DOCSLIB.ORG

Tribal Networks and Informal Adaptive Mechanisms of Syrian Refugees: the Case of the Bani Khalid Tribe in Jordan, Syria and Leba

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tribal Networks and Informal Adaptive Mechanisms of Syrian Refugees: the Case of the Bani Khalid Tribe in Jordan, Syria and Leba RESEARCH REPORT TRIBAL NETWORKS AND INFORMAL ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS OF SYRIAN REFUGEES THE CASE OF THE BANI KHALID TRIBE IN JORDAN, SYRIA AND LEBANON Päivi Miettunen Mohammed Shunnaq Beirut, January 2020 © All Rights Reserved. This case study was conducted as part of a project titled, “Informal adaptive mechanisms among refugees in the Middle East: Understanding adaptation, resilience and agency in securing livelihoods in the informal economy among refugees from Syria in Lebanon and Jordan”, and was made possible through a grant from the Ford Foundation. The project was coordinated by Nasser Yassin (Principal Investigator), Maysa Baroud (Project Coordinator), and Yara Mourad (Program Manager) of the Refugee Research and Policy Program at the Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs. The report is published by the Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs (IFI) at the American University of Beirut (AUB). It can be obtained from IFI or can be downloaded from the following website: http://www.aub.edu.lb/ifi The views expressed in this document are solely those of the authors, and do not reflect the views of the Ford Foundation, the Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs, or the American University of Beirut. This report or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations. Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs at the American University of Beirut (AUB) Issam Fares Institute Building (Facing the Green Oval) PO Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon +961-1-350000 Ext. 4150 +961-1-737627 [email protected] www.aub.edu.lb/ifi aub.ifi @ifi_aub Tribal networks and informal adaptive mechanisms of Syrian refugees 1 TRIBAL NETWORKS AND INFORMAL ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS OF SYRIAN REFUGEES THE CASE OF THE BANI KHALID TRIBE IN JORDAN, SYRIA AND LEBANON Päivi Miettunen, University of Helsinki, Finland Mohammed Shunnaq, Yarmouk University, Jordan 2 Tribal networks and informal adaptive mechanisms of Syrian refugees 3 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 5 INTRODUCTION 6 OBJECTIVES 6 THEORETICAL FRAME AND METHODOLOGY 6 OBSTACLES AND CONCERNS ABOUT THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 8 CONTEXT 9 WADI KHALID 9 JORDAN 10 RESULTS: SOCIO‑ECONOMIC CHANGES SINCE 2011 11 ENTREPRENEURSHIP 13 SEASONAL WORK 14 THE CASE OF TRIBAL WOMEN 16 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 18 REFERENCES 20 APPENDIX A: SOCIO‑ECONOMIC CONTEXT OF TRIBAL COMMUNITIES 22 JORDAN 23 SYRIA 24 LEBANON 25 APPENDIX B: DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPANTS IN JORDAN 26 APPENDIX C: DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPANTS IN LEBANON 29 4 some families remained in the country. However, the EXECUTIVE SUMMARY socioeconomic status of the Bedouin in Lebanon has been relatively low, resulting in marginalization and poverty. Because of this, and because of the small This project focuses on tribal networks and tribal number of Bani Khalid in the country, the Lebanese relations of the Bani Khalid tribe in Jordan, Lebanon members of the tribe have less means to provide and Syria, and analyzes how these networks are part aid and support to their tribal kin fleeing from Syria. of informal adaptive mechanisms of the refugees. Despite this, not all the Bani Khalid leaving Syria have chosen to settle in Jordan. Before the war, many Bani Khalid is one of the large Bedouin tribes that has members of the tribe worked seasonally in the farms expanded throughout the Middle East: from Saudi and businesses in Lebanon, while their families Arabia to Iraq, Syria and Jordan among others. In the stayed in Syria, tending to their own farms and cattle. beginning of the 20th century, several subtribes of The war forced whole families to migrate and stay in Bani Khalid migrated annually through the northern Lebanon permanently. In many cases, these groups Badia, but following the establishment of the were able to utilize their established, work-related modern states, newly made borders divided them. contacts in the country. Overall, Lebanon and Jordan Despite this, the tribal ties have remained strong, have applied very different approaches to the refugee with frequent and active communications across issue. Despite this, the coping and survival strategies the borders. of the Bani Khalid refugees share many similar characteristics. In Jordan, several villages located around the city of Mafraq belong to the tribe, among them Hamra, This report is the result of a comparative study of the Howsha, Zaatari and Khaldiya. A larger migration to differences and similarities of the importance and Jordan took place in the 1980’s when several families limits of the tribal networks in informal economies from Syria settled in the village of Zaatari. The most of the refugees in Lebanon and Jordan. We argue recent migration was caused by the war in Syria, that these structures of kinship, tribal traditions and resulting in the members of the tribe fleeing across sense of identity can to a certain degree support the borders. the adaptation of refugees of tribal origin. The informal mechanisms long utilized in the background Even though the Zaatari refugee camp is located and in addition to formal state structures by tribal nearby, Syrian members of the Bani Khalid are communities in the three countries provide a mostly living in the villages of their tribe, especially framework – a shared knowledge – that is familiar Zaatari. They have been utilizing the kafala system to the members of different tribes. This familiarity, (sponsorship system), in which a Jordanian citizen in turn, helps in coping and provides agency when has the possibility to act as a “sponsor”, allowing facing new situations. We believe that institutions the refugee to stay outside camps. These individuals working with refugees of tribal origin should have an and families are staying with Jordanian families or understanding about the tribal systems, networks living on land owned by the Jordanian members and past developments. We have therefore provided of the tribe. While many of the Syrian-origin Bani some basic information concerning these topics in Khalid have been able to start small businesses this report. and support themselves, there are also many less fortunate people, especially widows and people with health issues, who mostly rely on charity and support from others. As the war in Syria continues, forcing people to remain uprooted, dependency, kinship, and traditional laws of hospitality among the Bedouin are all shaping and reshaping the relationships between Syrian and Jordanian Bani Khalid. The historical tribal territories extended to the area of modern Lebanon, with families spending part of their annual cycle in the northern parts of the Bekaa Valley. When the modern state of Lebanon was established, Tribal networks and informal adaptive mechanisms of Syrian refugees 5 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS FSA Free Syrian Army HHI Harvard Humanitarian Initiative IRC International Rescue Committee ISIS Islamic State in Iraq and Syria NGO Non-governmental organization UN United Nations UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UN OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 6 INTRODUCTION Theoretical frame and methodology The social identity theory, developed by Tajfel in the 1970’s, is a central theory in the study of group Objectives processes and intergroup relations. Tajfel (1981, 255) defines social identity as “that part of an individual’s The main question is: what is the role of tribal self-concept which derives from his knowledge of his networks in the various stages of immigration of the membership in a social group (or groups) together Syrian refugees in Lebanon and Jordan, and how is it with the value and emotional significance attached to negotiated for protection, aid and finding livelihood? that membership”. Individuals are categorized based We will map the social, economic and political on the group they are thought to belong to, thus networks of the Bani Khalid tribe and study how these leading to in-group members being favored over those networks were maintained across the borders before in other groups. The group becomes the defining the war. After this, we will analyze how the tribal element in an individual’s identity, seen as distinctive relations and networks were reinforced, altered and from other groups, and the group’s shared practices, adapted from 2011 onwards to protect the refugees, traditions and knowledge are valued positively. secure their livelihoods and enhance their resilience. Special attention is given to the following topics: The striving for positive self-concept is a major motivator, also in individual action. The intergroup ▸ What are the concrete steps the refugees take to relations make up the underlying mechanisms secure their livelihood in the new country? (e.g., through which the individuals within the community building a small business, finding seasonal work). seek livelihood, build resilience and show agency. To what extent do they utilize the tribal relations The positive attitude towards one’s own group in this process? strengthens an individual’s self-esteem, and the familiar structures they have been utilizing for a long ▸ How are various conflicting issues being managed time give them means to adapt to new situations and resolved within the tribe? Such issues include also in times of crisis, providing tools and informal differing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “In My Own Hands”: a Medium-Term Approach Towards Self-Reliance and Resilience of Syrian Refugees and Host Communities in Jordan
    IN MY OWN HANDS A MEDIUM-TERM APPROACH TOWARDS SELF-RELIANCE AND RESILIENCE OF SYRIAN REFUGEES AND HOST COMMUNITIES IN JORDAN January 2020 Research report The Durable Solutions Platform (DSP) aims to generate knowledge that informs and inspires forward-thinking policy and practice on the long-term future of displaced Syrians. Since its establishment in 2016, the DSP has developed research projects and supported advocacy efforts on key questions regarding durable solutions for Syrians. In addition, DSP has strengthened the capacity of civil society organizations on solutions to displacement. The Program on Forced Migration and Health (PFMH) is housed in the Department of Population and Family Health at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health. It is one of the world’s leading centers of humanitarian research, training, and continuing education, professionalizing the field of humanitarian response. It was founded in 1998 as one of the first interdisciplinary, practice-based humanitarian research and educational programs offered by a major university. Today, the program continues to lead the development of evidence-based approaches to the humanitarian response and to train the next generation of global leaders. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Regional Development and Protection Programme (RDPP II) for Lebanon, Jordan and Iraq, which is supported by the Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Union, Ireland and Switzerland. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the Durable Solutions Platform and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the RDPP or its donors. “Self-reliance is the true essence, for a human to feel himself and feel stability – if I’d rely on you and I wouldn’t know when you’d cut aid from me, I wouldn’t be prepared.
    [Show full text]
  • The Language Situation Among the Circassians of Jordan
    Educational Research (ISSN: 2141-5161) Vol. 4(8) pp. 612-617, August, 2013 DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.14303/er.2013.113 Available online@ http://www.interesjournals.org/ER Copyright © 2013 International Research Journals Full Length Research Paper The Language situation among the Circassians of Jordan Doa ʾa F. Al-Momani*1 and Siham M. Al-Momani *1Al Balqa' Applied University (Jordan) 2Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Al Balqa' Applied University (Jordan) *Corresponding Author`s E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In this paper, we examine the language situation among the Circassians of Jordan within the framework of previous theories on language maintenance and shift as proposed by Fishman. The study investigates factors influencing the sample responses toward importance and usefulness of the Arabic and Circassian languages. Convenience sample include 100 subject selected by five in group persons. Data collected by means of a questionnaire developed and used by previous investigators. Results indicate that Arabic is used by the respondents for various functions and Circasssian is used in very restricted social domains. Evidence is represented that the overwhelming majority of the Circassians agree that it is important for them to speak in both Arabic as a means of communication, and Circassian as an important symbol of their identity. These results indicate that the Circassians of Jordan are experiencing a process of language shift which appears to be in its initial position, as most of them appear to be less proficient in their language. They also indicate that the younger generation (forty years or below) of Circassians show a stronger tendency toward shifting their speech than the older generation (forty years or above).
    [Show full text]
  • The Birth of Al-Wahabi Movement and Its Historical Roots
    The classification markings are original to the Iraqi documents and do not reflect current US classification. Original Document Information ~o·c·u·m·e·n~tI!i#~:I~S=!!G~Q~-2!110~0~3~-0~0~0~4'!i66~5~9~"""5!Ii!IlI on: nglis Title: Correspondence, dated 24 Sep 2002, within the General Military Intelligence irectorate (GMID), regarding a research study titled, "The Emergence of AI-Wahhabiyyah ovement and its Historical Roots" age: ARABIC otal Pages: 53 nclusive Pages: 52 versized Pages: PAPER ORIGINAL IRAQI FREEDOM e: ountry Of Origin: IRAQ ors Classification: SECRET Translation Information Translation # Classification Status Translating Agency ARTIAL SGQ-2003-00046659-HT DIA OMPLETED GQ-2003-00046659-HT­ FULL COMPLETED VTC TC Linked Documents I Document 2003-00046659 ISGQ-~2~00~3~-0~0~04~6~6~5~9-'7':H=T~(M~UI:7::ti""=-p:-a"""::rt~)-----------~II • cmpc-m/ISGQ-2003-00046659-HT.pdf • cmpc-mIlSGQ-2003-00046659.pdf GQ-2003-00046659-HT-NVTC ·on Status: NOT AVAILABLE lation Status: NOT AVAILABLE Related Document Numbers Document Number Type Document Number y Number -2003-00046659 161 The classification markings are original to the Iraqi documents and do not reflect current US classification. Keyword Categories Biographic Information arne: AL- 'AMIRI, SA'IO MAHMUO NAJM Other Attribute: MILITARY RANK: Colonel Other Attribute: ORGANIZATION: General Military Intelligence Directorate Photograph Available Sex: Male Document Remarks These 53 pages contain correspondence, dated 24 Sep 2002, within the General i1itary Intelligence Directorate (GMID), regarding a research study titled, "The Emergence of I-Wahhabiyyah Movement and its Historical Roots".
    [Show full text]
  • Living in the Shadows
    LIVING IN THE SHADOWS JORDAN HOME VISITS REPORT 2014 This report was principally authored by Frances Voon from the UNHCR Policy Development and Evaluation Service, with research assistance from Skandar Keynes. Thanks are due to the follow- ing people who provided support to the proj- ect: Haneen Abu-Sunbul, Rasha Batarseh, Hélène Daubelcour, Charlie Dunmore, Marta Ghezzi, Ghassan Hamad, Mohammad Hawari, Shadi Mhethawi, Marco Santacroce, Volker Schimmel, Ke Tang and Koen van Rossum. Thanks are due the outreach and assessment teams of International Relief and Development, who conducted the majority of the interviews which International Relief & Development underpin this report. UNHCR is grateful for the critical financial support provided by donors to its refugee response in Jordan as well as those who have contributed to UNHCR programmes with unearmarked and broadly earmarked funds. Donors who have contributed to the cash assistance programme in Jordan in 2014: Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Cover: Rima1 looks out after her father as he leaves the house to sell coffee and tea in the streets. It is only through this work that he is able to pay the rent and keep a roof over his family’s heads. ©UNHCR / J. Kohler LIVING IN THE SHADOWS JORDAN HOME VISITS REPORT 2014 1 Names in this report have been changed to protect the identity of the refugees. CONTEXT “We are seeing Syrian refugees in Jordan having entered a downward spiral in terms of their ability to sustain themselves. We are concerned that this will deteriorate even further in 2015. We are all accountable for their protection and well-being.” – Andrew Harper, UNHCR Representative, Jordan “Life as a Syrian refugee in Jordan is like being in quick sand; whenever I move, I sink a little bit further.” – Mohammad, father of four children CONTEXT The Syrian crisis will soon be entering into its fifth year.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq and the Kurds: the Brewing Battle Over Kirkuk
    IRAQ AND THE KURDS: THE BREWING BATTLE OVER KIRKUK Middle East Report N°56 – 18 July 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. COMPETING CLAIMS AND POSITIONS................................................................ 2 A. THE KURDISH NARRATIVE....................................................................................................3 B. THE TURKOMAN NARRATIVE................................................................................................4 C. THE ARAB NARRATIVE .........................................................................................................5 D. THE CHRISTIAN NARRATIVE .................................................................................................6 III. IRAQ’S POLITICAL TRANSITION AND KIRKUK ............................................... 7 A. USES OF THE KURDS’ NEW POWER .......................................................................................7 B. THE PACE OF “NORMALISATION”........................................................................................11 IV. OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS................................................................ 16 A. THE KURDS.........................................................................................................................16 B. THE TURKOMANS ...............................................................................................................19
    [Show full text]
  • Migration Profile: Jordan Françoise De Bel-Air
    Issue 2016/06 November 2016 Migration Profile: Jordan Françoise De Bel-Air Jordan’s last population census gave the total population of the country as 9,531,712 in November 2015, 2,918,125 (31 per cent) of whom were foreign nationals. If accurate,1 these numbers indicate that Jordan is a major migrant-receiving country. Jordan has the highest refugee-to-population ratio and the country is also now the top refugee hosting country in absolute numbers. Indeed, it hosted more than 2.7 million registered refugees as of September 2016;2 of whom 2.1 million persons of Palestinian descent registered with the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) who have lived in the country for decades; and 664,100 refugees under UNHCR’s mandate including Syrians and Iraqis.3 Besides, Jordan is a migrant-sending country too: an es- timated 10 percent of Jordan’s nationals (700 to 800,000) are expatri- ated abroad, most of them to the Gulf States. Jordan being historically a regional migration crossroads,4 its socio- political history and geopolitical ambitions defined the country’s BRIEF policy approach to migration movements. At first, an openness to Arab migrants sustained the pan-Arabist claims of the ruling Hashe- mite dynasty, yet was coupled with a promotion of the right of return of refugees to their homeland. The first wave of refugees from Pal- estine, forced to flee following the Israeli-Arab war and the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, trebled Jordan’s national population as Jordan naturalised
    [Show full text]
  • Figurations of Displacement in and Beyond Jordan
    Figurations of Displacement in and beyond Jordan Empirical findings and reflections on protracted displacement and translocal connections of Syrian refugees S. A. Tobin, A. J. Knudsen, F. A. Momani, T. Al Yakoub, R. Al-Jarrah TRAFIG working paper no. 6 • 03/2021 TRAFIG working paper no. 6 • 03/2021 • 2 SUMMARY CONTENTS This working paper is based on the empirical research on translocal figurations of displacement of Syrians in Introduction 3 Jordan. It contains methodological discussions, central findings and reflections on these findings. Drawing 1. Empirical design and limitations of the study 5 on the conceptual framework of the TRAFIG project, 1.1 Research team and location 5 this paper explores the central research question of 1.2 Sampling and data collection 5 TRAFIG, namely “how are protractedness, dependen- 1.3 Fieldwork challenges 6 cy, and vulnerability related to the factors of local and translocal connectivity and mobility, and in turn, how 2. Protracted displacement in Jordan 9 can connectivity and mobility be utilized to enhance the self-reliance and strengthen the resilience of 3. Key dimensions of figurations of displacement displaced people?” The paper presents findings from in Jordan 12 Jordan, where Syrian refugees have sought refuge in 3.1 Navigating through governance regimes of aid 12 host communities. 3.2 Living in limbo—Livelihoods, (in)security and precarity in local settings 15 Syrian refugees’ stay in Jordan has become increasingly 3.3 Following the networks—Connectivity and mobility protracted, with the durable solutions of return in in the context of protracted displacement 17 safety and dignity, local integration and resettlement 3.4 Building alliances—Displaced people’s integration remaining out of reach for most.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq and the Kurds: Resolving the Kirkuk Crisis
    IRAQ AND THE KURDS: RESOLVING THE KIRKUK CRISIS Middle East Report N°64 – 19 April 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION: GROWING TENSIONS............................................................... 1 II. A TRAINWRECK IN THE MAKING.......................................................................... 2 A. NORMALISATION ...................................................................................................................2 B. THE ARTICLE 140 COMMITTEE ..............................................................................................4 C. THE ILL-CONSIDERED PUSH FOR A REFERENDUM IN 2007.......................................................7 D. FALL-OUT FROM FAILURE......................................................................................................9 III. THE NEED FOR A PROCESS.................................................................................... 11 IV. THE PATH TO A SETTLEMENT ............................................................................. 15 A. THE UNITED STATES AND TURKEY ......................................................................................15 B. OUTLINES OF A GLOBAL SOLUTION......................................................................................17 V. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................. 19 APPENDICES A. MAP OF IRAQ ......................................................................................................................21
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq Missile Chronology
    Iraq Missile Chronology 2008-2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003-2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1999 1998 | 1997 | 1996 | 1995 | 1994 | 1993 | 1992 | 1991 Last update: November 2008 As of November 2008, this chronology is no longer being updated. For current developments, please see the Iraq Missile Overview. 2008-2006 29 February 2008 UNMOVIC is officially closed down as directed by UN Security Council Resolution 1762, which terminated its mandate. [Note: See NTI Chronology 29 June 2007]. —UN Security Council, "Iraq (UNMOVIC)," Security Council Report, Update Report No. 10, 26 June 2008. 25 September 2007 U.S. spokesman Rear Admiral Mark Fox claims that Iranian-supplied surface-to-air missiles, such as the Misagh 1, have been found in Iraq. The U.S. military says that these missiles have been smuggled into Iraq from Iran. Iran denies the allegation. [Note: See NTI Chronology 11 and 12 February 2007]. "Tehran blasted on Iraq Missiles," Hobart Mercury, 25 September 2007, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe; David C Isby, "U.S. Outlines Iranian Cross-Border Supply of Rockets and Missiles to Iraq," Jane's Missiles & Rockets, Jane's Information Group, 1 November 2007. 29 June 2007 The Security Council passes Resolution 1762 terminating the mandates of the UN Monitoring, Verification, and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the IAEA in Iraq. Resolution 1762 also requests the UN Secretary General to dispose safely of archives containing sensitive information, and to transfer any remaining UNMOVIC funds to the Development Fund for Iraq. A letter to the Security Council from the Iraqi government indicates it is committed to respecting its obligations to the nonproliferation regime.
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    Bedouin ethnobotany: Plant concepts and plant use in a desert pastoral world Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Mandaville, James Paul Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 11:40:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290142 BEDOUIN ETHNOBOTANY: PLANT CONCEPTS AND PLANT USE IN A DESERT PASTORAL WORLD by James Paul Mandaville Copyright © James Paul Mandaville 2004 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the GRADUATE INTERDISCIPLINARY PROGRAM IN ARID LANDS RESOURCE SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2004 UMI Number: 3158126 Copyright 2004 by Mandaville, James Paul All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3158126 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code.
    [Show full text]
  • ARABIC LITERACY and NUMERACY STATE of the ART CONFERENCE DESK REVIEW FINAL REPORT October 2019
    EDUCATIONLINKS USAID ARABIC LITERACY AND NUMERACY STATE OF THE ART CONFERENCE DESK REVIEW FINAL REPORT October 2019 This publication was prepared independently by Dr. Helen Boyle on behalf of Social Impact, Inc. at the request of the United States Agency for International Development. This publication is part of the Middle East Education, Research, Training, and Support (MEERS) activity. ARABIC LITERACY AND NUMERACY STATE OF THE ART CONFERENCE DESK REVIEW FINAL REPORT October 2019 IDIQ: AID-OAA-I-14-00075 Task Order: AID-OAA-TO-17-00022 (Middle East Education Research, Training, and Support) Submitted to: Christine Capacci-Carneal, Contracting Officer’s Representative USAID/Middle East Bureau ii iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people contributed to the compilation and analysis of research reports and articles that form the backbone of this monograph. The author would like to thank several individuals for their contributions. Bodunrin Akinrinmade, doctoral student at Florida State University, College of Education did an excellent job in creating tables to display data from recent EGRA and EGMA reports, as well as PIRLS, PISA, and TIMSS reports, and in drafting comments on trends in the data. Likewise, Samir Habib provided valuable assistance in compiling data and resources for review, drafting text to include in the report and providing feedback on the report as it was developed. Thanks are also due to both USAID and Social Impact for guiding and supporting the development of this monograph. In particular, the bi-weekly SOTA call participants, including Chris Capacci-Carneal, Rebeca Martinez, and Rebecca Rhodes from USAID, and Amy Porter, Meredith Feenstra, Catherine Villada, and Natalie Provost from Social Impact provided valuable feedback at all stages as well as support in editing and formatting.
    [Show full text]
  • Security of a Small State: Case of Kuwait
    University of Central Florida STARS HIM 1990-2015 2004 Security of a Small State: Case of Kuwait Shawn Adelwerth University of Central Florida, [email protected] Part of the Political Science Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses1990-2015 University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIM 1990-2015 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Adelwerth, Shawn, "Security of a Small State: Case of Kuwait" (2004). HIM 1990-2015. 425. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses1990-2015/425 Security of a Small State: Case of Kuwait by Shawn M. Adelwerth A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in Political Science in the College of Arts and Sciences and in The Burnett Honors College at the University of C.entral Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2004 Thesis Chair: Dr. Houman Sadri Abstract Kuwait is a small country in terms of size and military might, however, it has an abundance of oil wealth. Kuwaiti rulers have often met their domestic and international security challenges with buying off the problems. This type of policy continued until late 1989, when the tension between Iraq and Kuwait reached a new height. The turning point for Kuwait security was 2 August 1990, when Iraqi military finally invaded Kuwait. Felt betrayal by Saddam, whom they helped during the Iran-Iraq War, Kuwait requested the military power of the United States.
    [Show full text]