. Anthrop. Soc. Nippon 人 類 誌 99(1):33-47(1991)
J
Genealogical Position of Native Taiwanese (Bunun Tribe) in East Asian Populations Based on Tooth Crown Morphology
Yoshitaka MANABE,Atsushi ROKUTANDA, Yoshikazu KITAGAWAand Jouichi OYAMADA
Departmentof Oral Anatomy, NagasakiUniversity School of Dentistry
Abstract The 17 tooth crown traits of the Bunun, one of the aboriginal tribes in Taiwan, were observed and classified, and their frequencies were compared with Sinodonts and Sundadonts defined and classified in East Asian populations by TURNER (1987), in order to estimate the genealogical position of the Bunun tribe in East Asia. In the respective comparisons of the 17 traits, the Bunun have considerable resemblance to Sinodonts on shoveling (UI1), double shoveling (UIl) and deflecting wrinkle (LM 1), while on tuberculum dentale (UI2), cusp 5 (UM1) and 4-cusp (LM2), they have considerable resemblance to Sundadonts. Furthermore, cluster analysis and principal co-ordinate analysis based on SMITH's MMDs among the Bunun and other East Asian populations, using all the observed traits, revealed that the Bunun are similar to the Yami (Taiwan aborigine), the North China- Mongolian and the South Chinese in East Asia, and belong to, if anything, the Sinodonty cluster. Considering the above results and the estimated distribution of Sinodonty and Sundadonty in the past and the present, it cannot be reasoned that Taiwan aborigines had Sinodont characteristics since their ancestors reached Taiwan, but that Sinodontification by Chinese mainlanders has been superimposed on to the native Sundadonty who seem to have come up from the south to Taiwan. The beginning of Sinodontification in Taiwan may have been earlier than in Japan.
Keywords Bunun tribe, Taiwan aborigine, Mongoloid dental variation, Tooth crown morphology, Population history
Introduction and Kwangtong after the 17th century, and have existed since then. Linguistically, Taiwan The Bunun are one of the aboriginal tribes aborigines belong to the Austronesian (Malayo- who had already reached Taiwan prior to the polynesian) family, spoken in the islands of migration of Chinese mainlanders from Fukien Southeast Asia, the Malay Peninsula, Micronesia,
Article No. 9020 Received October 23, 1990 34 Y. MANABE, A. ROKUTANDA, Y. KITAGAWA and J. OYAMADA
Polynesia and parts of Melanesia (BELLWOOD, characteristic of Southeast Asia. It has become 1980, 1985). clear that HANIHARA's Mongoloid dental On the basis of archaeological and complex (1967, 1969), generally recognized as ethnographic studies (TORII, 1925; LING, 1954; characteristic of Mongoloid population, corres- CHANG, 1969; FERRELL, 1969; KANASEKI and ponds to a part of the Sinodont pattern. KOKUBU, 1979; BELLWOOD, 1980, 1985; SUNG, The purpose of this study is to determine the 1980; MIYAMOTO, 1985; MIYAMOTO et al., genealogical position of the Bunun in East Asia, 1987), it is indicated that the aboriginal culture and to estimate a population history of Taiwan is closely related to various periods and various aborigines, by supplementing to and confirming regions in the Southeast Asian mainland, the a previous study (MANABE, 1989). Southeast Asian archipelago or the Chinese mainland. These relationships support the Materials and Methods possibility of many migrations from these various Ninety-five dental plaster casts of 53 male and regions at the different times, and reflect a 42 female Bunun children aged 12-15 years complex population history of Taiwan were observed. The age range selected was barely aborigines. affected by any observation error derived from In the field of physical anthropology, much dental attrition and caries. research on Taiwan aborigines has been carried The ASU dental anthropology system out since TORII's first investigation in 1896. The (TURNER, n.d.) was adopted for classification of relationship between Taiwan aborigines and their the 17 crown traits observed. Actual observation peripheral populations and the relation among was carried out by the first author using Taiwan aboriginal tribes have been clarified. In standard plaques, in order to avoid inter-observer previous reports, there have been some studies errors. The counting procedure for trait fre- on tooth morphology by MA (1939), CHANG quency was according to the method which was (1963), LIU (1977), SASAKI(1982), NAGAYAMA established on a genetic basis by TURNER and (1984), KUDO (1985), and TANAKA (1987). SCOTT (1977). Three or more grades or classes However, there are very few reports clarifying in each trait were combined into two categories, anthropological characteristic of Taiwan present and absent, for simple comparison with aborigines based on intra-Mongoloid variations many other populations. SMITH's MMD (mean in East Asia, since the great majority of these measure of divergence) was calculated for studies has been limited to a small investigation biological distance based on various frequencies area. (BERRY and BERRY, 1967). FREEMAN-TUKEY From the perspective of intra-Mongoloid transformation (GREEN and SUCHEY, 1976) was variations, there is a series of detailed and adopted as the inverse sine transformation systematic studies on tooth morphology in a large method in the calculation of MMD, and investigation area of East Asia by TURNER SJ*VOLD's procedure (1973) was used for (1976, 1979, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989). His studies, calculating the standard deviation and the based on Mongoloid dental variation in East Asia significance of the MMD. and the New World, make it clear that there are The flexible method(β=-0.25)in many two morphological patterns in the Mongoloid types of cluster analyses for a dendrogram, and variation: the Sinodont pattern, characteristic of the principal co-ordinate analysis (GOWER, 1966) Northeast Asia, and the Sundadont pattern, for two dimensional expression were used in this Dentition of Taiwan Aborigines 35 study. cusp 5 (UM1), 4-cusp (LM2) and tuberculum dentale (UI2) show significantly higher fre- Results quencies in Sundadonts than in Sinodonts. Comparison of respective traits Remarkable differences can be seen, particularly The frequencies of the respective grades or in the cusp 5 and the 4-cusp. classes of the 17 crown traits in the Bunun, and The dichotomized frequencies of the Bunun also the results of the chi-square test for sex were compared with the 6 Sinodonts and the 10 difference are shown (Table 1). There are no Sundadonts on the 17 crown traits. On the whole, traits which show any sex differences at a signifi- the Bunun tend to have high frequencies on the cant level of 5%, except for deflecting wrinkle majority of traits, in comparison with other East of LM1. Since previous reports (SCOTT, 1973; Asian populations. Such relatively high fre- TURNER and SCOTT, 1977; TURNER and quencies may be due to the fact that the in- HANIHARA, 1977; TURNER, 1979, 1987; vestigated age range has not been greatly affected MANABE, 1989) recognized no significant sex by any dental attrition or caries. With regard to difference with regard to the deflecting wrinkle, those traits exhibiting significant differences this observation in the Bunun may be attributed between both groups, the Bunun resemble to a sampling error. Therefore, the sex-pooled Sinodonts more than Sundadonts in shoveling, frequency represented the population frequency double shoveling and deflecting wrinkle. By con- in this study. trast, they are more similar to Sundadonts than The criteria for the dichotomy and the fre- Sinodonts in tuberculum dentate, cusp 5 and quencies of the Bunun are shown in Table 2, 4-cusp. As to the traits of no significant which represents the results of the MAN- difference between both the groups, the Bunun WHITNEY test of trait differences between are similar to Sundadonts on CARABELLI'Strait, Sinodonts and Sundadonts. The classifications of but they are similar to Sinodonts on Y-groove Sinodont and Sundadont groups followed the pattern. Thus with regard to a comparison of results of TURNER's cluster analysis (1987) respective traits, the Bunun have the based on 28 tooth crown and root traits. In his characteristics of both Sinodonty and analysis, the Sinodont cluster includes Northeast Sundadonty. Siberia, Amur, North China-Mongolia, recent As to inter-tribal comparison in Taiwan, the Japan, Hong Kong and South China. Jomon in Bunun and the Yami (MANABE, 1989) resemble Japan, the Philippines, early Mainland Southeast each other in East Asian populations, because Asia, recent Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Annan, both the tribes show a similar tendency on 6 traits Tonkin, Laos), recent Thailand, Burma, Nepal, out of 8 which differentiate between Sinodonts recent Indomalaysia, the early Malay Archi- and Sundadonts. pelago and the East Malay Archipelago are included in the Sundadont cluster. Biological distance analysis The traits, which appear significantly more SMITH's MMDs were calculated based upon often in Sinodonts than in Sundadonts, are the 17 tooth crown traits among 18 populations shoveling (UI1), double shoveling (UI1) and containing Sinodonts, Sundadonts, the Bunun deflecting wrinkle (LM1) (Table 2). In these and the Yami (Table 3). traits, the shoveling and the double shoveling The MMDs between the Bunun and Sinodonts show remarkable differences. On the other hand, are smaller than those between the Bunun and 36 Y. MANABE, A. ROKUTANDA, Y. KITAGAWA and J. OYAMADA
Table 1. Frequencies of nonmetric crown traits in the Bunun (individual count, sexes pooled) Dentition of Taiwan Aborigines 37 38 Y. MANABE, A. ROKUTANDA, Y. KITAGAWA and J. OYAMADA Dentition of Taiwan Aborigines 39
Table 2, Frequency for expression dichotomy in the Bunun and the MAN-WHITNEY test of differences between Sinodont and Sundadont groups
<<,>>:P≦0.01;<,>:0.01
Sundadonts on the whole. The MMDs between possibility of the same discrimination between the Bunun and North China-Mongolia, and both the groups by 17 tooth crown traits as did between the Bunun and South China are smaller TURNER (1987) with 28 tooth crown and root than those between the Bunun and other popula- traits. In this respect, toughness and usefulness tions in Sinodont group. Of course the MMD of TURNER'S classification method should be between the Bunun and the Yami is considerably appraised high. In this analysis, the Bunun belong small. to the Sinodont cluster and are included in the Cluster analysis based on the MMDs indicated same subcluster as North China-Mongolia and that there are two major clusters in East Asia the Yami. (Fig. 1). The upper and lower half clusters Furthermore, the principal co-ordinate corresponded with Sundadont and Sinodont analysis based on the MMDs clarified the relative groups, respectively. These results indicate the position among the 18 East Asian populations 40 Y. MANABE, A. ROKUTANDA, Y. KITAGAWA and J. OYAMADA
Table 3. SMITH's MMDs (lower left half) and standard deviations (upper right half) with nonmetric crown traits.
Fig. 1. Clustering based on SMITH's MMDs among the Bunun and other East Asian populations (17 crown traits). Dentition of Taiwan Aborigines 41
FREEMAN-TUKEY transformation among the 18 East Asia populations, based on the 17
(Fig. 2). As to the first principal co-ordinate axis, Sinodont and Sundadont groups were separated Discussion in positive and negative directions at an inter- Genealogical position in East Asian populations mediate point between Hong Kong and recent With regard to regional variations within Southeast Asia. Additionally, the more the first Mongoloid populations, many anthropologists co-ordinate rose in the positive direction, the (DENIKER, 1900; EICKSTEDT, 1934; VALLOIS, higher was the latitude in the geographical posi- 1948; COON et al., 1950; HOWELLS, 1960; tion of the population, as shown by an analysis GARN, 1961) have generally classified them either based on 19 crown traits (MANAGE, 1989). In under several types ranging from south to north, this view, Taiwan aborigines, including the or under two types: early and late. These Bunun and the Yami, located nearer to Sinodonty classifications have been summarized into two than to Sundadonty, and the Bunun were further types, though the boundary line between them from the Sundadont group than the Yami were. is indistinct; one is the southern proto- With regard to the second axis, the Sinodont and Mongoloid, and the other is the northern neo- the Sundadont groups were barely separated from Mongoloid. each other, and only Northeast Siberia is rather With regard to intra-Mongoloid variation, distant from other East Asian populations. The from a tooth morphological standpoint, there interpretation of the second axis appears to be have been some extensive studies by TURNER impossible at the present time. (1976, 1979, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987). TURNER 42 Y. MANABE, A. ROKUTANDA, Y. KITAGAWA and J. OYAMADA
Fig. 2. Principal co-ordinate analysis based on SMITH's MMDs among the Bunun and other East Asian populations (17 crown traits). NES: NE Siberia, AM: Amur, NCM: N China-Mongolia, JAPr: recent Japan, JOM: Jomon, HK: Hong Kong, SC: S China, PH: Philippines, SEAer: early Mainland SE Asia, SEAr: recent SE Asia, THr: recent Thailand, BR: Burma, NEP: Nepal, IMr: recent Indomalaysia, MAer: early Malay Archiperago, EMA: East Malay Archipelago, YMr: Yami (Taiwan), BNr: Bunun (Taiwan). : *Sinodont population, *: Sundadont population, *: Bunun (present study).
has investigated various non-metric tooth crown be classified into either group, synthetically and root traits in East Asian and North and judging from all traits. The present results South American Mongoloid, and has shown the correspond to those of TURNER (1987) which existence of two major morphological patterns showed that the Taiwan aboriginal Atayal are in Mongoloid dental variation. One is the more inclined towards Sinodonty than Sundadont pattern, typical of the archipelago and Sundadonty regarding to the upper tooth traits. the mainland of Southeast Asia, and the other Many anthropological studies regarding is the Sinodont pattern, typical of Northeast Asia. Taiwan aborigines have clarified their relation- These divisions seems to be consistent with the ships to other peripheral populations. In the proto-Mongoloid and neo-Mongoloid. morphological field based on somatological In this study, it has been demonstrated that measurement and observation, TORII (1898, the Bunun have both Sinodont and Sundadont 1901a, 1901b, 1912, 1925) mentioned that Taiwan characteristics, and that the Bunun, as well as the aborigines are the northernmost tribe in the Yami, belong to Sinodont group, when they must Proto-Malay, and DAVIDSON (1903) Dentition of Taiwan Aborigines 43 demonstrated the existence of both the Malay and modern peoples in Hong Kong, who re- type and the Papuan type in the Yami. ABE and semble each other in tooth morphology, have TAMURA (1981) suggested that the Yami and the intermediate characteristics between Sinodonty Atayal are rather similar to the Dayak in Borneo. and Sundadonty or tending towards those of KANASEKI(1952), who compared 87 East Asian Sinodonty (TURNER, 1986, 1987). populations, clarified that Taiwan aborigines bear 2. In Japan, Minatogawa man (about 18,000 a considerable resemblance to the Tagalog in the B.P.) and the Jomonese (about 10,000-2,000 Philippines and the Kenyas in Borneo, with only B.P.) belong to the typical Sundadonty (TURNER a slight resemblance to South and North China, 1979, 1987). Sinodont remains from those periods Mongolia, Korea, Okinawa and Kyushu. Thus, have not been confirmed. the majority of somatological studies support a 3. Presently, Northeast Asia, including Japan, strong affinity between Taiwan aborigines and belongs to the Sinodont division, while Southeast the Southeast Asian Archipelago. These somato- Asia belongs to the Sundadont division. logical results appear inconsistent with the present Sundadonty evolved in the late Pleistocene study. Sundaland before Sinodonty. Genetically, studies from blood genetic From the above, it seems most probable that markers have indicated that Taiwan aborigines Sundadonty came north along the coast or the have more similarity to Southeast Asia than to archipelago of East Asia prior to about 18,000 Northeast Asia (TAKAHARA et al., 1968; B.P., and reached Japan, which is recognized as NAKAJIMA and OHKURA, 1971; NAKAJIMA et the northern limit of the Sundadonty distribution. al., 1971; CHEN et al., 1985; MATSUMOTO, Therefore it is estimated that some Sundadonty 1987), as indicated by somatometric studies. But lived in Taiwan, which was located on one of it is reported that Malay and Borneo, located in their northern routes. the Southeast Asian archipelago, are considerably Considering both the above estimation and the different from continental Southeast Asia (CHEN results of the present study, it can be assumed et al.,1985), and that Taiwan aborigines are more that gene flow occurred in the distant past from similar to Northeast Asia or the Southeast Asian some Sinodonty on the Chinese mainland to the continent than to Malay or Borneo (CHEN et al., aboriginal Sundadonty in Taiwan, as is estimated 1985; OMOTO et al., 1976). Thus, there are a few from the relationship between the Jomon genetic studies which disagree with the majority Sundadonty and the modern Japanese Sinodonty. of somatological results, but concur with the From the perspective of the gene flow, the present results. existence of some Sundadont characteristics in the Bunun seem to indicate a past history before Population history of Taiwan aborigines Sinodontification. But the possibility that Taiwan It would be premature to interpret the above aborigines already had not only Sundadont but result as characteristic of Taiwan aborigines since also Sinodont characteristics before their arrival their ancestors reached Taiwan, since: on Taiwan can not absolutely be denied, because 1. In the Chinese mainland, the Upper Cave the existence of typical Sundadonty in Taiwan man (about 18,000 B.P.), according to TURNER, still has not been proven. In other words, the is recognized as being the oldest Sinodonty. Since Sinodontification hypothesis of Taiwan then, no typical Sundadonty have been confirmed aborigines can not completely be supported until on the Chinese mainland. For example, neolithic the existence of some typical Sundadonty in 44 Y. MANABE, A. ROKUTANDA, Y. KITAGAWA and J. OYAMADA prehistoric Taiwan is determined. ABE (1982), it is proposed that the similarity TURNER and LIEN (1984) estimated that the between the Bunun and the Yami is relatively gene flow from the Chinese mainland to Taiwan small in comparison with the most of other inter- aborigines occurred after about 4,000-1,000 B.P., tribal similarities in Taiwan aborigines. However, since the Atayal, which belong to modern Taiwan in this study if viewed within the wider context aborigines, are more similar to the northern of East Asia, the similarity between the Bunun Chinese (1,384-1,111 B.C.) than to the prehistoric and the Yami is relatively large. Taiwanese (about 4,000-1,000 B.P.), based on The principal co-ordinate analysis showed that upper tooth traits, in spite of the limited number the Bunun have slightly stronger Sinodont of the usable materials and usable traits. In their characteristics than the Yami, as MANABE had data, prehistoric Taiwanese with some Sinodont estimated in 1989. characteristics, such as the shoveling, as well as Considering the weaker influence of Sundadont characteristics, do not appear to be Sinodonty on tribes geographically more distant such typical Sundadonty as the Jomonese. It from the Chinese mainland, it is assumed that suggests the probability that the Sinodontifica- one of the causes of inter-tribal diversity in tion had already begun in prehistoric Taiwanese Taiwan aborigines can be attributed to the vigor prior to 1,000-4,000 B.P.. The gene flow from of Sinodontification, as well as to the effects of the Chinese mainland to Taiwan may have geographic and social isolation as mentioned by already started prior to the estimated period CHAI (1967). (about 300 B.C.) of the beginning of Sinodontifi- cation in Japan. Acknowledgements Paleogeographically considering the gap Investigations in Taiwan were carried out with between the Sinodontiflcation periods in Taiwan permission from the Taiwan provincial govern- and Japan, the earlier Sinodontification in ment. We wish to thank Dr. C.G. TURNER II for Taiwan may have been a result of a later providing standard plaques of the ASU Dental geographical separation from the Continent of Anthropology System and data. Asia, with an increase of sea level.
抄 録 Inter-tribe variation in Taiwan Taiwan aborigines are divided broadly into 歯 冠 形 態 か ら み た 台 湾 原 住 民 Bunun 族 の 東 ア ジ ア two categories: Sinicized and non-Sinicized 諸 集 団 に お け る 人 類 学 的 位 置 peoples. The non-Sinicized peoples, who were hardly affected by Chinese mainlanders after the 真 鍋 義 孝 ・六 反 田 篤 ・北 川 賀 一 ・小 山 田 常 一 17th century, are classified into 7-12 tribes 歯 冠 形 質 に 基 づ い て,台 湾 原 住 民 ブ ヌ ン 族 の 東 ア linguistically and ethnographically, e.g. the ジ ア に お け る 人 類 学 的 位 置 を 明 ら か に す る 目 的 で, Bunun, Yami, Atayal, Ami and others (TORII, 歯 冠 に 出 現 す る17形 質 の 観 察 お よ び 分 類 を 行 い, 1910; UTSURIKAWAet al., 1935; OGAWA and TURNER (1987)に よ っ て 定 義,分 類 さ れ た 東 北 ア ASAI, 1935; KANO, 1941; MABUCHI, 1954; ジ ア に 特 有 の Sinodonty 集 団 お よ び 東 南 ア ジ ア に 特
FERRELL, 1969). 有 の Sundadonty 集 団 と比 較 し た.ブ ヌ ン族 は,17 According to the studies of inter-tribal varia- 形 質 中 shoveling, double shovel, deflccting tion based on somatological measurement by wrinkle の3形 質 に つ い て は Sinodont 的 で,一 方 KANASEKI(1952), ABE and TAMURA(1981) and tuberculum dentale, cusp 5,4-cusp の3形 質 Dentition of Taiwan Aborigines 45
で は Sundadont 的特 徴 を 示 して い る こ と か ら,両 aboriginal Taiwanese population. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 66: 327-337. 者 の特 徴 を合 わ せ持 って い る こ とが 明 らか に な った. COON, CS., S.M. GARN and J.B. BIRDSELL, 1950: さ らに,こ れ らの17形 質 の 出 現 頻 度 か ら算 出 さ れ た Races. A Study of the Problems of Race Formation 各 集 団 間 の SMITH の距 離 を もと に,ク ラ ス タ ー 分 析 in Man. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. と主 座 標 分 析 を行 った結 果,ブ ヌ ン族 が ヤ ミ族,北 DAVIDSON, J., 1903: The Island of Formosa. 中 国-モ ン ゴル や南 中国 に比 較 的 近 く,ヤ ミ族 と共 Macmillan, London and New York, pp.585-586. に台 湾 原 住 民 と して Sinodonty の ク ラ ス タ ー に属 す DENIKER, J., 1900: The Races of Man. Walter Scott, London. る こ とが 明 らか に な った.こ れ ら の 結 果 か ら,台 湾 von EICKSTEDT, E., 1934: Rassenkunde and Rassen- 原 住 民 が台 湾 に住 み 着 い た 当 初 か ら Sinodont 的 特 geschichte der Menschheit. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, 徴 を示 して い た と も考 え ら・れ る が,現 在 と 過 去 に お Stuttgart. け る Sinodonty と Sundadonty の 分 布 を 考 慮 に い FERRELL, R., 1969: Taiwan aboriginal groups: れ た場 合,台 湾 に先 住 して い た Sundadonty に,中 Problems in cultural and linguistic classification. Monograph 17 of the Institute of Ethnology, 国 本 土 か らの遺 伝子 拡散 によ る Sinodont 化 が起 こ っ Academia Sinica, Taipei. た 可 能 性 が 考 え られ る.ま た,こ の 台 湾 に お け る GARN, SM., 1961: Human Races. Charles C. Thomas, Sinodont 化 の 時 期 は,日 本 に お け る Sinodont 化 Springfield, Illinois. の 時 期(縄 文 か ら弥 生 へ の 移 行 期)よ り早 い 時 期 に GOWER, J.G., 1966: Some distance properties of latent さか の ぼ るも の と推 定 され る.し か し,こ の 仮 説 の root and vector methods used in multivariate analysis. Biometrika, 53: 325-338. 証 明 に は,過 去 か ら現 在 に到 る 台 湾 お よ び そ の 周 辺 GREEN, R.F. and J.M. SUCHEY, 1976: The use of 地 域 の諸 集 団 に関 す る,よ り詳 細 な 研 究 を 必 要 とす inverse sine transformations in the analysis of non- る. metric cranial data. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 45: 61-68. HANIHARA, K., 1967: Racial characteristics in the References dentition. J. Dent. Res., 46: 923-926. HANIHARA, K., 1969: Mongoloid dental complex in ABE, K., 1982: A classification for the people of Taiwan the permanent dentition. Proc. VIIIth Internat. by principal component analysis. J. Anthrop. Soc. Congress Anthropol, and Ethnol. Sciences (1968), Nippon, 90: 421-434. (In Japanese with English Tokyo and Kyoto, pp.298-300. summary) HOWELLS, W.W., 1960: The distribution of man. ABE, K, and H. TAMURA,1981: Somatometric study of Scientific American, 203: 113-125. Taiwan aborigines. - An effort at classification -. J. KANASEKI, T., 1952: Anthropological studies on the Anthrop. Soc. Nippon, 89: 181-196. (In Japanese with peoples of Far Eastern Asia, especially in the peoples English summary) of Formosa. Fukuoka Acta Medica, 43: 1-13. (In BELLWOOD, P.S., 1980: The peopling of the Pacific. Japanese with English summary) Scientific American, 243: 138-147. KANASEKI, T. and N. KOKUBU, 1979: Archaeological BELLWOOD, P.S., 1985: Prehistory of the Indo- reports of Taiwan. Hosei Daigaku Shuppan-kyoku, Malaysian Archipelago. Academic Press, Sidney. Tokyo. (In Japanese) BERRY, A.C. and R.J. BERRY, 1967: Epigenetic varia- 〔金 関 丈 夫 ・国分 直一,1979:台 湾 考 古 誌.法 政 大 tion in the human cranium. J. Anat., 101: 361-379. CHAI, C.K., 1967: Taiwan aborigines: A genetic study 学 出版 局,東 京.〕 of tribal variations. Harvard University Press, KANO, T., 1941: A trial proposal on the classification Cambridge. of Taiwan aborigines. Jap. J. Ethnol., 7: 1-32 (In CHANG, C.S., 1963: Anthropological studies on the Japanese). occlusal surface patterns of the lower molars in the 〔鹿 野 忠雄,1941:台 湾 原 住 民 の 分 類 に 関 す る一 試 ethnic groups of Taiwan, Acta. Anat. Nippon., 38: 案.民 族 学 研 究,7:1-32.〕 331-340. (In Japanese with English summary) KUDO, K., 1985: A physical anthropological study of CHANG, K.C., 1969: Review article, on Changpinian: the teeth in the Bunun tribe of Taiwan aborigines. J. A newly discovered preceramic culture from the Kyushu Dent. Soc., 39: 201-229. (In Japanese with agglomerate caves on the east coast of Taiwan, by English summary) Wen-hsun Sung. Asian Perspect., 12: 133-136. LING, CS., 1954: The ancient Min Yuei tribe and the CHEN, K.H., H. CAN, T.C. CHEN, B. van WEST and Taiwan indigenous tribes. In: Taiwan Culture 1. China L. CAVALLI-SFORZA, 1985: Genetic markers of an Culture Publishing Commission. Taipei. (cited from 46 Y. MANABE, A. ROKUTANDA, Y. KITAGAWA and J. OYAMADA
CHEN et al., 1985) 〔尾 本 恵 市 ・三 沢 章 吾 ・石 本 剛 一,1975:血 液 の 遺 LIU, K.L., 1977: Dental condition of two tribes of 伝 マ ー カ ー よ りみ た 沖 縄 の ヒ ト.九 学 会 連 合 沖 縄 Taiwan aborigines. - Ami and Atayal - J. Dent. 調 査 委 員 会(編) 沖 縄 -自 然 ・文 化 ・社 会-. Res., 56: 117-127. MA, C.M., 1939: Zahnarztliche Beobachtungen der 弘 文 堂,東 京,pp.93-111.〕 Paiwan. J. Nippon Dent. Assoc., 32: 383-398. (In SASAKI, M., 1982: A physical anthropological study of Japanese with English summary) the teeth in the tribe of Taiwan aborigines, Paiwan. MABUCHI, T., 1954: Retrospect on the classification J. Kyushu Dent. Soc., 36: 433-467. (In Japanese with of the Formosan aborigines. Jap. J. Ethnol., 8:1-11. English summary) (In Japanese with English summary) SCOTT, G.R., 1973: Dental morphology. A genetic study MANABE, Y., 1989: Dental characteristics in the Yami of American White families and variation in living tribe, Taiwan aborigine. J. Kyushu Dent. Soc., 43: southeast Indians. PhD Dissertation. Arizona State 489-522. (In Japanese with English summary) University, Tempe. MATSUMOTO, H., 1987: Characteristics of the SJ*VOLD, T., 1973: The occurrence of minor non- Mongoloid and neighboring populations on the basis metrical variants in the skeleton and their quantitative of the genetic markers of immunoglobulins. J. treatment for population comparisons. Homo, 24: Anthrop. Soc. Nippon, 95: 291-304. (In Japanese with 204-233. English summary) SUNG, W.H., 1980: A review of Taiwan from an MIYAMOTO, N., 1985: Aboriginal tribes in Taiwan. archaeological perspective. In; C.L. CHEN (ed.), Rokko Shuppan, Tokyo. (In Japanese) Chinese Taiwan. Taipei, pp.93-220. 〔宮 本 延 人,1985:台 湾 の原 住 民 族.六 興 出 版,東 〔宋 文 薫,1980:由 考 古 学 看 台 湾.陳 奇 線(編) 京.〕 中 国 的 台 湾,中 国 供 応 社,台 北,pp.93-220.〕 TAKAHARA, S., Y. OGURA, Y. ORITA, Y. MASUDA, MIYAMOTO, N., K. SEGAWA and T. MABUCHI, 1987; R. SAITO, T. SETO, Y. MITANI, Y. KURODA, K. Ethnic and Culture in Taiwan. Rokko Shuppan, OKAMOTO, K. OHKURA and Y.Z. SHEN, 1968: Tokyo. (In Japanese) Field survey for acatalasemic gene among the popula- 〔宮 本 延 人 ・瀬 川 孝 吉 ・馬 淵 東 一,1987:台 湾 の 民 tion in Formosa. J. Okayama Med. Assoc., 80: 族 と文化.六 興 出 版,東 京.〕 1275-1280. (In Japanese with English summary) NAGAYAMA, T., 1984: A physical anthropological TANAKA, I., 1987: Crown morphology of the Ami, study of the teeth in the tribe of Taiwan aborigines, Aborigines of Formosa. J. Kyushu Dent. Soc., 41: Rukai. J. Kyushu Dent. Soc., 38: 971-1002. (In 753-784 (In Japanese with English summary) Japanese with English summary) TORII, R., 1898: To what kind of a race belong the NAKAJIMA, H. and K. OHKURA, 1971: The distribution aboriginals of the island Botel Tobago? Chigaku of several serological and biochemical traits in East Zasshi (J. Geol.), 10, 116. (In Japanese) Asia. III. The distribution of gamma-globulin (Gm[1], 〔鳥 居 龍 蔵,1898:紅 頭嶼 の 土 人 は 如 何 な る 種 族 よ Gm[2], Gm[5] and Inv[1] and Gc groups in Taiwan and Ryukyu. Hum. Hered., 21: 362-370. り 成 る 乎.地 学 雑 誌,10輯116巻(1976:鳥 居 龍 蔵 NAKAJIMA, H., K. OHKURA, M.C. HUANG, R. SAITO 全 集,第11巻,朝 日 新 聞 社,東 京,pp.579-584).〕 and T. SETO, 1971: The distribution of several TORII, R., 1901a: The cephalic form of the Botel serological and biochemical traits in East Asia. IV. Tobago aboriginals. Tokyo Zinruigakukai Zasshi (J. The distribution of the blood groups in the Taiwanese Anthropol. Soc. Tokyo), 182. (In Japanese) mountain aborigines. Jap. J. Human Genet., 16: 〔鳥 居 龍 蔵,1901:紅 頭 喚 土 人 の 頭 形.東 京 人 類 學 57-68. 雑 誌,182号(1976:鳥 居 龍 蔵 全 集,第11巻,朝 日 OGAWA, N. and E. ASAI, 1935: Myths and traditions 新 聞 社,東 京,pp.584-589).〕 of the Formosan native tribes. Taihoku Imperial TORII, R., 1901b: The stature and the span of arms of University. Toko Shoin, Tokyo. (In Japanese) the Botel Tobago aboriginals. Tokyo Zinruigakukai 〔小 川 尚 義 ・浅 井 恵 倫,1935:原 語 に よ る 台 湾 高 砂 Zasshi (J. Anthropol. Soc. Tokyo), 189: (In Japanese) 族 伝 説 集.台 湾 帝 国 大 学 言 語 学 教 室 ・刀 江 書 院, 〔鳥 居 龍 蔵,1901:紅 頭嶼 土 人 の 身 長 と 指 極.東 京 東 京.〕 人 類 學 雑 誌,189号(1976:鳥 居 龍 蔵 全 集,第11巻, OMOTO, K., S. MISAWA and G. ISHIMOTO, 1975: 朝 日新 聞 社,東 京,pp.589-592).〕 Hereditary blood markers of Okinawan inhabitants. TORII, R., 1910: Etudes anthropologiques: Les In: The Committee of the Joint Research Project on aborigenes de Formose. (lr Fascicule). Introduction. Okinawa (ed.), Okinawa - Nature, Culture and J. Coll. Sci. Tokyo Imperial Univ., 28, 6. (In Society. Kobundo, Tokyo, pp.93-1 l 1. (In Japanese) Japanese) Dentition of Taiwan Aborigines 47
〔鳥 居 龍 蔵,1910:人 類 学 研 究 ・台 湾 の原 住 民(一) Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 序 論.東 京 帝 国 大 学 理 科 大 学 紀 要,28冊,6編 pp.72-76. (In Russian) (cited from TURNER, 1987) TURNER, C.G. II, 1985: The dental search for Native (1976:鳥 居 龍 蔵 全 集,第5巻,朝 日新 聞社,東 京, American origins. In: KIRK R. and E. SZATHMARY pp.1-74).〕 (eds.) Out of Asia. J. Pacific History, Canberra, TORII, R., 1912: Etudes anthropologiques: Les pp.31-78. aborigenes de Formose (2e Fascicule). Tribu Yami. TURNER, C.G. II, 1986: Recent Hong Kong dentition: J. Coll. Sci. Tokyo Imperial Univ., 32, 4. (In A probable southern affinity. J. Hong Kong Japanese) Archaeol., 31: 303-310. 〔鳥 居 龍 蔵,1912:人 類 学研 究 ・台 湾 の 原 住 民(二) TURNER, C.G. II, 1987: Late Pleistocene and Holocene ヤ ミ族 東 京 帝 国 大 学 理科 大学 紀 要,32冊,4編 population of East Asia based on dental variation. (1976:鳥 居 龍蔵 全 集,第5巻,朝 日新 聞社,東 京, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 73: 305-321. TURNER, C.G. II, 1989: Teeth and prehistory in Asia. pp.75-120).〕 Scientific American, 263: 70-77. TORII, R., 1925: Prehistoric Japan. Isobekoyodo. (In TURNER, C.G. II and K. HANIHARA, 1977: Additional Japanese) features of Ainu dentition. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 〔鳥 居 龍 蔵,1925:有 史 以 前 の 日 本.磯 部 甲 陽 堂 46: 13-24. (1976:鳥 居 龍 蔵 全 集,第1巻,朝 日新 聞 社,東 京, TURNER, C.G. II and C.M. LIEN, 1984: Diachronic
pp.167-453). differences in Taiwan dental morphology. Bull. Indo- TURNER, C.G. II, (n.d.): ASU Dental Anthropology Pacific Prehist. Assoc., 5: 74-82. System. Scoring procedures for key morphological TURNER, C.G. II and G.R. SCOTT,1977: The dentition traits of the permanent dentition. Dental Anthro- of living Easter Islanders. In: Dahlberg A.A. and T.M. Graber (eds.), Orofacial Growth and Development. pology Laboratory of Arizona State University, Arizona. Mouton Publishers, The Hague, pp.229-249. TURNER, C.G. II, 1976: Dental evidence on the origins UTSURIKAWA, N., N. MIYAMOTO and T. MABUCHI, of the Ainu and Japanese. Science, 193: 911-913. 1935: Formosan native tribes. A genealogical and classificatory study. Toko shoin, Tokyo. (In Japanese) TURNER, C.G. II, 1979: Dental anthropological indications of agriculture among the Jomon people 〔移 川 子 之 蔵 ・宮 本 延 人 ・馬 淵 東 一,1935:台 湾 高 of central Japan, X. Peopling of the Pacific. Am. J. 砂 族 系 統 所 属 の研 究,台 湾 帝 国 大 学 土 俗 人 種 学 教 Phys. Anthropol., 51: 619-636. 室 刀 江 書 院,東 京.〕 TURNER, C.G. II, 1983: Sinodonty and Sundadonty: VALLOIS, H.V., 1948: Les races humaines. Presses A dental anthropological view of Mongoloid Universitaires de France. (In Japanese) microevolution, origin, and dispersal into the Pacific Basin, Siberia, and the Americas. In: VASILIEVSKY 〔ア ン リ=V・ ヴ ァ ロ ア(寺 田 和 夫 訳),1948:人 種. R.S. (ed.) Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene 白 水 社,東 京.〕 Cultural Connections of Asia and America. USSR
真 鍋 義 孝 長崎大学歯学部口腔解剖学第1講 座 〒852 長崎市坂本町7番1号
Yoshitaka MANABE Department of Oral Anatomy, Nagasaki University, School of Dentistry, Sakamoto-machi 7-1, Nagasaki 852, Japan