DOCSLIB.ORG

Durham E-Theses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Hizbullah's Struggle for Symbolic Power: Creating and Reproducing the Islamic Resistance in Lebanon MOFFATT, CAELUM,ROBERT,MAGUIRE How to cite: MOFFATT, CAELUM,ROBERT,MAGUIRE (2015) Hizbullah's Struggle for Symbolic Power: Creating and Reproducing the Islamic Resistance in Lebanon, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11295/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Hizbullah’s Struggle for Symbolic Power: Creating and Reproducing the Islamic Resistance in Lebanon Caelum Robert Maguire Moffatt Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Sciences School of Government and International Affairs Durham University 2015 1 Abstract This thesis presents an alternative conceptual framework with which to examine the emergence and evolution of Hizbullah in Lebanon. The proliferation of Islamist movements in the Middle East has stimulated scholarly inquiry that seeks to identify and explain episodes of collective action in Muslim societies. Addressing the phenomenon of mobilisation from the respective perspectives of Islamic studies, Area studies or social movement theory (SMT), pre-existing literature remains predominantly characterised by intra-disciplinary dualisms and limited inter- disciplinary engagement. In this context, not only is there a deficiency of consistency concerning the relative influence of agency/structure and culture/ideology in collective action, but Hizbullah, arguably the most effective manifestation of movement mobilisation in the Middle East, is also conceptually under-explored. This research aims to transform these prevailing dichotomies into permanent dialectics by adopting the epistemological and methodological insights developed in Pierre Bourdieu’s ‘Theory of Practice’ as conceptual interlocutors to problematise conventional assumptions in traditional Islamic studies and SMT, to propose a revised Bourdieu-SMT approach for illustrating collective action and to prioritise the application of this holistic lens for assessing the multi-faceted dimensions of Hizbullah’s advancement in Lebanon. Equipped with these analytical tools, this thesis intends to initiate and contribute to an inter-disciplinary discussion on collective action by arguing that a Bourdieu-SMT conceptualisation can assist in explaining the mutually constituted process by which Hizbullah strategically inculcates dispositions and perceptions amongst agents within the parameters of specific fields in Lebanon while concurrently propagating cohesive discourses and practices with the objective of managing the harmonisation of its relational positions across fields that are inherently constituted by differentiated logics. Embedded within a system that internally mitigates against the exclusive exercise of symbolic power, Hizbullah is entrenched in a tautological struggle for opportunities that enable it to balance and enhance the legitimate status of the Islamic Resistance in Lebanon. Cover page contains a graphic commemorating the 2013 anniversary of Hizbullah’s ‘Three Leading Martyrs’. The image shows Imad Mugniyeh (d. 2008), Shaykh Abbas Moussawi (d. 1992) and Shaykh Ragheb Harb (d. 1984) with the phrase ‘On the Road to Palestine’ symbolically sprawled in blood at the bottom (picture obtained from Hizbullah’s Al-Moqawama website). 2 Table of Contents Declaration and Statement of Copyright ................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 6 Note on Transliteration .......................................................................................................... 8 List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 9 Glossary of Selected Bourdieusian Terms ........................................................................... 10 Introduction: Hizbullah in Lebanon ...................................................................................... 13 1. Islamist Movements in the Academic Field(s) .................................................................. 33 1.1 Field Formation and Fragmentation ............................................................................... 35 1.2 Introducing Social Movement Theory ............................................................................ 43 1.3 New Social Movements ................................................................................................. 44 1.4 Political Process Model ................................................................................................. 46 1.5 Collective Action Frames ............................................................................................... 48 1.6 Towards a Synthesis ..................................................................................................... 50 1.7 Misinterpreting Culture .................................................................................................. 52 1.8 Ideology and Religion in SMT ........................................................................................ 55 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 57 2. Introducing Metanoia into Social Movement Theory ........................................................ 60 2.1 A Manuel in Basic Bourdieuese ..................................................................................... 65 2.2 Addressing Culture and Ideology ................................................................................... 72 2.3 Collective Action and Transferability .............................................................................. 78 2.4 Reproduction and Change ............................................................................................. 83 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 88 3. Methodology: Studying (in) Lebanon ............................................................................... 92 3.1 The Struggle for capital in the Academic field ................................................................ 95 3.2 ‘L’Etranger’ (‘The Outsider’): Theoretical and Practical Logics ..................................... 100 3.3 Spotting Field Relationality in Lebanon ........................................................................ 105 3.4 Relational Fields of Practice in Lebanon ...................................................................... 114 3.5 Practising in the Shadow of ‘Al Muamara’.................................................................... 115 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 123 3 4. Locating the Shi’i habitus in the Construction of Lebanon’s Fields ................................. 127 4.1 Shi’i Mobilisation under the Ottoman Empire (1516-1919) ........................................... 133 4.2 Shi’i Mobilisation under Mandate and Independence (1920-1958) .............................. 142 4.3 Shi’i Mobilisation under Musa al-Sadr (1959-1978) ..................................................... 152 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 162 5. The Creation and Positioning of Hizbullah in Lebanon (1982-1991) .............................. 167 5.1 From radical habiti into collusio ................................................................................... 171 5.2 The Construction of Hizbullah’s Organisational Field (OF ) .......................................... 178 5.3 Identifying Hizbullah in the MSF : Islamic Jihad and Islamic Resistance ....................... 192 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 203 6. Infitah and the ‘Lebanonisation’ of Hizbullah (1992-2000) ............................................. 208 6.1 Realigning the Resistance ........................................................................................... 212 6.2 Striving for symbolic capital in the MSF ....................................................................... 225 6.3 The Politics of Resistance ........................................................................................... 235 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 247 7. Reproducing a State of Permanent Resistance (2000-2010) ........................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SECTARIAN MOVEMENT in LEBANON TRANSFORMING from STREET PROTESTS TOWARDS a FULL- FLEDGED POLITICAL MOVEMENT Wetenschappelijke Verhandeling Aantal Woorden: 25.981
    THE EMERGENCE OF THE NON- SECTARIAN MOVEMENT IN LEBANON TRANSFORMING FROM STREET PROTESTS TOWARDS A FULL- FLEDGED POLITICAL MOVEMENT Wetenschappelijke verhandeling Aantal woorden: 25.981 Jesse Waterschoot Stamnummer: 01306668 Promotor: Prof. dr. Christopher Parker Masterproef voorgelegd voor het behalen van de graad master in de richting Politieke Wetenschappen afstudeerrichting Internationale Politiek Academiejaar: 2017-2018 Acknowledgements I would like to thank all the individuals with whom I have discussed this topic. Through its specificity, online information was sometimes hard to find, so I would like to thank every individual in Lebanon that shared information with me. I extend my sincere gratitude to my colleagues at Heinrich Böll Stichtung Beirut, who supported me in my project on the Lebanese elections and shared their insights with me. Without their assistance and contacts in Beirut’s political scene, finishing this dissertation would have been much harder. Whenever I had any question about a Lebanese party, organisation or politician they were happy to provide information. A special acknowledgment must be given to my promotor, Christopher Parker. Through your guidance and advice on this specific topic and support for my internship plans, I was able to complete this dissertation. 3 Abstract Deze Master thesis behandelt de opkomst van de Libanese niet-sektarische beweging. Libanon kent een confessioneel systeem, waarbij de staat en samenleving georganiseerd is op basis van religie. Deze bestuursvorm resulteerde in een politiek-religieuze elite die overheidsdiensten monopoliseerde en herstructureerde om diensten te voorzien aan hun religieuze achterban, in ruil voor hun loyaliteit. Na de burgeroorlog werd dit confessioneel systeem aangepast, maar niet fundamenteel gewijzigd.
    [Show full text]
  • Rebuilding Lebanon by Amine Gemayel
    U.N. Security Council Resolution 338 October 22, 1973 Rebuilding Lebanon by Amine Gemayel Preface The publication at this time of a work advocating the reform of Lebanon's political system and economy may seem paradoxical: Lebanon is still occupied by foreign troops and its sovereignty is in doubt. But such a work is urgently needed to turn the thought of the international community toward Lebanon's reconstruc‐ tion and to give clear direction to the hopes of its citizens, especially its youth. Soon after the inception of the Lebanese war in 1975, I began to think about plans for the reconstruction of my country: its identity, its institutions, and its economy. When the war was at its height in 1978, 1 created the House of the Future, a documentation and research center aimed at building a peaceful future based on dialogue. After being elected President of the Republic in 1982, I set to work to create a new country, mak‐ ing renewal and peace my top priorities. At my request the Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR), a governmental organism created in 1976, undertook research and then worked out plans to finance and set in motion the country's reconstruction. The Lebanese people were eager to participate in the re‐ form, and it received wide‐spread international support. I also undertook a series of initiatives in the politi‐ cal, diplomatic, and economic spheres, in order to guarantee Lebanon's influence in the region as well as revitalize its production and service activities. At the same lime I refused to give in to the regional powers that wanted to reduce Lebanon's sovereignty.
    [Show full text]
  • “Shutting out Hezbollah in Its Entirety Will Destabilize the Lebanese
    CLAIM “Shutting out Hezbollah in its entirety will destabilize the Lebanese government, in which Hezbollah and its allies gained a vast majority of the popular vote in parliamentary elections, making it one of the most effective fighting forces against the Islamic State group.” SHORT RESPONSE HEZBOLLAH IS THE DESTABILIZER IN THE LEBANESE GOVERNMENT AND HAS DONE LITTLE TO DEFEAT THE ISLAMIC STATE. INSTEAD, IT ASPIRES TO BECOME SOMETHING SIMILAR. THE FACTS The struggle to reduce the capabilities of a terrorist organization is ongoing, multi-dimensional, and requires a great deal of determination. A terrorist organization such as Hezbollah, which operates simultaneously as a terrorist organization and within the framework of the Lebanese political system as a “legitimate party,” relies on civilian infrastructure, living spaces, and sources of funding. It carries out profit and loss considerations on an ongoing basis. Reducing Hezbollah’s capabilities and influence must be achieved by exerting pressure on the organization — directly and indirectly. The key to this is international cooperation and the mobilization of political elements in the government to reduce Hezbollah’s power. SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT ON HEZBOLLAH A Joint Project by AJC and the International Institute for Counter-Terrorism KEY DETAILS WHAT DOES IT REALLY MEAN TO Î For years, an alliance between the Christian camp and the DESIGNATE HEZBOLLAH? Sunnis controlled the centers of power in the Lebanese The significance of designating Hezbollah as a terrorist political system. organization primarily derives from the entities that carry Î The assassination of Rafic Hariri, the Syrian withdrawal out the designation. The list of countries that have made the from Lebanon, Hezbollah’s entry into the government, designated Hezbollah a terrorist organization include: and especially the rivalry in the Christian camp led to the consolidation of new political dynamics, including an alliance Israel 1982 between President Michel Aoun from the Christian camp and Hezbollah.
    [Show full text]
  • Lebanon: Managing the Gathering Storm
    LEBANON: MANAGING THE GATHERING STORM Middle East Report N°48 – 5 December 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. A SYSTEM BETWEEN OLD AND NEW.................................................................. 1 A. SETTING THE STAGE: THE ELECTORAL CONTEST..................................................................1 B. THE MEHLIS EFFECT.............................................................................................................5 II. SECTARIANISM AND INTERNATIONALISATION ............................................. 8 A. FROM SYRIAN TUTELAGE TO WESTERN UMBRELLA?............................................................8 B. SHIFTING ALLIANCES..........................................................................................................12 III. THE HIZBOLLAH QUESTION ................................................................................ 16 A. “A NEW PHASE OF CONFRONTATION” ................................................................................17 B. HIZBOLLAH AS THE SHIITE GUARDIAN?..............................................................................19 C. THE PARTY OF GOD TURNS PARTY OF GOVERNMENT.........................................................20 IV. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 22 A. A BROAD INTERNATIONAL COALITION FOR A NARROW AGENDA .......................................22 B. A LEBANESE COURT ON FOREIGN
    [Show full text]
  • A Main Document V202
    ABSTRACT Title of dissertation: TELEVISION NEWS AND THE STATE IN LEBANON Jad P. Melki, Doctor of Philosophy, 2008 Dissertation directed by: Professor Susan D. Moeller College of Journalism This dissertation studies the relationship between television news and the state in Lebanon. It utilizes and reworks New Institutionalism theory by adding aspects of Mitchell’s state effect and other concepts devised from Carey and Foucault. The study starts with a macro-level analysis outlining the major cultural, economic and political factors that influenced the evolution of television news in that country. It then moves to a mezzo-level analysis of the institutional arrangements, routines and practices that dominated the news production process. Finally, it zooms in to a micro-level analysis of the final product of Lebanese broadcast news, focusing on the newscast, its rundown and scripts and the smaller elements that make up the television news story. The study concludes that the highly fragmented Lebanese society generated a similarly fragmented and deeply divided political/economic elite, which used its resources and access to the news media to solidify its status and, by doing so, recreated and confirmed the politico-sectarian divide in this country. In this vicious cycle, the institutionalized and instrumentalized television news played the role of mediator between the elites and their fragmented constituents, and simultaneously bolstered the political and economic power of the former while keeping the latter tightly held in their grip. The hard work and values of the individual journalist were systematically channeled through this powerful institutional mechanism and redirected to serve the top of the hierarchy.
    [Show full text]
  • Threshold for Regional Stabilitydownload
    Lebanon: Threshold for Regional Stability Amine Gemayel President of the Republic of Lebanon, 1982-1988 Remarks Delivered at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Washington, D.C. 8 February 2007 1 Contents Introduction The Centrality of Lebanon Lebanon as a Threshold The Threshold Option and the Need for Internal Dialogue The Threshold Option and the Need for Regional Diplomacy Conclusion Introduction It is an honor to participate in this Director’s Forum at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. This Center is a great venue for respectful dialogue and reasoned debate and is recognized as such throughout the world. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Wilson Center, which operates under the skillful direction of Lee Hamilton and Michael Van Dusen. As co-chairman of the Iraq Study Group, Mr. Hamilton again demonstrated why he enjoys a well-deserved reputation as one of America’s wisest statesmen. The Centrality of Lebanon Ladies and Gentlemen, the Middle East region is desperately in need of peace. Most obviously, the Middle East needs peace in Iraq and in Palestine. Additionally, intensifying sectarian tremors threaten to tear open fault lines throughout the Arab world. Given the realities of persistent and widespread conflict, what justifies calling Lebanon, as I do today, “The Threshold for Regional Stability?” The answer to this question begins with an understanding of how the Lebanese situation is central to the conditions in the Middle East and beyond. The centrality of Lebanon derives, I believe, from three key factors: cultural, economic, and strategic. First, taking the long view which history provides, Lebanon is intimately connected to, and a part of, both the Mediterranean cultural zone and the Middle Eastern cultural zone, and it also enjoys strong cultural links with Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Transcript of the Hearing Held on 16 March 2015 in the Case Of
    20150316_STL-11-01_T_T128_OFF_PUB_EN 1/73 PUBLIC Official Transcript Procedural Matters (Open Session) Page 1 1 Special Tribunal for Lebanon 2 In the case of The Prosecutor v. Ayyash, Badreddine, Merhi, 3 Oneissi, and Sabra 4 STL-11-01 5 Presiding Judge David Re, Judge Janet Nosworthy, 6 Judge Micheline Braidy, Judge Walid Akoum, and 7 Judge Nicola Lettieri - [Trial Chamber] 8 Monday, 16 March 2015 - [Trial Hearing] 9 [Open Session] 10 --- Upon commencing at 10.40 a.m. 11 THE REGISTRAR: The Special Tribunal for Lebanon is sitting in an 12 open session in the case of the Prosecutor versus Ayyash, Badreddine, 13 Merhi, Oneissi, and Sabra, case number STL-11-01. 14 PRESIDING JUDGE RE: Good morning to everyone. We are sitting 15 today to hear the evidence of Mr. Bassem El-Sabeh, but first let's take 16 the appearances starting with the Prosecution. Good morning to you, 17 Mr. Cameron. 18 MR. CAMERON: Good morning, Your Honour. It's Graeme Cameron for 19 the Prosecution today, assisted by Ms. Tanja Zekaj. 20 PRESIDING JUDGE RE: And for the Legal Representative for the 21 Victims. 22 MR. HAYNES: Good morning, Your Honour. Peter Haynes and 23 Mohammad Mattar for the participating victims, assisted by Kinga Tibori. 24 PRESIDING JUDGE RE: And the Defence. 25 MR. AOUN: Mr. President, Your Honours, good morning. Good Monday, 16 March 2015 STL-11-01 Interpretation serves to facilitate communication. Only the original speech is authentic. 20150316_STL-11-01_T_T128_OFF_PUB_EN 2/73 PUBLIC Official Transcript Procedural Matters (Open Session) Page 2 1 morning, everyone.
    [Show full text]
  • Lebanese Expats Fearful As GCC Nations Expel Dozens
    SUBSCRIPTION SATURDAY, APRIL 9, 2016 RAJAB 2, 1437 AH No: 16839 Kuwait mourns British brands eye Warriors clinch luminary stage growing Muslim home-court director 2Al-Shatti consumer25 market advantage48 Lebanese expats fearful as GCC nations expel dozens Min 19º 150 Fils 100 expelled from Bahrain, Kuwait, UAE in 2 months Max 36º DUBAI: Ahmed, a Lebanese worker living in the United Arab Emirates, closed down his Facebook page and started to shun some of his compatriots. His intention was to sever all links to people associated with Lebanon’s Hezbollah after Gulf Arab states classified the Shiite Muslim organiza- tion as a terrorist group. Ahmed, a medical worker in his early 50s who declined to give his full name, is not alone. Anxiety and apprehension are unsettling many of the up to 400,000 Lebanese workers living in the Gulf after last month’s announcement by the Gulf Cooperation Council - Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman and Qatar. The rich states, where Lebanese have worked for generations, some achieving wealth and influ- ence, have threatened to imprison and expel anyone linked to the Iranian-allied group that fights in support of President Bashar Al-Assad in Syria’s civil war. The GCC move on Hezbollah is part of a struggle pitting Sunni Saudi Arabia against Shiite regional heavyweight Iran. The rivals back different factions in Lebanon where Hezbollah wields enormous political influence as well as MANAMA: (From left) Kuwait Foreign Minister Sheikh Sabah Al-Khaled Al-Sabah, Qatar Foreign Minister Mohammed bin having a powerful military wing.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Redacted Version of Annex G to F0257
    R026503 PUBLIC STL-18-10/PT/PTJ F0257/A07/PRV/20201215/R026503-R026688/EN/dm BEFORE THE PRE-TRIAL JUDGE SPECIAL TRIBUNAL FOR LEBANON Case No: STL-18-10/PT/PTJ Before: Judge Daniel Fransen Registrar: Mr. David Tolbert, Acting Registrar Date: 15 December 2020 Filing Party: Prosecutor Original language: English Classification: Public THE PROSECUTOR v. SALIM JAMIL AYYASH Public Redacted Version of Annex G to F0257 "Prosecution's Submission Pursuant to Rule 91(Part 4) and the Corrigendum for the Annexes A and H to F0246 "Prosecution's Submission Pursuant to Rule 91"" - Corrected Version of the Pre-Trial Brief Office of the Prosecutor: Counsel for Mr. Salim Jamil Ayyash: Mr. Norman Farrell Mr. Emile Aoun and Ms. Anta Guisse Legal Representative of Participating Head of Defence Office: Victims (attack against Mr Hamade): Ms. Dorothee Le Fraper du Hellen Mr Nidal Jurdi Legal Representative of Participating Victims (attack against Mr Hawi): Mr Antonios Abou Kasm Legal Representative of Participating Victims (attack against Mr El-Murr): Mr Adel Nassar ,.,t•."l ~ ... .. ~ \\.t) 11.. _I_ _I_ 11..U_I__I_ VVU.:') .:')l'V_l__l_.:')V_l_VU UJ _I__I_VL.JUV1-1-U1-_l_ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••II c. BADREDDINE's ROLE IN HEZBOLLAH ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 45 1. BADREDDINE was a Hezbollah leader before, during and after the attacks ............ .45 2. BADREDDINE operated as a high level security operative in 2004-2005 ................ .47 3. BADREDDINE had ties to prominent Hezbollah members and to Hezbollah .......... .49 IV. THE USE OF COVERT TELEPHONE NETWORKS TO COMMIT THE ATTACKS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 51 A. AYYASH, BADREDDINE, AND OTHERS, USED COVERT TELEPHONE NETWORKS TO FACILITATE THE PLANNING, PREPARATION AND PERPETRATION OF THE ATTACKS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 51 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Achrafieh and Mar Mikhael
    ACHRAFIEH AND MAR MIKHAEL Youth-led Architectural Heritage Mapping In Beirut Table of Contents List of figures .............................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5 Method ...................................................................................................................................... 7 I. Achrafieh ............................................................................................................................. 9 Historical overview .............................................................................................................. 9 The Petro Trad road plan ................................................................................................... 11 14 Listings of heritage buildings: APSAD and Khatib & Alami survey plans. .......................... 14 The urban morphology shaping 3 streets in Achrafieh: Petro Trad, Monot and Abdel Wahab Al Inglizi .................................................................................................................. 15 1. Zoning ......................................................................................................................... 15 16 2. Road network and lot subdivision .............................................................................. 17 3. Built environment ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lebanon in the Syrian Quagmire
    Lebanon in the Syrian Quagmire: Fault-Lines, Resilience and Possible Futures Ishac Diwan, Paris Sciences et Lettres Youssef Chaitani, UN ESCWA Working Paper for Discussion The purpose of this paper is to examine the weaknesses and strengths of Lebanon amidst the tensions created by the Syrian conflict that started in 2011. Lebanon’s sectarian governance system has been over 150 years in the making. But the Syrian fire next door, which has taken an increasing sectarian nature, is likely to burn for a long time. With such dire prospects, what is the fate of Lebanon’s governance system? Will it lead the country inexorably towards civil strife? The Lebanese governance system could be described as a horizontal deal among communal oligarchs, supported by vertical organizations within each community. While oligarchs have changed over time, the system itself survived devastating civil wars, endured extensive global and regional influences, and was also undeterred by the projection of power by many external forces, including the Palestinian Liberation Organization, Syria, Iran and Israel. What are the forces at work that make the Lebanese governance system both resilient and resistant to change? In the paper, we use as an analytical framework, which is introduced in section one, the model of limited orders developed by Douglas North and his associates. In section two, we argue that the Syrian civil war is likely to be long lasting. Section three examines the weaknesses and fault-lines of the Lebanese system in light of the Syrian war. Section four explores the factors that continue to contribute to the strength and resilience of Lebanon in spite of the rise in extremist Islamic militancy.
    [Show full text]
  • Arab Racism Islamo Fascism Just Another Wordpress.Com Weblog
    Arab racism Islamo fascism Just another WordPress.com weblog Posts Tagged ‘White Shirts’ search this site Pages » About Archives Islam Uber Alles? :: Does Islam and Shariah Have More In » April 2012 Common With Nazi Ideology Than With Religion » March 2012 December 1, 2010 » February 2012 » January 2012 Islam Uber Alles? » December 2011 » November 2011 Does Islam and Shariah Have More In Common With Nazi Ideology » October 2011 Than With Religion? » September 2011 » August 2011 By Steven Simpson Monday, October 11, 2010 » July 2011 » June 2011 Since the atrocities committed on 9/11/01 by Middle Eastern Muslim » May 2011 terrorists in the name of Islam, people in the U.S. and West have » April 2011 debated whether Islam is “a religion of peace” or more of an all- » March 2011 encompassing totalitarian ideology cloaked in religious garb. » February 2011 Unfortunately, it appears that the Qur’an, Shariah, and the Islamic » January 2011 terrorist attacks of the last thirty years, indicate that Islam is indeed a » December 2010 totalitarian ideology engaged in an effort of world-wide conquest much » November 2010 like Nazism. The major difference being that Nazism was based on » October 2010 racial affiliation while Islam is based on religious affiliation. » September 2010 » August 2010 The word “Islam” – contrary to popular belief – means “submission” » July 2010 and not “peace.” When Islam was founded by Muhammad ibn Abdallah » June 2010 in the 7th century, it conquered the Arabian Peninsula through bloody » May 2010 » April 2010 wars and conquests against fellow Arabs, and Jewish tribes. After the » March 2010 consolidation of Islam in Arabia, the Arabs quickly moved out to » February 2010 conquer the Persian and Byzantine empires, as well as parts of India, » January 2010 and subsequently Spain.
    [Show full text]