the other. What better encomium of the sawmill. Why does the superintendent hire an outside man than that of Mr. Meritt that the superintendent had "accept as sawyer? We have two competent Indian sawyers at present, ably followed·the directions of the Indian Office and, in genernl, both of whom bave sawed in past years and would saw now if hired. rules and regulations for the management of Indian reserva Question No. 15. Why is Supt. 0. L. Babcock insisting on us pay tions." ing poll tax? We thought that noncitizen Indians were exempt from The Indians may hold out their bands for the work let out any form of taxation. to outsiders; they may ask to be regarded as human beings; 1924. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 847 but what has that to do with the Indian Bureau. Foolish It is little wonder that Mr. Kitch should feel obliged to Indians ; do you not know that the superintendent is there to denounce any critic of an organization which furnishes such " acceptably follow the directions of the Indian Office ,. and opportunities for advancement to faithful souls. It has 1rans that these are, in a word, "Perpetuate the bureau"? formed a $100 a month clerk into a superintendent of schools Few superintendents fail in their supreme duty. Here is in a few short years, doubling his salary and multiplying his what Mr. Ashurst, out of eight years' experience as an Indian professional dignity. Bureau employee under five superintendents, has to say of the While Superintendent Kitch was endeavoring to stamp out bureau official who dictates the destin!es of Indian reservations: criticism, William Madison, a full-blood Chippewa Indian. sec retary of the Society of American Indians, was visiting the 'l'he average superintendent is a bulldozer; a bully. They have all thP. Indians buffaloed, and the employees are afraid to say their lives Fort Peck Reservation. so honored by the presence and scholar ship of Mr. Kitch. Here is what he found and reported to the are their own. These superintendents fortify themselves witl,l a force of picked employees that will do, act, or say anything the superin Secretary of the Interior: tendent may command of them; and it they are not loyal to his The complaints came from nearly all the Indians at this a{!ency. majesty, they hit the road and hit it quick. Look up the records and Neglect, mistreatment, and disregard for the rights ot the Indians as see bow many employees pass through a given agency each year. to their lands and money. The needs of the people for clothing, shelter, Take the efficiency reports, if you please; the employee signs, then and food are general among the full-blood Indians of Fort Peck. the superintendent fills in, whether your conduct is good or bad. I did not go among the mixed bloods, but made my visits to the full Every detail ot your nature and ability is passed on by the superin blood Indians. I found Indians, old people, living upon gophers owls, tendent. You never see this, consequently you never learn what hor e meat, and whatever they could find. Poor old Indians watch the changes are to be made in order to please. My advice to all those who Great Northern Railway trains hoping that a horse, cow, or even a want to become employees ot the Indian Bureau is never think of the dog may be killed so that they may have the body to eat to satisfy welfare of an Indian ; never allow yourself to think that you are their hunger. I personally saw two Indians loading into a wagon the working for Indians; always think that the1·e is a huge sum of money remains of a horse that had been killed by a train. They were tllking about to be spent on a band of savages, and if you remain silent and it home and thankful to get it. work hard possibly your beloved superintendent can stop some of it, What difference if such conditions prevail all around him as and as a reward you may at some time hear the jingle of it. long as Mr. Kitch is climbing, round by round, the ladder of The Indian Welfare League of California after investigation success? :Must he not resent criticism of the bureau as an bas this to say of the control of reservations: affront upon himself? No; l\Ir. Kitch is not insane. He knows it a If a superintendent is exposed locally for dishonest or brutal deal a good thing when he sees and he will make manly effot·t ing , bis patron merely has him transferred to a different tribe, and to hold on to it. • we, the taxpayers, continue to sign checks for bis salary. Bureaucracy must be supersensitive to criticism, since a very little leak may destroy · its dike of control, built up with such All in all, the maze of restrictions simply means that the great pains. The Indian Bureau flies against any and all agita Indian is compelled to renounce his individuality; to see with tion for a change, like a mother bear whose cubs are threatened a um·eau employee's eyes and bear with a bureau employee's with danger. ears. You may call such a system what you like. I call it The daily newspapers recently carried a good cartoon show slavery. ing little Princess Hot Dog, Indian oil millionairess, cutting a MAILED FIST AGAINST AGITATION. bright streak in the atmosphere as she sails gayly away from Fourth. Besides multiplying regulatory laws and superYising her wigwam, while in the background are the forlorn ghosts employees, bureaucracy always tries to suppress criticism and of the Indians who gave away the site of New York City. But stifle protests. the St. Louis Star, in a leading editorial, pointed out the other Wendell Phillips once said : side of the picture when it said : Bureaucracy always tries to suppress agitation, but without agitat!on While wealth in countless millions is piling up in the name of mem society would become hopelessly stagnant and corrupt. bers of the red race, they are so restricted by bureaucratic control that There is no other agency of the American Government '\\lhich they have not even the funds with which to enforce their protests would dare go to the extremes in use by the Indian Bureau against the way the Government treats tbem. to suppress agitation. .. The Indian Bureau will approve the purchase of the highest I have a letter from F. L. l\lorgan. an attorney of Hoquiam, priced automobiles for these children of nature, but it will not Wash., who states that the report of the House Committee of appro>e a contribution by an Indian to an Indian organization Indian Affairs, which gives the results of the investigation of seeking to let the light of truth shine upon the bureau system. the Indian Bureau· under the chairmanship of Mr. SNYDER, of These Indians with swollen bank accounts can not help an New York, was put on the black and forbidden list by the independent Indian organization to emancipate the Indians Indian superintendent on the Quinault Reservation. Htre is after 90 years of bureaucratic control. \Vhat he says: When the leading independent Indian society applied to the I understand that tbe Committee on Indian A.ll'airs made a report on Garland Foundation for Public Service for financia.l help it conditions in tbe Indian Bureau. I want to say that I understand a was told that the Indians should do more themselves to put the copy of the report reached the Quinault Indian Reservation, and was organization upon its feet before it applied for outside assist there read by a member of the tribe to other members. The local agent ance. found out that this report was being circulated, and he called this man How can the Indians, supervised and superintei:fded in the ex in and told him that if be ever read or discussed this report again penditure of every penny of their funds, do more than they are with any of the Indians be would drive him off the reservation. These doing? In simple justice should they not be allowed to spend facts can be established without question. It is a curious state of some of their own money in putting their own beliefs before affair when one can be banished and deprived of property rights in the American public? The St. Louis Star is fundamentally America for reading an official report of a branch ot the United States American when it says: Government. Wouldn't it be a sporting deed to let the Indians endow a magazine entirely controlled by themselves to state their case? They are asking 1\Iy own .poor efforts on behalf of the Indians have been for citizenship. Should they not be encouraged and helped to make honored by eie attention of a bureaucrat. For instance, Meade Steele, an Indian overseas soldier of the Second Division and their request articulate? secretary of the tribal council of his tribe on the Fort Peck Of course, it would be a sporting deed, but a bureaucracy can Reservation in Montana, informs me that J. B. Kitch, superin not afford to be sportsmanlike. Intrenched behind the magic tendent of the Fort Peck Indian School, had completely anni name of the Government, possessed of a mighty army of em bilatecl the a1·guments I had made in a speech in Congress by ployees, the Indian Bureau dare not permit these wards, for the emphatic statement, "Kelly is insane." whose welfare it is so profoundly concerned, to give expression I was interested in this expert alienist and wrote the I1 dian to their -own ideas. Bureau to tell me just whom this J. B. Kitch might be. The But how the Indian Bureau will approve contributions by In ubiquitous l\Ir. Meritt responded. It appears that l\Ir. Ritch dians to organizations which are quite willing to let well entered the Indian Service in 1912 as clerk at $100 a month. enough alone and to help keep the Indians contented with their On August 16, 1913, he was transferred to the position of lot as perpetual wards! In the report of the Indian Bureau examiner of inheritance at $2,000 a year. In 1917 he was for 1923 is an eloquent letter from the American Baptist Home made superintendent of the Standing Rock Indian School at Missionary Society, which paints the bureau as a veritable $2,100 a year. In 1919 his salary was increased to $2,490, in Titan in uplift. cluding the bonus. He was made superintendent of the Fort Reading that early in December, it did not greatly surprise Peck Indian School in 1921 and stlll continues. me to read in the newspapers of December 31 that the Indian 848 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. JANUARY 11,_ Bureau had approved donations of $100,000 by two full-blood and then went outside and got into their auto. I saw and recognized Creek Indian women to the American Baptist Home 1\lissiouary four of my old-time Indian friends already seated in the auto. There Society. I wanted to make sure, so wrote a letter to the bureau was also seated in the auto a white man and a policeman, and also in asking for the exact facts. the auto were two white women. For what purpose they were there In a letter dated January 5, 1924, the commissioner informs for or what were their duties is not at this time clear to my mind. me that the newspaper article was correct. Lucy Poloke made My Mission Indian Federation button was snatched otr of my coat a donation of $83,000 from her restricted funds held by the by the white man, who was a deputy United States marshal, without bureau, and her daughter, Suma Ilosen, donated $17,000. The my will or consent, which I understand is against th~ law under the money goes to Bacone College and the Murrow Indian Orphan Penal Code, No. 538. This act of snatching this button from my coat Home, which are operated and controlled by the American was done in a rough manner, putting the button into his pocket, and up Baptist Home Missionary Society, and the institutions are for to this time bas not been returned to me. the education of Indian children. I was -taken to the county jail in Riverside and locked up in jail. I These two women have plenty of money left, and the insti have no criticism to make or complaint to make against the Riverside tutions are perhaps doing good work. nut I protest against a officers. I have always been a peaceful citizen. I have always tried to system where a bureau bas such control of the money of obey the laws of my country. I am now an old man, about 95 years human beings that it can use those funds to punish or re"·ard old, and, with the assistance I have always given the peace officers, I those who speak ill or well of the bureau itself. It is not just am at a loss to understand why I was forcefully taken from my bed in and it is not American. the dead hours of the night, hauled a long distance with other peaceful Still this is not the most serious charge that can be brought Indians, and thrown into jail. I can not grasp the idea why I was against the bureau in its efforts to control opinion and suppress treated In such a manner. I do not believe nor can I believe that our agitation. That is a minor consideration compared to the vio great Government knows anything about my arrest and treatment nor lations of constitutional rights which have followed many at about the wholesale arrest of so many Indians. I have done no wrong, tempts on the part of the Indians to speak openly and honestly nor have the Indians, so far as I am able to learn, committed any crime for themselves. or done a wrong. Not many years ago there was founded an organization aimed THE BUNGLING BUREAUCRACY. to help the Indians of California. It was named the Federation Fifth. There is another characteristic of bureaucracy. While of l\Iission Indians and only one white man, Jonathan Tibbetts, its insane craving to regulate other people's affairs leads to was a member. He grew up among these Indians and speaks new laws and new employees and new repression, there comes the language of 14 tribes. greater and greater inefficiency as red tape and dry-rot in He had the idea that by cooperation the Indians could help creases. tbemse1ves. His many years of experience made him say : I am opposed to despotism even when it is efficient. A The Indian Bureau system is at fault in that it gives no human people in bondage is not helped by kindness. The only thing sympathy, no opportunity for individual progress to the red man, but that helps is freedom. Roosevelt had it right when he said: a machinelike indifference which smothers the individual. The worst lesson that can be taught a man is to rely upon others That dignified expression does not sound very anarchistic and whine over his sufferings. If an American is to amount to any but it was agitation. Here was an attack upon the infallibility thing, he must rely upon himself and not upon the Government. of the bureau. It must be overthrown, rooted out, annihilated. That the Indian Bureau is incapable of efficiently perform There were ways to meet this menace and you can trust ing the duties it claims as its own can be proven by a host of bureaucracy to find them in those two thousand and odd laws former employees who quit the service in disgust at the shame dealing with the Indians. One of these laws was rather musty, ful inefficiency of the service. having been passed in 1834, 90 years ago, to subdue the agents That there are men of this type is a sign of good omen. It of foreign powers who came to this land in those far-of! days is true that the average :nan who becomes a part of the Indian to incite the Indians. Bureau, with its arbitrary power, is swept along with the ys Everybody had forgotten this law but the Indian Bureau. tem. He accepts with bis salary the bureau dictum that while It was dusted off and b-rought out for action. Jonathan Tib it is forced to make slaves of the Indians it is a great agency betts and 53 Indians were forthwith arrested, charged with for their freedom. sedition against the United States Government. But there are many who have been on the inside of the sys I have certified copies of the statements and affidavits made tem and who have seen that, in spite of bureau protestations of by the Indians arrested in this heroic effort of the bureau to its duty to the Indians, it makes sure that its duty to the defend the United States, and incidentally itself, against these Indians never gets on the opposite side of its duty to itself. agitators. ·wmiam E. Johnson, of Westerville, Ohio, a former employee, Let me give one, not the most pathetic by any means, but says: one which will speak for all: The blundering, wabbllng, ofttimes treacherous administration of This is to certify that I, Pedro Chino, of Palm Springs Indian Reser Indian affairs conducted from a seat of power 3,000 miles away is ;ation, a fUll-blood Mission Indian, am over 90 years old. I have the most sickening, discouragµig, disgusting failure in the history of always been a friend of the white. In 1846 I acted as guide to a com American Government. pany of American soldiers across the Yuma Desert. I led them by trails and by paths to springs of water known only to the Indians, W. H. Gibbs, of Columbia, S. C., a former inspector in the thereby saving !be lives of the soldiers. Indian Service, writes to me under date of June 15, 1923, I have never asked for nor have I received one penny for this service saying: rendered to the fighting men of my country. On the White Earth Reservation in Minnesota I found .flagrant On the contrary, I have been wronged many times by the white man; abuses and had to make reports showing the utter unworthines of a these wrongs have never embittered me against the white man. doctor there who neglected his duties and thereby caused suffering The horse thieves, desperadoes, and outlaws often came through my and death to the Indians in his charge. Later I learned that this country, and I have always assisted the peace officers in their duties to doctor had been moved from the White Earth Reservation, but not pre erve life and property. from the service, and was stationed somewhere else to continue his In the early days I have often taken my warriors and given assistance inefficient work. in capturing the outlaws; I have been in battles risking my life to There were evidences of inefficiency everywhere, not generally on assist the peace officers in preserving their lives, at the risk of my own the part of small employees but largely on account of national methods and my men. and a big, bungling, unwieldy, and misdirecting, misgoverning bureau Once I was in a battle with outlaws, helping the peace officers, when at Washington which ought to have been abolished many decades ago, we wiped out the entire band, with the exception of one man who Andrew J. Ashurst, of Big Lake, Wash., for eight years an escaped. I took his trail with my warriors, and we captured the Indian Bureau employee, has gi"ven his experience on a number escaped outlaw near the present city of Banning. I returned the out of reservations. law to the peace officers, for which I received only thanks. In vlew of He first became a stockman on the Fort Belknap Reservation the services which I have rendered to my country and its peace officers, and found at once that the l\fatador Land & Cattle Co. had a I am at a loss to understand why I was treated as follows on or about lease which worked injury to the Indians. the night of September 28, 1921: Ashurst undertook to count the Matador cattle at dip I was asleep in my bed at my home at Palm Springs, Calif., when I ping time, as they were entitled to 10,000 head and no more was awakened from my sleep late at night by one of my tribesmen, who on the reservation. He counted more than 8,000, when Super~ informed me that the policemen were there to arrest me. I asked, intendent Martin persona1ly ordered him to a distant part of " Where are these policemen from? " and I was told by my tribesmen the reservation, and stated that the property clerk of the they are Government policemen. I replied, "All right,'.' dressed myself, agency office would count the rest. 1924. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 849 When I returned from the round-up on which I bad been sent He says: States Mr. Ashurst- These Indians pooled together about June and rounded up for ! found the superintendent and his clerk bad gone and no one was branding spring calves and driving .their herds to the higher lands for counting the cattle. I made an estimate, to the best of my ability, the summer. It was the most interesting sight I had witnessed for and was convinced that the Matador Co. had an excess upon the years to see these Indians handling their cattle. If my father bad reservation of from 2,000 to 5,000 head. seen them, he would have declared it to be some Spanish rodeo on some I reported this to the superintendent and demanded an exact large rancho in the San Joaquin Valley, Calif., in the year of 1859. counting. He then explained that the extra cattle came in in the So primitive were their metl).ods, not only did they rope and ride spring and were shipped out in the fall, so that for thls period of like Spaniards but butchered the-ir stock in the same manner. They time it made no difference and no fees were collected for grazing. dulaped (a dulap is a long section of skin cut from the animal so The Indians needed the grass and they needed the money- that it will hang until it heals, then have the resemblance of a large finger projected from the animal)-some dulaped on the jaw, some on Says Mr. Ashurst- the neck-you could find the dulap on every part of the animals. but, after all, the Indians never saw any of the money received, for Everything pointed to the fact that the department bad neglected to it went for reimbursable cattle and to build fence to protect the extend some of its wonderful educational facilities to this section of Matador cattle. the United States, for the Indians used the methods they had learned Mr. Ashurst was put in charge of the tribal herd, purchased long before from the Spaniards. The great father of the Indians, the at the expense of the Indians but without their consent. He Indian Bureau, bad taught them nothing in 60 years. I protested declares that only the use of his own judgment against the bitterly against this cruelty, but the department was unconcerned. The orders of the superintendent saved the entire herd from de superintendent, Hon. 0. L. Babcock, insisted that there was no need struction during a blizzard which lasted 48 hours, with the of a stockman on this reservation, and he was so insistent about it thermometer at 40 and 50 degrees below zero. that he endeavored to have the position abolished. During the winter- Mr. Ashurst reported for duty at Fort Hall Indian Reserva tion, July 1, 1922. As there was little need for a stockman be States l\ir. Ashurst- was soon detailed to work at the Fort Hall Boarding School the Matador Co. tried to mix the cows under my care with a. herd as a dairyman instructor. of steers and carry them off, but I prevented that. I saw the Matador He states that he will never regret that he spent the winter foreman fire one of their men for failing to get my herd. at the Fort Hall school, first, because he learned something The big steers of the Matador cattle swept over the reservation about dairying, and, second, because he learned how a school like a herd of buffalo, sweeping all Indian cattle and haystacks as must be conducted in order to get congressional appropriations. they went. He states that Superintendent Donner picked up every boy and Conditions became so hard that the Indians decided to try young man on the reservation, no matter whether they had and have the l\latador lease canceled. Petitions were circu graduated before or not. He wanted a large enrollment, for lated, but a copy reached the Matador superintendent and a that means large appropriations for sale.des. large barbecue was held where the Matador superintendent and The school was a potato-raising institution. Great tracts of Superintendent Martin of the Indian Service made speeches land were devoted to potatoes, and looking after them took the and p1·omised that the Inuians would be given their allotments entire time and attenti()n of the students. They raised eight and the Matador cattle put off at the earliest possible moment. carloads and shipped them off the reservation, leaving the little The petitions were called in and the deluded Indians had and spotted ones for the Indians. nothing for their trouble. Mr. Ashurst was handicapped by not knowing anything about Mr. Ashurst states that he became so disgusted with the dairying; but as his students were always busy planting, dig tactics of the Matador Co., as approved by both Superintendent ging, and hauling potatoes, it made little difference, and the Martin and Superintendent Rastall, who succeeded him, that engineer professor and the carpenter professor were in the same in September, 1916, he left the reservation and went to Okla boat with the dairy professor. homa City without resigning or asking for the money due him. Mr. Ashurst took bis duties seriously enough to ask for fences To his surprise, he was informed by mail that he had been transferred to Fort Berthold Reservation, in North Dakota, around the hog lot, since the porkers had the run of the school and ordered to assume his duties there. yard and sought swill at the mess door. The fences were not Listen to Mr. Ashurst as he sums up his experience on the built, but the excellent dairy barn, which could have met all Fort Belknap Reservation: needs, was torn down and a new one built. There was no proper shelter for the hogs, and Mr. Ashurst states that of 200 In making a general summary of my 17 months on the Fort Belknap pigs all but 30 froze to death, and these he saved by building Re. ervation I will say that that reservation was run by and for the small pens under a cow shed. The dairyman who had the job Matador Land & Cattle Co., and the tribal herd was the cam·oufiage the winter before told him that be had had the same experience. they used in protecting themselves from the general public, the tax The school was busy on potatoes. There was no garden at payer. I can give the Indians credit for one thing, and that 1s they all; other vegetables were bought outside. There came a row, never bought any of those 1,800 heifers, but I am sorry to say that and the Indian Bureau employees were transferred and the the Indians' minds were so concentrated upon the smallei' trifles of the students sent home. reservation that they failed to comprehend the main issue, the Matador On April 30, 1923, Mr. Ashurst resigned from the Indian Cattle Co., which sapped them to the utmost. Go to Fort Belknap Service. He had had enough and too much of Indian bureau to·day and you will see one of the largest and most spacious stock cracy. He stands ready to back up every statement made. His barns that can be found on any reservation in America. It is a monu efforts to secure decent treatment of the Indians while he was ment in memory to the wonderful progress of the Indian Bureau, and its in the service and his earnest purpose to help secure a real rem workmanship speaks of the freeness with which Indian money is poured edy stamp him a real American who believes in a square deal upon these reservations to better the stock conditi?ns of the India11 for all and is willing to fight for it. May his tribe increase. country, but from that barn onward in the reservation you will see a · . range on which are grazing a few dogies, where if it was run on the l Dr. J. H. Tyndale, a member of th~ Con~~Tess ~f Physicians square with the Indian you would find hu"'e pastures filled with large and Surgeon.s '.ind late lecturer on ~hys1cal diagnosis at the. New "'. . York Polycllmc, has made a special study as to the efficiency herds belonging to a prosperous band of Indians. Why will the Indian f th b Ith i e of th I d" B th p bl Bureau attempt to stock up the Indian ·and at the same time destroy of Ne : . serv c e n ian ureau am ~mg e ue os what has alreauy accumulated and bre-ak afresh an old sore by piling 0 ew ' e~ico. additional uebts and worries upon his already broken spirit? He .mys m a letter to me of October 4, 1923 ; He was sent to Warm Springs Reservation, and states that Cases of pulmonary tuberculosis are either active, stationary, or the first thing he found was a herd of 6,000 wild horses aver- more or less permanently arrested. The results achieved by specialists aging in weight about 700 pounds. in this country are 88 per cent arrested in the first stage, 50 per cent They were the result of department neglect, and carelessness in the second stage, and 12 per cent in the third stage. in breeding and lack of attention bad brought these worthless Indian Bureau results are 22 per cent-the same as obtained when creatures from the good horses originally purchased. cod-liver oil and cough mixtures were in vogue. The Pueblos are not Superintendent Babcock suggested to 1\fr. Ashurst that the systematically examined ~or tuberculosis, and there is no treatment by best way to handle them was to sell them to a fertilizer plant. modern methods. Two physicians practicing in or close to reservations Mr. Ashurst describes the way the Indians of Warm Springs are ready to swear that no bureau doctor bas visited the reservation in branded their cattle. all the years they have been practicing there. LXV--54 850 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. J .A.NU ARY 11,. William Spotted Crow, an Indian of the Pine Ridge Reserva. there is in that territory, up there on the northern line, a tlon, who knows the Indian Bureau from the underside, has climatic condition where you can not have successful agri this to say: culture. It was testified that there is a frost practically every They say that the Indians a.re stolcal. In that the wb.ite man month. means that we are lacldng very much in humor, wit, and Joy. But we Mr. GAllTEil.. Will the gentleman yield? mu t at least have a little humor in us, !or we laugh and we langh Mr. KELLY. Yes. long and loud when an inspector eomes. Their business here is Mr. CARTER. Does not the gentleman know that the Com matter of much speculation and wonderment. No one knows what missioner of Indian Affairs who was in office at the time the they come tor, and what they find out is as mysterious. As mueb as Blackfeet irrigation project was under consideration recom I can observe, Government investigations never find out anything, men We have proved our faith in man by permitting the entrance privilege to visit some Indian reservations, and the principal of millions from alien lands, without education or training or complaint we would hear at every place we would go was, "We previous background of history, and have made them a part of do not want this Carter citizenship bill passed, because if it our national fabric. is passed we will have to pay taxes.h And the gentleman from But our faith in man's capacity for self-government, big New York [Mr. SNYDER] will recall at one particular place-- enough to include men from other countries and other races, Mr. SNYDER. At one place they had to put a guard around has faltered and failed when it came to the native-born mem them in order to prevent their being hanged, or something of bers of the American Indian race. It is late, but not too late that sort. to set our course by the polar star of American faith and Mr. CARTER. At Albuquerque the gentleman will remember American right and American justice. - that a most intelligent Pueblo Indian, Pablo Abieta by name, Congress must give the Indians a fair chance to become self appeared before us; he appeared in full Indian dress. That respecting, self-governing, self-supporting American citizens. Indian made a statement before us which could be considered This century-old problem must be solved in American fashion. a classic; yet he was in full Indian dress, and the major por That means tearing down the walls around the Indian reserva tion of his address consisted of inveighing against the passage tions behind which they have been encouraged to remain sub of the so-called Carter citizenship bill. I am in full sympathy ject and uncivilized. with the proposition of giving citizenship to the Indians at It means that' every Indian born in the United States shall the earliest possible moment, and I really think that the Indian be a citizen of the United States, entitled to all the rights, who does not want citizenship should have it conferred upon privileges, and immunities of such citizenship. He must be him anyway. The reason he does not want it is that he does given his land ancl prC1perty as his own. He must have the not want to pay taxes, and when an Indian advances to the same appeal to the courts for the protection of his rights as point that he absorbs enough of the white man's ways to resist all other Americans. the payment of taxes he has approached very near to the status Let the ordinary laws apply to the few who are incompe of civilization. [Laughter and applause.] tent to protect themselves. They should be wards of the Now, then, I want to ask the gentleman from Pennsylvania courts just as are other incompetents, of whatever race, per [l\Ir. KELLY] one question. I agree with the gentleman fully mitted to dispose of their property only upon approval by the about Indian citizenship. I did not hear all of the gentleman's courts, with proper protection for dependents. address, as I was called out to take lunch with a friend from There should be no further delay in this fundamental act Oklahoma, so that I did not get to hear the first part of the of Americanism. Long, long, indeed, has the Indian heard the gentleman's speech. I want to know whether to-day he takes answers to his pleas in the words of Chief Justice John the same position he has taken in the past, to wit, that the Marshall when he decided the Cherokee Indians v. Georgia Indian Bureau ought to be abolished and that all supervision case in 1831 : of the Indian should be removed from him by the Government, It it be true that these Indians have rights, this is not the tribunal States, and everyone else. And in connection with that let 1n which these rights are to be assisted. If it be true that wrongs me say that we must not confuse Indian citizenship with In have been inflicted and that still greater are to be apprehended, this dian supervision, either in his tribal or individual status, be is not the tribunal which can redress the past or prevent the future. cause a man can be a citizen of the United States and still The Chief Justice was right. There is but one tribunal in have his affairs supervised. Bearing out that statement, I America where the rights of the Indians can be protected and point to the fact that the members of the Five Civilized Tribes his wrongs redressed. That tribunal is the Congress of the in Oklahoma are all citizens of the United States and those United States, and its action is all the more imperative be tribes have many full-blood restricted Indians. cause its powers have been usurped by its own creature--the Mr. KELLY. I want to say I have always held the same Indian Bureau. If Congress is not recreant to every principle view since I had the pleasure of serving on the Indian Affairs of Americanism, it will take steps now to banish this bullying, Committee, which was the beginning of my interest in the bungling bureaucracy, and give the American Indians their question. I have not a reservation in my district or a job birthright, freedom, and American citizenship in a Government holder in this bureau from my district, and I can at least ap of all the people, for all the people, and by all the people. proach the question without pressure if I have not first-hand Mr. SNYDER. Will the gentleman yield for one question? knowledge of the reservations. I believe it would have been Mr. KELLY. Surely. better if 20 years ago drastic action had been taken and the l\Ir. SNYDER. The gentleman has said that he wants all Indian had been given a chance in American life to either Indians to have an opportunity to become citizens ; he spoke sink or swim without depending upon the bureau. · As it stands about an Indian boy who fought in the war, coming back home to-day I am in favor of immediate citizenship and setting a and finding be was not a citizen ; but, as the gentleman well definite date, say two years in advance, when we shall wind up remembers, a bill bearing my name was passed early in the the affairs of this bureau which for 50 years has been a tem session of 1919, giving every Indian who served in the war porary proposition, by allotting tbe lands and dividing the the right to become a citizen upon application, and I would tribal funds and the individual accounts of the Indians, giving like to ask the gentleman how many took advantage of that each Indian what is due him. I would make the incompetent right? ones wards of the courts of the States in the same manner as l\fr. KELLY. I remember the law, voted for it, and helped other citizens of such States. I will say there will be far less put it through the gentleman's committee. But under that suffering under that system than under the bureaucratic propo law it was necessary for an Indian to apply to the court for sition of kP.eping the Indians forever in subjection. citizenship, after serving as a native-born American in the :rt-tr. CRAMTON. Will the gentleman yield? Army of the United States. Ml'. KELLY. If I can get additional time from Mr. CARTER. Mr. SNYDER. How else can it be done? The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Pennsylvania has Mr. KELLY. It - should be done by act of this Congress used four additional minutes. granting citizenship to every Indian, as a matter of simple Mr. CRAllfTON. I yield the gentleman two additional min justice. utes. We have been interested each year in hearing the gen Mr. SNYDER. I just brought up that question in order to tleman's attack on things as they are. I noted the chief show the gentleman and the gentlemen of this House that the point of his address seemed to be a desire to do away with the Indians do not apply to become citizens and they do not want tribal system entirely, and I note that the only tangible piece of to be cl tizens. legislation which the gentleman presents to this Congress on the Mr. KELLY. Well, the gentleman ls wrong about that; if Indian question-and of course the gentleman realizes that this the Indian Bureau will give them a chance, I will guarantee committee is an appropriating_ committee and not a legislative they will have results which will shock the bureau. committee--the only substantive proposition with reference to Mr. CARTER. I yield the gentleman one minute for the the Indian question that the gentleman offers to the Committee purpose of making a statement, and if he desires to reply I on Indian Affairs that I cun learn of is H. R. 2899, pro shall be glad to yield him time in which to do so. What the viding that everything from Washington be first referred to a gentleman from New York [Mr. SNYDER] says is true, and the tribal council before action is taken here. gentleman from New York will also recall that in prior years .Mr. KELLY. Well, of course, that is one important matter I introduced a bill, which was favorably reported by the of self-government, but a citizenship bill 4has been introduced. Indian Committee and passed by the House upon its recom I made suTe of that, and I propose to do what I can as a mendations, which granted citizenship to every Indian within Member of Congress to remedy this situation. I do not per the limits of the United States. sonally have to introduce all such bills. The gentleman from Mr. KELLY. But it was not passed by the Senate. Michigan [J\1r. CRAMTON] does not introduce every bill he favors Mr. CARTER. But it was passed by tbe House, and a short on prohibition, in which he and I are both interested. I am time after that the gentleman from New York and I had the here to suggest the program that I believe, as one l\lember of 852 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. JANUARY llt the Congress, should be carried out Congress can continue 8. Number of employees, by States: the present plan for 50 years more, if it so decides, but I am in favor of acting now, and in dealing with this particular blll I 1 3 will show in the later debate where you can cut a large sum 1 from this bill, as we did in 1920, and not injure the best inter ~ ests of the Indians at all. 81 Mr. CRA:MTON. That will be very fine, but would it not also be helpful if, instead of this annual speech, we could have a l 2 definite program outlined ln a bill introduced by the gentleman? 5 I do not think nny bill has been introduced that meets his 4 9 requirements. 4 l\lr. KELLY. Yes; there are bills which have been intro 6 duced in Congress granting citizenship and several other bills 1 meeting my requirements. I trusted to the gentleman, as the ~ chairman of this subcommittee, to get the information which I 3 tried to have him get the last time, and I notice he has got 2 some of it, and I am going to show him where he can get more. 1~ I do believe it is time in 1924 to say that this 90-year-old pro 1 gram is on the way toward solution and these Indians are no 5 1 longer .to be treated as serfs, but are in our own time going to 2 be given the rights of American citizenship and all their rights 13 to life and liberty and property. They may make mistakes, ~ but to make mistakes and correct them by experience is a right 9 of free men. With all t eir possible mistakes, there will be 16 less actual suffering, le · starvation, less misery, under such 1 1 freedom than there is at the IJresent time under this bureau sys 3 tem of arbitrary power. I vm con\inced that American liberty 2 4 will olve the Indian problem. 3 Mr. Chairman, I append herewith some exce.rpts from the 1 masterly speech of Mr. SNYDER, of Jew York, chairman of the 17 1 Committee on Indian Affairs, delivered on the floor of the House 2 January 6, 1920: 1 Wisconsin ______------__ 10 The Indian Bureau is a government within itself as it is now man (Three vacancies.) aged. There ls not a ingle activity carded on in the Government 4. Number of employees, Indians and others, who are employed part Itself that is not carried on uncler the Indian Bureau, except that of the time and not carried as regular employees, none. Army and Navy. Originally it was the plnn to develop that bureau in the interest of the Incllan, to educate him and encourage him to become 5. Total amount paid in salaries and expenses of employees (basic a citizen. But every activity which could be dragged into it under the salary, 228 employees, fiscal year 1924), $309,150. guise of some benefit to the Indlan bas been injected, until it would Total number of regular employees in Indian field service at present. take not only the three months we have spent in the investigation but 5,254. it would take double the time to make a comprehensive r€port of the Classification of employees as to title or kind of positions and number things which are wrong in the bureau and which ought to be corrected. under each classification : In the seven years that the commi sioner (Commissioner Sells) has Chief supervisor------1 Supervisors of Indian schools______8 had charge of the bureau the cost of operating it has increased a Special supervisors ------=-====-==.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.:::.=. 10 million dollars per annum. It has been believed by myself and every Supervisor of Indian employmenL ______1 body else that the Indian Bureau was a diminishing bureau; but, gen Inspectors------5 Special agent for Choctaw Indians ______1 tlemen, it only diminishes in one way ; it diminished the number of Probate attorneys------ 8 Indians over which it has jurisdiction, but the expenses for operating Special attorney for Pueblo Indians------ 1 for the smaller number is appreciating all the time. Gentlemen, let me Examiners of inheritance------ 15 Coal and asQhalt trustees------ 2 tell you something. They have run up against a stone wall, and these Chief irrigation engineel'.------1 el:Penclitures are going to be stopped right now to the extent that this Assista.n~ chief ~rrigation engineer ______1 committee can go. Superv1s1Ilg englileers------ 5 Chief medical supervisor------ 1 It seems to the committee that there ls very little understanding Medical supervisor------1 among the people and perhaps among the membership of the House of Spectal commissioners to negotiate with Indians ______2 the very many ramifications and activities embodied in the Indian SeTv Sp~cial allot~ng agents------ 3 Ch1ef supervisor of forests------ 1 tce. The bureau seems to the committee to be almost a government Supervisors of forests------2 within a government. Lumberman------']. Deputy supervisors of forests------ 7 I also add the list of bureau employees, classified according ForestCruisers examiners------______------_ 3 4 to nature of position and number of each, in Washington and Forest topographer ------1 in the field service, as furnished to me by the bureau ; 1 2 OFFICE 011" INDIA::-!' AFFAIRS (D. C.). g~s ~i~l~~\~;=~;t~~;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 Assistant oil an~ gas inspector______1 1. Total number of regular employees in bureau at p·resent, 228. Assistant oil inspectors------ 2 2. Clu ification of employees as to title or kind o! positions and Snpervising plugging inspector------ 1 Oll-~ell pl'lfger------1 number under each classification: Asa1stant o and gas well plugger ______1 Gaugers------2 Commissioner------1 Superintendents ------123 Assistant Commissloner------1 Superintendent and physicians ______5 Chief clerk------1 Assistant superintendent and principals------2 Financial clerk (chief of division)------1 Assistant superintendent and physician______1 Chiefs of divisions------·------4 Superintendents of warehouses------8 Assistant chief of division ______------1 1 Law clerk------1 6 Private secretarY-··------1 2 Examinet·, irrigation accounts------1 ~ill~~~;::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 737 Draftsmen------2 Sten~g;rapher and typewriters------ 29 Clerks, class 4, $1.800------24 PhySic1an in charge ------1 Clerk., class 3, 1,600 (including 3 employees doing drafting)_ 34 12 Clerk:'l, class 2, $1,400 (including 5 stenographers and typists)__ 38 iE~f~i:~~=:::=:::::.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=::::::::::::: 183 Clerks, class 1 $1,200 (including 27 stenographers and typists)_ 66 Clerks, $1,500 ______,______2 Dentists------ 7 Nurses------~------96 Clerks, $1,000 (including 15 stenographers and typists, and Day-school superintendent------ 1 t ypists) ------31 Day-school inspectors------11 Clerks, $900 (including 1 typist>------10 4 Clerk, $720 ------1 ~~~~glptf~~~e~~~~~~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 60 A!essenger, $840------~--~- 1 1 ~1essenger boys, $420------4 726 A~istant messengers, $720------S Domestic¥~~~2b~:---·~.-:.-_-_-_-_-_-_~------~------~.-~------=--~~======-science teachers------28 1924. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 853 Manual-training teachers------IS Teachers of housekeeping ______.______~ Teachers of agriculture------o I ndustrial teachers------18 Physical directors------2 Girls' athletic director------1 Band instructors------~------+ Orchestra leader------·------1 Disciplinarians------64 :ii Draftsmen~------5 lil~~~~~~~~~~~~1;~~1~~ Superintendents of construction------16 Superintendents of industries------·------4 ~~~~;~;a=-~~:::::::::::::::::=:::::::-::::::::=:::::::::::: r:~ bfa s ons------~------B Rhode Island ------2 Construction foremen------2 Carpenters------77 ~~~~g ii!i~1:!1======:::::=::::::=:::::::::::::::=:::: 40~ General mechanics------49 Tennessee ------18 Mfn\~~~~c:~:::::::::::::::::::::::::=::::::::=::::::::: g Texas------~------~------64 Painters------5 ~t~:illia:::::::::::::=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: f ~ Plum bet·------1 Blacksmiths------56 Ov erseers------~~- 2 Electricians______2 ~~~;rl~~~=::::::::::::::::::::.:::.::::::::::::=~==::::::"\Vyoming______~~J46 Wagon niaker------1 Dredge engineers------13 Number of employees, Indians and others, who are employed part Engineers------~- 126 time and not carried as regular employees: No record is kept of these Firemen------·------6 employees. Wheelwright------1 Millers------2 Total amount paid in salaries and expenses of emJ?loyees Shoe and harness makers------2I (basic salary, 5,254 employees, fiscal year 1924)----- $4, 476 •. 362. 66 Sean1stresses------102 TWaeila~~~s------~ BTaslc ~alaries ------~------4, 248, 22J- 50 ------rave1ng1 expenses (approximate)------228, 13u. 16 Matron&------=------213 llousekeepers______143 Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield two minutes to the £~~~~r:~e s~~~=1?_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_=::::::.:=::: i&~ gentleman from l\1ontana [Mr. LEAVITT]. Farmers------259 Mr. LEA VITT. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, what I have Nurserymen------·------2 to say is merely to clear the record about one or two things ~~a~:i~s-:..::::=.::-:::::.-:::::.::.-:::.:::-:::::::.:::.::::::::~:.:=:=::::::: U that have been asserted in the previous talk. Last year I Line rid ers------~------·------26 had an opportunity to visit for a pel'iod of several days the Supervisors of livestock and stockmen______78 Blackfeet Indian Reservation and go into the homes of the Ii~~~:~-_-_-_-_-_-_-_:_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_:-::-_:_-_-=:-_-_-_-_.,._-..=_-_-_-~-----=-----=:=::::.:.:.=: 15 Indians day after day and go into a council with their leading Butcher------1 men, particularly the full-blood Indians. I was asked by Special officers______12 them.· to bring to Congress their request that what is known Constables------2 as the fi ve-year program, instituted by Superintendent Camp- Chiefs of police------72 P rivates------264 bell, now just completing its third year, be continued, and ~ufr~anaier------8 ~ that nothing be allowed to stop it, because it is helping to 8 :iliII superinteii It is sad to contrast the words of the gentleman from Michi tw6 sentences which vitally changed its meaning. Look in gan [l\lr. C&AMTO ] with the speech made by my friend, the the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD and you will find that the parn gentleman from Pennsylvania [l\Ir. KELLY], who brings to the graph reads right along smoothly, with nothing to indicate in House secondh:md information acquired by the reading of books any manner that anything has been left out. This is the be or by having somebody tell him about something that he never ginning of the quotation which the gentleman placed in bis ha· een for himself. That is the difference, the great and speech last year : vital difference, between the man who has actually seen and the man who ha · only heard. Give the people the money they have coming; give it to them as l\lr. KELLY. Will the gentleman yield? soon as possible. Do away with the leading strings and cbeckreins l\Jr. HAYDI first taken from the wigwam and congregated in schools, was it having any real interest in the Indians, does not conform to not a fact that when the boy or child woke up the next morning the truth. after he returned to his parents' home that he found that his I hope that in another year, and before the gentleman from suit of clothes was missing and his Indian blanket was in their Pennsylvania [Mr. KELLY] makes another speech he will have place, placed there by his mother who was afraid he would be an opportunity to find out the truth and bring it' to the House. ridiculed if he went out in the white man's garb? Now that has Heretofore he seems to have accepted as the truth what some passed away. - bod! has told h~m. ~e has listened only to some disgruntled Mr. HAYDEN. That old custom ls passing away, and yet we Indian, some disappomted or discharged employee or some are asked to blame the Indian children for trying to please attorney with an ax to grind. These people ha;ve 'told theil' their own fathers and mothers, whom they love and respect as stories to the gentleman from Pennsylvania and without any we do our parents. It is not to be expected that because a verHlcation he repeats them to the House. 'He has done that child is put through a hothouse system of education in some again to-day. Indian school, that thereby we can change the whole JJature of The gentleman from Pennsylvania owes it to himself, to the the tribe to which he returns. In time, by education, we will Congress, and to the Indians to first learn what the facts are. make out of the Indians a body of citizens who will be a credit I promise him that if he will come to .Arizona I shall be verv to .America. They will be better .Americans and more loyal glad to see that he has every opportunity to get some first-han(l to our country than many foreign immigrants we are now information. He will not be subjected to any interference in trying to .Americanize. any way by the Indian Bureau or by anyone else. Nor have I Mr. WEF.ALD. Will the gentleman yield? any fear but that he will conclude that the ..Arizona Indians, l\1r. HAYDEN. I yield. who are among the best of all the American Indians still need Mr. WEF.ALD. I have been very much interested in the the supervision and assistance to which he now so ~trenuously gentlemanis address. The gentleman said something about the objects. [.Applause.] difference between the mixed-blood and the full-blood Indians. Mr. CARTER. Mr. Chairman, I yield three minutes to the If I understo~d the gentleman aright, I understood Wm to ay gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. CONNERY]. -that the mixed blood was in many ways a much inferior man, The CH.AIRMAN. The gentleman from Massachu etts is but that he was keen all the time to prey upon the Indians. recognized for three minutes. Do you want us to infer that you lay all these difficultles l\fr. CONNERY. Mr. Chairman, I was requested a few day against the mixed blood? ago by the representative of one of the large news services to ~1r. HAYDEN. No, I do not. I do say, based on my experi give out a statement on the bonus from the viewpoint of a . man ence as a member of the Committee on Indian Affairs o.f the who had served 19 m~nths in France as an enlisted man in the House for over 10 years, that there have been a great many One hundred and first Infantry of the Twenty-sixth (Yankee) instances where shrewd mixed-blood Indians have been here Division. I gave out this statement, and now, in view of the in Washington asking for things to be done for their tribe information receive_d this morning as to the findings of the which, when we came to analyze the proposal, we found. not Republican cuucus of last evening, I am more firmly convinced to be for the welfare of the full-blood members of the tribe. than ever that the propaganda of which I wrote in this article In many instances we have ascertained that these mixed-blood has already gotten in it deadly work. [.Applause.] Indians have a very selfish purpose to serve. The article is as follows : I do not want to be misunderstood. .Among tl1e mixed bloods (Written for Cosmopolitan News Service.) are many men and women of the highest character. They are CO SPIRACY TO BEAT BONUS SEE~-CONGRESSM~ - CONNERY .ACCUSES BIO 11 credit to their American citizenship. Many of them have BUSINESS Oli' PLOT TO DEFEAT VETS. taken a deep interest in the ·welfare of the full-blood Indians and are doing everything possible to advance them in the (By Congresl:>man WILLIAM P. CONNERY, Jr., of Mas achusetts.) wayi:; of civilization. Have Uncle Sam's 4,000,000 soldiers been treated fairly incc they ~fr. WEFALD. If you want to keep the full-blood Indians marched away to win the war? all tl.ie time under the influence and control of the Indian Bu Should adjusted compensation be paid them at once by Congress? reau and have the Indian Bureau stand between them and the The following is the viewpoint of an ex-soldier, who served 19 months evil influences of the half-breeds, how are you going to bring in France, fought through all the major engagements with the Yankee nbout the ciruization of the full-blood Indians? Division and was decorated for gallantry on the field of battle. 1\11'. HAYDEN. We are going to send the children of the Every fair-minded citizen who has read the fourfold adjusted com full-blood Indians to school and see that the full-blood Indians pensation bill, and who is intere ted in the welfare of his country, must and their children are protected as they ought to be. We are be convinced that a sweeping reduction of taxes can be put into effect going to try to conserve their property for them, so that when and the bonu paid simultaneously without the lat t detriment to the they become competent there will be something left of the finances of the Nation. tribal estate. Member of Congress are datlf receiving letters prote ting against I hold no brief for the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Like every the "unmitigated effrontery" of the ex-service men in even expre sing other human organization, it is far from perfect. There are the desire that Congress should pass a bonus_ All of these letters are some among those employed in this work who should have been of the same caliber, and I have yet to see one that came from what discharged long ago, but perhaps none better could be found to might be termed "an ordinary American citizen." Those in my files take their places at the meager rates of pay allowed to those are all from big corporations and large business firms. who enter the service. There are others who have become so I am firmly convinced that there is a well--0rganized, concerted con fanatical that they can see nothing but the Indian side of spiracy, concocted by the big moneyed interests of the country and their every question. They seem unable to realize that in many hirelings, to attempt to defeat the proposed soldiers' bonus. The instances the Indians and their white neighbors have a com avaricious appetites of these financial wolves, having been only whetted mrn1ity of interest which can best be served by doing justice to by the grand profiteering banquet of the World War, and seeing no both. I am gratified to report that the drones and the fanatics dainty morsel for them in the bonus bill with which they might ap are fe.w in number. pease their stm ravenous hunger for ill-gotten gains, they sink their I do not want to let this opportunity pass without saying fangs into the throats of the ex-service men and then try to hide be that no one can obserrn the work that has been done by the hind their hypocritical and weird howl of " the American soldier should field service of the Indian Bureau on the reservations without not commercialize Ws patriotism." being convinced that throughout that service there are many These same wolves, if you please, were the little lambs of war time people who have unselfishly devoted their lives to the welfare who stood upon the sidewalks and upon the docks, waving American of the .American Indian. The compensation paid has not been flags and crying out from the depths of their 100 per cent, unadulter sufficient to hold anyone long in the Indian Service. The oppor ated Americanism, "G<>od-by, good luck, and God bless you, boys. tunity to accumulate a competence is entirely lacking. When you come back nothing will be too good for you." And that is l\Iauy of the agencies and schools are located so far away exactly what the ex-service man is getting to-day-" nothing." from civilization that no one, unless he is blessed with the spirit In the light of present events what they should have said was, of a true Christian, who has his heart in the work, could be " Wben you come back, boys, may the Lord have mercy upon your illl1U<'e this bill said, I also am deeply interested in this appropriation Mr. HASTINGS. I will answer the gentleman, but it will Lill 1.hat deals with the internal development of this great take a little time. In the first place, let me say that a com country. I know of no appropriation bill that will come be mission was provided for in the act of March 3, 1893, wll.ich fore the House in which we all have a deeper interest than finally succeeded in negotiating agreementi:i, and under these thi . and by acts of Congres provision was made from 1897 to 1902 I want to congratulate, in the first place, the members of with the Five Civilized Tribes, which provided for the making the subcommittee that gave so much painstaking care to the of their rolls, the surveying and alloting of their lands. The preparation of this bill. I believe it is one of the best appro rolls were finally completed on March 4, 1907. Of the Five priation bills, so far as the Indian Service ls concerned-and Civilized Tribes there were 101,519 members enrolled altogether. I am more familiar with that than I am with other parts All of their lands-about 19,000,000 acres-had to be allotted; of the bill-that has e\er been brought before the House, and after the rolls were made the lands had to be first surveyed I want to express my appreciation of the various appropria and then allotted among the individual members. tions that have been made for the Indian Service. Of course, that necess:itated a very, very great increase in the I have lived among the Indians all my life. I am enrolled Indian Service in the field among the Five Civilized Tribes. as a member of the Cherokee Tribe. I yield to no man in In 1889 the Indian Service had 2 or 3 employees and about 20 sympathy with the Indians of this country. I would not know Indian policemen in Oklahoma ; but, of course, the number was ingly vote for any law that was to their detriment or their very greatly increased after these agreements were made pro want to keep then tell the other three that you can not main take his place as a successflll unit in ·our splendid American tain them, y~u can not keep them any longer ?ecause it i~ citizenship. Our friend in the past has seemed to pendulate against the law, and tha t they must go back to their own fo~s. between the two extreme schools of thought-that is to say, on This rugged old chief, hero of many fierce battles and conflicts, the one hand, he seemed so enamored with the heroic picture cast his eyes round alJout the committee room, held them of the Indian in his primiti\e state that he desired the picture fixe .teacher, or guardian? Yes; the India.n objects to being super school age. Take, for instance, a man with a family-wife Ylsed in a great many instances, but in some instances they do and three children. Why, this poor slave, this poor serf, who, not Such an Indian as the Osage with more than $60,000 according to our friend, is being oppressed by the Indian coming to him and his faniny every year would of course object Bureau, is only receiving the puny pittance of $14,000 for the to receiving only $16,000. Should we wonder that he would be support of himself and family each year. Now, that is another a little resentful about a supervision which keeps $44,000 from thing that the gentleman from Pennsylvania, perhaps unwit him? tingly, inveighs against. In passing, let me say this: We But let me return to the analysis of the suggestions of our have as high-class citizenship in the State of Oklahoma ·as in fr!end from Pennsylvania and see what other havoc ·might have any State in this Union; but what wou1d take place, hat re. ·ulteu had we followed his advice. would result, if $60,000 per a.nn11Ill were handed out to a large ~ :rinety-five thousand Indians were given medical attention number of incompetent people in any State? Why, if the Gov of which 21,171 were given hospitalization under these appro ,ernment should remove its . trong arm of protection from a priations during the last fiscal year. A large majority of these helpless people under such conditions they would soon be penni \YOUld have been unable on their own initiative to have procured less, and a scandal would be raised that would stink to high proper medical treatment, so it is apparent that following the hea\en. That is another thing our 'friend from Pennsylvania suggestion of our .triend from Pennsylvania might have r•}• would have :us do. sulted in death, afiliction, and hm:nan suffering untold. Oh, the gentleman's proposition is not new. It ls as old as Ten thousand two hunclred and twenty-nine individual allot this Government itself. It has been tried out on numero11s ments were made to Indiaru; during the last two years. Thia tribes of Indians in the past, and its result, its history, is allohnent procedure is an extremely d:fficult and complicated evidenced to-day by the appropriations written in this very business, involving 'surveying, appraisement, selection of lan•l bill under the head of "Relief of distress of destitute Indians." by the allottees or arbitrary selection by the department, settle But it is not surprising that our friend from Pennsylvania ment of contests between Indians claiming to allot the same should appeai· before us in such a cause. M:y friend from tract, issuing patents, both in fee and trust, and many otber Pennsylvania comes from a very rich State, a State with jntricate and perplexing proposition·s. · This is just another millions af acres of productive lands and minerals worth per thing which would have been prohibited by the advice of our haps billions of dollars, every acre of which originally belonged friend from Pennsylvania. • to the North .American Indians. I am sure my friend is familiar Fifty-one million three hundred and eighty-eight thousand with the history of his splendid State and knows that all of nine hundred and fifty-se\en dollars <>f the Indians' funds have its broad acres which his happy and prosperous people now been distr:buted J)er capita for the past two years which greatly occupy and enjoy were taken from the Indians by their patron aided the Indians in the development of their 'farms and other saint for the magnificent and munificent consideration of a few wi e. Within five years, 1916 to 1920, inclusive, there ·was dis gaudy strands of heads. tributed more th.un $900 _per capita Choctaw and Chickasaw Mr. KELLY. If the gentleman will yield, no man in Ameri funds, aggregating more than $25,000,000. I know what a won can history ever treated the Indians as well as did William derful assis ~ ance tl1e distribution of these funds has been to the Penn. Choc.taws and Chickasaws struggling along ti:ying to meet the Mr. CARTER. Yes; it is true that he gave them something, conditions of the white man's civilization. Due to the efforts a great deal better than we might expect to be done by the of the Oklahoma delegation in Congress tbe distribut~on of people whom thP gentleman now seeks to turn loose to prey these funds to the Choctaws and Chickasaws was carried on upon the incompetent Indians by the removal ot supervision of v.it'l1 such diligence by the bureau that the funds became ex the Indian Bureau. [Applause.] I mean no reflection upon hausted, until in re.cent years the bureau has been unable to the gentleman personally. I esteem his integrity very highly continue _payments from Choctaw and Chickasaw funds. But and do not wish to be understood for a moment as asserting for the adminlstrative offices of the Indian Bureau none of the that he would knowingly be a party to a scheme to rob anyone, tribal property could nave been sold and none of this pe.r but I repeat sometimes om· best-meaning people with only a capita distribution of tribal funds made. Just one other thing superficial knowledge of things are misled into -espousing a that would have resulted from following the advice of the policy which while profiting his advisers may create bavoc gentleman from Pennsylvania. among the helpless. I am convinced that the gentleman would :Millions of dollars have been spent both .from tribal .ifunds not advocate .a thing which be believed would work an injustice nnd the Federal Treasury in bringing water to the arid lands to the Indians, but when all is said and done the gentleman's of the West in order that they might be made sufficiently ·pro argument to-day ds but a justification of the position main ductive to give those Indians honest employment in their efforts tained by bis illustrious forbears, which resulted in separat for an ~"'tistence. · All these approp.Lations are carried in this ing the Indian from ibis heritage for a woefully inadequate con bill, so this ls another activity that would have been stopped by sideration. following the advice of the gentleman from Pennsylvania som~ Now just a word as to the present Commissioner of Indian two years ago. Affairs. I bold no brief for his ·defense. Those of you who Some honest peQple, with only a superficial understanding of se1·ved witb him on the fioor of this House who witnessed his this Indian question, have added their \oice to a cry for the forceful discussion and scathing criticism of things be op abolishment of the Indian Bureau, . which in effect means the posed know ·that he needs no defender in anyone save himl elf. discontinuation of ,these .app1·opriations and the casting adrift During his service in this House he and I may have actually of many helpless people who might be e:x;ploited bY' their supe agreed on an Indian problem now and tben, but even on those riors in civilization. To a large degree I think this cry comes we more often dis~"Teed. 'Ve never agreed on any political from those who would exploit .and profit by such .action, so matter ·whatever, and if we ·ever agreed on any other proposi that these conscientious, well-uneaning people sometimes permlt tion 1except a few of these Indian questions I do not now recall themselves to be misled by a siren :voice accompanied by a it. But he is a big, broad-minded, upstanding, straight-shooting hidden ·but " itching palm." While some of our Indians are man with integrity unquestioned, capable of filling any position quite wealthy, some perhaps too wealthy for their own good, within the gift of his pm.·ty and, while perhaps a little hard- tbe majority of them are poor Indians who have to make their headed, always willing to listen to counsel and advice. ·. way with their limited mBans as best they can. In my home Then let us take the assi tant commissioner, a courteous, State, Oklahoma, we have both kinds. Some of the members of level-headed, accommodating man, thoroughly conversant with the Five Civilized Tribes a.re the very highest exponents of his job, from a service of m Territories. England has been the most successful colonizer of Whereas the Sixty-eighth Congress wlll meet on December 4 next, modern times, and I think that we might well profit by her and 1t is advisable and necessary for the e-0mmisslon to be in the experience. In this connection I quote from a speech by Con United States in sufficient time to advocate with the Pre. ident of the gressman Towner, our present governor, on May 5, 1916, made United States the inclusion in his next message to Congress, if he when the present organic law of Porto Rico was being discussed deems it opportune, of such recommendations as are most in harmony on the floor of this House. He said: with such reforms the commission may request: Now therefore be it Re-solved by the Legislature of Porto Rfoo- As nearly all the essential concessions looking to a larger measure of SECTION 1. To designate from among its members a commission self-government for the 1sland are granted in this bill, which if passed composed of the president of the senate and four members thereof will constitute their new constitution, it ls definitely believed that the to be designated by him, and by the speaker of the house of repre dream and desire for independence will not be longer indulged or sentatives and four members thereof to be designated by him, which chetished, and that Porto Rico may become a great and prosperous commission shall have power to promote and work for the modifica self-governing Commonwealth, which, if not independent, will main tions hereinafter enumerated: Provided, That the three political parties tain its association with the United States because of its desire to at present holding seats in the LegislatUl'e of Porto Rico shall be rep continue such association, and because it will be mutually beneficial to resented on said commission. Porto Rico and to the United States to continue it. SEC. 2. To request the present Governor of Porto Rico, Hon. Horace I venture the prediction that the next constitution of government M. Towner, in his official capacity to form part of said commisaion as for Porto Rico that will be formulated will not be drawn in Washing a member ex officio. ton, but it will be formulated in San Juan by the people of Porto Rico Sac. 3. To provide that upon reaching the city of Washington, D. C., ancl sanctioned and approved by the Congress of the United States. and during such time as the commission may remain in the United [Applause.] As the present constitution -0f Canada was formulated in States, it shall cooperate in its works with the Resident Commissioner Ottawa, as the present constitution of Australia was drawn at Mel for Porto Rico in Washington, Hon. FELIX CORDOVA DAVILA. bourne, and as the constitutions of these self-governing commonwealths SEC. 4. To empower said commission to go to Washington or to were approved without change by the Parliament at London, so will such other places in the United States as it may deem advisable in the future constitution of Porto Rico be drawn by her own pe<>ple and connection with 1ts work, sufficiently in advance of the meeting of approved without modification by the Congress of the United States. the next Congress, in consonance with the fifth whereas of this joint In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, I want to emphasize that Oon resolution, and to recommend to said commission that It advocate gre s, by extending to Porto Rico the right to elect her own before the Congress and the President of the United States the in governor, would bind that island and her people inseparably troduction into the organic act -0f Porto Rico of such modifications to the great Republic with ties of gratitude and affection. Per as are implied by the provisions hereinafter enumerated : haps no better proof of this could be bad than the change that (a) That the Congress, as well as the President of the United has come over the feelings of the Irish people toward Great States of Amedca, declare the purposes of said authorities as re Britain after centuries of sullen resentment and strife. This gards the final status of the island of Porto Rico; was strikingly illustrated a few days ago by Mr. Lloyd-George, (b) That the Legislature of Port-0 Rico be granted power to legislate who was writing of his recent visit to this country. In speak without restriction on all local matters; ing of the remarkable change that has come over the Irish (c) That the pe<>ple of Porto Rico shall elect their governor by people as a result of the greater liberties that have recently· vote of their quaUfied elector!'; been granted that island, he said: (d) That all appointments now made by the President -0f the One discovery I made during my tour which was most gratifying to United States, with the approval of the Federal Senate, shall here me. The attitude of Irishmen toward Great Britain has been com after be made by the Governor of Porto Rico with the advice and con pletely changed by the setting up of the Free State in Ireland. I was sent of the insular senate; received by notable Irish leaders in every State and city I visited (e) That the island be granted power to legislate -0n all its finan with cordiality which warmed my heart. At two -0r three cities I cial problems, and to regulate the acquisition of lands, and to levy received an address from Irishmen thanking me for the part I had local excise -0r internal-revenue taxes to be collected in benefit of taken in the grant of freedom to their race in the island they so the insular Territory, and in general on all such measures as may dearly loved. be demanded by the interests and needs -0f Porto Rico which are not Three years ago no Irishman could have joined in a welcome to a in conflict with such other measures of the same nature as are of British minister or ex-minister. Such is the change effected in the a national character ; and short space of time by this concession. (f) That all such measures of a national character that tend to benefit education, agriculture, and other sources of knowledge or of And to finish my remarks let me state that Timothy H. Healy wealth in the island shall be extended to Porto Rico in the same was appointed first Governor General of the Irish Free State. proportion in which they are extended to all the States of the Ameri He was a strong champion of Irish home rule in the British can Union. Parliament and was appointed by King George with the indorse SEc. 5. The aforesaid commission, constituted in the form stated, ment of the Irish people. In this connection it is proper to and on recommendation of the president of the senate and of the state in justice to the American people that Horace M. Towner, speakE!r of the house of representatives, and with the approval of a champion of Porto Rican rights in Congress, was appointed the auditor of Porto Rico and the governor, shall appoint, in ac last year Governor of Porto Rico. [Applause.] cordance with law, one paymaster, who shall also be secretary of said Under the authority granted me to extend my remarks. I commission, and who shall be in charge of the disbursement of the wish to insert in the RECORD the following joint resolution funds hereby appropriated to defray the expenses thereof, and shall adopted by the Legislature of Porto Rico : alw have all the duties and attributes that the commission itself Joint resolution creating a commission to go to Washington to pro may assign to him, so far as the same are not in conflict with the mote reform to the organic act of P-0rto Rico, as well as all such general legal provisions governing such officials : Provided, That the matters as relate to the financial, political, and social problems of commission itself shall fix the salary, traveling expenses, and per diems of such officer. Porto Rico. Whereas the time has come for a unanimous voice to be raised in SEC. 6. To defray the expenses of said commission, and for such Porto Rico requesting the Congress of the United States to declare work as it may do in carrying out .such provisions as 1t may make its policy as regards the final status of our island ; and deem convenient in benefit of the island of Port-0 Rico, the sum Whereas it is proper that the Legislature of Porto Rico, now in of fifty thousand ($50,000) dollars is hereby appropriated. session and composed of the representatives of the different opinions Smc. 7. All laws or parts of laws in contHct herewith are hereby pr~vailing in the island, should be the body to formulate said petition repealed. and to establish before the C Mr. DAVILA. I yield back the remainder of my time~ Then our Appropriations Committee divides its membership The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman yields back 2 minutes. into several subcommittees of five members each, and five mem Mr. TAYLOR of Colorado. Mr. Chairman, I yield 15 minutes bers draw each one of these various appropriation bills. This to the gentleman from Texas [Mr. BLANTO ·]. is the work of only five Congressmen. It is not the work of Mr. BLANTON. Mr. Chairman, on the 4th day of la.St 435. Our work comes under the five-minute rule. January the distinguished gentleman from Michigan [Mr. Let one of you try to change this bill-whether he be an old OB. MTON] in a dignified gentlemanly way sought to perform bis 1\Iembe.r or a new one--and yon will find that you have gone duties as a Congressman, under his oath, in the interest of the up against one of the biggest propositions you ever tackled in people of the United States by making a speech on the floor of your life. It is almost impossible. You will find our distin thi ~ House. He called attention to a notice that appeared that guished friend, the chairman of the subcommittee, calling his morning in the Washington Post announcing that a certain or cohorts in to support him, and I am one of them, when it cornea ganization on the following :Monday would carry on a refer to preventing a raise in the limitation set by the committee. endum in this clty to determine whether or not beer and wine Whenever you want to keep a bill within the limit set by the should be sold in tbe District of Columbia. He called attention committee I am with them, but let any one of you attempt to to the fact that a few days previous in the city of New York cut out one of the appropriations in this bill or reduce it, and a New York judge, in judicially deciding the question affecting you will find that committee fighting to keep the bill intact. It the rights of this particular organization, stated from the wants its bill passed just as it is brought in on lthe floor, and it bench judicially that it was a phony organization, a fraud on is hard to get a single million dollars out of it. Try it if you the people, and was in the business for one purpose only, and want to. that was to obtain money from the people. At the same time What are we going to do? Are we going to do what our the distinguished gentleman from Michigan, as was his right friend from Pennsylvania [l\1r. DARROW] suggested he was a.ud his duty under the Constitution and his oath, called atten goiug to do? He was going to follow Mr. Mellon, the farmers tion to a notice from some of the very best citizens o:f this to the contrary notwithstanding. That is tn substance what he District, given as a warning to the people of Washington, not to said. Are you going to do that, or are you going to have a part have anything to do with this so-called referendum; that it was in reducing governmental expenses, if there are enough of you a fraud. I say he did it in a dignified gentlemanly way. He to do it. performed hJs duty as a Congressman of the Nation. To rurre 'Vhenever we find extravagance in this bill or in any atbe:r done less would not have been carrying out his oath to the peo bill that should come out of it, if we had enough people here to ple, and because he did that there ls an effort, feeble or otber stay on the floor when the time to vote comes we could cut wi e, now put forth to try to ruin him. A suit has been it out and reduce the expenses of the Governmen.t. That is brought against him here in the District of Columbia for what I am here for. $50.000, and any lawyer knows that the mere filing of a de I want to say that as long as I am in Congress I am going murrer against the entire petition will throw it out of court. to vote, first, to uphold the Budget, and, second, to uphold the But the effect perhaps ls to cause him trouble and annoyance; committee in its maximum ; and then I am going to try in cause him to spend money for counsel, and try to break him every way known to human ingenuity to belp my colleagues down. The party connected with that organization who has reduce the totals of these bills that are brought in here; I am brought this to pass ought to know that the very best people going to try to reduce thefr totals as much as possible. But it of this Nation are behind the gentleman from Michigan. [Ap~ is an uphill job. plause.] Do you know how many deficiency b1lls we passed here in the I am a partisan Democrat and he is a partisan Republican, Sixty-seventh Congress in addition to the regular supply bills? but the man who is seeking to break down the gentleman from We passed 10 different deficiency bills. I do not mean that all Michigan [Mr. CRAMTON] for having done his duty, I want him items in them were deficiencies, but they were deficiency bills. to know that upon his threat that he will go into Michigan Some of them paid war claims against the Government. Never next election and wipe up the earth with l\Ir. CRA.MTON-l theless they were in addition to the regular supply bills and were want him to know that some of the best Democrats of the deficiency bills. I will give the amounts of these 10 deficiency Nation are behind him. I say the gentleman from Michigan bills in round numbers. The first one carried $150,000,000. is one of the outstanding figures in this House in legislating in The see<>nd carried $50,000,000. The third carried $105,000,000. behalf of the people of the country. He is a member of one The fourth carried $137,000,000. The fifth carried $37,000,000. of the greatest committees here, and as a partisa11 Democrat I The sixth carried $2,500,000. The seventh carried $75,000,000. wa111.t to say that in my judgment bis absence from this ftoo.r The eighth carried $154,000,000. at any time would be a public calamity. I merely wanted to They were deficiency bills, and you are going to find deficiency digress long enough to make this reference, as I have another bills coming in here during the Sixty-eighth Congress just as matter to discuss. they came in here during the Sixty-seventh Congress and every The other day the distinguished gentleman from Pennsyl other Congress. We must watch them. We must watch the vania [Mr. DARROW] brought upon this floor what appeared to departments. It is against the law for a department to create me needed a box car to transport it, a petition to Congress. a deficiency. The trouble has been that the law has never been It was to all of us, new Members and old Members. That enforced against one· of them. They become careless. When petition had nothing to do with the Mellon plan; it had nothing they create a deficiency we bear about it on the floor here, but to do with the Frear plan, it had nothing to do with the nothing is done. What we ought to do is to take action Garner plan. It was the people's plan, demanding retrench against the department or the official that creates the deficiency. ment of the Nation's expenses. What does it say? But what are we going to do about cutting out some of these We, the underslgned- items? Yon noticed that the petition of the farmers said, "Keep the Over S00,000 farmers of this Nation- salaries within bounds." Have you ever checked up the salaries who are directly interested in fanning and the welfare of the people, that run over $7,500, the salaries that we have authorized to go do bf'reby respectfully petition or reqllest Congress, through the Farm with positions we have created, the salaries that go up into Journal, to pa s legislatfon which will cut the cost ot running the those big sums? I wish you would check up the number of Government by reducing all nonessential expenses, eliminating all highly paid lawyers down here in the Department of Justice unnecessary employees, and voting against o.11 increases tn salary. who get high salaries, much larger than Congressmen and Senators receive. Check them up. Why is there a necessity That is the demand that they make upon Congress-a reduc of an .Assistant Attorney General like Mr. Crim resigning his tion of governmental expenses, if you please, and I want to position one day and the very next day being employed at a say to our pew friends who sit in these seats for the first very much higher salary to do the same work he should have time, that thls demand is made upon you, and now is the time done as Assistant .Attorney General of the United States? We to do that when we are passing upon these appropriation bills, ought to put a stop to that. We should put a limitation upon and your opportunity to respond to that petition of 300,000 has every amount of compensation that the Attorney General can come when we have begun to pass upon tbe supply bills, which pay to the extra lawyers employed in his office. We ought to take out of this Nation's Treasury enormous sums of money put a restriction on the compensation that e·rnry man employed which must be collected in taxes from the people. by the United States Shipping Board receives. We should put This bill embraces appropriations amounting to $272,000,000. a restriction on the salaries drawn by members of all these The other nine great supply bills will come later. Upon each Yarious commissions that we have created in the last few one of these is your chance for service, for the people hold not years and are still creating. We ought not to permit them to the committee but each one of us responsible. I want you to pay $12,000, as is done with respect to many of them. watch one proposition. The Budget Bureau acts and gives Mr. DAVIS of Tennessee. 1\fr. Chairman, will the gentleman us the maximum limit within which to keep our appropriations. yield? 864 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. JANUARY 11,. Mr. BLANTON. Yes. friend, the · chief· of that bureau, ls reckoning bis calculations, Mr. DAVIS of Tennessee. Does not the gentleman think that but I do know that in my school days, and even since then, the large salaries are due to this pernicious method of lump the reckoning of all ordinary calculations has been upon a basis sum appropriations? of 100 per cent in all matters of business and affairs of th~ Mr. BLANTON. That is exactly what I was coming to. We Nation, aI!d how one can receive 99 per cent and l.Je marked heard the distinguished chairman of the Committee on Appro only average is beyond my comprehension. priations [Mr. rifADDEN) speak of the adoption of a new ex But I want to cite to you, my friends, a little bit of the tension of that method of lump-sum appropriations. evolution of tbe proposed plan. It seems that from the day~ There ls not a man on this floor who does not believe that the of the beginning of the history of this country down until chairman of the Committee on Appropriations ls in favor of to-day there has been a constant process of evolution in the retrenchment. We all know that he is. But they overreach activities of government. The old spoils system, that for years him and override him and bring such forces to bear upon him apparently ran rampant throughout the Nation in public em that against his own judgment sometimes he has to give way. ployment, was superseded back in the days of Grover Cleve If he had his way, he would retrench expenses honestly and land, when President, by a system of civil service, and so on feariessly. down. We have worked until we have come down to the period But the committee is seeking now to go back to the old sys of the efficiency engineer. Indeed, this evolution has been so tem of lump-sum appropriations. You know there is more regular and has been of such an upward trend that it com opportunity for extravagance and waste in lump-sum appropri pares most favorably with the evolution of Patrick Ilooley, ations than in any other feature of extravagance in our Gov concerning whom I heard a few days ago. ernment. Let us stop such opportunity. How many of you are Patrick Hooley was born in County Cork, Ireland; he came in favor of forcing all bureaus _to stipulate in detail what they to our _shores in early youth ; he resided here until mature want the money for? That is what we ought to know. We are years and then, because of his good luck and his success in directly responsible to these 300,000 farmers. We are responsi America, he gave a dinner to his friends and neighbors. At ble to the 100,000,000 people of this country. Are you going to let the conclusion of the repast" his neighbors said, " Patrick, tell five men on these subcommittee draw these bills and let them us about your success." He said, " Do I understand you to come in on the floor and force us to vote blindly to uphold their mean the evolution of Patrick Hooley?" They said, "Yes." action 1 whether it appeals to your judgment and conscience or "Well," said he, "I will begin. I was born in County Cork, not? My new brethren will have an opportunity to cut out Ireland; I came over to these shores in my boyhood and on some extravagance. We will give you the opportunity. I hope the ship's register I was known as Patrick Hooley. When I you will help us. [Applau e.] had been in this country a few months I obtained work as a l\Ir. HAYDEN. :Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent to digger of trenches for the sewer department in my city, and extend my remarks in the RECORD. there I was simply Patrick or 'Pat.' A little while later it The CHAIRMA.."l'll. The gentleman from Arizona- asks unani became my good fortune to be elected a member of the hoard mous consent to extend his remarks in the REco~. Is there of aldermen, as Irishmen sometimes are, and," he said, "then objection? I became Mr. Hooley. Then in the course of common and There was no objection. human events a short while after that I was elected a member l\Ir. HASTINGS. Mr. Chairman, I make the same request. of the assembly of my State, and then I was known on the The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Oklahoma asks record as the Hon. Mr. Hooley; and, friends, as happens to all unanimous consent to extend his remarks in the RECORD. Is good Irishmen who have been on these shores for years and there objection? · have taken care of themselve..;, time rolled on and I was elected There was no objection. the mayor of my city, and the following Sunday morning, bright l\Ir. TAYLOR of Colorado. "l\lr. Chairman, I yieJd 10 minutes and early, I said to me wife, ' Come, Bridget, you and the girls; to the gentleman from New York [l\lr. STENGLE]. I think we had better go down to the church and pay our The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from New York is recog respects to Divinity for the good luck we have had during th~ nized for 10 minutes. past week,' and, believe it or not, friends and neighbors," saiq Mr. STENGLE. l\Ir. Chairman, I make the same request and be, " the evolution of Patrick Hooley bas been so successfu1 ask unanimous consent to revise and extend my remarks in the that even as we walked down the main aisle of that church on RECORD. that Sunday morning the choir in the gallery began to sing, The CHAIRMAN. Tbe gentleman from New York [Mr. ' Hooley, Hooley, Lord God Almighty.' " [Laughter and ap STENGLE) asks unanimous consent to revise and extend his re plause.) marks in the RECORD. I have no desire to make hurtful application of this story, but There was no objection. it does seem to me that those gentlemen who have been planning Mr. STENGLE. Those of you who were here yesterday at the proposed service-rating system for the employees of the the beginning of the discussion of this most important bill will District of Columbia have almost reached the last stage of recall with me the very interesting description given by our dis Hooley's evolution, and are attempting to assume to a m arke~t tinguished friend from Illinois [Mr. 1\lADDEN) of the methods degree the functions, if not the perfection, of the Almighty. to be applied under a new plan by which, through reclassifica No Member of this body is more desirous of honestly serving tion and the proper allocation of Federal employees, through a our beloved country than your humble servant, and none has system of service rating, it was proposed to restore the Gov a higher regard for the merit system than myself. For years ernment at Washington, at least, to the people whose property I served in the humble capacity of a civil employee in the great it is. You will no doubt recall, with no intention of attempting city of New York, during which time I obtained a pretty fair to cripple him in his argument and with no desire on my part idea of the employee's viewpoint. Then I resigned my position to interfere with his most magnificent description of the new to become one of the editors of a nationally known civil-service plans that I interjected myself one or two times by way of weekly publication, and there I discovered the people's view asking questions concerning the proper manipulation of the point. Finally I became, by political appointment, the secretary service ratings proposed by my friend. l\1y friends, it was not and active director of the Municipal Civil Service Commission of my desire at that time, and it is not my desire to-day, to inter New York City, and then secured, by experience, the supervisor's fere in any way with the passage of this appropriation bill, angle of public employment. With this well-rounded and broad but it is my purpose to give to this body on this occasion and experience behind me, I believe you are willing to concede that on all other occasions when I feel I can do it correctly, a bit of I approach the subject before us with knowledge sufficient to information and some unsolicited advice conce1·ning matters fairly discuss matters without being charged with narrow- which I think I am qualified to speak of. I bring you, there mindedness. · fore, for a moment back to the service rating system. You re If it were humanly possible to rate public service, on paper call that I inquired of my friend from Illinois [Mr. MADDEN] and by schedules, without the personal equation showing its un as to whether or not he had the plan in his possession ; I re friendly and unjust head so frequently, no man in this country peated that request this morning in a conversation with him, would favor the plan more than I, but, colleagues, I know the and he informed me that it had not yet been entirely formu "system." I have seen it in operation. I have witnessed its lated. In less than an hour after that I saw a letter from the unfair results. I have seen it used to punish foes and i·eward Ohief of the Bureau of Efficiency which announced to a col friends. By its shortened yardstick men and women of my league of mine that one of bis constituents was worth 100 per acquaintance have been made to appear as unfit for public serv cent in quantity, 99 per cent in quality, and was marked ice, when truth, had it been permitted to operate, would have average in her department. He went further in that letter placed them high in the esteem of their fellow citizens and given to say that as compared with her fellow employees she was No. them wider fields in which to display their devotion to duty and 28 in point of efficiency, notwithstanding the fact that she had give to their city, their State, or their country a service of an average of 09 per cent. I do not know upon what basis my which any man may well be proud. But these were not the 1924. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 865 intimates or the pets of their bureau chiefs. These were The people of my State have no fear as to the future of honestly endeavoring to serve first and last the people whose reclamation. We have demonstrated that it is a success in servants they were and to whom they owed their greatest al every respect, and the period of economic readjustment follow leginnce. On the other hand, it has fallen to my lot to witness ing the World War, while it has brought to us some adversity, the unnatural rise of those who catered only to some immediate yet it has completely demonstrated the success of reclamation "boss." Disgusting as it has been, I have watched them truckle when conducted according to sound business principles. The to their rating officer and found that when the rating sheets Government has constructed but one small project in Utah. It were submitted they had received their reward in the shape o:f is known as the Strawberry project and represents an invest high marks for efficient service which they had never rendered. ment upon the part of the Government of a little less than Do you wonder then, my .colleagues, that I rise in your presence, three and one-half million dollars. a new Member of this House though I be, and warn you to keep The water users contracted with the Government upon a an eye open to any proposed scheme for the obtaining of infor· basis of $80 per acre for water. On the bas:s of the number of mation as to the standing of the thousands of civil employees in acres now watered and under contract the project cost about the Capital? $400,000 more than the water users will be required to pay I am not attacking any man or set of men, but I am keeping under their contract, but so successful has been this particular raised above my head an ax to mangle any system which deals project that when the Government shall see flt to turn over not faiTly with those who are doing their best to give an honest the surplus water now being stored and the power plant oper day's work for an honest day's pay. ated in connection with the project that the water use1·!S are Let me show you how the thing can he worked. I regret that willing to assume the additional cost and return to the Govern I have not before me the proposed system which it is intended ment every cent of money invested. It is because of our suc to use in this city. I tried hard to get it but was informed that cess upon this project and the absolute assurance that we are it was not yet ready for distribution. However, knowing some able to give to the Government that any further investment in of its details and noting that it is not unlike, in many respects, reclamation will be fully repaid that we urge our claim for those plans which I ha...-e seen in operation, I venture the pre further recognition. diction that it can be used for the same purposes that others A few months ago it was announced throughout the country are frequently used. The general plan is to divide the rating that the Bureau of Reclamation was to be reorganized, and in into four distinct elements as follows: Quality, quantity, per pursuance of that policy a fact-finding commission has been sonality, and punctuality. Quality and personality are fre appointed and is now considering the great subject of reciama quently used as the bases for either punishment or reward, just tion with the object, as I understood, of determining a sound as the rating officer may desire, for these ratings are based upon business basis upon which to proceed in the future with refer his opinion. Quantity may be made dependent upon the amount ence to this great Government activity. The men appointed of work which the rating officer desires to assign. Punctuality upon that commission are men of broad vision, wide experience, is frequently a rating joke, for in the usual system now in and thoroughly capable of analyzing the situation as it now vogue lateness or absence are excusable factors whenever the exists and rendering most valuable aid to the Secretary of the chief of the bureau is disposed to use them. What a wide field Interior in the work of reorganization. The people of my State in which to display one's talents 'for the destruction of the believe there should be a thorough business reorganization of morale of a great department. the Bureau of Reclamation, and before any further work is I make no direct charges at this time. The proposed plan undertaken by the Government it should be put upon a sound may be letter perfect and honestly administered. It behooves business basis. The people of Utah believe that they are en us, however, as the guardians of the Public Treasury and the titled to further Government aid in reclamation, but we want preparers of ways and means by which the very best public the Government to have an absolute guaranty and security for service may be obtained, to watch carefully the operation of repayment. We have the land, the water, and all of the any new system. economic conditions to make another great project a success. Bad as the old spoils system ever was, I would far rather re While there are some delinquencies charged against our present turn to that method of appointing and promoting Government project, yet there are credits sufficient, if properly applied, to employees, where I would always find the enemy in the open, cancel all of our indebtedness now due. than to see foisted upon us a system camouflaged with a sem We accepted the announcement from the Department of the blance of decency only to be used in the end to help a favorite Interior, in absolute good faith, that there was to be a reclama and harm those who think more of public duty faithfully per tion holiuay; that there was to be no more money expended for formed than the so-called friendship of an unfit and unworthy new work through the Bureau of Reclamation until a new busi bureau chief whose sole aim in public office is to obtain public ness method had been developed and until we could start under 1;unds and render as little real service as possible. a different management, so to speak. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman has expired. As I said a moment ago, the people of my State are in hearty l\lr. CR...UlTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield 20 minutes to the accord with that theory, and we are supporting the Secretary gentleman from Utah [l\fr. LEATHEilWOOD]. of the Interior and the Commissioner of Reclamation upon that The CRAIIll\IAN. '.rhe gentleman from Utah [Mr. LEATHER proposition. When the Director of the Budget struck out all wooo] is recognized for 20 minutes. estimates for new work for the next fiscal year we supposed l\1r. LEATHERWOOD. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the that it was in furtherance of the policy above referred to and we committee, it had not been my intention to claim any of the were therefore perfectly willing to wait with everybody else time of the committee in discussing any of the features of the until the reclamation work was reorganized, provided everybody bill now under consideration, but after an examination of some else waited along with us; but when I consult the provisions of of the provisions of this bill I feel I would not be true to the this bill and in...-estigate some of the things that I find in the best interests of the people of my State if I did not at this time report of the committee I feel that it is necessary to call the make one or two observations. I shall try to make them with attention of this committee to some things which I confess out any note of discord. I can not' quite understand. We were given to understand. . The rec~ama~on of a_rid land ha reclamation holiday. I wonder why it is that this project is candid-I did not feel like interposing an objection. I am not being taken care of in this way, in view of the understanding going to oppose Oregon or Idaho having the money; I am com which we all had. plaining about the method by which it was done, because there I further find in an examination of the hearings held on this are ample funds to do other reclamation work if new work is lJill, and also from an investigation of the estimates of the to be authorized. What I am complaining about is that my Iludget, that no estimate was made for the Baker project, to State and other States were asked to observe a reclamation which reference was made yesterday. But for some reason the holiday, and we do not enjoy taking a holiday when we see our committee has seen fit to reappropriate the unexpended balance neighbors busy all about us. of the appropriation for this fiscal year, which will amount to Mr. CARTER. If the gentleman will permit, the gentleman almost $500,QOO. This is strictly new work. knows, of course, that this project has been authorized and "\Ye were told that we could not be heard for the purpose appropriated for now for two years. I do not know whether of presenting our claims for an extension of the Strawberry he stated that or not. project. It is true, and I know some gentleman will say Mr. LEATHERWOOD. Yes; I am aware of that, and I have that the Baker project was provided for by Congress'" three already stated it. I do not agree with the announcement that years ago. That is true, but it is absolutely new work, no has been made upon the floor of this House that the authoriza part of this work has been constructed. No loss could come tion by Congress is mandatory upon the Director of the Bureau to the Government by waiting until the new plan or business of Reclamation or upon the Secretary of the Interior. An method is inaugurated. I wonder why it has been deemed authorization has been had but the Government has not under neressary to go over the head of the Director of the Bureau taken to do any work. No loss could come to the Government of the Budget in this case and make a provision in this bill by waiting now until this new plan is workeu out and until we for an item of nearly $500,000 when the Director of the can . get on a sound financial basis. Budget refused to recognize it and made no provision for it. Mr. SHALLENBERGER. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman On yesterday the chairman of the subcommittee, l\lr. CRAM yield? TON, referred to a report just made by the Department of Ag Mr. LEATHERWOOD. Yes. riculture upon the Baker project. After consulting this re The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Utah has port I find that in all probability the minimum cost of water expired. on the project will be $200 per acre. It is rough land antl Mr. CRAMTON. I yield five minutes more to the gentleman. it will be difficult to irrigate it. Now, gentlemen, do not mis Mr. LEATHERWOOD. I yield. unuersta.nd me ; I congratulate the people of Oregon for get Mr. SHALLENBERGER. I was interested in the gentle ting this additional project. If this bill goes through un man's statement that it was the report of the Agricultural De amended, our neighbors will have for reclamation during partment that the probable cost of the water to the farmers the next :fiscal year the sum total of $2,085,000. I am not upon this Baker project was something like $200 per acre. goiug to put one straw in their way in getting this additional Is that correct? · amount of money, but I do wonder why it is so imperative l\Ir. LEATHERWOOD. The lowest estimate from the Recla Jn view of the declaration in the hearings by the gentleman mation Department is $150 per acre. That does not include the from Michigan, in view of the fact that the Secretary of the cost of clearing land or anything of that kind. That is the Interior has made no recommendation for this work, and also cost of putting the water on the land. The highest estimate of in view of the further fact that the Director of the Budget the Agricultural Department is $227.46. I am taking the has refused to include it in bis estimates to now go over the minimum, where they say _that it would probably average $200 bead of the Director of the Budget and provide for the con an acre. struction of this new project. Mr. SHALLENBERGER. I know the gentleman lives in a ~fr. CRAMTON. Will the gentleman yield? country where he becomes familiar with irrigation projects Mr. LEATHERWOOD. Yes. and has for many years had experience along those lines. Does Mr. CRAMTON. If I have not already made myself clear he know of a project where the water costs that much which as to that, I fear I can not do so. Is the gentleman quoting the Government has attempted to develop, that has ever paid the report on the Baker project from the Department of out or that can pay out? Agriculture? Mr. LEATHERWOOD. I say to the gentleman in all frank l\Ir. LEATHERWOOD. Yes. ness that I think there are very few. I believe that the project l\fr. CRAMTON. Has there been any proposed project in in my district has some of the most favorable economic condi Utah investigated by the Department of Agriculture as to tions of any project in the United States. It has two great the irrigation engineering features involved? transcontinental lines of railToad going through it, it has an Mr. LEATHERWOOD. Such an investigation was made, electric line of railway connecting the city of Salt Lake with but I am not sure what department made it. the principal towns of the project and also the southern part of Idaho. It has hard-surfaced roads connecting the principal Mr. CRAMTON. When and how? '• Mr. LEATHERWOOD. Last summer. parts of the project with Salt Lake City. There is being con Mr. CR.Al\fTON. The Assistant Secretary did not know of structed a great steel mill within 4 miles of the project. any other project, except the Baker project. Within 50 miles of the project is the greatest precious-metal l\Ir. O'CONNOR of Louisiana. Will the gentleman yield? smelting industry in the United States. Within less than 30 ~Ir. LEATHERWOOD. Yes. miles of the nearest point in the project there is one of the :Mr. O'CONNOR of Louisiana. Is the appropriation based on greatest copper mines in the United States, employing at times, an appropriate authorization? together with its milling plant, 6,000 men. ~Ir. LEATHERWOOD. Yes; I think so. Our contracts upon that project call for $80 per acre, and it l\Ir. CARTER. My colleague means to ask if there has been will pay upon the basis of $80 per acre, but e\en with the any authorization by law; that is, whether the beginning of the favorable conditions that I have described I doubt whether that project was authorized by law. project would be an economic success with water at $200 per Mr. LEATHERWOOD. Under the act of 1902 I think the acre. Secretary of the Interior, acting upon his own initiative, could l\Ir. SHALLENBERGER. I was a Member of the Congress 8'0 ahead, make examination, and designate the project. Since that passed that bill, the Fifty-seventh Congress, and I recall the act of 1914 I think it is necessary for Congress after re that the underlying principle was that we were creating a re ports are made or without report to authorize the expenditure volving fund that should be continually for the use of those in of money upon any project designated by Congress. this country who might need that money in the development of The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Utah hag our arid lands. Is it not resulting in this condition by attempt again expired. ing these enormously expensive projects, such as the gentle Mr. CRAMTON. I yield, Mr. Chairman, the gentleman two man bas described, that we are preventing that money from minutes more. being a revolv"ing fund and simply giving it to those who are 1\Ir. O'CONNOR of Louisiana. If the gentleman will pardon fortunate enough to receive it and denying it to those who me, this is what I have in mind: A point of order would lie shall come after. against any appropriation not passed upon by some former con Mr~ LEATHERWOOD. Let me make myself clear as to why gre ~ sional authorization. Not· that I desire to impede any I am urging the claim of my State for new work. Private en goo bave the soil, we have the moisture 1n .me air, the ·sunshine, Roosevelt Dam 30 feet, 1and the power development is enlarged ancl the temperature, more fav~n·able in many respects than in to develop underground water by pumping. This estimate fixed the great districts just named. Thousands of acres of land the cost at from $18 to $20 per acre and, based upon the pro could be reclaimed at a cost ranging perhaps from $35 to $100 posed irrigable area of 200,000 acres, would make the estimated per acr·e. Some tell us that $100 per acre water is too high. cost as outlined amount to a sum between $3,G00,000 and In my judgment $150 water on that land woul m favor- of ca.i:rying out our treaty obligations, ana: r am in course, for making the tuition and living costs there cheap, favor of ca.rryina out our obligations with reference to the II and enabling the students to attend' that institution .at very tribal funds, but"" I am very doubtful about the gratuities to small cost. r find that board is quoted in the fustitutlun at Indiana, or anybody else for that matter. I have always $25 per montli.. opposed on this floor the appropriations even for saving starv- Now, there is another worthy institution in Washington that incr children in Europe. Not that I was not in full sympathy bears a worthy name, the George Washington University, wllh the motives for relief in the Near East and Russia, but I named in honor of the Father of his Country. In that institu believe that in all matters of charity, in all matters of relief tion there are about 5,000 pupils, and I have an idea that the of misfortune and suffering of our fellow men, the appeal Qught majority of them are young men and young women who are to be for men to meet those situations as a matter of vofuntary working in the Government departments, receiving generally philanthropy, and I am not quite sure that our Constitution from $100 to $15~ per month salary and str~ggling .to get an gives us the right to appropriate money simply to meet needy education by putting in their extra hours, their everung llours, conditions even among the suffering. I am not sure it gives and by putting in all the dollars they can save for board and us that right except in great emergencies among our own tuition. It seems to me that an institution like that would be people. But I did net come to discuss gratuity appropriations at least as worthy of help from this Government as Howard for Indians. I want to discuss briefly another appropriation University, and that the students who go there are as worthy that seems to ine to be entirely without constitutional guaranty of consideration as the students who go to Howard University~ and entirely beyond our- right as a legislative body in handling But for my part. do not understand that I would advocate an ap tbe funds of the Nation. I refer to the appropriation to propriatlon.for George Washington University. I would not, for Howard University. I am sure we have no constitutional warrant that would really 1\Iy friend the gentleman from South Carolina [Mr. STEVEN- justify or affow us to make such an appropriation any more SON] stated' yesterday afternnon that there were some respect- than we can constitutionally make such an appropriation to able 'Republicans in the South. I suppose he weighed his Howard University. But the plea, as I said, has been made words and was conscientious in that statement. That is inter- that this institution appeals to us especiaJy because it is the esting, if true. But I want to say, furthermore, there are some one institution for negroes only in which that race can get conscientious Democrats in the S-0uth, and I am sure gentle- a university education. men on the other side of the aisle will hardly dispute that Mr. 1\!ANSFIELD. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield any more than Mr. S'rEVENSON would dispute the other propo- right there? sition. There are hundreds of thousands of southern Demo- Mr. LOWREY. Gladly. crats who are really deeply interested in doing full justiee to Mr. MANSFIELD. Does not the same condition exist at the negro and to his needs. I do not believe that will be Tuskegee, Ala.? doubted by anyone who will look through the reeords of the Mr. LOWREY. Yes; I was going into that. I thank the States in the matte:c of appropriations for schools and for the gentleman. In looking over the report of the Bureau of Educa matter of aid generally to the colored race. I have not time tion I find that we have in this country 16 land-grant schools to go into that to a large extent, but I mean that we, the for negr.oes. We have 11 other State schools and 266 inda southern people, are certainly not opposed to the aid given• to pendent schools giving a college grade of educational work. the negroes as a race wherever it is wisely bestowed and where 'rhen we have hundreds of private schools, and so forth. ]) it is within bounds of right and reason. But here is one think I have found over 300 outside of those already mentioned. university, the only one, as I understand, in America that is Now, of these land-grant schools there is a State college in receiving la.rge Government aid in the way of appropriations .Alabama, a State college in Arkansas, a State college in Dela from the Federal Treasury; and the reason given for it, when I ware, and one in Florida, one in Kentucky, one in Louisiana, approached the questli.on somewhat in this connection nearly a one in Maryland, one in Mississippi, one in Missouri, one in year ago, was that it is the one university for negroes alone North Carolina, one in South Carolina, one in Oklahoma, one in where members of that race can really get a university edu- Texas, and one in West Virginia. Those are State institutions cation. The reason does not appear to me by any means a run. on the general plan of the agricultural and mechanical col- good one. leges, run for the education of the negro. Then there are 11 Mr. BL~"'TON. wm the gentleman yield there? other State schools, generally normal schools, for the training l\fr. LOWREY. :r will yield. of teachers. Nearly all of these are in the Southern States. A Mr. BLANTON. To show the attitude of the southern Con- few of them are in the Northern States. gressmen on that question, these appropriations have been ap- In addition to that the leading universities of America in the pearing here every year, and if any Democratic Congressman Nonth are now praetically all open to negro students. had made a point of order at any time on these appropriations The other day I talked with a negro man who, I believe, is in they would have gone out of the bill, because there is no law the Congressional Library; he told me· his son is a junior at authorizing them; and i't has been· by the sufferance of the Hai:vard this year. I: noticed al.Bo that the physician who was southern Members in Congress that these appropriations have appointed as the head of the hospital at Tuskegee was a been allowed every year. gl'aduate of some institution. in Indiana, I believe; at any rate, l\1r. LOWREY. I have taken some :figures in regard to the a graduate from an institution that is not especially a negro Howard University from the catalogue or bulletin of that institution. There is no reason in the proposition that the school and from the report of the Department of Education. school is needed in order to give opportunities to negroes. ] find that the appropriation for this university began in 1881, There is one other feature, if I• have the time to discuss it which we all admit was a time when there was much belng This one special school is being sustained by the Government; done in regard to the Negro race that was not exactly sane; and I do not care, for the purposes of this argument, whether it is and I believe the people on both sides of Mason and Dixon's for white fol.ks, Indians, or negroes; whether it is for Jews or line now realize veny strongly that there was much legislation Gentiles, Americans or foreigners ; the proposition is the ques for the fir t 20 years after the Civil War that was far from tion of singling out one university and appropriating Govern sane in regard to the interest of tl1e Negro race. ment money in order to maintain it, and especially for running In those days of uncertainty and unsane, i1l not insane, expenses. legislation Congre s began to appropriate to Howard Univer- It is a proposition that simply can not stand the test when sity. I believe it w:ui done without any warrant of law or it is looked straight in the face; and if men here will vote 8Jly basis in constitutional right or principle. I find that straight and honestly on it, with reference to their constitu between the years 1906 and 1912 Congre s appropriated tional obligations, it w1ll not continue to be sustained. $675,000 to that institution. The Sixty-sixth Congresa, 12 As I have said, the taxes necessary to run that institution in years later, as you will find, appropriated $280,000. The order to give a university education to these negro people are Sixty-seventh. Co~aress appropriated $232,000, and this bill paid very largely by white people who have not and can not provides an appropriation of $365,000, which means more than have, in· any sort of way, anything like similar opportunities $1,500,000 of appnopriations- in the few bills to which I have for their own children; and· in many cases by people who have referred. very little opportunity for their own children; yet they are Of course there has been appropriated immensely mori:; than requil'ed by law to pay this money for this special institution in that, evidently a good many millions; but I have not had the this way. time to look the matter up thoroughly. I find also that of I had a letter the other day from a woman in my district. I the appropriations in the last three Congresses, counting this do not claim to be from a; poverty-stricken district, but this Congress, it tliis bill goes through there will have been about year- conditions there are exceedingly critical. The boll weevil $600,000 appropriated to the running expenses of that in- has eome, and in places men have made 1 bale of cotton on stitution, outside of what was appropriated for improvements lan.d from which they formerly made 40 bale& of eotton. One. or buildings. Appropriations for running expenses are, of man told me of a farmer who has made 80 bales, but who w.as 870 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. JANUARY 11,, making only 1 this year on the same land. The result is that call attention to the fact that if what Mr. Bowen says is true hundreds and thousands of men do not know where in the world as to the purpose of the legislation the language used will never they can get the money with which to pay their taxes this year. accomplish what is desired. - They are met with a hard proposition when it comes to just The only words found in the bill at all which declare the meeting their taxes. There are hundreds of farmers who not purpose of the proposed law are those which I will read to you~ only have not made the money with which to pay their taxes but they have not made a dollar to live on; and they would . It is h ereby declared to be the object and purpose of this act to pro ha\e been as well ofl:' if they bad not planted a crop, and some vide a market for the sale of agricultural products and to eliminate, of them better off, because it has cost more than the whole crop as far as possible, the commissions and charges that are exacted upon is worth. But here is the letter from which I want to quote a agricultural products from the time such products leave the producer line or two. This is written with a pencil and is from a woman until the sam~ reaches the consumer, and to thereby increase the price in my district whom I scarcely know. This letter is in answer which the producer receives and decrease the price which the con to a circular letter which I sent out in regard to conditions sumer pays. as produced by this boll-weevil situation. She says: Notice the last few words-" and decrease the price which We did not have any money to get anything for Christmas at our the consumer pays." The proposal of 1\ir. Bowen is-and it house ; I was so sorry for my little children, but I could not help it, was supported by good, sound reasoning-that the wheat sur and I just sat down and cried. plus ought to be disposed of abroad for what could be gotten And then she goes on to say that when it came to sending the for it and then the balance should be sold in the United children to school they had one pair of socks or stockings each; States for an increased price measured by the amount of the they had one pair of overalls, and so on, showing how poorly tariff. That means on every bushel of wheat sold in tha they were clad. She says : United States there would be an added cost which would re sult in more costly flour and more costly bread, and therefore We could not do any better, and my husband worked out in order to entirely against the purpose of the bilL There is no sense iO.: get the special money to get that much clothes for them and let them passing this bill for the purpose of helping the wheat farmer if go to school. you leave the language in it which I have just quoted. If it I refer to this as one of a number of letters almost as strong, were amended to ad~ language which would make It the duty, which I have gotten this year from people in the boll-weevil of the board to obtalil the cost of production plus a reasonabla territory and the flooded territory. I am sure the western profit, then the board would have a definite duty. If they; Congressmen get those letters just as I do from people in the were ~old they should get the cost of production plus a profit,' wheat districts where they have not made enough money to the directors of the corporation would then know what their pay their taxes and where they have not made the expenses responsibilities were and what their duties were, and to my, of planting their wheat. mind, without that language in the bill the board would be I shall not pursue this discussion further, but I want to say, without power to proceed along lines advocated by Mr. Bowen.. gentlemen, that I shall simply have to be excused from voting Mr. SNYDER. Will the gentleman yield? for an appropriation either to give gratuities to Indian tribes Mr. YOUNG. Yes, indeed. - for their care or to give a gratuity to a Washington university Mr. SNYDER. Does the gentleman think there would be in order to give university opportunities to a few negro stu any possible way to increase the price of wheat to the farme~ dents, when conditions like that obtain throughout this country, and not increase the price of flour to the consumer in any city, especially throughout the boll-weevil districts of the South and or town in the United States? · ' the wheat districts of the Northwest Mr. YOUNG. I would not say it would not be possible Mr. BLANTON. Will the gentleman yield? through economies in handling to, perhaps, help both of them Mr. LOWREY. I will. somewhat, but essentially any substantial thing that can be l\1r. BLA.Ni'O::N. As showing the attitude of the people of done for wheat producers must respond in higher prices to tba 1Yashington toward Howard University, I would like to say one who buys the products of wheat. that some months ago some organization in New York offered l\lr. SNYDER. Of course, I am just as deeply interested as to this Howard University an enormous sum of money if the the gentleman can possibly be in relieving any difficulties that citizens of Washington would give a certain sum of money. the farmers in some sections of the country seem to have, but That was taken up by the board of trade, and I have been I doubt if the difficulty of the farmers in the gentleman's dis informed-I do not know the facts, but I arri apparently re trict is brought about by the price that he gets for wheat so liably informed-that the citizens of Washington have ne'Ver much as the size of the crop of wheat that he bas grown. done anything whatever toward raising that sum of money ~Ir. YOUNG. The average production of wheat in North upon the assumption that when Congress met Congress would Dakota last year was only 7 bushels per acre, and it would take care of the situation. be impossible to make a profitable crop with that yield The CHAIRM.Al~ (Mr. TrLsoN). The time of the gentleman with any reasonable price. In Kansas, where they raise from Mississippi [Mr. LowREY] has expired. 20 bushels to the acre-- Mr. LEATHERWOOD. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous <:on Mr. SNYDER. I do not want to interfere with your line sent to revise and extend my remarks in the RECORD. of argument, but here is something which I think we all should The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Utah [Mr. LEATHER keep in our minds-what happens to the producer of any basic WOOD] asks unanimous consent to revise and extend his re product when be has a surplus. marks in the RECORD. Is there objection? Mr. YOUNG. Unless he is a very clever salesman, be is There was no Objection. going to face ruin ; he ls going to face bankl·uptcy. nlr. MURPHY. I yield 20 minutes to the gentleman from :l\1r. SNYDER. He has either got to sell for a lower price or North Dakota [Mr. YOUNG]. diversify his product. has he not? The same thing happens in The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from North Dakota is every line of production In this country and in every other recognized for 20 minutes. country. The manufacturer who finds himself with a store Mr. YOUNG. ~Ir. Chairman, there are a number of bills house full of surplus products bas either got to shut his fac before the Committee on Agriculture on th~ subject of market tory down, diversify his product, or sell at a price usually below ing farm products. I think most of them have been introduced, co t. It seems to me the farmers are in the same position. perhaps, with the marketing of wheat in mind, although they Mr. YOUNG. The only dierence is the manufacturer can do cover other subjects. Recently Mr. A. E. Bowen, of Minne shut down and the manufacturer can organize and control his sota, connected with one of the farm organizations out there, business as to the amount produced, but the farmer has a plant appeared before the Committee on Agriculture and made a which can not be shut down unless shut down for good, and it very strong argument in favor of a businesslike method of selling has been impossible for the farmers, on account of the fact the wheat produced by the farmers of the United States. He that they are scattered so much, to contTol the amount of their said that if one inuividual owned all the wheat he would see production. to it that he sold his exportable surplus abroad for what he Mr. SNYDER. But, usually, when the manufacturer shuts could get for it, and then on the balance get a better price in down be goes into bankruptcy and has to get off the lot, whereas the United States, measured by the amount of the tariff on the farmer may have his troubles, but be still stays on the lot wheat. He followed that up with the statement that he was and bas a chance to come again another day. 1n favor of the Norris-Sinclair bill. The Norris-Sinclair bill Mr. YOUNG. Unfortunately and regretably many wheat would not permit anything of that kind to be done, and inasmuch farmers have been driven from their farms. It. is also true, as this bill passed the Senate Committee on Agriculture a as a rule, that the manufacturer, if he has foresight, can plan year ago after a warning had been given as to the inadequacy to produce only what he can dispose of. of the powers conferred, I think we now should in advance Mr. SNYDER. But he frequently gets caught. 1924. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 871 l\Ir. YOUNG. That is quite possible, but he has himself volnntary cooperation of farmers and others as shall help to secure for largely to blame. Now, to come back to the Norris-Sinclair farmers as far as possible cost of production plus a reasonable profit. bill, the President in administering this proposed law, if it That at 1east $50,000,000 of working capital be supplied to such becomes a law, would not know the_character of men to -put agency, and that lt shall be granted the same borrowing powers as on the board if be did not know what the duties were. If it enjoyed by the Grain Corporation during the war : Be it further is expected that the farmer is going to get the cost of produc Resolved, That the President of the United States be, and hereby is, tion, with a reasonable profit, there should be two producers urged to call an extra session of Con.,."Tess to consider the enactment put on the board. If it ls to decrease the price to the con of the legislation herein proposed. sumer, the board might be of an entirely different character. Mr. Chairman, you will notice tbat at both of these conven So, to my mind, it is essential, if you expect to get any re tions a declaration was squarely made for the segregation of sults from the legislation, that they should rewrite the pur the exportable surplus and the handling of the remainder in poses of the legislation in order that a direction may be given to such a way as to obtain for wheat farmers, as far as possible the President as to the kind of men to appoint, and also to the cost of production plus a reasonable profit. To my mind give to those appointed a direction as to what their duties and no bill should be reported from the Committee on Agriculture responsibilities are. in respect to marketing wheat which does not declare that l\Ir. SNYDER. Will the gentleman permit me one more in purpose. As already pointed out, the Norris-Sinclair bill, if it terruption? I think the gentleman said that up in his country should be reported by the committee, is entirely wanting in they only raised this past season about 7 bushels of wheat to this respect and should be amended. the acre. Would the difference between what the farmer thinks In the hard spring wheat areas-namely, North Dakota and he ought to get and what he gets for 7 bushels make him a portions of Minnesota, South Dakot:a, and Montana-the wheat profit if he only produces the "7 bushels? acreage has already been reduced to below the pre-war ftgures. Mr. YOUNG. It would be difficult to devise any scheme under As a consequence of this the amount of hard spring wheat has the Norris-Sinclair bill, or any other bill before Congress, that been below the United States requirements. The soft wheats would make 7 bushels to the acre profitable, but in the future do not make a flour satisfactory to the people of the country we hope to nave an increase in the number of bushels to the because of a Jow protein or gluten content. The hard spring acre. wheat ls of high gluten content and there is need for it to mix Mr. SNYDER. Then the difficulty in the gentleman's coun with soft wheat. Many ha\e already abandoned their farms ti:y is not a question of the sale price of wheat raised on that and if present wheat prices continue many more will do th~ land but the difficulty is that you did not raise enough wheat same. This will make it necessary for our country to import per acre. its hard spring wheat from other countries. That would be an l\Ir. YOUNG. The shortage of the crop was a factor, but it unwise national policy, particularly in time of war. was also aggravated by the shortage of price. I shall refer later The American people are accustomed to good bread. Hard to the low a-verage of yields in the hard spring-wheat areas and spring wheat makes a nutty flavor. Soft wheat makes a flour the intere t of the people in the consuming areas to help get a which makes a pasty tasting bread. I repeat that our people price which will make possible the continued -production of such for the reasons stated will be obliged to eat inferior bread or wheat. else import hard spring wheat. Bread is the cheapest food Mr. KNUTSON. Will the gentleman yield? product in the market to-day. If its quality can be continued Mr. YOUNG. Yes. I am always glad to yield to my col at a high standard, it will have large use in the family. The league from Minnesota. more of it used the cheaper the cost of living. l\Ir. KNUTSON. Is not one of the main difficulties in the For the reasons which I have assigned, the consumers should Northwest the fact that under the stimulus of war the farmers favor a governmental policy which will bring about a reason plowed up their pastures, got rid of their livestock, and turned able increase in the price of wheat if that policy does not every available acre into wheat at the request of the Govern invol\e a guaranteed price. ment, and now they find themselves with only one crop where I have not introduced a bill upon thls subject, because I do they should have diversified crops, cattle, hogs, cbickens, and not want to add to the confusion. If any one of the bills now so forth? before the Committee on Agriculture is amended so as to l\1r. YOUNG. It might be more accurate to say that what my make possible the realization of the purposes set forth in the friend refers to was done at the direct, special, and very urgent resolutions adopted at the Fargo conventions, I shall be glad request of the National Government. Our chief troubles are the to do my part to help secure favorable consideration by Con result of this, and the increased acreage was not confined to gress, and what I have said in respect to bills now before the the Northwest. The wheat acreage was decidedly increased in committee also applies to the bill which I am told will soon a number of other States, including Ohio, Michigan, Indiana be introduced by the chairman of this committee. Illinois, Oklahoma, and Iowa. Some of these States baa., prio~ Mr. CRA1\1TON. Mr. Chairman, I yield five minutes to the to the war, practically ceased to produce wheat-did not grow gentleman from Minnesota [Mr. WEFALD]. enough for their own bread requirements-and these States in Mr. WEFALD. :Mr. Chairman, I have been very much inter s_pite of the fact that the war has been over for a long thne ested in the discussion that has been going on on this bill as are still continuing to plant a decidedly larger wheat acreag~ far as it relates to Indian affairs. Not all the discussion to than before the war, and It is believed they will continue to my mind hru; had a direct bearing on the bill, but I have been do so because they have the machinery and have the habit~ very much interested in the discussion of the general policy. So, thoughtful people believe we must contend in the future Some unkind things have been said about the Indian Bureau. with a wheat surplus and that the exportable surplus should I am here representing a district which contains amono- its be egregated in such a way that the price obtained for the por population 14,000 Indians, mixed and half bloods. I r~e to tion exported shall not fix the price of the portion for domestic speak a few words on behalf of those people. I took notice of use. a remark by a gentleman from the Soutl1 of the distinction be l\fr. Chairman, two notable conventions were held at Fargo, tween the mixed and the full blood. I asked him a questio11- N. Dak., last summer. The first was a State gathering of I did not want to let any man get away with the statement farmers and business men. The second was made up of bankers, that the mixed blood was not on the whole a good man on a farmers, and tradesmen from the ninth Federal reserve dis level with the full-blood Indian and white men. I do not trict, which comprises Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, know whether the Indians in my district are suffering on ac Montana, northern Wisconsin, and upper Michigan. Both con count of the policy of the Indian Bureau or whether it must he ventions declared against a guaranteed price for wheat. The laid at the doors of Congress. Something was said about the resolutions adopted at the first convention were followed almost restrictions of Indians that ought to be removed. A part of word for word in the resolutions adopted at the second con the Indians in my district live, so to speak, in the twllig'.it vention. I do not have by me at this minute the resolutions zo~; they are under the authority of the State of 1\linn~soru of the first convention, but I have the last mentioned. Your and still at the same time under the control of the Federal attention is called particularly to the paragraphs which deal Government. They are taxed and still have not the restric with the marketing of wheat. tions removed. In 1889 the Chippewa Indians of Minnesota The conference adopted the following resolution : entered into a treaty with the Federal Government. They ceded certain lands to the Government and they were to be Resolved, That the Congress of the United States be, and ls hereby, sold and the proceeds paid to the Indians. Some have re urged to pass a law to revive or establish some governmental agency ceived allotments from time to time, but the conditions out as nn emergency measure for the purpose of bringing a bout orderly there now are such that they find themselves almost in as bad marketing and for the further purpose of -segregating and selling sepa a fix as the white farmer. rately the exportable wheat surplus, marketing the remainder in -the They have been knocking at the doors of Congress for several United States, and to do such other things as may be done through the years for relief. and among those people there are men who are 872 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. JANUARY 11 1. graduates of colleges and who are just as capable of taking care Second. The 1920 census reported 31,614,269 persons living on farms of their own affafrs as any white man. As I understand it, they and constituting in general terms the farm population. The las~ have repeatedly gone to the Indian Bureau and to Congress three years are supposed to have resulted in a net decrease during each and asked that they might have their share 1n the tribal prop farming season. The net change for 1923, as compared with 19~2, ls erty. We have one man, for instance, who is the county attor not yet estimated, but that for last year was about 460,000 decrease. ney of one of the counties up there. There is no reason why a A census taken this J'anuary would probably show no more than man like that should not be allowed to get his share of the 80,000,000 persons l1v1ng on farms. tribal property and to be allowed to handle his own money. Third. An unofficial estimate of the wealth owned by actual farmers I agree with the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. KELLY]. as of January 1, 1920, is $74,000,000,000. This leaves out of account who said the Indians ought to be allowed to make their own $21,000,000,000 of farm: assets belonging to farm landlords not en mistakes just as the white men do, and they have grievances gaged in farming. Of the $7 4,000,000,000 owned by actual farmers, against the Indian Bureau. Take the White Earth Indian about 13 per cent, or nearly $10,000,000,000, consists of wealth other Reservation, in Minnesota. A year and a half ago the Indian than farm assets. This leaves $64,000,000,000 of farm assets owned agency was taken away from that reservation and moved up to by actual farmers. Cass Lake. At the White !Darth Indian Reservation there are Adding to the farm assets owned by actual farmers the $21,000,000,- about 6,000 Indians, and any time they want to see the Indian 000 of farm assets belonging to farm landlords not engaged in farm· agent on business they have to travel about 100 miles. I do not ing gives a total of about $85,000,000,000 as the value of property think they ought to be compelled to do that. I believe the In used in farming at the date indicated. dians ought to be allowed to gather in their councils and dis Fourth. The e&timate for cash and deposits belonging to actual cuss their own aJfairs. The Chippewa Indians of Minnesota farmers is about $3,600,000,000 on J'anuary 1, 1920. up until a year and a half ago, from the year 1913, had what Fifth. An estimate of the amount owed by actual farmers as of was called a general council. There was an appropriation given J'anuary 1, 1920, is $11,235,000,000. This leaves out of account the them here from year to year to the amount of $10,000, and I debts of landlords not engaged in farming, whose farm mortgage in understand that was taken away from them a year and a half debtedness is estimated to have been $1,685,000,000, or 21.4 per cent ago at the suggestion of the Indian Bureau. I do not know of the total mortgage debt. Of the $11,235,000,000 owed by actual whether it will be possible to get an appropriation like that into farmers, $6,175,000,000, oo- 55 per cent, is estimated to have been se this bill again, but I am here to ask Congress to give it to them. cured by farm mortgages. Of the balance of the debt of actual farmers, The people want it; they need it. I think they are entitled to $5,060,000,000, 68 per cent, or $3,455,000,000, is estimated to have been get together in councils and talk their matters over and send bank credit. The balance of the short-term indebtedness, '$1,605,- men down here to appear before the Congress and before the 000,000, is ef!timated to have been owed to merchants and other indi Indian Bureau and lay their affairs before them. viduals. Something was said about the bureaucratic tendencies of the Indian Bureau. I was told by an Indian to-day-and I know Except as shown in a statement of March 13, 1923, entitled "Esti that he is absolutely competent, he is a well-educated man mated farm mortgage debt, 1920," the estimates given here are from that a short time before his grandfather died the grandfather a paper entitled "The accumulation of wealth by farmers," by L. C. wanted to will his property to this man. The grandfather at Gray, Papers and Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American that time owned 160 acres of land. Economic Association, March, 1928. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Minne Very truly yours, sota has expired. HJJNRY c. WALLACE, Secretary. Mr. CRAl\fTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield the gentleman two Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield five minutes to the minutes more. gentleman from Minnesota [Mr. KNUTSON]. Mr. WEFALD. He said that the Indian Bureau objected to l\lr. KNUTSON. Mr. Chairman, I was very much impressed that arrangement. And why? The man was absolutely compe by the able statement made by Mr. CRAMTON, chairman of the tent to dispose of his own property and they objected to it for subcommittee, yesterday, and as he progressed with his explana the reason that in his will he had not made any provision for his wife. He had been married a second time. The wife dis tion of the contents of this bill I became more and more firmly posed of her property. She gave a timber claim, valued at convinced that at last we had a perfect appropriation bill to $16,000, to her granddaughter, and that met with the approval which no one could take any exception. Imagine my surprise of the Indian Bureau. and chagrin, then, upon discovering in the bill to-day that the I think that proves conclusively that there is within this committee had cut out a land office at Cass Lake, Minn. I am Indian Bureau a disposition to rule, a disposition to tell these in thorough sympathy with the committee's desire to economize, people that they must absolutely rule over them and tell them and I believe that I am going to help the committee in its lauda what is good for them and what is not good for them, and ble desire by offering an amendment at the proper time to con the gentleman told me that if it had not been for the fact that solidate the two other land offices in Minnesota at Cass Lake. he was smart enough to outwit them he would not have become This location is very central and it is nearer to the large un possessed of the property. appropriated district of public land in our State than any of I thank the gentleman from Michigan for granting me this the other land offices. If I succeed in getting my amendment . time, and I shall want to offer two or three amendments to the adopted it will effect a saving of several thou~and dollars bill when the Indian matters come up, to take care of some of annually to the Government, and I know that will meet with these conditions. the hearty approval of the House. The CHAIRl\fAN. The time of the gentleman from Min Mr. SINNOTT. Will the gentleman yield? nesota has again expired. 1\fr. KNUTSON. I will be glad to yield to my friend from l\Ir. CARTER. l\Ir. Chairman, I yield two minutes to the Oregon. gentleman from Oklahoma [Mr. THOJ.fAS]. Mr. SINNOTT. Will the gentleman help to relieve some of Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous us from our suft'ering from the high crimes and misdemeanors consent to extend my remarks in the RECORD by publishing committed on land offices which have been consolidated in the therein a letter written to me by the Secretary of Agriculture bill? giving some farm statistics. Mr. KNUTSON. Well, of course, I can not attempt to act u The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Oklahoma asks almoner of the House. If the gentleman is suffering under any unanimous consent to extend his remarks in the RECORD in the unjust action on the part of the committee he will have to take manner indicated by him. Is there objection? it up himself; in fact, I would suggest a combination of those There was no objection. of us who feel that we have not been justly dealt with when the Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. Speaker, under the leave to bill is taken up under the five-minute rule. [Applause.] extend my remarks in the RECORD l will print the following: The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman has expired. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURlil, Mr. CRA.MTON. Mr. Chairman, I move that the committee Washington, December 24, 1.9!3. do now rise. Hon. ELMER THO?>U.S, The motion was agreed to. House of Re-presentatives, Washtl:ngton, D. 0. Accordingly the committee rose; and the Speaker having DEAR MR. THOMAS: The following is sent in answer to your letter resumed the chair, Mr. TILSON, Chairman of the Committee of December 17 : of the Whole House on the state of the Union, reported that First. According to the census of J'anuary, 1920, the number of that committee, having under consideration the bill (H. R. 5078)' farms in the Un1ted States was 6,448,343. From the answer to the making appropriations for the Department of the Interior for following question it might be inferred that the last three years have the fiscal year ending June 30, 1925, and for other purposes, iierved to diminish this number. bad come to no resolution thereon. 1924. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 873 .ADJOURNMENT. thereof with interest should the taxpayer be finally adjudged to be liable therefor; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House do By Mr. TREADWAY: A bill (H. R. 5263) to authorize the now adjourn. President to declare a national emergency in the case of a stop The motion was agreed to; accordingly (at 5 o'clock and 8 page or threatened stoppage of a steady supply of coal, and minutes) the House adjourned until to-morrow, Saturday, Janu to take over and operate mines during such emergency, and ary 12, 1924, at 12 o'clock noon. for other purposes ; to the Committee on Interstate and For eign Commerce. REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUBLIO BILLS AND By Mr. BLAND: A bill (H. R. 5264) authorizing the appro RESOLUTIONS. priation of $15,000 for the purpose of constructing suitable Under clause 2 of Rule XIII, roads upon the Government-owned grounds at "'Wakefield, West Mr. McKENZIE: Committee on Military Affairs. H. R. 517. moreland County, Va., and for the purpose of improving and A l>ill to restrict the expenditures of the War Department and maintaining said grounds; to the Committee on Military the Military Establishment of the United States ; without Affairs. amendment (Rept. No. 29). Referred to the Committee of the By Mr. BOIES: A bill (H. R. 5265) to authorize the ap Whole House on the state of the Union. pointment of stenographers in the courts of the United States Mr. GREEN of Iowa: Committee on Ways and Means. H.J. and to fix their duties and compensation; to the Committee on Res. 136. A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the the Judiciary. Constitution of the United States; without amendment (Rept. By Mr. LANGLEY: A bill (H. R. 5266) authorizing the sale No-. 80). Referred to the House Calendar. of the United States Veterans' Bureau Hospital at Corpus l\fr. BUTLER: Committee on Naval Affairs. H. R. 2688. Christi, Tex. ; to the Committee -on Public Buildings and A bill providing for sundry matters affecting the naval service, Grounds. and for other purposes; without amendment (Rept. No. 31). By Mr. GOLDSBOROUGH: A bill (H. R. 5267) granting Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the state of pensions to certain members of the former life-saving service; the Union. to· the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Mr. LANGLEY: Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds. By Mr. SHALLENBERGER: A bill (H. R. 5268) for the pur H. Res. 51. A resolution authorizing the Secretary of the chase of a site and the erection of a public building at Supe Treasury to negotiate with the authorities of the city of rior, Nebr. ; to the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds. Kenosha, Wis., to ascertain terms and conditions upon which By Mr. WYANT: A bill (H. R. 5269) to provide for the erec can be secured a site for a Federal building located in accord tion of a public building at Jeannette, Pa.; to the Committee on ance with the plan for a civic center adopted by said city of Public Buildings and Grounds. Kenosha; without amendment (Rept. No. 32). Referred to the Also, a bill ( H. R. 5270) to provide for the erection of a House Calendar. public building at Scottdale, Pa. ; to the Committee on Public l\fr. LEAVITT: Committee on Indian Affairs. H. R. 2879. Buildings and Grounds. A bill to provide for the disposal of homestead allotments. of Also, a bill (H. H. 5271) to provide for the erection of a deceased allottees within the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, public building at Latrobe, Pa. ; to the Committee on Public 1\lont.; without amendment (Rept. No. 33). Referred to the Buildings and Grounds. House Calendar. By Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin: A bill (H. R. 5272) to provide for the erection of a Federal building on the site owned by the CHANGE OF REFERENCE. Government of the United States and located in the city of Racine, Wis., and for other purposes; to the Committee on Under clause 2 of Rule XXII, committees were discharged Public Buildings and Grounds. from the consideration of the following bills, which were re By Mr. KELLER: A bill (H. R. 5273) authorizing the con ferred as follows: struction of a bridge over the Mississippi River between St. A bill (H. R. 1136) granting a pension to Susan V. Payne; Paul and l\linneapolis, :l\Iinn., for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Committee on Pensions discharged, and referred to the Com Paul Railway Co. ; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign mittee on Invalid Pensions. Commerce. A bill (H. R. 1137) granting a pension to Mary Burdick; Also, a bill (H. R. 5274) authorizing the Secretary of War to Committee on Pensions discharged, and referred to the Com grant to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co. power mittee on Invalid Pensions. to construct and operate a line of railroad across Fort Snelling A bill (H. R. 1139) granting a pension to Catherine El Military Reservation in the State of :Mlnnesota ; to the Com Steward; Committee on Pensions discharged, and referred to mittee on Military Affairs. the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By l\Ir. l\fcFADDEN: Joint resolution (H. J. Res. 137) ex tending the time for the final report of the joint committea PUBLIC BILLS, RESOLUTIONS, AJl."TI :MEMORIALS. created by the agricultural credits act of 1923; to the Com Under clause 3 of Rule XXII, bllls, resolutions, and ruemorials mittee on Banking and Currency. were introduced and severally referred as follows: By Mr. LANGLEY: Joint resolution (H. J. Res. 138) author By Mr. McFADDEN: A bill (H. R. 5259) to authorize the izing the Director of the United States Veterans' Bureau to coinage of 50-cent pieces in commemoration of the commence grant a right of way over United States Veterans' Bureau hos ment on June 18, 1923, of the work of carving on Ston·e Moun pital reservation at Knoxville, Iowa ; to the Committee on tain, in the State of Georgia, a monument to the valor of the Public Buildings and Grounds. soldiers of the South, which was the inspiration of their sons By Mr. MAGEE of Pennsylvania: Joint resolution (H. J. Res. and daughters and grandsons and granddaughters in the 139) to provide for the remission of further payments of the Spanish-American and World Wars, and in memory of Warren annual installments of the Chinese indemnity; to the Com G. Harding, President of the United States of America in mittee on Foreign Affairs. whose administration the work was begun; to the Committee By Mr. BLOOM: Resolution (H. Res. 144) providing that on Coinage, Weights, and Measures. the Congress of the United States respectfully request United By Mr. McSWAIN: A bill H. R. 5260) to define and pun -States District Court Judge Goddard, of the Southern District ish official misconduct of officers of the United States and to of New York, to withhold action on the bankruptcy case of prevent corrupt political practices ; to the Committee on the Jones & Baker until the examination sought by Congress has Judiciary. been made; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. LINTHICUM: A bill (H. R. 5261) to repeal and re By Mr. FISH: Resolution (H. Res. 145) requesting the enact chapter 100, 1914, Public, No. 108, to provide for the President to appoint a trade commission to establish commer restoration of Fort McHenry, in the State of Maryland, and cial and trade relations with Russia; to the Committee on For its permanent preservation as a national park and perpetual eign Affairs. national memorial shrine as the birthplace of the immortal By Mr. SNELL t Resolution (H. Res. 146) amending the rules Star-Spangled Banner, written by Francis Scott Key, for the of the House of Representatives; to the qommittee on Rules. appropriation of the necessary funds, antl. for other purposes · to the Committee on Military Affairs. ' PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS. By Mr. BRAND of Georgia: A bill (H. R. 5262) to repeal Under clause 1 of Rule XXII; private bills and resolutions · so much of the revenue act of 1921 and amendments thereto were introduced and severally referred as follows: which require an income-tax payer to pay an assessment, the By l\1r. ARNOLD: A bill (H. R. 5275) granting a pension to correctness of which he disputes, making it the duty of the Rebecca C. Vanderhoof; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Government to accept a bond for the eventual condemnation By Mr. BOYCE: A bill (H. R. 5276) for the r€llef of Samuel money and conditioned to pay said assessment 9r so much S. Weaver; to the Committee on Olaims. . .874 CONGRESSION .AL RECORD-HOUSE . JANUARY 12, By Mr. BOYLAN: A bill (H. R. 5277) authorizing the Presi By Mr. WYANT: A bill (H. R. 5311) granting a pension to dent of the United States to appoint Frederick Felix to the l\Iary C. Derby; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. position and rank of captain in the Army of the United States Also, a bill ( H. R. 5312) granting an increase of pension to and immediately retire him with the rank and pay of a cap Lizzie Leasure; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. tain; to the Committee on Military Affairs. Also, a bill (H. R. 5313) authorizing the Secretary of War By Mr. CLARKE of New York: A bill (H. R. 5278) for the to donate to the town of Monessen, State of Pennsylvania, one relief of Edward N. 1\Ioore; to the Committee on Military German cannon or fieldpiece; to the Committee on lllilltary Affairs. Affairs. By Mr. CROWTHER: A bill (H. R. 5279) for the relief of Also, a bill (H. R. 5314) authorizing the Secretary of War A. J. Baker Co. (Inc.) ; to the Committee on Claims. to donate to the town of Mount Plea.sant, State of Pennsyl By :Mr. FAffiCHILD: A bill (H. R. 5280) granting a pension vania, one German cannon or fieldpiece; to the Committee on to Margaret L. Fardette; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Military Affairs. By Mr. HAWES: A bill (H. R. 5281) granting an increase of Also, a bill (H. R. 5315) authorizing the Secretary of War pension to Margaret Daley; to the Committee on Pensions. to donate to the town of Trafford, State of Pennsylvania, one By Mr. IDLL of Maryland: A bill (H. R. 5282) to place German cannon or fieldpiece; to the Committee on Military Maj. Gen. Hunter Liggett and Maj. Gen. Henry T. Allen, retired Affairs. by operation of law, and Maj. Gen. Robert L. Bullard, upon retirement by operation of law, on the retired list of the Army PETITIONS, ETC. as lieutenant generals without additional pay or allowances; to Under clause 1 of Rule X:XII, petitions and papers were laid the Committee on Military Affairs. on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows: Also, a bill (H. R. 5283) to reimburse the city of Baltimore, 514. By the SPEAKER (by request) : Petition pf sundry citi State of Maryland, for moneys expended to aid the United zens of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, urging the repeal of all unfair States in the construction of works of defense during the Civil excise taxes; to the Committee on Ways and Means. ,War; to the Committee on War Claims. . 515. By Mr. ABERNETHY: Petition of Hon. George P. Pell, By Mr. HOLADAY: A bill ( H. R. 5284) granting a pension corporation commissioner of North Carolina, and of the National to Milligan Comstock ; to the Committee on Pensions. Association of Railway and Utilities Commissioners, Miami, Also, a bill (H. R. 5285) granting an increase of pension to Fla., seeking relief for the people by amending the transpor Harry Schwartz; to the Committee on Pensions. tation act so as to allow certain matters to be passed upon by By Mr. HUDSPETH: A bill (H. R. 5286) granting a pension State commissions instead of Interstate Commerce Commission; to Eli Wickson; to the Committee on Pensions. to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Also, a bill (H. R. 5287) granting a pension to Lee Morgan 516. By Mr. BULWINKLE: Petition of the National Asso Wickson; to the Committee on Pensions. ciation of Railway and Utilities Commissioners, favoring amend By Mr. KEARNS: A bill (H. R. 5288) granting an increase ments to the interstate commerce act; to the Committee on of pension to Lizzie Clay; to the Committee on Invalid Pen Interstate and Foreign Commerce. sions. 517. By Mr. BURTON: Petition signed by 1.200 residents of By Mr. KIESS: A bill (H. R. 5289) granting a pension to the city of Cleveland, requesting support of the measure now Lydia E. Kohler; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. pending to amend the Volstead Act by permitting the manufac Also, a bill (H. R. 5290) granting an increase of pension to ture and sale of beer and light wines; to the Committee on the Mary Marley; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Judiciary. Also, a bill (H. R. 5291) granting an increase of pension to 518. By l\Ir. CROWTHER: Petition of the board of directors Evelina 0. Gross; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. of the Maritime Association of the Port of New York, indorsing By Mr. LINEBERGER: A bill (H. R. 5292) granting a the so-called Mellon plan of tax revision; to the Committee on pension to :Margaret IU. Bardwell; to the Committee on Invalid Ways and l\:leans. Pensions. 519. Also, petition of the board of directors of the l\Iarltime By Mr. LINTIIICUM: A blll (H. R. 5293) granting an in· Association of the Port of New York, in opposition to the enact crease of pension to Robert M. l\laginniss; to the Commtitee on ment of legislation providing for the payment of a soldier Pensions. bonus, and petitions of Edgar B. and Helen H. Holden and El. By Mr. MACGREGOR: A bill (H. R. 5294) granting an in· Otis Hunt, of Schenectady, N. Y.; and John A. Ostrander, of crease of pension to Elizabeth Schorpp; to the Committee on Amsterdam, N. Y., indorsing the Mellon plan of tax revision; Invalid Pensions. to the Committee on Ways and Means. By Mr. McDUFFIE: A bill (H. R. 5295) for the relief of 520. By 1\Ir. FULLER: Petitions of the Forest City Bit & Maj. Robert Lee McLeod; to the Committee on l\Iilitary Affair~ Tool Co., of Rockford, Ill., and sundry citizens of Illinois, favor By l\Ir. McLAUGHLIN of Michigan: A bill (H. R. 5296) ing reduction of Federal taxes as proposed by the Secretary of granting a pension to Eliza A. Keech; to the Committee on the Treasury; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Invalid Pensions. 521. By l\Ir. GOLDSBOROUGH: Petition of rmal carriers of By Mr. l\1cSWAIN: A bill (H. R. 5297) granting a pension the counties of Kent, Queen Anne, Caroline, Dorchester, Wor to Warren M . .Anderson; to the Committee on Pensions. cester; and Cecil, in the State of Maryland, praying for an By Mr. MORRIS: A bill (H. R. 5298) granting a pension to equipment allowance; to the Committee on the Post Office and James P. Bradley; to the Committee on Pensions. Post Roads. By Mr. REECE: A bill (H. R. 5299) granting increased com 522. By l\1r. KIESS: Papers accompanying .House bill 1556, pensation to Wilson S. Jaynes; to the Committee on Claims. granting a pension to Edgar P. Rice ; to the Committee on In By Mr. SINNOTT: A bill (H. R. 5300) granting an increase valid Pensions. of Pension to Mary C. Allen; to the Committee on Pensions. 523. By 1\1r. WATSON: Petition of Valley Forge Chapter, By Mr. SPEAKS: A bill (H. R. 5301) for the relief of Daughters of the American Revolution, opposing any amendment Ephrian Ellis; to the Committee on Reform in the Civil to the Constitution limiting the power of the Supreme Court; Service. to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. STALKER: A bill (H. R. 5302) for the relief of 524. Also, petition of Valley Forge Chapter, Daughters of the Frank Ayers; to the Committee on Reform in the Civil Service. American Revolution, favoring :Mellon's plan of tax reduction ; By Mr. TABER: A bill (H. R. 5303) granting an increase to the Committee on Ways and Means. of pension to Louis H. Blake; to the Committee on Pensions. Also, a bill ( H. R. 5304) granting a pension to Ella B. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Collins; to the Committee on Pensions. By Mr. TILLMAN: A bill (H. R. 5305) to pay additional SATURDAY, J anruary 1~, 19~4. compensation to Ida Alexander; to the Committee on Pensions. The House met at 12 o'clock noon, and was called to order By Mr. WEAVER: A bill (H. R. 5306) providing for the by the Speaker. closing of Weaver Place NW., and for other purposes; to the Committee on the District of Columbia. The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Montgomery, D. D., offered Also, a bill (H. R. 5307) for the relief of J. A. Galloway; the following prayer : to the Committee on Claims. Our Father and our God, to whom we are responsible for Also, a bill (H. R. 5308) for the relief of l\Iattie D. Jacobs; the duties of each new-born day, consider and bear us. Con to the Committee on Claims. tinue the ministrations of Thy love and mercy unto us and Also, a bill ( H. R. 5309) granting an increase of pension to bring the deliberations of this day into haruiony with Thy Lucius P. Burress ; to the Committee on Pensions. holy will. Give unto us the help of Thy spirit, which exalts, By Mr. WOLFF: A bill (H. R. 5310) for the relief of J. H. enriches, and purifies our thoughts. May we always give to Martin; to the Committee on Claims. this Government of our fathers and its free institutions our