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Morphological Study of the Nile River Fourth Reach

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Morphological Study of the Nile River Fourth Reach Cairo University Faculty of Engineering Irrigation and Hydraulics Department MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE NILE RIVER FOURTH REACH By Dalia Ahmed Fouad Mostafa A Thesis Submitted to Irrigation and Hydraulics Department Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Irrigation and Hydraulics FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, CAIRO UNIVERSITY GIZA, EGYPT 2012 Cairo University Faculty of Engineering Irrigation and Hydraulics Department MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE NILE RIVER FOURTH REACH By Dalia Ahmed Fouad Mostafa A Thesis Submitted to Irrigation and Hydraulics Department Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Irrigation and Hydraulics Under the Supervision of Prof. Dr. Mohamed Sherif El Prof. Dr. Medhat Said Aziz Manadely Director of the Professor of Hydraulics Irrigation and Hydraulics Department Nile Research Institute Faculty of Engineering National Water Research Center FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, CAIRO UNIVERSITY GIZA, EGYPT 2012 Cairo University Faculty of Engineering Irrigation and Hydraulics Department MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE NILE RIVER FOURTH REACH By Dalia Ahmed Fouad Mostafa A Thesis Submitted to Irrigation and Hydraulics Department Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Irrigation and Hydraulics Approved by the Examining Committee Prof. Dr. Mohamed Sherif El Manadely Thesis Main Advisor Professor of Hydraulics – Irrigation and Hydraulics Department – Faculty of Engineering ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Prof. Dr. Mohamed Mokhles Abou- Seida Member Professor of Hydraulics – Irrigation and Hydraulics Department – Faculty of Engineering ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Prof. Dr. Samy Abd-Elfatah Saad Member Deputy Director Hydraulics Research Institute – National Water Research Center ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, CAIRO UNIVERSITY GIZA, EGYPT 2012 Engineer: Dalia Ahmed Fouad Mostafa Negm Date of Birth : 1 / 5 / 1982 Nationality : Egyptian E-mail : [email protected] Phone. : 01096532168 Address : Sheraton Heliopolis - Cairo Registration Date : 1 / 10 / 2005 Awarding Date : / / Degree : Master of Science Department : Irrigation and Hydraluics Supervisors : Prof. Dr. Mohamed Sherif El Manadely Prof. Dr. Medhat Said Aziz (Director of the Nile Research Institute - National Water Research Center) Examiners : Prof. Dr. Mohamed Sherif El Manadely Prof. Dr. Mohamed Mokhles Abou- Seida Prof. Dr. Samy Abd-Elfatah Saad (Deputy Director Hydraulics Research Institute - National Water Research Center) Title of Thesis : Morphological Study of the Nile River Fourth Reach Key Words: Nile River - Fourth Reach - Morphological Changes – Low Flow – High Flow Summary : The Nile River has experienced major morphological changes during the past decades. The aim of this study was to analyze some of the morphological changes in the fourth Nile River that occurred during the past decades and to predict the morphological changes in the future. Also Different scenarios were considered to study the effects of low flow on potable water and power plant stations located on the fourth reach and navigation problems. Other scenarios were considered to study the effects of high flows to locate the areas that will be inundated. To My beloved parents , My Husband Hany & My Son Mohammed ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I wish to give all my thanks to God for the completion of this work I would like to express my thanks to my main supervisor Prof. Dr. Mohamed S. El- Manadely, Professor of Hydraulics, Irrigation and hydraulics Department, Cairo University, for his valuable advice, enthusiastic, guidance and continuous encouragement towards the successful completion of the study. I wish to express my deepest sense of gratitude and sincerest appreciation to the supervisor Prof. Dr. Medhat Said Aziz, Director of the Nile Research Institute, National Water Research Center, for his helpful advice and valuable inspiration, he did not hesitate to provide his time for me and was always encouraging me to complete the study. For his outstanding valuable help, Prof. Dr. Ahmed Fouad Negm, Head of Documentation and Information Center, National Water Research Center, the words may not justify how I admire his opinions, encouragement and support throughout this study. Sincerest gratitude and appreciation are also expressed to Prof. Dr. Ahmed Fahmy, Hydraulics research Institute, National Water Research Center, also Dr. Nahla Sadek, Nile Research Institute, National Water Research Center, for their support, constant encouragement, and guidance throughout the course of this study. Last but not least I wish to express my deepest thanks, gratitude, and appreciation to my devoted mother, my father, and my husband for their love, warm caring, support, and, great patience throughout the time of this study. Finally, I want to thank everyone who helped or advised me during my work or even wished me good luck. i ABSTRACT The Nile River has experienced major morphological changes during the past decades. The changes of flow discharges (for both cases; high and low flows), suspended sediment concentration changes, human interventions and the effect of new projects have major contribution for these changes. The aim of this study was to analyze some of the morphological changes in the fourth Nile River reach located between Assiut Barrage (kilometer 544.500 D.S. the Aswan Dam) and the Delta Barrage (kilometer 954.500) that occurred during the past decades. Also to study and analyze the reach response to future expected low and high flows. Different scenarios were considered to study the effects of low flow on potable water and power plant stations located on the fourth reach and navigation problems. Other scenarios were considered to study the effects of high flows to locate the areas that will be inundated and to predict the morphological changes. The decision maker may therefore take the necessary actions concerning the existing and proposed projects located along the study reach. One dimensional mathematical model; quasi 2-D; "GSTARS3" which is considered the most suitable model to simulate the water surface profile and the sediment transport was used in this research. The model was calibrated and verified using different sediment equations. The model results showed good agreements compared with actual measured data. The model was used also to simulate the different scenarios in the future, and the results were analyzed and discussed. There was a general conclusion that deposition has more frequent occurrence than erosion on the bed for the whole reach during the past decades and also in the future. For the scenarios of low flows in the future; 15 and 8 potable water stations will be affected by passing the discharges of 35 and 39 Mm3/day respectively. The water levels at these stations will be below the critical level of the stations' operation. Also 6 and 5 locations will have navigational bottlenecks in case of passing the discharges of 35 and 39 Mm3/day respectively. For the scenarios of high flows in the future; the total lengths of the inundated regions at both banks are about 79.89, 26.06 and 15.01 km for the discharges 350, 200, and 190 Mm3/day respectively. The expected areas of the inundated regions are 4777, 962 and 448 feddans. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. i ABSTRACT. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iii LIST OF TABLES. vi LIST OF FIGURES . viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. xii 1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1. General. 1 1.2. Problem Definition. 3 1.3. Main Objectives of the Study. 4 1.4. Research Plan. 4 1.5. Thesis Content. 4 2. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. 7 2.1. The Future Expected Low and High Discharges. 7 2.2. Previous Works in Morphological Changes in Rivers . 7 2.3. Discussion. 10 3. CHAPTER 3: SITE DESCRIPTION AND DATA COLLECTION. 12 3.1. Site Description . 12 3.2. The Fourth Reach Data Collections. 13 3.2.1. Hydrological Data. 13 3.2.2. Geometric Data. 20 3.2.3. Navigation Requirements . 21 3.2.4. Bed Material Samples. 22 3.2.5. Water and Power Plants Data. 24 3.2.6. Roughness Coefficients . 27 3.3. Analyses the Morphological Changes Occurred during the Past Decades (1982-2005). 27 iii 4. CHAPTER 4: NUMERICAL MODEL, CALBRATION AND VERIFICATION. 39 4.1. The Numerical Model. 39 4.1.1. Introduction. 39 4.1.2. Water Surface Profile Computation . 40 4.1.3. Sediment Transport Formulas . 41 4.1.4. Purpose and Capabilities . 43 4.2. Mathematical Model Calibration. 44 4.2.1. Flow Mode Calibration Phase. 45 4.2.2. Morphology Mode Calibration Phase . 48 4. 3. Mathematical Model Verification. 55 4.3.1. Flow Mode Verification Phase. 55 4.3.2. Morphology Mode Verification Phase. 57 5. CHAPTER 5: MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE FOURTH REACH . 63 5.1. Introduction. 63 5.2. Identify the Expected Morphological Changes in the Future. 63 6. CHAPTER 6: PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPECTED FUTURE DISCHARGES. 74 6.1. Introduction. 74 6.2. Problems Associated With Future Low Discharges. 74 6.2.1. Problems Associated With Water and Power Plants . 76 6.2.1.1. Assessment the Status of the Stations Located on the Eastern Bank. 76 6.2.1.2. Assessment the Status of the Stations Located on the Western Bank. 78 6.2.2. Problems Associated With River Navigation. 80 6.2.3. Discussion. 81 6.3. Problems Associated With Future High Discharges. 83 iv 6.3.1. Problems Associated From D.S. Assiut Barrage to El-Korimat . 84 6.3.2. Problems Associated From El-Korimat to Delta Barrage. 92 6.3.2.1. Flow Mode Calibration Phase. 92 6.3.2.2. Morphology Mode Calibration Phase. 94 6.3.2.3. Model Operation for Year 2004-2005. 96 6.3.3. Discussion. 108 7. CHAPTER 7: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 111 7.1. Summary. 111 7.2. Conclusions. 111 7.3. Recommendations. 113 REFERENCE . 115 APPENDIX I . I-1 APPENDIX II. II-1 APPENDIX III . III-1 v LIST OF TABLES Table Name/Description Page No.
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