Degradation of Honey Bees and Environmental Pollution

1 Plant Archives Vol. 20, Supplement 1, 2020 pp. 339-345 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210 DEGRADATION OF HONEY BEES AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION : A REVIEW Kameela Ward Shaher and Mohammed Shakir Manjy Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Environmental pollution is the inappropriate transformation of all or most of our ocean as a result of human and natural activities through its direct and indirect effects of changes in energy methods, radiation levels, physical and chemical composition, abundance of organisms, and the degradation of honey bees as a result of environmental pollutants from pesticides which are of particular importance in the agricultural field. The need to increase the amount of food to the need to increase the size and equipment of agricultural production and the presence of large fields for one crop increased the problems of pests, requiring more pesticide treatments that led to the disappearance of many solitary bees and pollinators Therefore, the importance of bees as a pollinator for flowers because of the possibility of increasing numbers easily and transported to farms, bees come into contact with pesticides during his visit. Since air, water and soil contain heavy metals as a result of various industries and produced by car exhaust and burning garbage and others, as well as radiation emitted by electric power towers and mobile phone towers, some of which carry electric charges affect bees and the behavior of bees and affect the navigational capacity of bees. He used bees and their products as an indicator of environmental pollution with heavy elements, pesticides, radiation and antibiotics because of its behavioral and synthetic characteristics that enable it to deal with all components of the environment and when returned be loaded with these pollutants, which have an impact on the immune system as a result of residues in bee products, including honey and the deterioration of honey bees It is a serious environmental phenomenon that leads to losses in the production of many strategic crops as well as large losses in the number of honey bee hives. Keywords : Environmental pollution, Honey bees, Apis mellifera L. Introduction The degradation of honey bees is a serious Honey bees Apis mellifera L. insect distinct environmental phenomenon that ultimately leads to losses in characteristics of structural, anatomical and behavioral, has the production of many strategic crops, where the loss of beekeepers from 30 to 90% of their hives has been attributed been loved by God Azoujl inspired and inspired by all the work done inside and outside the colony, including the work for many reasons, which lead to environmental pressures that of making a drink mentioned in the Koran (syrup of various negatively affect the immune system and make it more sensitive to diseases In 2006, an increase in the death rate in colors in which healing for people) and honey One of the products of the insect donor to the sweetest taste collected bee cults was observed in the United States of America due from the nectar glands in plants and turn it into honey by to the use of pesticides (Kamel, 2010). enzymes by the workers that convert complex and bilateral Due to the lack of studies in the field of environmental sugars into monosaccharides by evaporation of excess water pollutants of heavy elements, pesticides and antibiotics and to become honey palatable drink (Adenekan,1993; Bagdanov the impact of electromagnetic radiation emitted from et al. , 2009). In addition to the benefits of honey bees at the telecommunication towers or mobile phones and their impact present time is to detect environmental pollution with heavy on the honey bee colonies, which is the first pollinator, the metals and radioactive materials (Bahrampoor,2012). Bees study aimed to review the sources in the field of have behavioral and synthetic properties that enable it to deal environmental pollutants and their impact on honey bees. with all components of the environment such as soil, plant, Environmental pollutants water and air. Its stable in the environment and find their way into aquatic environments and possible multiply Honey bees are an insect looking for food among Trakizhabersath food chains until it locks into the bodies of the flowers of plants to collect nectar and pollen. They deal two neighborhoods vary by age, including cadmium, lead, with the components of the environment. Colony Collapse zinc, copper, nickel and barium (Erbilir and Erdogrul, 2005). Disorder (CCD) breaks down where bees leave their cells despite the existence of suitable living conditions Honeybee colonies are the most sensitive and (VanEngelsdorp et al. , 2009). sensitive to insecticides of other insects because they lack a number of genes that produce pesticide-decomposing The phenomenon has been attributed, inter alia, to enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) environmental pollutants, pathogens, parasites, glutathione-S-transferases and carboxylesterases (Johnson et environmental stress, beekeeping practices, malnutrition and al. , 2010). Research has shown that old bees and genetically modified plants (Cornman et al. , 2012; Duan et undernourished are more susceptible to pesticides than young al. , 2008; Potts et al. , 2010). The most important bees, because large bees have levels of vitellogenin, environmental pollutants that reach the bees and its products hemolymph, protein and antioxidants that are lower than and water is the first pollutant, the air, soil and plants are other insects (Johnson, 2015). In addition, honey bees are additional sources of this pollution as the bees transport the more sensitive to pesticides due to a shortage of genes that pollutants into the hive, and thus to its products causing large form detoxification enzymes (Claudianos, 2006). Genetic losses because they contain heavy metals such as cadmium, differences between species have an impact on bees' lead and mercury, radioactive isotopes and pollutants sensitivity to pesticides (Suchail and Belzunec, 2001). Another source of contamination is the use of dream 340 Degradation of honey bees and environmental pollution : A Review pesticides and antibiotics such as tetracycline and various Al-ogaidi (2017) also found the presence of residues of wax repellent chemicals (Sanchez-bayo and Goka, 2014). the oxytetracycline antibiotic in pollen substitutes, where the Chinese pollen was found to have a concentration of 0.002 Antibiotics ppm and local dough 0.001 ppm. Antibiotics have been used since ancient times In the study of (Al-ogaidi, 2017) on the effect of adding more than 250 years ago, and have also been used in medicine if traces of tetracycline are found in skeletal antibiotics of oxytetracycline to bee food and detection of remains dating from 352-550 from the Roman era in Egypt residues in honey produced using HPLC device, collected 25 samples of honey newly sorted from different apiaries for (Nelson et al. , 2010). Antibiotics have been used in the field of honeybee control and agriculture since 1940,one of the some provinces of Iraq for the central region of Baghdad, first antibiotics was Sulphathiozole sodium, Streptomycin , Karbala, Diyala, Wasit and Babylon. The antibiotic was found in all samples except Wasit province and the highest nitrofurans and Tetracycline, used by beekeepers to treat European, American and brood rot, they are a preventive percentage in Karbala province was 1.54%. treatment in Argentina, Canada and the United States to Agricultural pesticides et al. prevent the spread of the disease (Alippi , 2007). The most toxic pesticides for honey bees were Oxytetracycline (OTC) is the most commonly used in divided into 5 groups: organic phosphorus, methyl honey bees, due to the group of tetracyclines and the carbamate, pyrethroid and nicotinic pesticides, the latter isolation of this antibiotic from Streptomyces aureofaciens in being the most dangerous and toxic group of honeybee soil (Reeves, 2012). It is widely used to treat a range of colonies (Laure et al. , 2011; Suchail et al. , 2001). This group diseases and promote growth in veterinary animals, as well as was first introduced in the nineties and has become the most to treat bee diseases, which are infected with European and widely used pesticide in various countries (Jeschke et al. , American brood rot (Johnson and Nimisha, 2010). It is also 2011; Durkin and Casida, 2013). It was used in the beginning effective for positive, negative, aerobic, anaerobic, rickettsia of this century due to its use with seeds and water solubility and mycoplasma bacteria, inhibiting the synthesis of proteins and use in small quantities, and as a result of melting it will by blocking the tRNA molecule that transports the essential be systemic and enter through the roots and move through the amino acids to make proteins (Koesukwiwat et al. , 2010; receptacles of the tissue to the leaves of the plant, which Hills, 2010). makes the plant protected against insects that feed on it. The protective system of this group of pesticides is very The presence of antibiotic residues was detected during 2000–2001 as streptomycin was found in 4 samples of honey extensive, in 2011 in the United States of America on maize in Belgium out of 248 samples and tetracycline 2 samples out plant in the range of between 79 and 100% ha (Douglas and Tooker, 2015). Crops consume about 5% of the total of 72

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