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Factores Evolutivos Y Ecológicos En La Diversificación Fenotípica

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Factores Evolutivos Y Ecológicos En La Diversificación Fenotípica FACTORES EVOLUTIVOS Y ECOLÓGICOS EN LA DIVERSIFICACIÓN FENOTÍPICA DENTAL DE POBLACIONES HUMANAS MODERNAS A TRAVÉS DE TÉCNICAS DE MORFOMETRÍA GEOMÉTRICA Stephanie Torrijo Boix Factores evolutivos y ecológicos en la diversificación fenotípica dental de poblaciones humanas modernas a través de técnicas de Morfometría Geométrica ST É PHANIE TORRIJO BOIX TORRIJO PHANIE STÉPHANIE TORRIJO BOIX Tesis Doctoral Tesis Alicante, Diciembre 2015 Doctoral DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FACTORES EVOLUTIVOS Y ECOLÓGICOS EN LA DIVERSIFICACIÓN FENOTÍPICA DENTAL DE POBLACIONES HUMANAS MODERNAS A TRAVÉS DE TÉCNICAS DE MORFOMETRÍA GEOMÉTRICA STÉPHANIE TORRIJO BOIX Tesis presentada para aspirar al grado de DOCTORA POR LA UNIVERSIDAD DE ALICANTE PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN BIOTECNOLOGÍA Y BIOMEDICINA Dirigida por: ALEJANDRO ROMERO RAMETA Diciembre, 2015 Factores evolutivos y ecológicos en la diversificación fenotípica dental de poblaciones humanas modernas a través de técnicas de Morfometría Geométrica Tesis presentada por Stéphanie Torrijo Boix Para aspirar al grado de DOCTORA POR LA UNIVERSIDAD DE ALICANTE PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN BIOTECNOLOGÍA Y BIOMEDICINA Dirigida por Alejandro Romero Rameta Departamento de Biotecnología Universidad de Alicante A mis padres Agradecimientos Este proyecto empezó en agosto de 2009, sonaba en mis auriculares “contexto” de Nueva Vulcano. Nos dirigíamos hacia Pamukkale y mientras observaba el paisaje a través de la ventana del bus, me preguntaba, que quería hacer en los próximos años. Trabajando en la Universidad y rodeada siempre de gente investigadora es difícil no tener en mente la idea de volver a estudiar. Sin embargo, tal vez la falta de feeling con las materias que se me planteaban o simplemente el hecho de que no fuera el momento oportuno hacían que tardara poco en perder el interés. Mi caso puede considerarse un poco atípico, una bióloga en tierra de químicos, que ellos tratan siempre de recordarme en tono jocoso cada vez que coincidimos en el café. Y aunque al final le voy cogiendo el gusto a eso de la cromatografía, una no puede negar sus orígenes. Muchos son los doctorandos del Dpto. de Química Analítica que he conocido y siempre he sido consciente del esfuerzo que requiere hacer una tesis, pero también he vivido de cerca la satisfacción que proporciona el hecho de trabajar en cosas que te apasionan. Fue estando allí, en Turquía, cuando decidí que había llegado el momento de intentarlo. Al regreso de las vacaciones, quedé con Alex una mañana, le planteé mi interés, y me dijo: - si empiezas con esto te acabarás enganchando-, y así fue, el estudio de la evolución se convirtió en la droga que me ha mantenido viva en estos últimos años. Gracias Alex, por ofrecerme la gran colección de dientes que tienes en el despacho e involucrarme contigo en este periplo dental. Gracias a Transmitting Science, especialmente a Sole, sin vuestros cursos este trabajo no habría sido posible. Gracias a Alejandro PR, por ofrecerme tu amistad, tu casa durante los cursos en Sabadell y por involucrarme en la experiencia de la excavación de Lanzarote. Gracias al Dpto. de Biotecnología, especialmente a Pascu, por amenizar con buena música los meses y meses de montaje de la colección y del fotografiado de la muestra y a Mª José por darme ánimos cada vez que nos hemos encontrado fugazmente por los pasillos. Gracias a Secun, por ser un Sol, y ayudarme en todo lo posible siempre con una gran sonrisa. Debo un agradecimiento muy especial a Ángela, por acompañarme a París a la obtención de moldes, fue una gran semana en todos los sentidos!!! Gracias Bea, por tu apoyo en estos últimos meses, a pesar de la distancia, espero que sigamos compartiendo dudas morfométricas durante mucho tiempo. Gracias al Departamento de Química Analítica, a muchos profesores, a todos los becarios (especialmente a Carlos, JP, Silvia, Ángela y Águeda), a “las poliméricas” en conjunto y en especial a Sole y a Salva por ser mis mentores en la vida científica, gracias por vuestro apoyo y paciencia. Gracias Lola, por hacer del café de la mañana el mejor momento del día. Gracias Willy, por meterme caña en aquella conversación telefónica en las navidades pasadas, ha pasado un año, y parece que ya hemos llegado al objetivo. Gracias Marina, que a pesar de la distancia siempre estás al otro lado de la pantalla dándome ánimos, sigo echando de menos nuestro café en Ciencias. Gracias a mis amigos del MarinaPlof , por seguir creciendo juntos, que sería de mí sin nuestros debates políticos, evolutivos, musicales, por las largas charlas sobre la persecución del amor, sobre el teletransporte, las máquinas del tiempo, por las paellas de domingo, por los festivales de verano, por compartir conmigo momentos de máxima felicidad. Y gracias especialmente a ti Serrano, por los paseos, las conversaciones, la buena música y las cervezas en tu terraza durante los meses de verano. No estamos solos, y me lo demostráis siempre. Gracias a mis amigas de Quisiera ser un pez, a todas por ser especiales, por escucharme, aconsejarme y hacerme llorar cuando toca como nadie más sabe hacer, y especialmente a ti Rosa, ya sabes por qué. Gracias Alicia, por ser mi heroína y estar siempre ahí. Muchas personas han compartido conmigo los momentos complicados durante este tiempo, pero nadie como mis padres, ¡gracias!, por aguantar mis malos humos, por darme aliento, por dejarme en herencia coraje y constancia, por dármelo todo. Gracias a mi cada vez más pequeña familia, especialmente, a mi prima, siempre preguntándome -¿pero cuando acabas la dichosa tesis?-. Si Vanessa si, parece que ya acaba. Gracias a todas aquellas personas que durante estos años han compartido ratitos conmigo y me han escuchado hablar de mi trabajo y me han dado ánimos. Gracias Miriam, por seguir llamándome para los planes del sábado noche, aunque siempre te diga que no puedo apuntarme. Gracias a todos mis amigos de Biología, por seguir siendo los mismos con los que compartía mis tardes más ingenuas en la Facultad de Ciencias, y en especial a Fran, qué agradable volver a estudiar juntos en la Biblioteca de San José las navidades pasadas, parecía que no había pasado el tiempo. Sabes que a pesar de todo, de las decepciones, de la cruda realidad, de los sueños que no pudieron ser, si volviésemos atrás y pudiéramos elegir otra vez, escogeríamos de nuevo Biología. Quisiéramos agradecer el apoyo de diferentes conservadores y técnicos que nos han permitido el trabajo en los depósitos y colecciones para la obtención de moldes dentarios. Agradecemos a los Drs. Alain Froment y Philippe Mennecier y en especial a Aurélie Fort del Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Biologique, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN)/Musée de l’Homme (Paris) las posibilidades de trabajo y obtención de moldes en los fondos de las colecciones P. Broca y T. Hamy. Gracias al Dr. Ramírez-Rozzi (UPR 2147, CRNS) la aportación de muestra in vivo de cazadores-recolectores Baka y agricultores Mvae y Yassa de Camerún, así como a cada uno de los participantes que de forma desinteresada han contribuido a explorar la diversidad dentaria en África. Otras muestras depositadas en el Museo de Historia Natural de La Plata (Argentina) fueron obtenidas por el Dr. Ramírez-Rozzi gracias a la colaboración de la Dra. Sardi (División Antropologıa, Museo de La Plata), las provenientes del Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies (Universidad de Cambridge) gracias al acceso a las colecciones por la Dra. Mirazón-Lahr y las procedentes del Museo di Antropologia "Giuseppe Sergi" della Sapienza- Università di Roma, cedidas para su estudio por el Dr. Alejandro Pérez-Pérez (Unitat d´Antropologia, Universitat de Barcelona, UB) y obtenidas gracias al trabajo en sus fondos posibilitado por el Dr. Manzi. Agradecemos a la Dra. Sánchez-Mazas y a G. Pérreard del Département d´Anthropologie et d´Écologie de la Université de Genève las facilidades de acceso y estudio de sus fondos. En el Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique (IRScNB) en Bruselas, agradecemos el acceso y colaboración durante el trabajo en las colecciones a Rosine Orban, Patrick Semal y Caroline Polet. Las muestras del American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) de Nueva York fueron obtenidas gracias al permiso del Dr. Ian Tattersall, queremos agradecer la asistencia de Gisselle Garcia-Pack durante el trabajo en los fondos. El Dr. Jordi Galbany, la Dra. Beatriz Gamarra y el Dr. Alejandro Pérez-Pérez participaron en la obtención de moldes en el IRScNB y AMNH. Gracias a las Dras. Myriam Tarragó y Claudia M. Aranda, responsable de depósito del Área de Antropología Biológica del “Museo Etnográfico Juan B. Ambrosetti” de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, el acceso a sus fondos que permitieron implementar el registro de Fueguinos y Patagones. Por último, queremos agradecer al Dr. Fermín Viejo de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid el acceso a la Colección Olóriz, así como a Laura Medialdea, su colaboración en la documentación del material analizado. Las muestras que conforman el presente trabajo se encuentran depositadas en las colecciones de réplicas dentarias del Departamento de Biotecnología (Universidad de Alicante, UA) y de la Unitat d´Antropologia del Departament de Biologia Animal (Universitat de Barcelona, UB) y han sido obtenidas gracias a una financiación propia o derivada de los proyectos de convocatoria pública del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) CGL2011- 22999 - Medición de la tasa de cambio morfológico en relación con el cambio climático: modelos evolutivos en
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