Characterization of Water Quality Around the New Assiut Barrage and Its Hydropower Plant Thabet A

Assiut J. Agric. Sci., (45) No. (5) 2014 (39-52)

Characterization of Water Quality Around The New Assiut Barrage and its Hydropower Plant Thabet A. Mohamed 1 and Atif Abo-Elwafa2 1 Environmental Engineering, STRI, Assiut University- Assiut- Egypt 2 Dean of Sugar Technology Research Institute, STRI, Assiut University, Egypt

Abstract: The New Assiut Barrage and its Hydropower Plant in Egypt was initiated at May, 2012 and it is suggested to endin December, 2017. The project is considered one of the most important industrial projects that established to enhance economy and development. The project energy of about 32 MW may contribute in the main electric grid for population and developmental approaches. Surface water samples from the River Nile, around the proposed project were collected and analyzed according to EPA Method- 1669. The measured values of pH, TDS, EC, DO, COD, Total hardness, and Temperature were recorded and reached 8.3, 183.5, 317.3, 7.7, 19.5, 135, and 25.7 OC respectively and were compared with guidelines stated by the Egyptian law 48/ 1982 concerned with protection of Riv- er Nile from pollution. Biological properties were obtained and statistically analyzed and their sample locations were determined by Global Positioning System (GPS). The study helps the Environmental Impact Assessment in the stage of the operation of the hydroelectric power station. Keywords: hydropower plant, physicochemical parameters, algal count, diatoms, chlorophyll, water quality, environmental impact assessment, Egypt. Received on: 7 /12 /2014 Accepted for publication on: 13/1/2015

Referees: Prof. Mohsen A. Gameh Prof. Abd elhay A. Farag Thabet and Atif 2014

1.Introduction: chamber in addition to the refur- The Assiut Barrage was con- bished 80 x 16 m high; Rehabilitation structed between 1892 and 1902 to of the existing navigation lock: Re- sustain a water level difference of placement and Rehabilitation of the about 4 m in order to feed the Ibra- existing Ibrahimia canal head regula- himia canal (length about 350 km) tor: and Transmission line. The which irrigates an area of almost project of New Assiut Barrage and its 600,000 ha. The barrage was remo- Hydropower Plant has very promis- deled by 1930 to increase the per- ing positive aspects in relation to sus- missible head pond level difference to tainable development, poverty allevi- 4.2 m and thereby increasing the ca- ation, social and economic develop- pacity of the Ibrahimia canal. The ment in Egypt (Batisha (2007). civil works have been affected by age The impact of hydroelectric and also by tail water erosion as a power plant on the environment is consequence of a modified river re- varied and depends upon the size and gime after the construction of the the type of the project. Although hy- Aswan High Dam. dropower generation does not burn The government of Egypt in- any fuel to produce power and hence tends to replace the existing barrage des not emit greenhouse gases, there with a new structure incorporating a are definite negative effects that arise hydropower plant. After studying var- from the creation of the reservoir and ious alternatives, the Egyptian gov- alteration of natural water flow. It is a ernment decided to construct a multi- fact that dams, inter-basin transfers purpose barrage to guarantee the and diversion of water for irrigation supply of irrigation, to generate hy- purposes have resulted in the frag- dropower, and to increase navigation mentation of 60 % of the world's riv- capacity for river traffic. It consists of ers (Alobeidy et al., 2010). a sluiceway to evacuate emergency The sediment in the reservoir in flood release, a hydropower plant, a the front of the hydropower station double navigation lock and a road plays an important role in degradation bridge. of water quality. Sediment diagenesis The project scope of works: the may reduce the organic matter con- construction of 2 navigation locks of tent by bacterial degradation linked to 150x 17 m according to the latest in- methanogenesis, oxidation and CO2- ternational technologies to accommo- production, and other processes date the increase in the river and tour- (Bhatt et al., 2011). Sediment erosion ism transport units; the construction within the reservoir depends on hy- of a 4- lanes upper bridge over the drodynamics, mainly on stream ve- new barrage with capacity 70 tons to locity in river reservoir and thus on link the East and West banks of the the river load. (Chindeu et al., 2011) River Nile in Assiut. The barrage reported that remobilization of con- project components are: Sluiceway taminants from sediments and their with 8 radial gates 17 m wide and return to the trophic chain, either by Road Bridge; Hydropower plant: sediment erosion, by uptake by or- Low-head hydropower plant with 4 ganisms (fish, plants and sediment bulb units of 8 MW, total capacity 32 dwellers), or by infiltration of inters- MW; new navigation lock: 120x17 m titial water from the sediment to the

40 Assiut J. Agric. Sci., (45) No. (5) 2014 (39-52) ground water. Also Jena et al., 2013, solved oxygen, turbidity, hardness, showed that reduction of nutrients chemical oxygen demand, Ca, Mg, K, inputs to coastal areas of oceans and Na were measured and compared seas, resulting in reduced primary with guidelines stated by WHO and production in offshore areas. This EC standards and with the Egyptian may affect the marine carbon balance law 48/1982 concerned with protec- through limitation of production, and tion of the River Nile from pollution therefore climate change. Oxygen (WHO, 2004). depletion by the oxidation of particu- A major impact on surface wa- late and dissolved organic carbon ter quality may stem from biological may lead to deoxygenated or even processes such as bacterial contami- anoxic conditions in deep water and nation due to the release of water in sediment (Bhatt et al., 2011). The from wastewater treatment plants and main hazards associated with this are: diffuse run-off. Also, in particular eutrophication of deep reservoir wa- conditions, sediment contamination ter, remobilization of nutrients, met- may contribute to the persistence of als and organic contaminants from contamination in the overlying water sediments and their availability to or- (Mananda et al., 2010). Water turbid- ganisms (plants, sediment dwellers), ity can be increased by high plankton and infiltration of pore water charged and algal concentrations and there with contaminants and organic car- may be a proliferation of mosquitoes bon to the ground water (El-Ayouti and other insects leading to the risk of and Abo-Ali, 2013). spreading malaria. Thus the study The chemistry of physico- now focuses to identify impacts on chemical parameters and biological river water quality regarding physi- characteristics play a discriminative cochemical and biological characte- role for assessment of water quality ristics making a comparative analysis in the vicinity of the hydropower withfuture studies of the Environ- plant area. Water quality parameters mental Impact Assessment of the like temperature, pH, total dissolved project. Figure (1) illustrates the pro- solids, electric conductivity, dis- posed project.

Figure (1): The proposed project of New Assiut Barrage and its Hydropower plant

41 Thabet and Atif 2014

2. Materials and Methods: barrage may eventually be threatened 2.1 Site description during low flow periods. This lead to The government of Egypt is re- the decision to construct a new bar- placing the existing Assuit barrage in rage and is making use of the water Upper Egypt with a new structure in- energy with a power plant. The loca- corporating a power plant. The old tion stated at (27○ 12′ 19" N, 31○ 11′ barrage was constructed in the year of 26″ E) is at the river approximate- 1902 to reserve water for irrigation of ly400km downstream of the old bar- farmland in the region. Over the years rage in North-east of Assuit city. Fig- the riverbed has degraded, especially ure (2) shows the construction pitfor after commissioning of the Aswan the New Assuit Barrage and the Hy- High Dam, and the stability of the dropower Plant.

Figure (2): The construction pit for the New Assiut Barrage and Hydropower Plant

2.2 Collection of water samples ter, conductivity-meter and TDS me- As shown in Table (1), water ter respectively (Mahananda et al., quality parameters such as tempera- 2010). For dissolved oxygen (DO), ture, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), samples were collected into 300 ml total suspended solids (TSS), dis- plain glass bottles and the DO fixed solved oxygen (DO), and conductivi- using the azide modification of the ty were measured in the water sam- Winkler's method (Chindeu et al., ples taken from the sites around the 2011). project, using a thermometer, pH me-

42 Assiut J. Agric. Sci., (45) No. (5) 2014 (39-52)

Table (1): Water quality test methods and test units Parameters Test unit Method PH* - Thermometer Temperature* C Electrometric Turbidity NTU Spectrophotometric Electrical conductivity* S/cm Electrometric Total dissolved solids* mg/l Electrometric Total suspended solids mg/l Filtration mg/l as Ca- Total alkalinity Titration & Electrometric CO3 mg/l as Ca- Total hardness Titration, Na EDTA CO3 Total Nitrogen mg/l Kjeldabl method Atomic absorption Spectrophoto- Lead (Pb) mg/l metric Dissolved oxygen(DO) mg/l Titration and Electro-photometric Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mg/l K2Cr2O7 Digestion Biological oxygen demand (BOD) mg/l 5 days incubation Total Coli- form CFU/100 ml Membrane filter Fecal Coli- form CFU/100 ml Membrane filter

Samples of bacteriological anal- any parameters that are more affec- ysis were collected into sterilized tive on water quality. Mean values of plain glass bottles. All samples were different physicochemical and biolog- stored in icebox and transported to ical characteristics (Mean ± SD and the National Research Center (Water range) are shown in Table (3). Pollution Research Unit Laborato- 2.3 Statistical analysis ries). The results obtained were also The obtained data were compared against the threshold val- processed statistically using the soft- ues of WHO (2004), National drink- ware SPSS. 16. Standard Deviation ing water quality (NDWQS 2062 SD, the mean, the minimum, the B.S.) and guidelines set by the Euro- maximum and the range values were pean Union (EU). Descriptive statis- determined. tics of the data set are presented in 2.4 Biological characteristics Table (6) and were carried out to Eight stations were chosen for simplify its interpretation and to de- samples of Algae (Figure 3) on basis fine the parameters responsible for of the 4 sites located upstream and the main variability in water quality the other four sites located down- variance (Verma et al., 2012)). Also stream of the existing barrage of the correlation factors for water quality River Nile and around the project parameters were determined to reveal site. much more about the combination of

43 Thabet and Atif 2014

Table (2): shows the sampling locations and GPS coordinates Long. E Lat. N Location No. 1.5 km upstream of existing barrage 31○ 11′ 34″ 27○ 11′ 21″ S In the east side of the river 1 1.5 upstream of existing barrage in 31○ 11′ 42″ 27○ 11′ 25″ S West side of the river 2 1 km upstream of existing barrage 31○ 11′ 28″ 27○ 11′ 34″ S In the east side of the river 3 1km upstream of existing barrage 31○ 11′ 35″ 27○ 11′ 40″ S In the west side of the river Nile 4 1.6 km downstream of Assuit new bar- 31○ 11′ 32″ 27○ 12′ 58″ S rage, in the west side 5 3 km downstream of Assuit new bar- 31○ 9′ 53″ 27○ 12′ 58″ S rage 6 1.4 km downstream of Assuit barrage, 31○ 10′ 34″ 27○ 12′ 35″ S west side 7 1 km downstream of new Assuit bar- 31○ 10′ 51″ 27 ○ 12′ 28″ S rage, east side 8

Global Position System (GPS) device (Garmin 62s) was used to define the coordinates of these sites as shown in Table (2).

Figure (3): A map showing the project site and water sample locations 3.Results and Discussions temperature of water in streams and 3.1 Physicochemical Parameters rivers through out the worldvaries 3.1.1 Temperature from 0 to 35 OC.The temperatures of Temperature of surface water water affects some of the important around the project of the New Assiut physical properties and characteristics Barrage and its Hydropower station of water: thermal capacity, density, varies from 23.8 OC to 27.6 OC with specific weight, viscosity, surface an average value of 25.7 OC as shown tension, specific conductivity, salinity in Table (4). The average value lies and solubility of dissolved gases and within the allowable levels where etc. (Mustafa and Aris, 2011). Chem-

44 Assiut J. Agric. Sci., (45) No. (5) 2014 (39-52) ical and biological reaction rates in- mg/l with an average value of 135 crease with increasing temperature. mg/l showing a moderately hardness Reaction rates usually assumed to as indicated in Table (4). The slight double for an increase in temperature increase of hardness can be interprted of 10 °C. by the dissolved solids from 3.1.2 pH construction works and the industrial Acidity indicates the corrosive- wastewater resulting from washing ness of acidic water on steel, concrete sand and gravel and releasesinto the and other materials. The average river water.Hardness is correlated value of p H was 8.3 where it varies with TDS (Total dissolved solids). It in water sample analysis from 8.1 to represents total concentration of 8.5 and not exceeded the limits (6.8- Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, and is reported in 2+ 8.5) stated by the USEPA and the equivalent CaCO3. Other ions (Fe ) standards suggested by the Egyptian may also contribute. Hardness ex- law48/1982 (pH= 7.8). pressed as mg/L CaCO3 is used to 3.1.3 Total Hardness classify waters from "soft" to "very The total hardness in surface hard". This classification is summa- water samples ranged from 130-140 rized in Table (3).

Table (3): Hardness Concentration and Classification of Natural water (Hem, 1971)

Hardness as mg/L Classification 0-60 Soft 61-120 Moderately hard 121-180 Hard >180 Very hard

Hardness observed for streams by the Egyptian law 48/1982 (500 and rivers throughout the world mg/l), and also less than the value ranges between 1 to 1000 mg/l. Typi- suggested by USEPA (500mg/l).Total cal concentrations are 47 mg/l to 74 dissolved solids (TDS) are a measure mg/l CaCO3 (WHO, 2004).Hardness of salt dissolved in a water sample is an indicator to industry of potential after removal of suspended solids. precipitation of calcium carbonates in TDS is residue remaining after eva- cooling towers and boilers, interfe- poration of the water. The TDS load rence with soaps and dyes in cleaning carried in streams throughout the and textile industries and with emul- world has been estimated by Tcgoba- sifiers in photographic development. noglous (1985) to 120 Hard water is less corrosive than soft. mg/L.Turbidity is a measure of the Treatment usually left to consumer light-transmitting properties of water (domestic, industrial, etc.) depending and is comprised of suspended and on needs. colloidal material. It is important for 3.1.4 Total Dissolved Solids health and aesthetic reasons. The mean value of total The concentration of total dis- dissolved solids TDS was 183.5 mg/l solved solids (TDS) is related to elec- , less than the permissible level stated trical conductivity (EC; µS/cm) or

45 Thabet and Atif 2014 specific conductance. The conductivi- 7.8 mg/l with average value of 7.7 ty measures the capacity of water to mg/l as shown in Table (4).Typical transmit electrical current. The con- dissolved oxygen concentrations ob- ductivity is a relative term and the served in streams and rivers through- relationship between the TDS con- out the world are 3 to 9 mg/l. The ob- centration and conductivity is unique served range of dissolved oxygen to a given water sample and in a spe- concentrations is 0 mg/L (anoxic cific TDS concentration range. The conditions) to 19 mg/L (supersatu- conductivity increases as the concen- rated conditions).Dissolved oxygen is tration of TDS increase. TDS and important in natural water because conductivity affect the water sample many microorganisms and fish re- and the solubility of slightly soluble quire it in aquatic system. Dissolved compounds and gases in water (e.g. oxygen also establishes an aerobic CaCO3, and O2). In general, the cor- environment in which oxidized forms rosiveness of the water increases as of many constituents in water are TDS and EC increase, assuming other predominant. Under anoxic condi- variables are kept constant. tions in water, reduced forms of 3.1.5 Electrical Conductivity chemical species are formed and fre- The value of electrical quently lead to the release of undesir- conductivity EC varies from 285 to able odors in water (Wahaab and 330 µS/cm with an average value of Badway, 2004).Thus the study now 317.8 µS/cm. EC is the measure of focuses to identify impacts on river cations and anions in water samples water quality regarding physicochem- and shows the concentration of ical and biological characteristics dissolved salts which it contributes in making a comparative analysis with prediction of water quality. The the studies of the Environmental Im- Egyptian law 48/1982 for River Nile pact Assessment will be carried out Protection from Pollution stated that during operational phase of the the EC> 5 µS/cm, where the Food project.It is revealed that most and Agriculture Organization FAO physico-chemical parameters are suggested the value of EC to be < 3 coincide with permissible levels for µS/cm. water drinking according to 3.1.6 Dissolved Oxygen guidelines stated by the WHO or The measured values of USEPA for water quality assessment. dissolved oxygen varies from 7.6 to

46 Assiut J. Agric. Sci., (45) No. (5) 2014 (39-52)

Table (4): Statistical analysis of physico-chemical parameters

Parameter Min. Max. Mean SD Range pH 8.1 8.5 8.3 0.28 8.1- 8.5 EC 285 330 317.3 31.8 285- 330 T (○C) 23.8 27.6 25.7 0.68 23.8- 27.6 TDS 175 192 183.5 12.02 175- 192 DO 7.6 7.8 7.7 0.14 7.6- 7.8

HCO3 130 140 135 7.07 130- 140 2- SO4 0.3 29 20 7.4 0.3- 29 Cl- 14 20 16.4 1.0 14- 20 COD 18 21 19.5 2.12 18- 21 Ca 24 28 26 2.82 24- 28 Mg 12 16.7 14.4 3.32 12- 16.7 K 5 5.1 5.05 0.07 5- 5.1 Na 30 35.6 32.15 3.23 30- 35.6

3.1.7 Chemical Oxygen De- can help inhibit corrosion of the met- mand al. However, excessive accumulation Measurements of water quality of CaCO3 in boilers, hot water heater, samples of surface water showed that heat exchangers and associated pip- Chemical Oxygen Demand COD ing affects heat transfer and could reached the value of 19.5 mg/l and lead to plugging of the piping. How- varies from 18 to 21 mg/l. The allow- ever, calcium concentrations of 40 to able level for COD stated by the law 120 mg/l are more common (Tandale 48/1982 is < 10- 15. The slight in- and Mujawar, 2014). crease in the measured values is due Magnesium is not abundant in to consumption of oxygen taken up rocks as calcium. Therefore, although by aquatic organisms in water to di- magnesium salts are more soluble gest the organic matter released from than calcium, less magnesium is construction works. found in surface water. The concen- 3.1.8 Major Cations tration of value of magnesium The major cationswere found in reached 14.4 mgl as have been men- surface water samples of calcium tioned above, but distribution of Ca2+, magnesium Mg2+, sodium Na+ magnesium cations in water samples and K+ with the average value of 26, ranges from 12to 16.7 mg/l and so- 14.4, 32.15 and 5.05 mg/l respective- dium and potassium varies from 30 to ly. Calcium is the most prevalent ca- 35.6 and 5 to 5.1 mg/l respectively. tion in water where it varies from 24 3.1.9 Major Anions to 28 mg/l and second inorganic ion The average values of chloride, to bicarbonate in most surface water. sulfate, bicarbonate and nitrate anions Calcium is considered the primary were 16, 14.6, 135 and 0.76 mg/l re- constituent of water hardness and spectively, as shown in table 4. Bi- - precipitates as CaCO3 in iron and carbonate HCO3 is the principal steel pipes. A thin layer of CaCO3 anion found in natural water. These

47 Thabet and Atif 2014 ions are very important in the carbo- tics of water (taste, smell and etc.) nate system, which provides a buffer and on the other hand has destructive capacity to natural water and is re- influence upon human consumption. sponsible in a great measure for the The measured value of sulfates was alkalinity of water.One source of bi- 14.6 mg/l and it varies from 25 to 29 - carbonate ions HCO3 in surface wa- mg/l in water samples. The concen- 2- ter is the dissociation of carbonic acid tration of sulfate anions SO4 fluc- H2 CO3 that is formed when carbon tuates in a wide range in surface wa- dioxide CO2 from the atmosphere, or ter from 5 to 60 mg/l (Tandale and from animals (e.g. fish) and bacterial Mujawar, 2014). respiration, dissolves in water. The measured value of nitrates - In addition to bicarbonate NO3 in surface water around the New anions, such as chloride Cl-, sulfates Assiut Barrage and its Hydropower 2- - SO4 and nitrates NO3 are common- Plant was 0.79 mg/l, but the nitrate ly found in surface water. These distribution in water area under inves- anions are released during the disso- tigation varies from 0.06 to 2 mg/l. - lution and dissociation of common Nitrate anions NO3 are found in sur- salt deposits in geologic formation. face water as a result of bacteriologi- The value of chlorides measured in cal oxidation of nitrogenous materials water samples ranged from 14 to 20 in soil. That is why the concentration mg/l, with an average value of 16.4 of these anions rapidly increases in mg/l. The concentration of chloride summer when the process of nitrifica- anions Cl- determines the water quali- tion takes place very intensively. ty because the quality of water was Another important source for dress- mg/l, where the worse after increasing of the surface water with nitrate ing in the concentration of these anions is precipitation, which absorb anions which limit possibilities of us- nitric oxides and convert them into ing of natural water for different pur- nitric acid. A great deal of nitrate poses (household, agriculture, indus- anions enters in surface water togeth- try and etc.). Principal source of chlo- er with domestic water and water ride anions Cl- in surface water are from industry, agriculture and etc magmatic rock formations that in- (Jena et al., 2013). Nitrate anions are clude chlorine- content minerals. The one of the indicators for the degree of second source of this anions is Ward the pollution with organic nitrate- Ocean from where a considerably content substances. amount of chloride anions enter in the 3.1.10 Correlation Coefficient atmosphere. From atmosphere chlo- The correlation coefficients of ride anions Cl- enter the surface water physicochemical parameters of wa- in result of interaction between preci- ter samples were calculated and de- pitation and soil. picted in Table (5).It was found that 2+ The sulfate anions SO4 are there is a significant correlation in the frequently found in surface water as following systems: EC- TDS(r=0.98), the results of the substances from Na- TO (r=0.60), TO- Ca (r=0.89), plant and animal origin. The increase TDS- Na (r=0.56) , NO3- Mg (r=0.78) concentration of the sulfate anions, at and HCO3- SO4 ( r=0.77) etc. It can one hand brings about change for the be concluded that the total dissolved worse of some physical characteris- solids in presence of raised tempera-

48 Assiut J. Agric. Sci., (45) No. (5) 2014 (39-52) ture, may enhance the solubility of crease in salinity of water.So working particles to give more turbidity to the in rivers and lakes requires more water system. This deteriorates water strict regulations for dust release in supply intake and pumps of irrigation waters. Table (5) shows the correla- system. Also its have been noted tion coefficients of physico-chemical from statistical analysis that EC properties. present in water with high level leads to dissolve of water salts giving in-

Table (5): Correlation coefficients of physico-chemical parameter

○ pH EC T C TDS DO HCO3 COD Ca Mg K Na SO4 NO3 pH 1 -0.6 -0.10 -0.72 0.059 0.60 0.36 -0.23 -0.19 -0.83 -0.02 0.14 0.35 EC 1 -0.18 0.98 -0.24 -0.73 0.32 -0.014 0.079 0.27 0.60 -0.60 0.16 T ○C 1 -0.12 0.41 -0.10 0.29 0.89 -0.77 -0.20 -0.29 0.34 -0.99 TDS 1 -0.32 -0.70 0.21 -0.05 0.03 0.40 0.56 -0.45 0.10 DO 1 0.11 0.11 0.30 -0.22 -0.2 -0.22 -0.66 -0.4

HCO3 1 0.31 -0.50 -0.15 -0.33 0.02 0.77 0.11 COD 1 0.35 -0.55 -0.75 0.39 -0.7 -0.30 Ca 1 0.53 -0.02 -0.49 -0.60 -0.84 Mg 1 0.52 -013 0.08 0.78 K 1 -0.28 -0.23 0.2 Na 1 -0.05 0.28

SO4 1 0.35

NO3 1

Table (6): Biological properties and their statistical analysis Parameters & Date Total green algal Diatoms Chlorophyll 1/1/2014 3955 3933 13.5 1/2/2014 972 885 1.78 1/3/2014 246 211 1.78 1/4/2014 791 307 17.4 1/5/2014 4863 4546 11.7 1/6/2014 3300 2700 12.4* 1/7/2014 2605 860 18.3 1/8/2014 3404 2700 17.6 1/9/2014 820 3404 10.9 1/10/2014 370 704 17.2 1/11/2014 2113 808 18.6 1/12/2014 995 2115 20.1 Min. 995 2115 13.5 Max. 3955 3933 20.1 Mean 2475 3024 16.8 SD 20.039 12.85 4.66

49 Thabet and Atif 2014

3.2 Biological Characteristics waters leads to more turbidity in wa- Biological characteristics of water systems. ter samples surrounding the project of Acknowledgement the new Asyut barrage and its hydro- The authors would like to ex- power plant were studied and it was press their deep gratitude toMr. Karl found an abundance of green algal ShwarzAndritz Hydro Contractor count, blue – green algal and diatoms. Representative (Austria) and to Eng. This enrichment is due to dissolved Ahmed Saied, the Executive Manager of organic species and phosphorus of Hideleco (Egypt). Also thanks are and nitrogen as nutrients of micro- extended to Ministry of Irrigation and organisms. Table (6) shows the re- Water Resources, especially for sults of different algal counts in water Eng.Abdel- Rahiemthe General Man- samples. ager of Safety and Environmental Conclusion: Studies of RGBSfor their sincere co- This study is an attempt to eva- operation during preparing this work. luate the water quality in the River References: Nile around the New Assuit Barrage .Alobeidy, A-H., M., Abid, H.S., and its Hydroelectric Station using Maulood, B.K. (2010). Applica- analysis of the physicochemical and tion of water quality index for biological characteristics. The follow- assessment of Dokan Lake Eco- ing points were concluded: system, Kurdistan Region, 1. The physicochemical parameters Iraq.Journal of Water Resources measured of the surface water up- and Protection, 2, 792- 798. stream and downstream of the bar- Batisha, A.F. (2007). Water quality rages lie within the permissible limits analysis of water structures according to the Article (49) of de- projects. Case study: New Ne- cree No. 92/ 2013 of law 48 of 1982 gaHamadi Barrage in Egypt. on the protection of the River Nile Eleventh International Water from pollution. Technology Conference, IWTC 2. In some points of the investigated 2007Sharm El-Shiekh, Egypt area observed that the clarity of water 1009. has impaired due to turbidity, TDS, Bhatt, R.P., Khanal, S.N., and and TSS resulting from project con- Maskey, R. K. (2011). Water struction works. This situation is quality impacts of hydropower lasted through settlement of debris project operation in Bhotekoshi and dilution of the river but for the river basin Sindhlpalchowk suspended particles it may travel to District in Nepal. International long distances downstream across the Journal of Plant, Animal and river. Environmental Sciences,1(1): 3. Algal counts increase in water 88- 101. body due to the solubility of nutrients Chindeu, S.N., Nwinyi, O.C., Oluwa- of organic species and this may leads damisi, A.Y. and Eze, V.N. to eutrophication and increase con- (2011).Assessment of water sumption of the dissolved oxygen and quality in Canaanland, Ota, this deteriorates the aquatic organ- Southwest Nigeria. Agri. BIOL. isms. Also the abundance of algae in J. N. AM, 2(4): 577- 583.

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El- Ayouti, A. and Abo- Ali, H. tra.International Journal of Re- (2013).Spatial heterogeneity of search in Engineering and the Nile water quality in Technology, 3(4). Egypt.Journal of Environmental Tcgobanoglous, G., Schroeder, and Statistics, 4(8). Edward, D. (1985). Water quali- Hem (1971). The chemistry of hete- ty: Characteristics, Modeling, rocyclic compounds, Quinazo- Modification, Prentice Hall, lines: Supplement 1. John Wiley U.S., 1985. and Sons, U.S., Ch.2, pp. 151- Verma, O., Khanan, B. and Skula, S. 160. (2012). Determination of phys- Jena, V., Dixit, S. and Gupta, S. ic- chemical characteristics of (2013).Assessment of water four canals of Allahabad region quality index of industrial area and its suitability for irrigation. surface water samples. Interna- Advances in Applied Science tional Journal of Chem Tech re- Research, 3(3): 1531- 1537. search ,5(1): 278- 283. Verma, o., Khanan, B. and Skula, S. Mahananda, M.R., Mohanty, B.P. and (2012).Determination of physic- Behera, N.R. (2010).Physico- chemical characteristics of four chemical analysis of surface and canals of Allahabad region and ground water of Baragarh Dis- its suitability for irrigation. Ad- trict, Orissa, India. IJRRAS,2(3) vances in Applied Science Re- Mustapha, A., and Aris, A.Z. search, 3(3): 1531- 1537. (2011).Spatial aspect of surface Wahaab, R.A. and Badway, M. water quality using chemome- (2004). Water quality assess- tric analysis. Journal of Applied ment of the River Nile system: Sciences in Environmental Sani- An overview. Biomedical and tation, 6(4): 411- 426. Environmental Sciences, 17, 87- Tandale, S.M. and Mujawar, H.A. 100. (2014).Assessment of surface WHO (2004).Guidelines for drinking water quality in the vicinity of water quality, 3rdedn, Vol. 1, an industrial area near village Recommendation, Geneva, Datav of Raigad, Maharash- 515pp.

51 Thabet and Atif 2014

ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺤﻭل ﻜﻭﺒﺭﻯ ﺃﺴﻴﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﻤﺤﻁﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻭﻤﺎﺌﻴﻪ

ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻁﻪ١ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻁﻑ ﺍﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎ ﺍﺤﻤﺩ٢ ١ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ- ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﺴﻴﻭﻁ ٢ﻋﻤﻴﺩ ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﺴﻴﻭﻁ – ﻤﺼﺭ

ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ: ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺀ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻜﻭﺒﺭﻯ ﺍﺴﻴﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﻤﺤﻁﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻭﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻤـﺎﻴﻭ ٢٠١٢ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﺢ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻓـﻰ ﺩﻴﺴـﻤﺒﺭ ٢٠١٧ ، ﻭﻴﻌـﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﺤـﺩ ﺍﻫـﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸـﺭﻭﻉ ٣٢ ﻤﻴﺠﺎ ﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﻀﺦ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﻜﺎﻥ ، ﻭﻓﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ١٦٦٩ ، ﻭﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻭﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻫـﻰ ﺍﻻﺱ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻰ ، ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺒﺔ ، ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﺓ ، ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺌﺏ ، ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻰ ، ﻋﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴـﺏ ٨,٣، ١٨٣,٥، ٣١٧,٣ ، ٧,٧ ، ١٩,٥ ، ١٣٥ ، ٢٥,٧ﻤﺠﻡ/ ﻡ٣ ﻭﺘﻤـﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻬـﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺤـﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻯ ٤٨/ ١٩٨٢ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻠـﻭﺙ ، ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺤـﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻰ ، ﻭﺨﻠﺼﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺭﻭﻉ ﻤﻨﺎﺴـﺒﺔ ﻻﻗﺎﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻴـﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺜـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل.