DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effect of the High Aswan Dam on the Hydrological Regime of the River Nile

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The influence of man on the hydrological regime with special reference to representative and experimental basins — L'influence de l'homme sur le régime hydrologique avec référence particulière aux études sur les bassins représentatifs et expérimentaux (Proceedings of the Helsinki Symposium, June 1980; Actes du Colloque d'Helsinki, juin 1980): IAHS-AISHPubl.no. 130. The effect of the High Aswan Dam on the hydrological regime of the River Nile S. SHALASH Research Institute of High Dam Side Effects, Cairo, Egypt Abstract. Results from the many theoretical studies undertaken since 1954 to determine the magnitude and rate of degradation, and the effect of the degradation on hydraulic structures on the Nile below the High Aswan Dam, have varied widely. In this paper four methods are used to find the actual degradation, and drop in water levels and bed levels between 1964 and 1978, to assess the effect of the High Aswan Dam on the hydrological regime and the hydraulic structures. Effet du grand barrage d'Assouan sur le régime hydrologique du NU Résumé. De nombreuses études théoriques ont été entreprises depuis 1954 pour déterminer l'ampleur et la vitesse de dégradation ainsi que les effets de la dégradation sur les structures hydrauliques du Nil à l'aval du grand barrage d*Assouan et les résultats de ces études varient largement. Dans cette communication quatre méthodes ont été utilisées pour déterminer la dégradation actuelle ainsi que la baisse des niveaux de l'eau et du niveau du Ut entre 1964 et 1968, pour déterminer l'effet du grand barrage d'Assouan sur le régime hydrologique et les aménagements hydrauliques. INTRODUCTION Before the construction of any dam across its channel the River Nile was in a state of equilibrium. The natural hydrological regime of the Nile has two main features - a low clear flow and a flood flow loaded with suspended matter which lasts for four months every year. In order to introduce perennial irrigation for crop production, the Nile from Aswan to the Delta Barrage (see Fig. 1) was partially controlled by means of medium head dams and a series of low head regulators. These hydraulic structures were designed in such a way so as not to disturb the natural hydrological regime of the river. This state continued until 1960^1969 when the High Aswan Dam was constructed. Long ago, during the Napoleonic era, French scientists estimated that the deposited suspended matter annually on the river bed was equivalent to 1.0 mm. Recent studies by the Hydrological Survey of Egypt confirmed this figure and found that the thick­ ness equals 0.9 mm (equivalent to 1.2 million tons). The mean annual weight of suspended load carried by the river channel was 124 x 106 tons. The main problem before the dam was built was the deposition of suspended matter in waterways throughout Egypt. Since the construction of the dam, 98 per cent of the total suspended load carried by the flood, is being deposited upstream from the dam. As a result of this change in the river's regime, degradation phenomena began to appear downstream. The International Committee of Consultants, which had been called to examine the High Aswan Dam project, drew attention to the degradation problem and its effect on the major hydraulic structures downstream from the dam in their report in 1954. Ever since the degradation problem was first mentioned in 1954, and even before the start of construction of the High Aswan Dam, many scientists have tried to solve this problem. Unfortunately, results have not been consistent. Some experts even gave a timetable for the degradation process. After 14 years of operation of the High Aswan Dam, however, field methods of 244 Effect of the High Aswan Dam on the Nile 245 - As»/*?? Dj/r> 1 M£D/r£&&;4/V£4A/ S£s4 —i m H43 _^ £*M-3_$ T // S3 I Ic3j ! "5 v^ 0 DfiTj\ 8,AX&&£ SAB stir *:*«/= ,s<=P- \ t. c/J/ & fori™.,/ Pumps ->7 P. a. i i 4PunpSéej3!PV, •' t_ ^^t/' 528 •4swdn Djm "* 2- 4^ Corr/enfs of The tëcstrrya//- It* /aox/o'/v3 | S V ° I ^:% * *- ? I Bovnct-'ry Scfaecn £syp* 4 /As Si/ad/r 3/5 —I 3S/- ! i I FIGURE 1. Principal irrigation works on the Nile. actual degradation showed the situation was quite different from that thought previously. NILE CHANNEL The River Nile, along the 946 km of the Aswan to the Delta Barrage reach, flows in a northerly direction along a well developed valley (Fig. 1). The old Aswan Dam is the 246 S. Shalash TABLE 1. Name Distance Year of Foundation Head Capa [km] construction [m] [km High Aswan Dam 6.5 S 1969 Sandy HI 164 Aswan Dam 0 1902 Rocky 40 5.5 Esna Barrage 167 N 1908 Sandy 5.0 - Naga-Hammadi Barrage 359 N 1930 Sandy 5.0 - Assiut Barrage 544 N 1902 Sandy 5.0 - Delta Barrage 946 N 1936 Sandy 4.0 - southern boundary and the Delta Barrage is the northern boundary of this reach. Three low head barrages have been constructed within this reach. Brief descriptions are given in Table 1. Three types of river channel can be distinguished between Aswan and the Delta Barrage and are classified as: channel in the valley sides; channel through flood plains, and channel on one side of the valley, mainly the right side. The distinctive features of the three types of river channel are that the channel cross sections have relatively low shape factors, varying between 3.0 and 4.0, and that the degree of channel sinuosity is small and varies between 1.04 and 1.3 HYDROLOGICAL REGIME BEFORE AND AFTER THE HIGH ASWAN DAM Flow The natural hydrological regime of the Nile has two seasons — the flood which begins in early August and lasts until mid-November, and the low flow season which lasts from mid-November to the end of July. Average discharges vary between 10 000 and 11 000 m3/s; minimum discharges vary from 400 to 500 m3/s. The maximum daily discharge was recorded in 1878 and equalled 13 200 m3/s and the minimum daily dis­ charge was 350 m3/s recorded in 1914. The annual average total runoff is given in the Nile Basin Series of volumes (Hurst et al, 1931—1960). The flow at the Aswan Dam equals 84 000 km3. The mean monthly discharges measured downstream of the dam are shown in Table 2 for the recorded periods. The ratio between maximum and minimum natural flow was 15 to 1. The period of construction of the High Aswan Dam lasted from 1960 to 1969, but partial control of the flood flow started in 1964. Full control of the released dis­ charges took place in 1968. Table 2 shows the monthly discharges along the river for the recorded period 1968-1977. After construction of the Aswan Dam, the ratio of maximum to minimum dis­ charges was 10:1, but after the High Aswan Dam the ratio became 2:1. Sediment load During the flood season, large quantities of fine sediment accompanies the flow and is carried mainly in suspension. The annual average total sediment load which passed Aswan equals 124 x 106 tons. Monthly records of sediment concentration and weight during the recorded period are shown in Table 3. The maximum daily sediment concentration was 4000 ppm and the minimum concentration was 25 ppm, i.e. the ratio was 160:1. From mechanical analysis the sediment matter was found to consist of 25—40 per cent fine sand, 35 per cent silt, 0.15—0.33 mm in diameter. The specific weight of sediment in water equals 1.5—1.6 t/m3. After the construction of the High Aswan Dam, 97 per cent of the total sediment load was deposited upstream from the dam. The concentration of suspended matter Effect of the High Aswan Dam on the Nile 247 ro in in M-) *»< U-> tN »-l .-4 o> «n •* -< o m 00 *£> 10 *-« •E in o O c on r-« •—I < XI o X a 5 5 s^» 0 <*-, <=, o •Si <-> i£ <N r-- « vo t- W C »-< r-1 w Q i ^ i 1 -) 32 S M 00 CO <; S O- Os < H ^2 Q -.-i 248 S. Shalash in downstream flow varies between 25 and 40 ppm during the year. Table 3 shows mean monthly sediment concentrations. Clay disappeared from the sediment load which consisted of 35 per cent silt and 65 per cent very fine sand, with average dia­ meter equal to 0.03 mm. DEGRADATION Before the construction of the High Aswan Dam, a layer of suspended matter used to be deposited annually on top of the river bed. After building the high dam, a large lake was created upstream and the flow discharged was almost free from suspended load. This flow, downstream of the dam, started to regain its natural equilibrium through degradation phenomena. Theoretical approach Ten years before regulation took place, many scientists tried to find an answer to three main questions: What was the rate of degradation? What was the ultimate value in the drop of bed and water levels? How long would it be before the equilibrium state was reached? Using available flow and sediment data, some theoretical and empirical equations, as well as taking into consideration the existing control points between Aswan Dam and the Delta Barrage (namely Esna, Naga-Hammadi and Assiut barrages) and using their own experience, they came to the following conclusions. Fathy (1956) used the tractive force equation and his own experience about ultimate river slope and thought the river bed would drop 54.2 m in 86.0 years.
Recommended publications
  • A Short History of Egypt – to About 1970

    A Short History of Egypt – to About 1970

    A Short History of Egypt – to about 1970 Foreword................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 1. Pre-Dynastic Times : Upper and Lower Egypt: The Unification. .. 3 Chapter 2. Chronology of the First Twelve Dynasties. ............................... 5 Chapter 3. The First and Second Dynasties (Archaic Egypt) ....................... 6 Chapter 4. The Third to the Sixth Dynasties (The Old Kingdom): The "Pyramid Age"..................................................................... 8 Chapter 5. The First Intermediate Period (Seventh to Tenth Dynasties)......10 Chapter 6. The Eleventh and Twelfth Dynasties (The Middle Kingdom).......11 Chapter 7. The Second Intermediate Period (about I780-1561 B.C.): The Hyksos. .............................................................................12 Chapter 8. The "New Kingdom" or "Empire" : Eighteenth to Twentieth Dynasties (c.1567-1085 B.C.)...............................................13 Chapter 9. The Decline of the Empire. ...................................................15 Chapter 10. Persian Rule (525-332 B.C.): Conquest by Alexander the Great. 17 Chapter 11. The Early Ptolemies: Alexandria. ...........................................18 Chapter 12. The Later Ptolemies: The Advent of Rome. .............................20 Chapter 13. Cleopatra...........................................................................21 Chapter 14. Egypt under the Roman, and then Byzantine, Empire: Christianity: The Coptic Church.............................................23
  • Irrigation of World Agricultural Lands: Evolution Through the Millennia

    Irrigation of World Agricultural Lands: Evolution Through the Millennia

    water Review Irrigation of World Agricultural Lands: Evolution through the Millennia Andreas N. Angelakιs 1 , Daniele Zaccaria 2,*, Jens Krasilnikoff 3, Miquel Salgot 4, Mohamed Bazza 5, Paolo Roccaro 6, Blanca Jimenez 7, Arun Kumar 8 , Wang Yinghua 9, Alper Baba 10, Jessica Anne Harrison 11, Andrea Garduno-Jimenez 12 and Elias Fereres 13 1 HAO-Demeter, Agricultural Research Institution of Crete, 71300 Iraklion and Union of Hellenic Water Supply and Sewerage Operators, 41222 Larissa, Greece; [email protected] 2 Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, California, CA 95064, USA 3 School of Culture and Society, Department of History and Classical Studies, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; [email protected] 4 Soil Science Unit, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] 5 Formerly at Land and Water Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-FAO, 00153 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 6 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Catania, 2 I-95131 Catania, Italy; [email protected] 7 The Comisión Nacional del Agua in Mexico City, Del. Coyoacán, México 04340, Mexico; [email protected] 8 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India; [email protected] 9 Department of Water Conservancy History, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China; [email protected] 10 Izmir Institute of Technology, Engineering Faculty, Department of Civil
  • Morphological Study of the Nile River Fourth Reach

    Morphological Study of the Nile River Fourth Reach

    Cairo University Faculty of Engineering Irrigation and Hydraulics Department MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE NILE RIVER FOURTH REACH By Dalia Ahmed Fouad Mostafa A Thesis Submitted to Irrigation and Hydraulics Department Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Irrigation and Hydraulics FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, CAIRO UNIVERSITY GIZA, EGYPT 2012 Cairo University Faculty of Engineering Irrigation and Hydraulics Department MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE NILE RIVER FOURTH REACH By Dalia Ahmed Fouad Mostafa A Thesis Submitted to Irrigation and Hydraulics Department Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Irrigation and Hydraulics Under the Supervision of Prof. Dr. Mohamed Sherif El Prof. Dr. Medhat Said Aziz Manadely Director of the Professor of Hydraulics Irrigation and Hydraulics Department Nile Research Institute Faculty of Engineering National Water Research Center FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, CAIRO UNIVERSITY GIZA, EGYPT 2012 Cairo University Faculty of Engineering Irrigation and Hydraulics Department MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE NILE RIVER FOURTH REACH By Dalia Ahmed Fouad Mostafa A Thesis Submitted to Irrigation and Hydraulics Department Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Irrigation and Hydraulics Approved by the Examining Committee Prof. Dr. Mohamed Sherif El Manadely Thesis Main Advisor Professor
  • 2-D Modeling of Flow Dynamics Downstream New Assuit Barrage

    2-D Modeling of Flow Dynamics Downstream New Assuit Barrage

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. 4. No. 3. May, 2012 2-D MODELING OF FLOW DYNAMICS DOWNSTREAM NEW ASSUIT BARRAGE M. B. Ezzat, R. A. Rady, F. S. Fahmy Researcher, National Water Research Center (EGYPT) E-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT To make optimum use of the River Nile water, a decision to construct a new barrage downstream the old Assuit Barrage was taken based on a detailed feasibility study. The impacts of constructing the new Barrage were assessed using the 2-D capabilities of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model “Delft-3D”. The model was calibrated against measured data, precisely velocity distributions from field survey at the Barrage site. The impact of constructing the Barrage on the flow distribution and velocities was then investigated using this model. Model predicted hydrodynamic parameters, without and with the Barrage, were analyzed in detail. The model revealed that the best flow distribution between the left and right branches of Bani-Murr Island is 60% and 40% respectively. In the same context, the velocity comparison between baseline tests and the Barrage’s different operating schemes indicates that the proposed alternatives has almost no effect on the velocity magnitudes or flow distribution at the downstream reach, except for the case of passing 1000 m3/s through the powerhouse with equal flow distribution between Bani-Murr Island branches. Key words: Barrage; 2-D Modeling; Velocity Distribution 1. INTRODUCTION Water resources management in Egypt depends on a complex set of infrastructure along the entire length of the river. The key element of this infrastructure is the High Aswan Dam (HAD) that forms Lake Nasser.
  • The Value of the High Aswan Dam to the Egyptian Economy

    The Value of the High Aswan Dam to the Egyptian Economy

    ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS 66 (2008) 117– 126 available at www.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/ecolecon The value of the high Aswan Dam to the Egyptian economy Kenneth M. Strzepeka,b,c, Gary W. Yohed, Richard S.J. Tole,f,g,⁎, Mark W. Rosegrantb aDepartment of Civil Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA bInternational Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA cInternational Max Planck Research School of Earth System Modelling, Hamburg, Germany dDepartment of Economics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA eEconomic and Social Research Institute, Dublin, Ireland fInstitute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands gDepartment of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The High Aswan Dam converted a variable and uncertain flow of Nile river water into a Received 21 November 2006 predictable and controllable water supply stored in Lake Nasser. We use a computable Received in revised form 3 June 2007 general equilibrium model of the Egyptian economy to estimate the economic impact of the Accepted 26 August 2007 High Aswan Dam. We compare the actual 1997 economy to the 1997 economy as it would Available online 25 October 2007 have been if historical pre-dam Nile flows (drawn from a 72 year portrait) had applied (i.e., the Dam had not been built). The steady water supply sustained by the High Aswan Dam Keywords: increased transport productivity, and year round availability of predictable and adequate Egypt water sustained a shift towards more valuable summer crops. These static effects are worth High Aswan Dam EGP 4.9 billion.
  • No. 6519 UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC RÉPUBLIQUE ARABE UNIE Et

    No. 6519 UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC RÉPUBLIQUE ARABE UNIE Et

    No. 6519 UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC and SUDAN Agreement (with annexes) for the full utilization of the Nile waters. Signed at Cairo, on 8 November 1959 Official text: Arabic. Registered by the United Arab Republic on 7 February 1963. RÉPUBLIQUE ARABE UNIE et SOUDAN Accord (avec annexes) relatif à la pleine utilisation des eaux du Nil. Signé au Caire, le 8 novembre 1959 Texte officiel arabe. Enregistré par la République arabe unie le 7 février 1963. 64 United Nations — Treaty Series 1963 [TRANSLATION 1 TRADUCTION 2] No. 6519. AGREEMENT 3 BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF THE SUDAN AND THE UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC FOR THE FULL UTILIZATION OF THE NILE WATERS. SIGNED AT CAIRO, ON 8 NOVEMBER 1959 As the River Nile needs projects, for its full control and for increasing its yield for the full utilization of its waters by the Republic of the Sudan and the United Arab Republic on technical working arrangements other than those now applied : And as these works require for their execution and administration, full agreement and co-operation between the two Republics in order to regulate their benefits and utilize the Nile waters in a manner which secures the present and future requirements of the two countries : And as the Nile waters Agreement concluded in 1929* provided only for the partial use of the Nile waters and did not extend to include a complete control of the River waters, the two Republics have agreed on the following : First THE PRESENT ACQUIRED RIGHTS 1. That the amount of the Nile waters used by the United Arab Republic until this Agreement is signed shall be her acquired right before obtaining the benefits of the Nile Control Projects and the projects which will increase its yield and which projects are referred to in this Agreement ; The total of this acquired right is 48 Mil liards of cubic meters per year as measured at Aswan.
  • Agriculture in Egypt from Pharaonic to Modern Times

    Agriculture in Egypt from Pharaonic to Modern Times

    I 1 Agriculture in Egypt from Pharaonic to Modern Times ALAN K. BOWMAN AND EUGENE ROGAN Land, Resources, Population EVEN IN THE EARLIEST Written records, Egypt was an ancient land. It was so for Herodotus, whose Greece of the fifth century BCE was by comparison a new world, as it was for the Graeco-Roman geographer Strabo writing early in the first century of the common era. The antiquity of cultivation and prodigious fertility cyclically renewed by the annual flood of the Nile, has given rise to the modern myth of ‘eternal Egypt’, as a timeless and unchanging land inhabited by a toiling and fatalistic peasantry. It is easy even in the 1990s to stand on the banks of the Nile, to observe the rectangular plots of land, the primitive methods of irrigation, the continued reliance on animal power and basic tools and to aver that agrarian life in Egypt has changed little since Pharaonic times. Were this the case, there would be little to interest scholars of different periods in reading a collection of essays on the agricultural organisation of Egypt. This is not our view. For us -to paraphrase Braudel’s encapsulation of the longue dur& in the Mediterranean-the Nile speaks with many voices; it is a sum of individual histories. As diverse as the voices of the inhabitants who have lived out Egypt’s history, the rural history of Egypt is one of dynamism and change, united by geography and the basic factors of production: land, water, labour, tools and seed. The geography of Egypt is the fundamental unifying factor of agricultural his- tory, though obviously not in itself unchanging.
  • 6 Large Temple of Abu Simbel, Egypt, Built

    6 Large Temple of Abu Simbel, Egypt, Built

    Large temple of Abu Simbel, Egypt, built ca. 1264 –1244 BCE, reconstructed 1960 –1968 CE. Photograph of re-inauguration day, September 22, 1968, by Torgny Säve-Söderbergh. 6 Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/GREY_a_00094 by guest on 01 October 2021 Integrities: The Salvage of Abu Simbel LUCIA ALLAIS In 1965, British architectural historian and technologY enthusiast ReYner Banham Wrote a letter to a preserVationist Who had asked him to interVene against the demolition of the Reliance Building in Chicago. “The daY You find me speaking up for the preserVation of anY building WhatsoeVer,” Banham Wrote, “send floWers, the neXt stage Will be the general paralYsis of the insane.” Banham refused to engage in What he called “idiotic preserVationist panics” for fear of being subjected to similar requests from “eVerY crackpot period group and broken-doWn countrY-house oWner in England.” 1 But he could also haVe aimed his sarcasm at preserVationists With much more cos - mopolitan tastes. In 1965, after all, Le Corbusier’s Villa SaVoYe Was declared a national historic monument in France, thanks in part to an international adVocacY campaign bY modernist architects and historians, including Siegfried Giedion. 2 The mid-1960s constitutes something of a historical turn - ing point, When a WaVe of ferVor sWept up architects and architectural histo - rians of eVerY allegiance across Europe and North America, and transformed architectural preserVation from a fringe moVement into a mainstream political cause. A feW dates serVe to eVidence this shift. In 1963, architects (including Philip Johnson) joined urban actiVists (including Jane Jacobs) to protest the demolition of NeW York’s Penn Station.
  • Assessing the Impact of the Aswan High Dam on Archaeological Monuments in Egypt

    Assessing the Impact of the Aswan High Dam on Archaeological Monuments in Egypt

    Assessing the Impact of the Aswan High Dam on Archaeological Monuments in Egypt By Miss Kelly A. Neher (Dr. Steven Derfler, faculty sponsor), Department of Art, University of Wisconsin - River Falls, 410 South Third Street, River Falls, WI 54022 Research Abstract Tragic Losses for the History of Humanity During the 1950ʼs, the Egyptian government faced a period of rapid population increase and economic instability. While under intense 1879 High fl oods cause signifi cant damage The Nile Valley is home to the cradle of civilization, the beginnings of humanity as we know it. Here we fi nd the end of a hunter-gatherer society and the transition to an political pressure, President Nasser began searching for a means to independently increase production of national agriculture, energy, agriculturally sustained community, the development of metallurgy, and the start of monotheistic religion. Nearly half of the worldʼs ancient antiquities have been found and associated manufacturing. In the 1960ʼs, the Soviet Union aided the country in constructing the Aswan High Dam along the Nile in Egypt, outlining thousands of years worth of human evolution. Through the study of these artifacts, archaeologists and anthropologists painstakingly piece together the River to regulate agricultural irrigation systems and produce hydroelectric power. What effect has this had on Egypt and its expanse of answers to historyʼs questions: where did we come from, where are we going, and why are we here? The Aswan High Dam has threatened the pursuit of these questions. archaeological treasures? This study witnesses the obliteration of countless artifacts and monuments, the destructive effects of increasing 1902 British complete Aswan Dam salinity on remaining sites, as well as other social, ecological, and agricultural consequences.
  • The Nile Basin and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

    The Nile Basin and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

    Water Urbanism in Transboundary Regions: The Nile Basin and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Irina Grcheva Thesis submitted to obtain the degree of Master of Science in Human Settlements Supervisor: Prof. dr. Bruno De Meulder Academic Year 2015 - 2016 © Copyright by KU Leuven Zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van zowel de promoter(en) als de auteur(s) is overnemen, kopiëren, gebruiken of realiseren van deze uitgave of gedeelten ervan verboden. Voor aanvragen tot of informatie i.v.m. het overnemen en/of gebruik en/of realisatie van gedeelten uit deze publicatie, wend u tot de KU Leuven, Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen - Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee (België). Telefoon +32-16-32 13 50 & Fax. +32- 16-32 19 88. Voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de promoter(en) is eveneens vereist voor het aanwenden van de in dit afstudeerwerk beschreven (originele) methoden, producten, schakelingen en programma’s voor industrieel of commercieel nut en voor de inzending van deze publicatie ter deelname aan wetenschappelijke prijzen of wedstrijden. © Copyright by KU Leuven Without written permission of the supervisor(s) and the authors it is forbidden to reproduce or adapt in any form or by any means any part of this publication. Requests for obtaining the right to reproduce or utilize parts of this publication should be addressed to KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Science - Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee (Belgium). Telephone +32-16-32 13 50 & Fax. +32-16-32 19 88. A written permission of the supervisor(s) is also required to use the methods, products, schematics and programs described in this work for industrial or commercial use, and for submitting this publication in scientific contests.
  • The Development of the Egyptian Society Through the History

    The Development of the Egyptian Society Through the History

    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 5, May-2018 5 ISSN 2229-5518 The development of the Egyptian society through the history Ola Hassane Teaching assistant at Tanta University, Post-graduate student at Alexandria University E-mail: [email protected] Abstract— Egypt is the one of the oldest and strongest civilization, if not the oldest one. She was the world leader in all the fields, as medicine and agriculture, attracting immigrants from around the world, creating the Egyptian identity from mixed races, sharing the same culture, traditions, values and beliefs. Egypt had passed through difficult times, as it seemed to magnetize several colonists, yet it always influence other cultures more than she gets affected. It holds on to its identity, which had developed over the time, till it reached a stage of floundering in the last century. In this paper, we will study the Egyptian history, analyze it, trying to understand our societies’ past. Keywords: History, Egypt, society, development, ancient, Islamic, contemporary. —————————— —————————— 1 INTRODUCTION GYPT has the most strategic location centered between natural gas extraction. Tourism industry employs millions of E Europe, Asia, and Africa. It has a documented history of Egyptians, but instability and terrorism disrupted the interna- 5000 years that obviously affected the surrounding civiliza- tional tourism. Goldschmidt, 2008 [1] tions. Since the Islamic history, it has been the leader in the . Geography: Egypt can be divided into five sections, political matter, trading, education, architecture and televi- differing in characteristics: the Nile river valley, the Nile delta, sion. Although in the last few years this image started to the Western desert, the Eastern desert, and the Sinai Peninsula change.
  • Abadah Ibn Al-Samit, 1528 Abadion, Bishop of Antinoopolis, 1551 Abadir

    Abadah Ibn Al-Samit, 1528 Abadion, Bishop of Antinoopolis, 1551 Abadir

    Index Page numbers in boldface indicate a major discussion. Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. A_______________________ Aaron at Philae, Apa, 1955 Ababius, Saint, 1, 2081 ‘Abadah ibn al-Samit, 1528 Abadion, Bishop of Antinoopolis, 1551 Abadir. See Ter and Erai, Saints Abadyus. See Dios, Saint Abamu of Tarnut, Saint, 1, 1551 Abamun of Tukh, Saint, 1-2, 1551 Abarkah. See Eucharistic wine Abba origin of term, 2-3 see also Proestos; specific name inverted Abba Maqarah. See Macarius II ‘Abbas Hilmi I Khedive, 1467,1636, 1692 ‘Abbas Hilmi II, Khedive, 1693, 1694, 1988 Abbasids compared with Umayyad administration, 2287 and Islamization, 937 Tulunid and Ikhshid rule, 2280-2281 Abbaton, 2, 1368, 1619 Abbot, 2-3 hegumenos and, 1216 provost and, 2024 see also Abba; specific names inverted ‘Abdallah, 3 ‘Abdallah Abu al-Su‘ud, 1993 ‘Abdallah ibn Musa, 3-4 ‘Abdallah ibn al-Tayyib, 6, 1777 Vol 1: pp. 1-316. Vol 2: pp. 317-662. Vol.3: pp. 663-1004 Vol 4: pp. 1005-1352. Vol 5: pp. 1353-1690. Vol 6: pp. 1391-2034. Vol 7: pp. 2035-2372 ‘Abdallah Nirqi, 4 evidence of Nubian liturgy at, 1817 example of Byzantine cross-in-square building at, 661 Nubian church art at, 1811-1812 ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, Sultan, 893 ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Marwan (Arab governor of Egypt), 85, 709, 1303 ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Sa‘d al-Din, 5 Abdelsayed, Father Gabriel, 1621 ‘Abd al-Malak, Saint, 840 ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Caliph, 239, 937 ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Musa ibn Nasir, Caliph, 1411 ‘Abd al-Masih (manuscript), 5 ‘Abd al-Masih,Yassa, 1911 doxologies studied by, 1728 ‘Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi, 5 ‘Abd al-Masih al-Isra’ili al-Raqqi, 5-7 ‘Abd al-Masih, known as Ibn Nuh, 7 ‘Abd al-Masih Salib al-Masu‘di, 7, 14, 1461 on Dayr al-Jarnus, 813 on Dayr al-Khadim and Dayr al-Sanquriyyah, 814 on Dayr Sitt Dimyanah, 870, 871 and Iqladiyus Labib, 1302 and Isidhurus, 1307 on Jirjis al-Jawhari al-Khanani, 1334 on monastery of Pisentius, 757 ‘Abd al-Raziq, ‘Ali, 1996 ‘Abd al-Sayyid, Mikha’il, 1465, 1994 ‘Abduh, Muhammad, 1995 Abednego, 1092 Abfiyyah (martyr), 1552 Abgar, King of Edessa, 7-8, 1506 Abib.