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The Dental Morphology of Chalcolithic Populations in the Middle Guadiana

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The Dental Morphology of Chalcolithic Populations in the Middle Guadiana Departamento de Ciências da Vida Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade de Coimbra Crossing the river: the dental morphology of Chalcolithic populations in the Middle Guadiana Claudia Minervina Souza Cunha Advisor: Professora Doutora Ana Maria Gama da Silva (Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra) Co-advisor: Professor Joel D. Irish (Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University) Dissertation presented to the Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra towards the attainment of the degree of Doctor in Biological Anthropology. i Doctorate in Biological Anthropology Departamento de Ciências da Vida Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade de Coimbra Title: Crossing the river: the dental morphology of Chalcolithic populations in the Middle Guadiana Advisors: Ana Maria Silva and Joel D. Irish Year: 2015 Financial support: Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/70495/2010) ii Table of Contents List of figures ……………………………………………….…………………………. ix List of tables…………………………………………………………………………… xiv List of maps………………………………………………………………….………… xx Abstract and key words……………………………………………………………..…. xxii Resumo e palavras chave …………………………………………………………..…. xxiv Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………..……… xxvi Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………. xxvii 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………. 1 1.1. Research objectives…………………………………………………………...…... 2 1.2. Structure of this dissertation……………………………………………………..... 3 1.3. On teeth and dental variation……………………………………………………... 4 1.3.1. Teeth as sources of cultural and biological information………………………… 6 1.4. Teeth and their application in morphological studies of human variation……...… 10 1.4.1. Genetics and inheritance of non-metric traits…………………………………… 10 1.4.2. Dental Morphology – history of the study and its application on the understanding dispersal of human groups ………………………………………….… 13 1.4.3. The study of non-metric tooth morphology in Iberian prehistoric populations…………………………………………….................................................. 21 1.4.4. The Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS). 26 2. Archaeological context of the osteological samples……………………………… 29 2.1. Pits, ditches and enclosed sites……………………………………………..…….. 31 2.2. Perdigões location and description of the site……………………………...……... 33 iii 2.3. Synthesis of funerary contexts in Perdigões enclosure…………………...………. 36 2.3.1. Deposition of human remains in ditches……………………............................... 38 2.3.2. Pit burials……………………...……………………...…………………….…… 39 2.3.3. The atypical collective burial of Assemblage 1…………………….................... 42 2.3.4. Collective burial tombs in the „necropolis’……………………........................... 43 2.3.4.1 Tomb 1……………………...……………………...………………..………… 44 2.3.4.2. Tomb 2……………………...……………………...………………….……… 48 2.4. The articulation of PDG1 and PDG22 with their surroundings and beyond – archaeological data……………………...……………………...……………………… . 49 2.5. The archaeological context of Cerro de las Baterías in the third millennium BC ………………………………………………………….............................................. .52 2.5.1. The tomb of Cerro de las Baterías…………………...…………………….…… 57 2.5.2. The anthropological study of the human remains from BT07…………...……… 62 2.6. Linking both sides of the river – similarities between the funerary contexts in PDG and BT07……………………...……………………...……………………..…… 65 3. Materials and methods……………………...…………………………..………... 66 3.1. Materials……………………...……………………...……………………..…….. 67 3.1.1. Minimum number of individuals……………………...………………………… 68 3.1.2. Pre-treatment of the materials…………………...……………………….……... 70 3.2. Methods……………………...……………………...…………………………….. 72 3.2.1. Registry procedures……………………...……………………...……………… 72 3.2.2. Discrete traits selected for the study……………...……………………..……... 74 3.2.3. Statistical treatment of the data……………………...………………………….. 97 iv 3.2.3.1. Intra-observer error – verification of precision…...……………………...…… 97 3.2.3.2. Counting method, assessment of frequencies and asymmetry……………...… 98 3.2.3.3. Statistical comparison of samples - PCA applied to dental nonmetric traits … 99 4. Results…...…………………...……………………...……………………..……. 104 4.1. Intra-observer error…...……………………...……………………………..…….. 104 4.2. Asymmetry and trait correlations…...……………………...……………………… 106 4.3. Relevant anthropological data regarding tooth morphology…...……………...….. 108 4.3.1. Taphonomic alterations of the human remains…...……………………………... 108 4.3.2. Tooth wear…...……………………...……………………...……………..…..… 113 4.4. Summary data – descriptive dental morphology of the samples………………….. 116 4.5. Biological affinities of the Chalcolithic samples at Perdigões and Cerro de las 152 Baterías to worldwide samples………………………………...………………….…… 4.5.1. Intra-site, regional and world comparisons…...……………………………...…. 154 4.5.2. Biological affinities of PDG1, PDG2 and BT07 to prehistoric and historic populations within the Afridont and Eurodont complexes: diachronic 175 comparisons…...……………………...……………………...………………………… 4.5.2.1. Comparisons of PDG1, PDG2 and BT07 to others dated to the 5th Millennium BC and older ….…...……………………...…………………………………………… 180 4.5.2.2. Comparisons of PDG1, PDG2 and BT07 to others dated to the 4th – 3rd Millennium BC…...……………………...……………………...………………...…… 201 4.5.2.3. Comparisons of PDG1, PDG2 and BT07 to others dated to the 2nd – 1st Millennium BC…...……………………...……………………...………………...…… 227 4.5.2.4. Comparisons of PDG1, PDG2 and BT07 to others dated to the 1st Millennium AD to the Modern Ages…...……………………...……………………………………. 238 v 4.5.2.5. Comparisons of PDG1, PDG2 and BT07 to the Modern/Contemporary Portuguese…...……………………...……………………...…………………….…….. 247 5. Discussion…...……………………...……………………...…………………...…… 252 5.1. Mandibular, palatine and maxillary tori – a matter of stress? …...…………..…… 253 5.2. The proposal of a new discrete trait for the human dentition……………………... 256 5.3. The dental morphology of Chalcolithic populations from Perdigões and Cerro de las Baterías…...……………………...……………………...……………………….… 258 5.4. Biological affinities of the populations from Perdigões and Cerro de las Baterías…...……………………...……………………...……………………………… 261 5.4.1. Mobility and genetic studies…...……………………...………………………… 261 5.4.2. Biological affinities expressed by the tooth morphology…...…………………... 264 5.4.2.1. Inter-sample affinities…...……………………...……………………………... 264 5.4.2.2 Population continuity and biological affinities in the surroundings of Perdigões in the 2nd millennium BC…...……………………...…………………..…… 266 5.4.2.3. Biological affinities to macro-regional populations…...……………………… 266 5.4.2.4. Biological affinities to populations from the 5th millennium BC and older…...……………………...……………………...………………………………… 268 5.4.2.5. Biological affinities to populations from the 4th-3rd millennium BC………….. 269 5.4.2.6. Biological affinities to Argaric populations from the 2nd-1st millennium BC…...……………………...……………………...……………………………..…… 271 5.4.2.7. Biological affinities to historic populations in North Europe and North Africa…...……………………...……………………...………………………………. 272 6. Conclusions…...………………...……………………...………………….…… 274 6.1. Limitations of dental comparative analysis…...……………………………...…… 275 6.2. Geographic and chronological limits of the work…...……………………….…… 276 vi 6.3. Contributions and constraints of studying teeth from prehistoric collective burial contexts…...……………………………...……...……………………...……………… 278 6.3.1. A matter of size…...……………………...…………….………………...……… 278 6.3.2. Non-dietary tooth use…...…………………….………...……………………….. 279 6.3.3. The dental morphology of the populations from the Middle Guadiana Valley…...……………………...……………….……………...………………………. 281 6.4. Future research…...……………………………...……………………...………… 283 Bibliography…...………………………...……………………...………………… 284 Appendices…...………………………...……………………...………………….. 333 Appendix 1…...…………………...………...……………………...………………….. 334 Appendix 2…...……………………………...……………………...………………….. 341 vii List of Figures Figure 1.3.1 – Tuberculum projections on the lingual aspect of a left and right UI1 (compatible with a same individual) and a right UI1 displaying the no sign of that 9 variation……………………………………………………………………………… Figure 1.4.1 – ASUDAS plaster plaque used for the scoring of the distal accessory ridge on the UC………………………………………………………………………. 27 Figure 2.3.1 - Location of the funerary contexts excavated at Perdigões Enclosure …. 38 Figure 2.3.2 – Sepulcher 1 during excavation………………………………………… 53 Figure 2.6.1 - Location of BT07 17.5 km to the southwest of La Pijotilla in the Tierra de Barros, Badajoz, Spain…………………………………………………..…………. 56 Figure 2.6.2 – Naturalistic figurine in ivory from Perdigões (Reguengos de Monsaraz, Portugal) ………………………...........………………………………….. 56 Figure 2.6.3 – Location of BT07 on the south of the town of La Albuera, Badajoz, Spain …………………………………………………………………………………... 57 Figure 2.6.4 – Stratigraphic profile of BT07 tomb …………………………………… 59 Figure 2.6.5 - BT07 during excavation ……..……………………………………….. 60 Figure 2.6.6 – Fragment of a highly schematic Almeriense anthropomorphic figurine from the funerary pack of BT07……………………………………………………… 61 Figure 2.6.7 - Anatomical connections still in situ during the excavation of BT07 ….. 64 Figure 3.1 – Fragment of mandible from PDG1 consolidated in gauze after cleaning.. 70 Figure 3.2 – To teeth from PDG1 after laboratorial procedures……………………… 71 Figure 3.3 – Label accompanying human remains from PDG1…………………...….. 72 Figure 3.4 - UI1
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