The Melittologist's Newsletter Ronald J. McGinley. Bryon N. Danforth. Maureen J. Mello Deportment of Entomology • Smithsonian Institution. NHB-105 • Washington. DC 20560 NUMBER-6 January, 1993

CONTENTS COLLECTING NEWS COLLECTING NEWS .:....:Repo=.:..:..rt=on~Th.:..:.=ird=-=-PC=A..::.;M:.:...E=xp=ed=it=io:..o..n------=-1 Report on Third PCAM Expedition Update on NSF Mexican Bee Inventory 4 Robert W. Brooks ..;::.LC~;.,;;;....;;...:...:...;....;...;;;..o,__;_;.c..="-'-'-;.;..;....;;;~.....:.;..;.""""""_,;;...;....______,;. Snow Entomological Museum .:...P.:...roposo.a:...::..;:;..,:=..ed;::....;...P_:;C"'-AM~,;::S,;::u.;...;rvc...;;e.L.y-'-A"'"-rea.:o..=s'------'-4 University of Kansas Lawrence, KS 66045 Collecting on Guana Island, British Virgin Islands & Puerto Rico 5 The third NSF funded PCAM (Programa Cooperativo so- RESEARCH NEWS bre Ia Apifauna Mexicana) expedition took place from March 23 to April3, 1992. The major goals of this trip were ...:..T.o..:he;::....;...P.:::a::.::ra::.::s;:;;it:..::ic;....;;B::...:e:..:e:....::L=.:e:.:.ia;:;L'{XJd:..::..::..::u;,;;:.s....:::s.:..:.in.:..o~gc::u.:.::/a:o.:n;,;;:.s_____~7 to do springtime collecting in the Chihuahuan Desert and Decline in Bombus terrestris Populations in Turkey 7 Coahuilan Inland Chaparral habitats of northern Mexico. We =:...:::=.:.::....:::..:...==.:.:..:::::..:::.::...:.=.:..:..:=~:....=..~==~..:.:.:.....:..=.:=L-.--=- also did some collecting in coniferous forest (pinyon-juni- NASA Sponsored Solitary Bee Research 8 per), mixed oak-pine forest, and riparian habitats in the Si- ;:...;N:..::.o=tes;.,;;;....;o;,;,n:....:Nc..:.e.::..;st;:.;,i;,:,;n_g....:::b""-y....:.M=-'-e.;;,agil,;;a.;_:;c=h:..:..:ili=d-=B;....;;e....:::e..::.s______.....:::.8 erra Madre Oriental. Hymenoptera Database System Update 9 Participants in this expedition were Ricardo Ayala (Insti- '-'M:.Liss.:..:..:..;;;in..:....:g..;:JB<:..;ee:..::.::.::;.:..,;Pa:::..rt=s=?=::...;:_"'-L..;=c.:.:...c::.....::....::=:..,_----__;:_9 tuto de Biologia, Chamela, Jalisco); John L. Neff (Central Texas Melittological Institute, Austin, Texas); and Byron A. .:..:M:..:..:iss=in.:>;gL..:B:::..e::...:e:..::s:..:.?______1:..=.0 Alexander, Robert W. Brooks, and Douglas Yanega (Snow CURRENT PROJECTS 10 Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas). Ricardo Ayala departed on March 26 because of ANNOUNCEMENTS other responsibilities; the other four participants were pre- Bee Genera of North and Central America 15 sent for the entire 3-week period. ~~~~~~:..:..:..:.~~~~~~~=------:..=. Utah State University Bee Meeting Report 15 The expedition collected bees at fifty-seven localities, pri- ____..;,;;_.;;...;...;.;_....;~L...::;....o....;...,:..:..:..;;c...;;,.;.;,~,;_,.=.L..,;;,.;,.:...... ______:..::. marily in the state of Coahuila, but also in Durango and .;...;R;,::.e.o..::juv;;,;,e::.:...na=t-=-ed;::....;...R:.o:es=ea=rc-=-h:.:....::.Jo-=-u;::,:r.:...:n;;::;:a'-1______1:..=.6 Nuevo Leon (Fig. 1). Thirty-eight of the fifty-seven collect- International Symposium on Pollination in Tropics 16 ing sites were in desert shrub habitat. Several of these sites .:..:.N=E=W.:..:.S=L:..:.:E;;::;:TT;....:::...~E~R:..:J:N::..::..:::E.:..::W:.:..:S.:.....::..:_:_:_=:..:..:..:=c::.:..:..~.:....:..=c==-:::.._---=-= also included disturbed areas such as roadsides and fallow fields, and in seven cases the collecting was restricted to International Commission for Plant-Bee Relationships 16 such disturbed areas within desert shrub habitat. Seven sites oak-pine forest, three Bombus 16 were in coniferous forest or mixed =:...:::==------:..=. were in chaparral, and two were in other habitats (dunes, PASSINGS river floodplain). ..:...:lo=-=s""ip:.....;K;,..;:;ha~l:.:.;ifma..:....:=n:...:.--______1~7 This was clearly a year of unusually high precipitation, be- Tsing Chao Maa 17 cause the desert shrub habitat had large numbers of herba­ ..:.....:::;.;:.:..:..oil._:;;,;,=....:..:..:;==------~ ceous annual plants in bloom This was one reason for the ""Ja:::cc=k-=-v:..::a::.:...n:.....:d::..:e:.:..r;....;;V_::ecc:::..:..:.ht'------1~7 extensive collecting in this habitat. Another was the accessi- CORRECTIONS 17 bility of this habitat relative to the chaparral. Most of the ....:....;'--_;._,;;___,;.___;:;:______;:_;_ chaparral habitat in Coahuila is at elevations above 1500 m .:...;R=E=-=C::..::E=N-=-T.::..;....:::L=IT.:...;E=R:....::.:....;A:....:T-=U:...:.R...::..:E=------'-18=- in the numerous isolated mountain ranges that occur through- out the state. There are no roads leading directly into this habitat in most of the mountains, and climbing into the chap­ arral is very arduous and time-consuming because of the ter­ rain and the extremely thorny vegetation that one must pass MELISSA

·~---·----·\. ' ' Fig. 1 \ ... --- -··,,,

Mexico

through in order to reach the chaparral zone. We found one in bloom. We also found many herbaceous plants blooming locality in southern Coahuila, along a newly paved road from in the chaparral this year. More extensive collecting in chap­ Saltillo to Parras de Ia Fuente by way of General Cepeda, arral habitat would require a different type of expedition where we could easily reach chaparral habitat, and we spent from the three trips that have been made so far, all of which one afternoon and another full day collecting at this locality. have covered many miles and concentrated on collecting Spring is apparently a good time of year to collect in this close to roadsides. Relatively little of the existing chaparral habitat, because most of the dominant trees and shrubs were habitat can be reached in this way, and sampling this habitat

Table 1.-Bee genera coUected on the Third Mexican Apifaunal Survey (the bee classification employed here is from . Michener, McGinley and Danforth's forthcoming review of Central and North American bee gener). SITES= number of ' sites at which genus was coUected. SITES PLANTS (GENERA) ON WinCH BEE GENUS WAS COLLEC1ED COLLETIDAE Colletes 15 Acacia, Chamaesaracha, Dalea, Larrea, Prosopis, Ungnadia, Verbesina Hylaeus 9 Acacia, Ceanothus, Lesquerella, Nama, Prosopis, Senecio, Sphaeralcea ANDRENIDAE Andrena 19 Argemone, Brassica, Ceanothus, Cowania, Descurainia, Lesquerella, Nerisyrenia, Prosopis, Prunus, Senecio Calliopsis s.l Calliopsis 4 Dalea, Erigeron, Machaeranthera Hypomacrotera 11 Argemone, Nama, Senecio, Sphaeralcea, Thelocactus Micronomadopsis 3 Dalea,Nama Verbenapis 1 Glandularia

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Table 1.-Cont. SllES PLANfS ON WHICH BEE GENUS WAS COLLECIED Perdia 15 Allionia, Chamaesaracha, Cactaceae (several genera), Cordia, Dalea, Fouquieria, Larrea, Lesquerella, Machaeranthera, Nama, Prosopis, Sphaeralcea Heterosarus 5 Dalea, Machaeranthera, Maurandya HALICIIDAE Conanthalictus 2 Nama Dufourea 18 Erigeron, Lesquerella, Nama Sphecodosoma 2 Nama Nomia 1 Porlieria Augochlora 4 Ceanothus, Larrea Augochlorella 5 Dalea, Echinocereus, Lesquerella Augochloropsis 11 Brassica, Ceanothus, Condalia, Cowania, Dalea, Senecio, Ungnadia ?Caenaugochlora 2 Ceanothus, Verbesina Neocorynura 1 Agapostemon 20 Astragalus, Echinocactus, Echinocereus, Larrea, Lesquerella, Machaeranthera, Malvastrum, Mimosa, Nerisyrenia, Opuntia, Prosopis, Sphaeralcea, Ungnadia Halictus 15+ Baileya, Brassica, Erigeron, Larrea, Lesquerella, Machaeranthera, Nama, Senecio, Sphaeralcea, Verbesina, and others Lasioglossum s.l. Lasioglossum 28 Agave, Arbutus, Arctostaphylos, Argemone, Berberis, Brassica, Cowania, Dalea, Larrea, Nama, Nerisyrenia, Opuntia, Prosopis, Prunus, Quincula, Senecio, Sphaeralcea Evylaeus 4 Larrea, Senecio Dialictus 34 Agave, Arctostaphylos, Argemone, Bahia, Brassica, Castilleja, Ceanothus, Chamaesaracha, Chenopodium, Cordia, Cowania, Dalea, Erigeron, Euphorbia, Fouquieria, Gilia, Larrea, Lesquerella, Maurandya, Nama, Nerisyrenia, Pinaropappus, Prosopis, Prunus, Quincula, Sphaeralcea, Verbesina Ptilocleptis 1 Larrea, Prosopis, Prunus, Sphaeralcea Sphecodes 11 Ungnadia MELITIIDAE Hesperapis 7 Larrea, Prosopis MEGACHILIDAE Uthurge 3 Argemone, Opuntia Ashmeadiella 13 Acacia, Astragalus, Dalea, Echinocereus, Larrea, Machaeranthera, Maurandya, Nama, Opuntia, Prosopis Coelioxys 3 Porlieria Hoplitis s.l. Hop litis 5 Larrea, Machaeranthera, Omphalodes Anthocopa 3 Dalea, Nama Proteriades 1 Dalea Megachile 20 Acacia, Argemone, Cercis, Dalea, Machaeranthera, Maurandya, Opuntia, Porlieria, Prosopis, Sphaeralcea Osmia 12 Cercis, Maurandya, Prosopis, Senecio Anthidium 14 Acacia, Astragalus, Dalea, Larrea, Prosopis Dianthidium 2 Echinocereus, Porlieria Trachusa 4 Larrea Dioxys 1 Machaeranthera ANTHOPHORIDAE Anthophora 9 Astragalus, Cowania, Dalea, Erigeron, Machaeranthera, Phacelia Centris 3 Krameria, Larrea, Prosopis Diadasia 23 Argemone, Baileya, Echinocactus, Echinocereus, Machaeranthera, Malvastrum, Opuntia, Senecio, Sphaeralcea Melissodes 2 Nerisyrenia, Hechtia Exomalopsis 1 Machaeranthera Melecta 1

No. 6 -JANUARY 1993 3 MELISSA

Table 1.-Cont. SITES PLANTS ON WHICH BEE GENUS WAS COLLEClED Epeolus 2 Larrea, Prosopis Triepeolus 2 Hymenoxys Holcopasites 1 Neolarra 2 Nomada 5 Prunus Townsendiella 1 Ceratina 11 Dalea, Echinocereus, Erigeron, Fouquieria, Machaeranthera, Nama, Phacelia, Senecio, Teucrium Xylocopa 12 Acacia, Astragalus, Fouquieria, Larrea, Prosopis, Senecio APIDAE Plebeia 1 Ceanothus Bombus 6 Dalea, Lathyrus, Prosopis, Sophora, Ungnadia Apis mellifera was also frequently seen, but not usually collected. would take time and would require people accustomed to hik­ We have supported three collecting trips to Mexico thus far ing in rough habitat. However, the same attributes that make (Fig. 1). A fourth trip is being planned for January of 1992. I this inland chaparral habitat relatively inaccessible should hope that our funds will be sufficient to support a futh trip also make it less threatened than other habitats in Mexico. and perhaps a sixth in 1992. Although bee diversity was not as high on this trip as on Most PCAM members who were participants in the frrst the first PCAM expedition (cf. Fig. 1), which also involved two trips have sent specimens to me. They have, so far as I extensive collecting in desert shrub habitat but took place in can tell, identified to species most of the groups that they had late summer, collecting was nevertheless good at several lo­ previously committed themselves to do. I hope that now we calities. Table 1 presents a preliminary sununary of the gen­ can count on the other members of PCAM who have agreed era collected, along with the plants on which each genus was to identify specimens to fmd time to do this between now collected. These are field identifications and may well be and next spring. We would like to be able to show NSF real modified as a result of more careful study. progress, not only in collecting bees, but in processing, nam­ ing and computerizing the resulting data. I believe that this is essential for the success of a request for continued NSF sup­ Update on NSF Mexican Bee port here or at some other University. We will need to start Inventory preparing an NSF very soon. Wallace E. LaBerge We will write or call each of you during the next few Dlinois Natural History Survey months and give you some idea of the magnitude of the re­ (ffJ East Peabody Ddve quest for your time, after we have sorted things to genus and Champaign, Dlinois 61820, USA have an accurate count. Ifany of you have questions, please [Wally LaBerge sent the following letter, dated September contact me or Doug Yanega at the above address. 30, 1992, to the PCAM participants. It is reproduced here with his pennission- R McGinley]. Proposed PCAM Survey Areas Dear PCAMista: This letter is being written to advise you all of a decision made, I believe, to further the interests of Robert W. Brooks outlined in Snow Entomological Museum PCAM and to fulfill our obligations to NSF, as University of Kansas our proposal of 1990. In the grant ensuing from that proposal Lawrence, KS 66045 were funds to support a graduate student from Mexico to The third PCAM expedition was in Northeastern Mexico in work on a PhD in Entomology using native bees systematics the Chihuahuan Desert. Many undescribed bees and signifi­ in his/her dissertation. We have not been able to attract such cant range extensions were discovered on this and the pre­ a student. The two or three persons we had expected might vious two expeditions. The following places according to apply decided not to do so for one reason or another. Ricardo Ayala should be considered for future PCAM expe­ After discussing this situation with some of the PCAM ditions due to endangered habitat and areas heretofore un­ members at the 1991 Reno ESA meetings, I came to the con­ sampled. These are rated more or less according to areas clusion that we should use these funds to hire a person to aid most urgent to least urgent for visitation. Plans are now be­ in setting up a computer system for the Mexican bee data ing made for a trip to Chiapas for January 1993 (No.3 be­ and to at least begin the work of computerizing our rapidly low). accumulating data. Dr. Douglas A. Yanega has been hired as a postdoc to do this enormous job.

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1. Oaxaca (mountains) - Sierra de Juarez (Northern Oaxaca). Collecting on Guana Island, British Tropical, subdeciduous forest- pine, oak. lbere are few ho­ Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico tels. Optimum time is July to November but any time would be good. Roy R. Snelling de Valsas (Michoacln). Au­ Department of Entomology 2. Chiapas (lowlands)- Cuenca Nannal History Museum of L.A. Co. gust. 900 Exposition Boulevard 90007 3. Chiapas • Cbajul. New station administered by the Centro Los Angeles, California de Ecologfa, can only be reached by plane. La Lacandona ·· As in 199l,lspent the month of October, 1992, collecting Forest (NE Chiapas). Few hotels in this area. January to on Guana Island in the British Virgin Islands. A few other is­ March. lands were visited briefly during that month, but my main fo­ in SPHECOS 23 (July 1992), 4. Puebla, Venc:ruz, and Hidalgo (high desert areas). No ho­ cus was on Guana. As reported island lying to the north of tels in Hidalgo. April to May (Spring) and again in July to Guana is a small (340 hectares) some sugar cane was August (rainy season). One can spend their nights at the east end of Tortola. Although trace remains of that era and the Bacbuca and drive out to the desert each day. grown there long ago, little island bas largely reverted to dry forest. 5. Queretaro and San Luis Potosi (high desert, cloud and SPHECOS-23 listed 12 species of pine forests). Hotels are available. Quer. - July to August My collecting report in (but failed to include Apis SLP - perhaps July to September. bees then known to occur there mellifera, present but not abundant). Last year I got only two 6. Guerrero - Sierra Madre Sur. Sierra de Atoyac de Al­ females of the Hylaeus (the first Hylaeus for the entire Puerto varez. Many kinds of forests such as tropical dry forest, tropi­ Rico Bank); this year I managed to get a good series of both cal forest. pine-oak forest. pine forest, oak forest, cloud sexes, mostly on Capparis cynophallophora. Much of my bee forest (rains all the time). There is camping only in the moun­ interest this year was in attempting to gamer some data on tains since there are no hotels at Atoyac. One can collect in floral visitation by the various bee species on Guana. Fortu­ the lowlands with hotels available. Best time is September to nately for me, George Proctor, a botanist with the Depar­ October but be sure to always talk to people fust before col­ tamento de Recursos Naturales in Puerto Rico, was on band lecting. Checking with nearby people fust is very important to name stufffor me! in this area. Coelioxys abdomina/is Guerin is a lovely little bee. It was 7. Cuenca de Valsas- Micboacan through Guerrero- More­ much more abundant than any Megachile, not only this year, los- Puebla following the Rio Valsas and Rio Tepalcatepcc but last year as well. Question: bow is it that a cleptoparasite (southern Michoacln). Sept to Oct. is more abundant than its presumed host? My best guess at 8. Baja California- March (dry season with Spring follow­ this point would be that it bits the nests of Centris lanipes. ing). Rainy season is July to August (S. Baja). Steve Bullock Recall that Friese (1923, Die Europaiscben Bienen (Apidae), in Ensenada is a good contact for B.C. Norte and Roy 1:45) asserted that both Megachile and Anthophora are hosts Snelling bas bad considerable experience throughout B.C. for Coelioxys. While be bas been poob-poobed since then, maybe, just maybe, be was on to something. 9. Sierra Madre Occidental between Chihuahua to Sonora. August. Camping with some hotels. Pine and Pine-Oak for­ There appears to be only one Exomalopsis on Guana and it est (high). mostly visits Solanum persicifolium, which it "buzzes." But I can't identify the darned thing! Timberlake's key (1980) sim­ 10. Sierra Madre Sur (Cbiapas). Caiion Sumidero. Camping ply does not work for the Greater Antillean Exomalopsis. with some hotels. Tapacbula. Collect in Jan. to Feb. and/or Somebody needs to look at these more critically than Tim Aug. to Sept. Tropical, pine and cloud forests. East side of did. the mountains is tropical. I bad an opportunity to see a couple of nesting sites of Cen­ As one can see there are many places that need work with tris decolorata on Puerto Rico. One very populous site was special attention to careful host plant vouchers while pains­ on a beach near Aguada. Thousands of males cruising takingly keeping bees (even if you have only one specimen!) through the site. They would sometimes land and walk associated with host plant data. around for a bit, then resume flying. They paid absolutely no attention to the females! On the other band, females attempt­ ing to gather nectar and/or pollen from flowers of Canavalia rosea were fair game. Are males present at the site to discour­ age parasites such as Mesoplia rujipes or bombyliids? In any case, this beach-nesting Centris seems worth studying - maybe a good student project? Among the thousands of males I found one metander!

No. 6- JANUARY 1993 5 MELISSA

Also spent five days collecting on Mona Island. Wonderful uvifera, Caesalpinia bonduc, Tecoma stans, Centrosema vir­ place. I hope next year to go back and get onto the nearby is­ ginianum and Cardiospermum micranthum. land of Monito (essentially uncollected). APIDAE In the following list, species newly collected on both Apis mellifera Linne Guana and Mona Islands are marked (*). Bees or Mona Island Bees or Guana Island, BVI HALICTIDAE COLLETIDAE ' Lasioglossum (Dialictus) sp. 1: some collected on Croton sp. Hylaeus (Hylaeana) sp. (undescribed). Collected on Capparis cynophallophora, Cardiospermum micranthum and Schaef *Lasioglossum (Dialictus) sp. 2 feria frutescens. [Presumably one of these is the same as the bee recorded by HALICTIDAE Ramos (1946, The Insects of Mona Island (West Indies), Jour. Agric. Univ. P. Rico, 30:1-74) as "Halictus sp." col­ Lasioglossum sp. 1: (Dialictus) on Coccoloba uvifera, Cakile lected at Playa Sardinera.] lanceolatum, Jacquemontia pentantha, Cardiospermum mi­ cranthum, Schaefferiafrutescens, Capparis cynophallophora Agapostemon vieguesensis Cockerell [=A. portoricensis in and Ipomoea pes-capri braziliensis. Ramose, 1946] Lasioglossum (Dialictus) sp. 2: on Capparis cynophallo­ MEGACHILIDAE phora, Jacquemontia pentantha, Antigonon leptopus and Megachile (Pseudocentron) undescr. sp near poeyi Guerin[= Schaefferia frutescens. Megachile n. sp. in Ramose, 1946]. Has been reported from *Habralictellus sp.: on Capparis cynophallophora and Schaef flowers of Moringa moringa and Pisonia albida on Mona and feriafrutescens. I got it on Caesalpinia bonduc. This is the bee reported by Wolcott (1941, suppl. to "Insectae Borinquensis," Jour. Augochlora sp. 1 Agaric. Univ. P. Rico, 25:33-150) as M. vitrasi Perez, a misi­ Augochlora sp. 2: on Ipomoea pes-capri braziliensis and Jac­ dentification. This bee is common on Puerto Rico and in the quemontia pentantha. Virgin Islands. MEGACHILIDAE Megachile (Eutricharaea) concinna F. Smith. Megachile (Pseudocentron) undescr. sp near poeyi Guerin: on ANTHOPHORIDAE Ipomoea pas-capri braziliensis, Jacquemontia pentantha, An­ Melissodes trifasciata Cresson [Recorded by LaBerge 1956]. tigonon leptopus and Cardiospermum micranthum. Anthophora tricolor (Fabr.) [=A. krugii Cresson of Ramose; *Megachile (Eutricharaea) concinna F. Smith: on Ipomoea reported on Moringa moringa and Colubrina colubrina.] pes-capri braziliensis. Centris haemorrhoidalis Fabr. [teste Ramose, 1946] Coelioxys abdomina/is Guerin: on Ipomoea pes-capri brazil­ iensis, Antigonon leptopus, Cardiospermum micranthum, Jac­ *Centris decolorata Lepeletier [= C. versicolor Fabr. of Ra­ quemontia pentantha, Solanum persicifolium and Cakile mose; misident.]. Ramose reported it from Lantana sp. and lanceolatum. Moringa moringa; I got it also on Caesalpinia bonduc and Canavalia rosea. Coelioxys abdomina/is (Guerin). *Centris smithii Cresson, on Caesalpinia bonduc. First record ANTHOPHORIDAE outside of Virgin Islands. Exomalopsis (E.) sp.: on Solanum persicifolium, and Jac­ Centris lanipes Fabricius. Ramose reported it fromMoringa quemontia pentantha. moringa, Colubrina colubrina and Pisonia albida; addition­ *Centris smithii Cresson. ally, I collected it at Malpighia sp. and Caesalpinia bonduc. Centris haemorrhoidalis (Fabr.): on Solanum persicifolium, Xylocopa mordax F. Smith[= X. brasilianorum of Ramose] Caesalpinia bonduc and Stigmaphyllon periplocifolium. APIDAE Centris lanipes (Fabr.): on Solanum persicifolium and Caesal­ No specimens of Apis mellifera have been found on Mona. If pinia bonduc. we're lucky nobody will bring in any colonies. What a de­ Anthophora tricolor (Fabr.): on Solanum persicifolium, Ipo­ light to work in an area without honeybees! moea pes-capri braziliensis, Antigonon leptopus and Caesal­ pinia bonduc. *Melissodes trifasciata Cresson: on Ipomoea pes-capri brazil­ iensis and Antigonon leptopus. Xylocopa mordax F. Smith: on Canavalia rosea, Jacquemon­ tia solanifolia, Ipomoea pes-capri braziliensis, Coccoloba

6 No.6- JANUARY 1993 MELISSA

are oligolectic on Malvaceae, especially Sphaeralcea. This RESEARCH NEWS plant is abundant in xeric areas, and especially so in dis­ b.Jrbed soils (e.g., along roadsides and embankments). Per­ haps human activities increased the abundance of Possible Range Extension or Increase Sphaeralcea, thus of the small Diadasia species, and there­ in Abundance of the Parasitic Bee fore of the parasitic Leiopodus. Leiopodus singul~ris These speculations may have broader significance for bee distributions. In most seasons of the year one sees enormous Charles D. Michener flowerless. A highway Snow Entomo1ogical Museum stretches of desert that are essentially University of KIUIS8S across the desert, however, is frequently margined by small Lawreoce. KS 66045, USA patches of flowers. The disrurbed soil along the road and the Leiopodus singularis (Linsley & Michener), fonnerly runoff of limited rain from the pavement result in growth and placed in the genus Protepoeolus, is a cleptoparasite of cer­ flowering of herbaceous plants at seasons and in places abundance tain small species of the genus Diadasia that bas probably be­ where they would otherwise not be present Bee come more abundant or more widespread in recent decades is enhanced, and distributions may be extended, by such con­ than in the last century and early in this century. It is now ditions. known from numerous localities from coastal southern Cali­ References: fornia to south Texas from Albuquerque, New Mexico to Eickwort, G.C. & E.G. Linsley. 1978. The species of the Guatemala (Eickwort & Linsley, 1978), but is especially as­ parasitic bee genus Protepeolus. Joum. Kansas Entomol. Soc. sociated with xeric areas of the southwestern United States 51:14-21. and northern Mexico. Eickwort and Linsley (1978) had 48 specimens before them and others, mostly collected recently, Hyder, C.K. 1953. Snow ofKansas. Lawrence: University of are in various collections. Rozen, Eickwort, and Eickwort Kansas Press. [ix] + 296 pp. (1978) described its behavior, inunature stages (all stadia), Rozen, J.G., Jr., K.R. Eickwort & G.C. Eickwort. 1978. The and relations to its host. bionomics and inunarure stages of the cleptoparasitic bee ge­ A substantial amount of collecting was done in the south­ nus Protepeolus (Anthophoridae: Nomadinae). Am. Mus. western states in the last century and early in the present cen­ Novitates 2640:1-24. tury. F.H. Snow collected insects in New Mexico and Weber, W.A. 1965. Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell, 1866- Arizona at the season when this bee is active (April to Sep­ 1948. Univ. Colorado Srud., Ser. Bibliog. l:[iii] + 124. tember) on trips in the period between 1880 and 1907 (Hy­ der, 1953:279, 280); his localities included Albuquerque, the type locality of L. singularis, and parts of southern Arizona Decline in Bombus terrestris (L) where the species occurs. He collected many bees, now in Populations in Turkey the Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, but not L. singularis. T.D.A. Cockerell specialized in collecting Hikmet Ozbek Oniversity and srudying bees in and around Las Cruces, New Mexico, Atatilrk Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department another locality from which L. singularis is known, from 25240 Erzurum, 11JRKEY 1893 to 1903 (Weber, 1965). He never found L. singularis, is confined to the lowlands, areas below although he found many much less conspicuous forms such Bombus terrestris in abundance in the coastal areas in the as Neolarra. Both Snow and Cockerell collected its hosts. 1000 m s.m., it exists country. However, the populations of this species, like other L. singularis is a moderate-sized (6.5-10.0 mm long), con­ wild bees, has declined recently because of the increased cul­ spicuously marked bee. Ifit was present in the time of Snow tivation of land, intensive and irregular use of pesticides and and Cockerell, it must have been rare. the rapid increase in the population and urbanization in The first known specimen was collected by me in a patch Mediterrenean and Aegean regions. B. terrestris is now very ofsunflowers at Albuquerque in 1935. When it was de­ rare in some important cultivated areas, such as Cukurova, scribed by Linsley and me in 1937, our genus Protepeolus Antalya and several parts of Anatolia.. was known from only a single specimen. Bombus terrestris is one of the most efficient pollinators of Ifit was acb.Jally rare in earlier times and has become rela­ many cultivated plants and has vital importance upon pollina­ tively abundant or more widespread since 1935, what could tion of native plants. account for this change over an area about 2,300 km in width Since 1988 tomato growers have started using B. terrestris from southern Califomina to south Texas? This is a region for pollination in glasshouses on a large scale in Netherlands of substantial climatic and vegetational diversity, and it is and Belgium. Two companies from the Netherlands with lo­ not likely that any single climatic factor could be responsible. cal partners obtained a license from Government agencies to My unverified suspicion is that roads and perhaps cattle breed B. terrestris in Turkey for export. But our observa­ grazing are responsible. Although the cleptoparasite is not, tions and investigations have shown that these two compa­ so far as know, a floral specialist, its hosts (Diadasia species) nies are simply collecting overwintered queens in early

No. 6- JANUARY 1993 7 MELISSA

spring and shipping them directly abroad. It has been est­ lmmanthidium junodi (Friese) - 5 mated that about 3()()().4()()() queens have been collected MEGACHILINI every year since 1989. Sometimes they take the queen with its nest. Chalicodoma sinuata (Friese)- 5 This irresponsible activity will result in the elimination of Megachile (Eutricharea) aliceae Cockerell- 4, 5, 6, 7 and 10 this valuable species from its natural environment. Megachile (Eutricharea) meadewaldoi Brauns- 3, 4 and 11 It should be pointed out that at the age of increasing aware­ Megachile spinarum Cockerell- 5 . · . ~' ness about the delicate balance of nature of the planet earth, this kind of irresponsible activity cannot be condoned. I :Megachile (Eutricharea) stellarum Cockerell- 2;4 and 7 think these companies should abide by the tenns of their li­ Megachile (Eutricharea) semijlava Cockerell- 4 cence and take necessary measures to replace the bees that Creightoniella dorsata (Smith) - 4 they collect from nature. Hoplitis sp. - 8 As was indicated in the World Summit on June 5th, 1992 in Rio de Janairo, we have "only one earth- care and share." REFERENCES Everybody should feel the responsibility toward the natural 1. Gess, F.W. 1981. Some aspects of an ethological study of environment and act accordingly. the aculeate wasps and the bees of a karroid area in the vicin­ ity of Grahamstown, South Africa Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. (nat. Hist.), 14(1): 1-80. Solitary Bee Research Sponsored by 2. Gess, F.W. and Gess, S.K. 1974. An ethological study of NASA Dichragenia pulchricoma (Arnold) (Hymenoptera: Pompili­ The Editors dae), a southern African spider-hunting wasp which builds a We have recently learned that Dr. Jerome G. Rozen turreted, subterranean nest. Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. (nat. Hist.), (American Museum of Natural History, NY, NY) and Dr. 9(11):187-214. George C. Eickwort (Cornell University, Ithaca, NY) will be 3. Gess, F.W. and Gess, S.K. 1975. Ethological studies of included in a Top Secret flight of the space shuttle Atlantis Bembecinus cinguliger (Smith) and B. oxydorcus (Handl.) sometime next year. Rumor has it that NASA is launching a (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), two southern African turret­ last ditch effort to correct the problems of the Hubble Space building wasps. Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. (nat. Hist.), 11(2):21- Telescope by investigating the possibility that solitary bees 46. are nesting in the telescope's hydraulic tubing. Ifthe uncon­ 4. Gess, F.W. and Gess, S.K. 1976. An ethological study of firmed reports of Osmia nesting on the Hubbel Space Tele­ Parachilus insignis (Saussure) (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae) in scope are indeed true this would set the record for solitary the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Ann. Cape Prov. (and social) bee foraging trip distances. We wish Drs. Rozen Mus. (nat. Hist.), 11(5):83-102. and Eickwort luck in their efforts. 5. Gess, F.W. and Gess. S.K. 1981. Aloe microcosm: life in a dead inflorescence. The Naturalist, 25(2):28-32. Notes on Nesting by Megachilid Bees 6. Gess, F.W. and Gess, S.K. 1986. Ethological notes on Fred W. Gess and Sarah K. Gess Ceramius bicolor (Thunberg), C. clypeatus Richards, C. ni­ Department of Entomology gripennis Saussure and C. socius Turner (Hymenoptera: Albany Museum, Someaet Street Masaridae) in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Grabarnstown 6140 Republic of South Africa Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. (nat. Hist.), 16(7):161-178. Our attention has been drawn to the fact that our notes on 7. Gess, F.W. and Gess, S.K. 1988a. A contribution to the nesting by bees apart from those in Gess (1) and Gess and knowledge of the ethology of the genera Parachilus Giordani Gess (9) are effectively hidden by having been included un­ Soika and Paravespa Radoszkowski (Hymenoptera: Eumeni­ der "associated insects" in papers concerning the nesting of dae) in southern Africa. Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. (nat. Hist.), the wasps, the burrows of which are used by the bees as nest­ 18(3):57-81. ing galleries either after abandonment by the wasps or usur­ 8. Gess, F.W. and Gess, S.K. 1988b. A contribution to the pation by the bees. knowledge of the taxonomy and the ethology of the genus As the bee names do not occur in the titles and/or the ab­ Masarina Richards (Hymenoptera: Masaridae). Ann. Cape stracts of the papers they are not picked up by abstracting Prov. Mus. (nat. Hist.), 16(14):351-362. journals. 'They are therefore listed below for the convenience 9. Gess, F.W. and Gess, S.K. 1990a. Solitary bees: the little of those who may be interested. known and unsung thousands. The Naturalist, 34(1):23-32. Key to papers by number: 10. Gess, F.W. and Gess, S.K. 1990b. A fourth contribution ANTHIDllNI to the knowledge of the ethology of the genus Ceramius La­ treille (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Masaridae) in southern Af­ Capanthidium capicola (Friese) - 5 rica. Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. (nat. Hist.), 18(9):183-202.

8 No. 6- JANUARY 1993 MELISSA

11. Gess,F.W. andGess, S.K. 1991. Some aspects of the all our efforts would do much to promote a world checklist ethology of five species of Eumenidae (Hymenoptem) in for bees (please see enclosed ICN article by Chris lbompson southern Africa. Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. (nat. Hist.), [Checklist of the Insects of Canada, United States and Mex­ 18(12):254-270. ico,/nsect Collection News, No. 8, November 1992]). Ide­ ally this would be available "on-line" and distributed as a CD-Rom product (hard-copy distribution would also be an important considemtion). The major point being that all col­ -. they want. - . Update-on the Hymenoptera Database labomtors-would be free to publish when and how BUT we would tty to maintain a ceo~ co-authOred file for System (HDS) geneml use. - Ronald J. McGinley The following individuals have indicated interest in such a Department of Entomology NMNH, Smithsonian Institution cooperative effort: Washington, D.C. 20560, USA COLLETIDAE: Terry Griswold (colletid checklist of the I recently sent the following letter to Padre J. S. Moure, De­ world); Virginia Scott (Hylaeus). partamento de Zoologia, Universidade Fedeml do Parana, HALICTIDAE: Ron McGinley, George Eickwort, Jose Cure. Caixa Postal19020, CEP 81531, Curitiba, Parana, BRASIL. Wallace LaBerge (Andreninae); Panurgi­ This provides a bit of an update on where the bee section of ANDRENIDAE: the HDS currently stands. nae:?? Terry Griswold (developing world "Dear Padre Moure: I was delighted hear via C.D. Mich­ MEGACHILIDAE: ener of your positive response regarding the bee catalogue in­ checklist) itiative. You and Paul Hurd provided the leadership that ANTHOPHORIDAE: Byron Alexander (Nomadinae: resulted in the New World halictid volume- your involve­ Nomada); Arturo Roig (Nomadinae: except Nomada); Wal­ ment will be critical for additional covemge in South Amer­ lace LaBerge (Eucerini); Howell Daly (Xylocopinae); other ica. taxa:?? The current status of the North American catalogue is as APIDAE:?? follows: I am sending copies of this letter to all those individuals 1) Mainframe system.-1be 1979 SELGEM version has listed so they can correct or modify their interests. mainframe database been converted to INQUIRE - an IBM Given your extensive knowledge ofall South American added or refmed. For exam­ system. Fields were expanded, bee taxa and the excellence of your card-files I would imag­ been broken down to three sepa­ ple floml associations has ine that you would be interested in collabomting on a variety for "hard" pollen data; b) floml mte fields, a) pollen records of groups. Please let me know how you would like to pro­ c) floml text for conunents, visitors for misc. floml records; ceed. As Mich indicates, your card-file information could be review, etc. entered here in Washington or via contmct to an associate of 2) Front-end systems.--We fmd it cumbersome to work di­ yours in Brasil. These are the details I will tty to work out af­ rectly on the~ system for updating and editing. ter I have a better feel for who wants to do what." front-end software, something called For this we are using MELISSA readers who are interested in contributing to a a dbase progmm that han­ askSam on our PCs. Ask:Sam is world checklist of bees are urged to come forward. dles sttuctured/unsttuctured data and allows for efficient text stomge- costs under $200 (see enclosed screen samples and user documentation notes written by Bryan Danforth). Ifwe Missing Bee Parts? use the same data standards, individuals are free to use what­ use or develop on Saul Fronuner ever front-end system they might care to Department of Entomology their own. In this way we can download a tribe, family, etc., University of California from the mainfmme flle and do the upgrading on PCs at the Riverside, CA 9252, USA mainframe file is then office or at borne. After editing, the For some time I have been trying to return to the appropri­ that we are also upgraded. It is through the use of front-ends ate institution, a slide containing parts of a bee cotype. Per­ effort where individual proposing a coopemtive cataloguing haps the information which follows could be reported in the in their area(s) of immediate authors are responsible for taxa forthcoming MELISSA newsletter and in this way it may be a central flle that would interest Hopefully we can maintain possible to locate the appropriate institution. allow for general search/report capability. A number of workers around the world are actively working on catalogues The data on the slides is as follows: (for example, Alexander: world Nomada; Griswold: world Halictoides virgatus Cockerell, S. Calif. cotype. colletids and megachilids; Eardley/Urban: Afrottopical An­ Vince Lee of the California Academy has tried to locate Rasmont: european bees; Tadauchi: Oriental thophoridae; the "owner" and he has consulted Sandy Shanks but neither Apoidea; Williams: world Bombus). Incorporation of the can come up with anything. "minimum critical fields" [names, authors, distribution] from

No. 6- JANUARY 1993 9 MELISSA

Missing Bees? purposes. I am keen to make contact with workers who are interested in similar problems. Virginia Scott Department of Entomology Stephen Buchmann, USDA-ARS Carl Hayden Bee Re­ Michigan Stale University search Center, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, Arizona East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1115 85721, USA.-CURRENT PROJECTS: 1) Continuing work "HELP!!!!! I will be belp~g to RETURN bee loans made on the nesting/mating biology of carpenter bees (Xylocopa ... . ·. ., to the late Roland FiS<;ber at Michigan State University: If· ·- · · spp.) with ~cock and Minckley. Engaged in evaluating na­ . : . , you kno'Y of any bees be had.on loan which were never re- · tive Arizona spp. as greenhouse pollinatorS of buzz-polli­ turned to your institution, please contact nie. AND, pass this nated crops (tomato, eggplants; chile peppers). 2) Just on to your collection manager so loan records can be studied Bombus impatiens in Wisconsin cranberry bogs as a checked. Among other things, be has had much of the North commercial pollinator. 3) Continuing to work with Gort Lin­ American Tetralonia since the early 1950's. Any information sley on publication of the monograph on bee visitors to de­ you could provide will expedite the return of your material sert trees and shrubs. 4) Developed and now field-testing a (i.e., common collectors, localities, number of specimens, bidirectional IR counter for social bees and other central etc.). Thanks. place foragers. 5) Worked with Dave Roubik (STRI in Pan­ ama) on foraging ecology of Africanized Honeybees and na­ tive stingless bees during March, 1992. 6) Directed by USDA-ARS to abandon honey bee research and conduct re­ CURRENT PROJECTS search on non-Apis crop pollinators (real bees ... at last!). 7) Finishing work on my long overdue pollination ecology We hope the following will encourage other MELISSA read­ book with the Univ. of Arizona Press. COMMENTS: Just ers to contribute similar reports for the next issue. elected to presidency of Sonoran Arthropod Studies, Inc., a non-profit membership organization dedicated to arthropod Byron Alexander, Snow Entomological Museum, Uni­ conservation, education and research. Join us, only $20/yr. versity of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA--CUR­ RENT PROJECTS: 1) Preparing species-group revision of James Cane, Department of Entomology, Auburn Univer­ Nomada for publication. It was all but done (or at least ready sity, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.-CURRENT PRO­ to send out to reviewers) until professor Michener came JECTS: 1) Completing pollination study that links upon a specimen of the male of the South African species N. pollen-foraging efficiencies of bees (Habropoda laboriosa, whiteheadi. Because South African Nomada have unusual Bombus sp. and A. mellifera) to their pollination efficiencies character state distributions, the cladistic analysis will have at blueberries. 2) Completing manuscript that relates differ­ to be done yet again. HELP: any other male specimens of ences in the natural histories of these same bees at blueber­ Nomada whiteheadi (or undescribed species from southern ries to differences in their regional (7 states), annual (7 Africa- I hope there aren't any, and I assume Connal years) and seasonal patterns of abundance as pollinators of Eardley and Max Schwarz do as well, since they published a flowering blueberries.- HELP: Collections of H. laboriosa revision recently; but ifanybody does know of one or more are spotty at the northern limits of its range as reported by undescribed species, please tell me now). 2) Comparative Mitchell. I would like label data for any specimens collected morphological study of female reproductive systems of north of the Gulf Coast states of the U.S. 3) Initiating re­ nomadine bees. HELP: adult female cleptoparasitic long­ search with promising leaf-cutter bee as an alternative to A. tongued bees preserved in Kahle's (Dietrich's) solution that mellifera for pollination of cranberries in New Jersey. COM· you would be willing to let me dissect (all parts would be re­ MENTS: I) Developing proposals that will relate conse­ turned). Of special interest are any members of the tribe Osir­ quences of global climate change to distributional and fitness ini as recently redefmed by Roig-Alsina (i.e. Osiris, changes in native bees of North America 2) Is anyone inter­ Epeoloides, Ecclitodes, Osirinus, Parepeolus, Protosiris), ested in a collaborative biogeographic study that relates the Coelioxoides, and members of the tribes Isepeolini and Pro­ fauna of bees in xeric coastal and inland regions of the South­ tepeolini. COMMENTS: I'm spending a lot of time working eastern U.S. to western desert faunas? Representatives of on bembicine wasps these days, but I haven't completely for­ many genera are common to both regions. HELP: seek expe­ .. gotten about or forsaken bees. riences of melittologists that have attempted to implement a GIS system for pollinators, including bees. Michael E. Archer, The University College of Ripon & York, St. John, Lord Mayor's Walk, York Y03 7EX, ENG­ Bryan Danforth, [N01E NEW ADDRESS] Department LAND.-CURRENT PROJECTS: 1) Study of solitary of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853- aculeate wasp and bee assemblages at stated localities and 0999.--CURRENTPROJECTS: 1) Completion ofphyloge­ biotope type. Development of biological indices, e.g., clep­ netic analysis of the Perdita subgenera Cockerellula, toparasitic load, aerial nester frequency, to characterize bio­ Macrotera, Macroteropsis and Macroterella, a monophyletic topes. 2) Development of a species-quality-score (S.Q.S.) for group of mallow and cactus specialists. Jack Neff has re­ species of solitary aculeate wasps and bees so that the quality cently sent me many new specimens of the subgenus Cockrel­ of localities and biotopes can be compared for conservation lula, which has lead to additional descriptions and revised analyses of the data matrix. 2) Completion, with Kirk Viss-

10 No.6- JANUARY 1993 MELISSA

cher (UC Riverside), ofresearch projects on the biology of visions of some genera and subgenera- HELP: need addi- CaUiopsis pugionis and its parasite, Holcopasites ruthae, are- tional material from Africa, eastern Palearctic, Middle East, cently described nomadine from southern California which and the Orient. COMMENTS: I have taken on additional we evaluated for endangered species status. 3) To begin a identification responsibilities by taking on bees for the postdoc in early 1993 at Cornell on the nestmate relatedness, USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory Taxonomic Serv- population genetics and sperm precedence of Perdita (Macro- ices Unit so the above mayjust be a dream list ·_ teropsis) portalis, a communal species with dimorphic ~es. _ -Roj Lowe, ~partmen( ofZoology, LaTrobe University, ~t-::. ;: _..~using RAPD ~~or DNA fingerprinting. -- ·- -Bundoora, 3083, AUSTRALIA.-Ph.D. PR01ECf: The ef- Connal Eardley, Plant Protection Research Institute, Pri- feet ofparasitism on two species ofAustralian native bees is at- vate Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, SOUfH AFRICA-CUR- (Exoneura spp). Exoneura bicolor, which is semisocial, of RENT PROJECFS: 1) Revisory studies ofthe Afrotropical tacked by an icbneumonid parasitoid, a microbial disease Ammobatini, the Afrottopical species ofPachymelus, and the ovaries, and an inquiline allodapine bee. The second spe- the southern African species ofAmegilla. Manuscripts virtu- cies, E. richardsoni, is eusocial. These bees are attacked by a ally complete. 2) Together with Ros Urban, a catalogue of nematode and also an inquiline allodapine bee. The host- the Afrotropical Antbophoridae. 3) A revision ofScrapter parasite relationships in both species will be studied using (Colletidae). 4) A study of the Madagascan Lithurge. 5) Polli- field sampling and manipulations ofcaged colonies. An inter­ nation ofsubtropical fruit. COMMENTS: My move into pol- esting aspect ofthis study will be the phylogenetic relation- lination biology bas much to do with a changing South ships of the host bees and their inquiline parasites. It would Africa. I welcome this change because little research is done therefore be ofgreat use to be able to include other allodap- on non-Apis bees in this part ofthe world and 1 hope it will ini and/or their inquiline parasites in the analysis, and I give me a chance to demonstrate the importance ofthese lit- would appreciate any offers of samples suitable for use in tie creatures. HELP: 1) Material ofScrapter, and Madagas- this analysis. (E-mail: [email protected]) can Lithurge needed. 2) I amprimarily concerned with the Ron McGinley, Department ofEntomology, NMNH, systematics of the southern African Apoidea, although I Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. 20560, USA- often revise the entire Afrotropical fauna ofthe groups I un- CURRENT PROJECTS: 1) Completing revision ofSpheco- dertake to study. Anyone with holdings ofAfrotropical bees dogastra- manuscript fmished except for inclusion of a new who would like their material incorporated into my studies is species from Texas and Mexico_ HELP: need any addi- mate- welcome to contact me. I will then write for the loan of tional Sphecodogastra specimens for inclusion in mono- rial as I systematically undertake the revision ofeach taxon. graph. 2) Continuing work on New World Evylaeus species; Gordon Frankie, Department ofEntomology, University to date approximately 45,000 specimens are on loan and ofCalifornia, Berkeley 94720, USA-CURRENT PRO- have been sorted - no additional specimens requested at pre- Up- -JECTS: 1) Studying nesting ecology and habitat preferences sent time (maybe later when project is wrapping up). 3) of Centris, Epicharis and several genera of the Megachilidae date ofbee section in Hymenoptera Database System (North in Costa Rica. Just beginning intensive work on the parasites American Catalog) in cooperation with other bee specialists and predators associated with these genera. HELP: need to (see separate contribution on page 9 in this issue of know ofother workers in this area. 2) Studying nesting ecol- MELISSA) -HELP: need clarification ofpotential coopera- ogy and habitat preferences ofseveral megachilid genera in tion and responsibilities. 4) Development ofcomputerized northern California. 3) Developing visual displays for visitor Bee Expert System based on Michener et al., in press [Bee centers in Costa Rica and California that show close-ups of Genera ofNonh and Central America,· see contribution on bees and flowers. HELP: Looking for innovative display page 15] - HELP: will need additional quality photos and ideas. 4) Gearing up for a new tropical plant phenology other illustrative support- need to enlarge geographic cover- study in Costa Rica that will be linked to seasonal bee activ- age through greater international collaboration. COM· ity. COMMENTS: In addition to bee and plant work, I am MENTS: After serving five years as department chair I am also devoting considerable time to conservation biology pro- now back to full tinie bee research. jects in Costa Rica and California. Charles Michener, Department ofEntomology, Univer- Terry Griswold, USDA-ARS Bee Biology & Systemat- sity of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.--CURRENT ics Laboratory, Utah State University, UMC 5310, Logan, PROJECTS: 1) A book-length sununary ofbee phylogeny Utah 84322, USA-CURRENT PROJECTS: 1) Developing and classification worldwide, with keys to the subgenus computerized checklists ofColletidae and Megachilidae for level, and with synonymies. type species, descriptive com- ge- the world (3180 and 6212 names entered). 2) Completing re- ments, references to revisions, distributions, etc., for each vision ofNearctic Stelis with Frank Parker - HELP: need nus and subgenus. HELP: If you have new genera, pre- any additional specimens ofthese rare beasts. 3) Completing subgenera. etc., describe them soon, send me a reprint or revision ofProtodufourea with Ned Bohart- HELP: need ad- print, and lend me specimens so that I can provide as compre- ditional material. 4) Conducting faunal study of bees ofthe hensive an account as possible. HELP: There are still some eastern Mojave Desert in northeastern San Bernardino genera and subgenera for which specimens are not available. ap- County, California. 5) Continuing work on generic-subgen- If you have specimens that might be such rarities, I would eric revision of Osmiini (Osmia s.I. and Heriades s.l.) andre- preciate a letter indicating what you have that I might borrow

No. 6- JANUARY 1993 11 MELISSA

for study. HELP: Ifyou have new keys to genera or subgen­ PROJECTS: Spending most of 1993 based in Utah at the era (either worldwide or for a particular continent), I would USDA bee lab and on sabbatical, doing systematics and polli­ like to consider incorporating them (under your name) in the nation projects. Recently written up population genetics manuscript 2) As building blocks for the above, a phylogeny studies of African Apis in Panama and also euglossine bees. to the tribal level (with Roig-Alsina) for long-tongued bees Awaiting publication of my 14 year study on negative im­ and 3) a phylogeny to the tribal level for short-tongued bees. pact of honeybees on native bees in the neotropics. Recently -Robert L. Minckley, Department of Entomology, Uni~ •' revised Trigona s. str,; working on Scaptotrigona with versity of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045. USA.-CUR- ·, . Camargo, and a des~ption of new genus of s'tingless bee RENT PROJECTS: 1) completing Ph. D. work, a revision of from CI9Ud forest. Plltting together a key to eorbiculate apid the tribe Xylocopini; 2) soon thereafter will be fmishing and bees of Brunei- for Brunei Rainforest Expedition of 1991- submitting manuscript on Nomia/Helianthus system 92; editing FAO book on pollination in tropical agriculture, also editing book on Diversity and Flexibility of Biotic Com­ Pierre Rasmont, [N01E NEW ADDRESS] Laboratoire munities in Fluctuating Environments (IGBP symposium, de Zoologie, Universite de Mons-Hainaut, Avenue Mais­ 1991). Continuing research with R. Cano and the Poinars on triau, B-7000 Mons, BELGIUM.-CURRENT PROJECTS fossil DNA from amber-preserved stingless bees and its ap­ (in order of completion): 1) Microbanque Faune-Flore, ver­ plication to contemporary phylogeny of Plebeia and other sion 3: a software for management and interpretation of groups. Recently completed lengthy paper on ethology of the faunistic and floristic data banks; this software is now well robber bee, Lestrimelitta limao with Sakagami and Zucchi, established in Belgium and France but it needs hard mainte­ another paper was an 8-year study reviewing data on canopy nance (with Drs. Y. Barbier and A. Empain); 2) Apoidea Gal­ and understory foraging by tropical bees and their explana­ lica, a catalog of Apoidea of France, Belgium, Switzerland tion. Have upcoming field work in Gabon and Kenya in Janu­ and Grand-Duche de Luxembourg; 3) Key of Bumblebees of ary, also in eastern Costa Rica and Panama in February, and the West-Palearctic Region; 4) development of bumblebee possibly another trip to Brunei and a trip to AMNH to organ­ rearing (more precisely, study of dietetic of Bombus terre­ ize the stingless bee collection in March and April. Will be stris); 5) study of interactions between bumblebees and chairing a session on population dynamics of tropical pollina­ plants in the post-glacial dispersion in the Mediterranean is­ tors in the Bangalore meetings in August, 1993 and need lands; 6) survey of Apoidea of Belgium and France (now more contributors with more than one year's data on actual 300.000 data on line); the next step after the bumblebees will numbers of pollinators of any kind found in the field. be the Anthophoridae; 7) Key of Anthophorini of Occidental Europe (with revision of the types). COMMENTS: I'm now Jerome G. Rozen, Jr., American Museum of Natural professor of Zoology and Ecology. My new academic re­ History, New York, NY, USA.--CURRENT PROJECTS: 1) sponsibilities do not allow enough time to identify all the Completing study of nesting biology and mature larva of bumblebees and Anthophora that friends are sending! Sorry, Euherbstia (Andrenidae). 2) Completing investigations on sorry. nesting biology and mature larvae of the Rophitinae. 3) Be­ ginning studies of biologies and larvae of Chilimalopsis and Arturo Roig Alsina, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Natu­ Tapinotaspis. 4) Describing the mature larvae of Kelita and rales "Bernardino Rivadavia." Av. A. Gallardo 470, 1405 Brachynomada (Nomadinae). 5) With Jack Neff, describing Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA--CURRENT PROJECTS: 1) larva and pupa of Anthemurgus (Panurginae). 6) With Luisa The generic revision of the tribe Epeolini is in the stage of fi­ Ruz, treating nesting biology and immature stages of a new nal analysis and preparation of illustrations. 2) Revision of genus of long-tongued Chilean panurgine. 7) With Arturo Odyneropsis. Three species groups have been identified, two Roig-Alsina. describing mature larva and pupa of Leiopodus of them including several new species. Planning to complete (Protepeolini). HELP: Would greatly appreciate immature manuscript during 1993. HELP: Odyneropsis are scarce in stages of any and all bees for deposit in the collection of the collections - any additional specimens for study will be very American Museum of Natural History, where they will be welcome! 3) Generic study of the tribe Emphorini. After a available to the community of melittologists. HELP '· preliminary approach, now re-working and expanding charac.: AGAIN: Especially interested in receiving frrst and last ter analysis. 4) Revision of the South American Ptilothrix in stage larvae of the following parasitic bees or information collaboration with L. Moffatt The study will complement about the whereabouts of the nesting sites of hosts: ' T.J. Zavortink's work on the North American species. Hexepeolus, Rhopalolemma, lsepeolini, Osirini, Coelioxoides, HELP: People willing to have their South American Exaerate, and Aglae. Ptilothrix identified are welcome to send their specimens. 5) Gathering specimens for a revision of the genera Tapino­ Shoichi F. Sakagami, Kita-ku, Ainosato, 1-6, 2-2-610, taspis, Chalepogenus and Lllnthanomelissa. COMMENTS: Sapporo 002, JAPAN.--CURRENT PROJECTS: 1) Com­ After fmishing my Ph.D. with C.D. Michener in Kansas, I parative behavioral studies of the oviposition process of stin­ am back to a research position in the Museo Argentino de gless bees (with R. Zucchi, L.R. Bego, etc). 2) Comparative Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires. studies of social behavior of Ceratina bees (withY. Maeta, etc.). 3) Social behavior of the temperate semisocial bee, David W. Roubik, Smithsonian Tropical Research Insti­ Lasioglossum problematicum (with L. Packer). 4) Taxonomic tute, APO Miami, Florida 34002-001, USA.-CURRENT studies of the Indo-Pacific stingless bees (with A. Dollin,

12 No.6- JANUARY 1993 MELISSA

etc.). 5) Taxonomic studies of the halictine bees of Sri Lanka Nothylaeus and Deranchylaeus, mainly now working on illus­ (with K.V. Krombein). trations, a slow business. Sincerely hope to have all the above done before I retire in 5 or 6 y~! Mike Schwarz, Department of Zoology, LaTrobe Uni­ versity, Bundoora, 3083, AUSTRALIA.- CURRENT PRO­ Allan C. Spessa, Department of Zoology, LaTrobe Uni­ JECTS: 1) Assessment of ecological and genetic bases to versity, Bundoora, 3083, AUSTRALIA; EMAIL: intra-specific variation in sociality in an allodapine bee. I am [email protected] projed. OBJECTIVES: :- .looking at two populations of Exoneura bicolor- one of . 1) Experimentally investigate possible res.ource cm;npetition - · which shows much higher levels of cooperative nesting. The between the native b_ee Amphylaeus moros~s (Smith) - : :·. differences are reflected in different patterns of sex alloca­ (Colletidae, subfamily Hylaeinae) and the introduced honey­ tion (greater female bias in the more social population), as bee Apis mellifera, and 2) Investigate the life-cycle, popula­ well as different founding patterns under uniform conditions. tion biology and resource utilization of the native Hylaeinae Breeding experiments will be used to investigate possible ge­ bee, A. morosus, which shows an incipient form of sociality. netic bases to this variation, and this will be followed up by BACKGROUND: Honeybees were introduced to Australia subjecting caged populations to various predator levels and some 160 y~ ago and since that time have been widely by manipulating resource availability. Results so far suggest utilized in many natural areas for commercial honey produc­ that populations with high levels of cooperation are charac­ tion. They have also proliferated as a feral species. Continu­ terized by predator (ant) abundance and very low brood sur­ ation of current levels of access by beekeepers may be under vival in single-female nests. 2) Together with Roj Lowe, I some doubt because honeybees have the potential to nega­ am beginning work on a bivoltine eusocial allodapine in tively impact upon native fauna and flora since their host re­ which there is a potential for Local Resource Enhancement quirements overlap with many native bee species. to elevate worker-brood relatedness through female-biased METHODS: Over 2 flowering seasons (Sept. '92 -March sex ratios. 3) Resource competition between Apis and native '94) set up 4 experimental sites (each containing 6 honeybee bees in temperate Eucalypt forests. Fieldwork for this 2-year hives) and 4 control sites (sites without hives) and monitor project, in collaboration with Penny Kukuk and Caroline reproductive performance and brood production of A. moro­ Gross, has just been fmished and the fmal report and several sus; pollen utilization of A. morosus and honeybees; and manuscripts are in prep. vegetation phenology. An additive experiment was chosen because it is virtually impossible to remove feral honeybees Virginia Scott, Department of Entomology, Michigan from natural areas to cr~te control sites that are 'honeybee­ Michigan, 48824-115, USA-­ State University, East Lansing, free.' Electrophoresis and dissections of adult females will PROJECTS: 1) Adding last summer's Megachile CURRENT be used to examine the level of sociality in A. morosus. data (ELF Project) to our data sets so we can begin our data analysis. 2) Looking at Coelioxys parasitism in our Karen Strickler, Department of Entomology, Michigan Megachile nests. Trying to answer some general questions State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1115, USA­ about Coelioxys "nesting biology" including such things as -CURRENT PROJECTS: 1) Still supervising the Navy's Ex­ oviposition (placement of egg and time of egg laying), sex ra­ tremely Low Frequency (ELF) Communication System tios, arrangement of the sexes within a nest, and host re­ Ecological Monitoring Project on megachilid bees. The pro­ sponse and defence. 3) Reorganizing Michigan State ject is winding down. The summer of 1992 was the last sum­ University's Apoid~ collection. (I will submit a review/de­ mer for collecting Megachile nests in the field. Next summer scription of our collection for the next MELISSA.) 4) Finally we collect emergence data only. Final report on the effects of writing up the nesting biologies of Hylaeus basalis, H. ellip­ ELF electromagnetic fields on nesting ecology is due Sept. ticus and H. verticalis and working up the data on the para­ 1994, and will be published in Environmental Monitoring sites associated with them (Gasteruption, Anthrax, and Assessment. So far no effects of ELF, but some interest­ Coelopencyrtus). ing differences between the two Megachile species (M. rela­ tiva and M. inermis) under study. The frrst in a series of Department of Entomology, Natural Roy R. SneiUng, about 5 papers comparing the two species is currently in Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition History preparation. The database from the ELF project includes in­ USA.-CUR­ Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, formation on over 5000 nests of these species, and we are 1) Completing revision of Melittinae - RENT PROJECfS: willing to share data with anyone who has a hypothesis to and a few figures to be done. 2) Ditto for manuscript fmished test about nesting biology. 2) Helping Virginia Scott reorgan­ North American Diadasia, subgenus Dasiapis (3 spp.). 3) ize MSU's Apoid~ collection. She's in charge, so see her en­ Trying to complete revision ofHesperapis (had hoped to try for more infonnation. This project is entirely voluntary now for end of 1993 - have it done by now), shooting for both of us. 3) Planning a study of Osmia comifoms and from anywhere in Mexico and HELP: need to see material 0. lignaria in Michigan apple orchards, to start this summer Mississippi (one undescribed species in anywhere east of the if funds can be obtained. NW Florida). 4) Still working on North and Central Ameri­ can Hypochrotaenia (Anthophoridae) and Hylaeus (Colleti­ Evan A. Sugden, Honey Bee Research Unit, 2413 East dae); keys are done, but that's about all- HELP: material of Highway 83, Weslaco, Texas 785%, USA--CURRENT both from Central America (including Mexico) would be PROJECTS: l) Recently completed: compilation and sum­ welcome. 5) Completing revisions of Subsaharan Hylaeinae- mary of "State of the Guild" survey conducted at Intema-

No. 6- JANUARY 1993 13 MELISSA

tional Workshop on Non-Apis Bees and 1beir Role as Crop with anyone who has observed the following: flight interac­ Pollinators (10-13 August, 1992, Utah State University). tions between small- and large-bodied Anthidium males; fe­ Also a review of the Workshop, both now in review for pub­ male Anthidium collecting cadavers of other bees or body lication. 2) Nearing completion: study of Africanized honey parts of dead Anthidium males for use in constructing nest bee stinging incidents in Texas. 3) Underway: various ongo- plugs; or, anyone having knowledge of social behavior ex­ . ing studies centering on the process of Africanization of feral pressed by masarid wasps, especially Pseudomasaris. I .. honey bee populations in south Texas. 4) Underway: lis~ of _ would also like to hear f!om anyone who has ~ntly net­ - · bees of Kickapoo caverns State Park (fexas) with ecological collected long series of Osmia ribijloris-in the western·u.s. ·notes. 5) Underway: study of nesting biology of Africanized Bill Wcislo, Department of Entomology, Cornell Univer­ honey bees in coastal farmland of Puntarenas Prov., Costa sity, Ithaca, New York 14853-0999, USA.- CURRENT Rica. 6) Completed: Co-investigator on field trials of Afri­ PROJECTS: 1) In early stages of revision of canized bee selective abatement technology utilizing a Para/ictus; nu­ merous specimens are already on loan (thanks to George Acephate sugar baits and toxification of drones with Nlver­ Eickwort), and are now sorted- HELP: need any additional mectin. Paralictus specimens, especially any from the southwest. 2) Osamu Tadauchi, Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Continuing work on the mating and nesting behavior of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fulruoka 812, JAPAN.­ halictine and nomiine bees; manuscript on Nomia heteropoda CURRENT PROJECTS: 1) Producing image database of and N. tetrazonata is nearly fmished- HELP: a wealthy bene­ Japanese Apoidea. 2) Finishing international cooperative factor to give me money to escape the up-coming Ithaca win­ study of South Korean insects and preparing several papers ter. 3) Continuing work on quantitative studies of antenna! on bees. 3) Starting work on Japanese lAsioglossum and sort­ olfactory receptors in bees with different life-histories. ing a large collection of this group; I hope to revise every HELP: seeking collaborators to preserve and make volumet­ subgenus. 4) Have plans for an international cooperative ric measurements of bee brains to examine correlations be­ study of Chinese Andrena, starting May, 1993. 5) Surveying tween brain size and ecology. 4) Have nearly fmished pollinating insects of crops, vegetables and fruits in Bangla­ entering the data from Robertson's Flowers and Insects into desh from January to March, 1993. HELP: Exchanging in­ a computer data base for use in astudy of levels of analyses formation concerning Andrena and Lasioglossum. in ecology and evolution, in this case as it relates to speciali­ COMMENTS: Mter fmishing production of a database zation. 5) Have fmished a review of neural correlates of diet checklist of Japanese insects (including about 29,000 spe­ breadth specialization in phytophagous insects (with Liz Ber­ cies), I am now returning to the study of bees. nays, Univ. Arizona), except for incorporating comments from Vince Tepedino, USDA-ARS Bee Biology & Systemat­ friendly reviewers. - HELP: would be delighted to ics Laboratory, Utah State University, UMC 5310, Logan, learn of any obscure references relating to information over­ Utah 84322, USA--CURRENT PROJECTS: 1) Continu­ load for bees. ation of research on pollinators of threatened and endangered Vin Whitehead, Department of Entomology, South Afri­ plants of the Intermountain West; 2) Work on developing can Museum, P.O. Box 61, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA Megachile rotunda!a as a commercial pollinator of carrots 8000.--CURRENT PROJECTS: 1) Completing field work and onions proceeds; 3) Winding up study, with Terry Gris­ on oil-collecting bee Rediviva (Melittidae) host plant relation­ wold, on differences in range of body size of bee species ac­ ships, distribution, pollination biology (with Kim Steiner, Bo­ cording to their nesting habits; 4) Continuing, with Seger tanical Research Institute, Kirstenbosch, Cape Town). 2) and Stubblefield, work on size-distributions of bees in vari­ Description of new Rediviva species and review of the genus. ous communities. 3) Review of the genera and species of the Fideliidae. Phil Torchio, USDA-ARS Bee Biology & Systematics Paul Williams, Department of Entomology, The Natural Laboratory, Utah State University, UMC 5310, Logan, Utah History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, ENG­ 84322, USA-CURRENT PROJECTS: I) Completing stud­ LAND.-CURRENT PROJECTS: The following projects are ies on the prostemum of Apidae and wish to expand the pro­ medium to long-term because I have heavy commitments to ject to the Apoidea- HELP: need 1-2 specimens of Aglae the museum biodiversity project. 1) Mapping the world-wide (either sex) on pins or, preferably, in preservative (unfortu­ distribution of all bumble bees, using a graphical database nately, dissection of material is required). 2) Completed fli'St program. WORLDMAP. 2) Collaborative study with Dr. year of cross-breeding studies of Osmia subspecies (0. lig­ Wang and Mr. Yao of the bumble bees of China 3) Continu­ naria propinqua x 0. lignaria lignaria; 0. rufa comigera x ing work on a catalogue of bumble bee names. 4) Continuing 0. rufa rufa) and Osmia "species" (0. clarescens x 0. sanra­ cladistic analysis of bumble bees. faelae) in the greenhouse- HELP: need a few live speci­ Douglas Yanega, Section ofFaunistics, Illinois Natural mens (10 males & 10 females) (I of 0. comuta quasirufa History Survey, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA-CUR­ have 0. comuta cornuta) for inclusion in this study. 3) De­ RENT PROJECTS: 1) Designing and entering data for the tailed studies on foraging behavior, in-nest biologies, em­ PCAM (Programa Cooperativa de Ia Apifauna de Mexico) bryogenesis, and immature development of "twig-nesting" database on Mexican Bee Biodiversity, as a Research Associ­ bees plus some parasites are continuing in glasshouse envi­ ate at the Illinois Natural History Survey under Wallace ronments. HELP: I would very much like to communicate

14 No.6- JANUARY 1993 MELISSA

LaBerge. The original version of this database will be de­ McGinley is currently reworking this hardcopy version to a signed to include data from the PCAM field trips, but will computerized Expert System with help from F.C. 1bompson hopefully be expanded in future grants to include an inven­ (SEUUSDA), who recently completed an Expert System for tory of as many museum specimens and published records as Fruit Flies. Plans are currently underway to enlarge the scope possible. 2) Completing various publications dealing with so­ ofgeographic coverage. It is hoped that this work will be ciality and demography in halictine bees. 3) Completing available on disk or CD-Rom. For further information and .otlier miscellaneous publications and cooperative projects, :.- potential collaboration please contact Ron McGinley, Depart­ -particularly involvitig pollination biolog'"yand generai natural · ment of Entomology, Smithsonian InstitutiOn (202-351~::~ history ofbees (Anthidium, Nomia, Trigona, Euglossa, Sphe­ 2834/MNHEN011 @SIVM). codes). HELP: looking for any data on mutillid parasites of euglossines. 4) Description ofnew bee species from Mexico, Report on the International Workshop also some redescriptions and descriptions ofunknown sexes ofother species. 5) Considering a revision ofparasitic augo­ on Non-Apis Bees which in­ chlorine genus Temnosoma. HELP: need to know USDA-ARS Bee Biology & Systematics Laboratory Temnosoma in advance, to stitutions have specimens of Utah State University gauge the scope ofthe project and facilitate the loan process, should I decide to go ahead with the revision. COM· Logan, Utah 84322-5310 MENTS: seeking a positionlpostdoc involving pollination bi­ August 10-13, 1992 ology and/or bee biodiversity; alternatively, behavioral The Workshop on Non-Apis Bees, sponsored by the USDA­ ecology/sociobiology, or possibly bee systematics. Particu­ ARS Bee Biology & Systematics Lab and held in Logan, larly interested in anything to do with development of com­ Utah last August was, by all accounts, a great success. A puterized resources, especially databases and networking. number ofreports on the meeting are in various stages of be­ ing published: Daphne Fairey. 1992. International Workshop on Non-Apis ANNOUNCEMENTS bees and their role as crop pollinators. BumblebeeQuest, 2(2):4-5. pollination: Genera of North and Central Karen Strickler. Promoting pollen bees for crop Bee Honey bees may not be sufficient. What are the alternatives. America American Entomologist, Commentary, submitted. 'The manuscript for the Bee Genera ofNorth and Central Evan Sugden. Non-Apis workshop turns a page. Bee World, America by C.D. Michener, RJ. McGinley and B.N. Dan­ in press. forth was recently completed and submitted after review to James D. Thomson. The queen of forage, the Bumble bee the Smithsonian Press on July 30, 1992. This will be pub­ and a conference with an attitude. Trends in Ecol­ lished as a soft-cover book and should be available by Sep­ revolution, ogy and Evolution, submitted. tember, 1993. Price bas not been established at this time (projected royalties were redirected into production costs in Over 120 people participated in the meetings. Most of the an attempt to reduce the purchase price). The Abstract for the papers dealt with the use ofnon-Apis bees as pollinators, as book follows: "This work is to facilitate identification to the these reviews indicate. For the isolationist Americans in the genus level of bees (the apiformes, i.e., Apoidea in the usual audience the recent explosion in the commercial use of Bum­ narrow sense, not including sphecoid wasps) ofNorth and ble bees as pollinators ofgreen bouse tomatoes in Europe Central America. It includes an illustrated artificial key to came as a big surprise. genera and a key to families, in both English and Spanish A good deal ofbasic bee biology was presented at the meet­ versions. Locators and a guide to the genera of each family ing as well, including interesting papers on Megachile and its feed into the main key so that many bees may not have to be parasite Coelioxys in Michigan (Strickler & Scott, and vice run through that long key. 'The keys are followed by Notes versa), the numerous parasites of Osmia rufa in Europe on each genus, giving (for North and Central America) it (O'Toole), the biology of Nomia oligolectic on Helianthus range, number ofspecies, references to revisional studies (if (Yanega, Minckley, Wcislo & Buchmann), to mention just a any), subgenera ifany, and often distinguishing features. few. Keys to subgenera are given for genera whose subgenera was devoted to systematics, have often received generic status. Nest sites are indicated The fmal day of the meetings and Roig­ for those that do not nest in the ground. Hosts are indicated evolution and conservation of bees. Michener of the long-tongued bees indi­ for socially parasitic and cleptoparasitic genera. A list ofre­ Alsina's revised classification is a collection ofnot cent classificatory and nomenclatural changes accepted cated that the (former) Exornalopsini and that, as Michener had herein is included, as is a list ofgenera and subgenera to sum­ particularly closely related taxa, the Anthophoridae para­ marize the current classification. 'The preoccupied subgen­ suspected, the Apidae makes Michener took great care to eric name (in Megachile) Carinella Pasteels is replaced by phyletic. All speakers following in the new, Carinula new name." refer to "the Anthophor-, I mean Apidae,"

15 No. 6- JANUARY 1993 MELISSA

broader sense, although with insufficient time to change their International Symposium on slides the ghost of the Anthophoridae past continued to haunt many of them. Pollination in Tropics Most papers on bee biodiversity and conservation painted a August 8-13, 1993 pretty grim picture. Roubik' s long term studies of bee abun­ Bangalore, INDIA dances ~ the tropics was characteristically fascinating ~ the The symposium has bee!J organized under the auspices of El Nifio reallydoes. do something to bee abundances. · IUSSI, IBRA and ICPBR It is planned to cover the follow­ Copies of the proceedings (abstracts of all talks) are avail- ing topics: able from John Vandenberg at Logan. · 1. Flower biology in relation to pollination (organized by R Uma Shaanker and K.N. Ganeshaiah, India). Research Journal is Rejuvenated 2. Insect behaviour in relation to pollination (organized by J.A. Nunes, awaiting confi.I11lation). For nearly 30 years the Journal of Apicultural Research has 3. Pollination by insects and other animals in natural com­ been the International Bee Research Association's journal munities (organized by K.S. Bawa, USA). for reporting experimental science - becoming respected as a prestigious outlet for publishing scientific studies of bees in 4. Insect pollination in commercial production of seeds and general and honey bees in particular. fruits (organized by S.W.T. Batra, USA). Now the Journal of Apicultural Research has been re­ 5. Pollination problems in tropical crops (organized by M. vamped with a more modem look and a much more readable Mardan, Malaysia). format. But behind the new image are fundamental changes 6. Conservation and management of pollinating insects (or­ in management, that will ensure JAR's place as the flagship ganized by A.G. Matheson, UK). of apicultural research journals. 7. Population dynamics of pollinators (organized by D.W. An international editorial team now works on this publica­ Roubik, USA). tion. Dr Thomas Rinderer, research leader at the US Depart­ ment of Agriculture's Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and For more Information contact: Physiology Laboratory, heads a team at Baton Rouge which Dr. K.N. Ganeshaiah selects, reviews and arranges the refereeing of manuscripts, Secretary approving only those reaching the required standard of scien­ International Symposium on Pollination in Tropics tific merit. Three staff at IBRA - the International Bee Re­ Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding search Association - in Cardiff, United Kingdom, edit these University of Agricultural Sciences papers and manage the production of a complete journal G.K.V.K. Campus from the collection of manuscripts. Bangalore 560 065, INDIA "The size of the editorial team will ensure that manuscripts receive prompt attention, regardless of the work commit­ ments of individual editors," said Dr Rinderer. "Time limits NEWSLETTER NEWS have been set for each stage of the editorial and production process, and combined with an efficient manuscript tracking system, no undue delays will occur." International Commission for Andrew Matheson, Director of the International Bee Re­ Plant-Bee Relationships search Association, welcomes the co-operation between the J.N. Tasei, Secretary ICPBR USDA and IBRA in producing the journal: "The editorial Laboratoire de Zoologie, INRA team is committed to bringing our colleagues a journal re­ 86600 Lusignan, FRANCE pbone:(33)49-55-60-90 spected for its quality and the speed of review and produc­ F AX:(33)49-55-60-88 tion." .. Guidelines for authors, sample copies of the journal and in­ Bombus formation on subscriptions are available to anyone inter­ ested, from: IBRA, 18 North Road, Cardiff CFl 3DY, UK. c/o Dr. D.T. Fairey Fax (+44) 222-665522. Box 411, Beavedodge Alberta, CANADA TOHOCO $20.00 subscription fee.

16 No. 6- JANUARY 1993 MELISSA

chapter consists ofbiographical and memorial remarks about PASSINGS Khalifman, and toward the end I even fmd myself men­ tioned. Pekelis wisely quoted directly from Khalifman at that point, taking no responsibility for the latter's (inflated) esti­ Remembering losip Khalifman mate of my importance. Christopher K. Starr Khalifman seems to have had wide exposure as a popular ' Deparfmeltt ofZoology ·~ .' '. writer.· I have much less idea ofhis impact within Russian­ The UDiversity oftbe West ladies iDfluence upon one leading re­ Si. Aupstiae. Triaidad speaking entomology, but his searcher/teacher has been key. Vladilen Kipyatkov tells me writer Viktor Recently I received from MoScow science tbat it was his reading ofthose· popular books a5 a child that I.A. Khalif­ Pekelis notice ofthe death ofthe entomologist turned him to insects and then to social insects. Vladilen is al­ Khalifman bad man. As part ofhis last will and testament, most exactly my age, so I guess he too is one of Kbalifman's a book. It was the cul­ asked Pekelis to send me greetings and grandchildren. mination ofa friendship that began while I was a student of Charles Michener in 1973. Kbalifman had at tbat time already written several popular Jack van der Vecht and semi-popular books on social and solitary insects, which Karl Krombein received the following communication he was in the habit ofsending to Michener. Some were trans­ from Dr. Ing. C. van Achterberg, dated March 23, 1992. lated into English or other western languages, but the major­ attended the cremation of Jack van der Vecht. ity remained available in Russian only. 1be most popular "Saturday I after a very difficult period on the 15th. With him and widely translated seems to have been his Bees. As I was He died the old generation of Hymenopterists in the Neth­ studying Russian at tbat time (a one-year effort that came to the last of the age of 85. No need to tell you about his in­ nothing much), it was my pleasure to practice on Michener's erlands died at importance, but also within Indonesia and the copies of Khalifman. lbat led to a letter to the author, and af­ ternational the least with the Hymenoptera department ter that hardly a year passed without greetings each way. ~eth~rlands (not m Le1den). He had an enormous impact on the study of my under­ Kbalifman seems to have consistently overrated many groups of insects." standing ofhis language. On more than one occasion he sent that Jack called his home in Putten, "Andrena" one ofhis books and a note to look at such-and-such a chap­ Karl adds ter or page and tell biro what I thought. This represented quite a chore, as my reading speed at its best was never Tsing Chao Maa above one page per hour. And then he took to writing me let­ ' ters by hand in Russian. I had never learned to read handwrit­ Ron McGinley received the following communication ing, and his was absolutely dreadful. I was forced to give from Dr. Carl Yoshimoto, dated May 20, 1992. a typewriter or a west­ Khalifman an ultimatum: Either use "On April 27, my late husband Tsing Chao Maa was hospi­ or a strong conunand of em language. Lacking a typewriter talized for loss of consciousness. Based on the cr scarming tbat we communicate in English, Khalifman proposed results, the doctors diagnosed it as a cerebrovascular acci­ casually remarked that he French. 1batworked well. After I dent He passed away peacefully at 10 pmon the 28th in Me­ to me, we somehow had become a sort ofgrandfather morial Hospital Southwest of Houston."-Chuen-Mel Maa adopted each other and took to addressing each other sol­ enmly as "Grandfather" and "Grandson," although still with the formal "vous." At the time ofhis death, Khalifman was past 80 years old and may have been closer to 90. He was al­ CORRECTIONS ready retired when I farst knew biro, and ofhis earlier life and research I know only scraps. I once compiled a bio­ In MELISSA-5 we included "A Revised Checklist ofPol­ graphical note for Melissa from newspaper articles and re- · ish Colletidae and Halictidae" by T. Pawlikowski, Coperni­ sponses to my questions, but he found fault ("a load of cus University, Torun, Poland. It has come to our attention errors") with my draft. which I duly suppressed. I could that a complete list ofPolish Apoidea was published by Dr. the note, but I never get biro to tell me what was wrong with J6zef Banaszak (Banaszak, J. 1991. A checklist of the bee­ suspect it had partly to do with Khalifman's past association species (Apoidea) ofPoland with remarks on their taxonomy with T.D. Lysenko, another Ukrainian. I had written some­ and zoogeography. Acta Univ. Lodz.• Folia zool. anthr. 7:15- thing to the effect that his view ofLysenko was much more 66). Dr. Banaszak's address is: J6zefBanaszak, WyzsUJ. positive than that current in western science, and Khalifman Szkola Pedagogiczna, 85-667 Bydgoszcz, ul. ChodkiewicUJ. may have been offended either that I linked him with 51, POLAND {tel. 41-32-86). We apologize to Dr. Ba­ Lysenko or that I had disparaged the latter. naszak for this oversight 1be book that Pekelis sent me was his own A Cybernetic Miscellany (Moscow: Znaniye 1991), with attention drawn to the chapter on "Bees, Ants and Cybernetics." Much of the

17 No. 6- JANUARY 1993 MELISSA

dae). Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad. Part B Bioi. Sci. RECENT APOID LITERATURE 51(6):369-375. Abrol, D.P. (1991). Morphometries and wing-stroke fre­ The following list of references has been compiled from quency of bumblebees. J.Indian Int. Sci.ll(4):365-372. two sources. First, we continue to receive the current aware­ Agren, J., & Schemske, D. W. (1991). Pollination by deceit ness printouts from the National Agriculture Library, which in a neotropical monoecious herb Be&onja involucrata. -represents searches from the following sources: Biological · Biotropica 2l(3):235-241. -- · Abstracts, the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau data base · Akers, R. P., & Getz, W. M. (1992). A test of identified re­ (CAB); Zoological Record, and Agricola, the Agriculture Li- · sponse classes among olfactory receptor neurons in the brary' s own survey of literature of a specifically agriculatu- · honey-bee worker. Chern Senses 11(2):191-209. raJ bent. Second, we have gone electronic and now receive Akimov, I. A., Zaloznaya, L. M., Efimov, V. M., & Galak­ some references directly from Biosis of the Biological Ab­ tionov, Y. K. (1990). Seasonal and geographical variability stracts data base on disk. 1be two searches are conducted of morphological characters of the mite Yarroajacobsonj based on roughly the same key words, which include most (Parasitiformes, Varroidae): behavior of mean values, mean bee genera, familial and subfamilial names as well as polli­ quadratic deviations and coefficients of fluctuating asym­ nation biology and bee/plant interactions. As in previous metry [in Russian]. Zool. Zh. 6.2(9):27-38. lists, papers dealing specifically with the commercial as­ Alcock, J. (1991). Mate-locating behavior of X,ylocopa cali­ pects of Apis mellifera or Megachile rotundata have not been . fomica arizonensis Cresson, (Hymenoptera: Anthophori­ included, but papers of general biological interest have been. dae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. ~(4):349-356. Alexander, B. A. (1992). An exploratory analysis of cladistic We apologize in advance for the hetergeneous format (up­ relationships within the superfamily Apoidea, with special per and lower cases for authors and journal names in some ci­ reference to sphecid wasps (Hymenoptera). J. Hym. Res. tations) and the lack of diacritic marks. This has been 1(1):25- 61. unavoidable due to the specific format of the citations we get Aluri, R. J. S., & Robart, B. W. (1991). Pollination ecology on disk, and can be corrected as the citations are checked. and endemic trends in Pedicularis bracteosa var. atrosan­ These citations have not been checked for accuracy and we &Uin.ea Pennell and Thompson (Scrophulariaceae) in North strongly recommend that readers do not use them without re­ America. Plant Species Bioi. ~(2):95-1 04. ferring to the papers listed. Anderson, W. R. (1990). The origin of the Malpighiaceae: At present the roughly 350 references shown below are in­ The evidence from morphology. MEM N Y BOT GARD cluded in a single file created by v. 2.0 of the bibliographic ~:210-224. software package Pro-Cite (Address: P.O. Box 4250, Ann Archer, M. E. (1992). A comparison of the solitary wasps Arbor, Michigan, 48106; 313-996-1580). The "master" bibli­ and bees (Hym., Aculeata) of Chamwood Forest, Leicester­ ography, which contains all citations listed in earlier versions shire and Lydford Moorland, Devon. ENTOMOL MON of MELISSA contains over 2000 references in a single file. MAG .12.&(1532-1535):51-57. We would like to make these lists available to other Pro-Cite Archer, M.E. users, or users of other, compatible, bibliographic programs. (1992). Aculeate wasps and bees (Hymenop­ tera: Aculeata) We hope in the future to send out the complete bibliography of Skipwith Common and a comparison of Skipwith Common with Allerthorpe and Strensall on disk to readers with access to ProCite who agree to add Com­ mons. Naturalist 117:19-25. references or check those already input We are now in the process of supplementing the bibliography with references Arias, M. C., & Nobrega, F. G. (1991). Location of genes in gathered from Biological Abstracts, which should extend the Apis melljfera scutellata derived mitochondrial DNA of Af­ list back to 1980. ricanized honey bees. Apidologie 22(6):611-619. Armbruster, W. S. (1992). Phylogeny As a preliminary step towards making this reference list and the evolution of plant- animal interactions. Bioscience ~(1):12-20. available to MELISSA readers on disk, we are willing (for · now) to send copies of the "master" bibliography plus the ref­ Armbruster, W. S., & Edwards, M. E.(l992). Pollination erences listed below in the form of a WordPerfect 5.0 text ecology and patterns of floral variation in Australian trigger file to anyone who sends us a request and a blank 3.5 or 5.25 plants (Stylidjum, Stylidiaceae). (AM J BOT) Annual~ inch diskette. in& Qf ~Botanical ~ Qf America, in conjunction .M1h ~ American Br:yolo&ica.J and Lichenological ~. Please send us conuneots on the utility of the reference list American Eem ~. American S!u:kty cl ~ Taxono­ and how we might make it more generally available to re­ mi.sts, Australia Systematic~~. Botanical Sock searchers. And please continue to send reprints and refer­ e.ty clJapan and~ fur Economic~. Honolulu, ence lists to Ron McGinley for inclusion in upcoming lists. ~.USA. Alwls12-.U•.1222. Vol. 79, (p. 3). Ayasse, M., Engels, W., Hefetz, A., Lubke, G., & Francke, Abrol, D.P. (1991). Energy intake and expenditure in An= W. (1990). Ontogenetic patterns in amounts and propor­ drena ilerda and Andrena leaena (Hymenoptera: Andreni- tions of Dufour's gland volatile secretions in virgin and

18 No.6- JANUARY 1993 MELISSA

nesting ofl.asiaaJossum matacburum (Hymenoptera: Halic­ biological notes. Chittagong Univ. Stud. Part II Sci. tidae). Zeitschrift fiir Naturforschung ~:709-714. 14(2):61-72. Banaszak, 1.(1992). Pszczoly Apoidea. In: Z. Glowacinski, Biesmeijer, J. C., Van, M. B., Van, D. K., Punt, W., & Som­ & G. Polczynska-Konior, Red List of Threatened Animals meijer, M. J. (1992). Pollen sources for Apis memfera L grain volume iD ~ (pp. 49-58). Polish Academy of Sciences Nature (Hym. Apidae) in Surinam, based on pollen Protection Research Centre. estimates. APIDOLOOIE 23.(3):245-256. r ' · · Banaszalf, J; (1990). An appeal for the legal protection of all Bilinski, M., & Ruszkowski, A. (1990). Bumble bees of; ···species of Wild Apoidea. (In Polish). Olronmy Przyrode lower Silesia. Pszczelincze Zeszyty Naukowe ~:1~1~111. Ojczysta1:5-8. Bilinski, M., Ruszkowski, A., & Kosior, A. (1990). Bumble Banaszak, J. (1991). A checklist of the bee-species bees of upper Silesia and Opole. Pszczelincze Zeszyty (Apoidea) of Poland with remarks to their taxonomy and Naukowe Y:93-100. zoogeography. Acta Univ. Lodz., Folia zool. anthr.1: 15- Bilinski, M., Ruszkowski, A., Kaczmarska, K., & Sowa, S. 66. (1990). Bumble bees of western Pomerania. Pszczelincze Banaszak, 1.(1992). Strategy for conservation of wild bees in Zeszyty Naukowe ~:63-72. an agricultural landscape. (AGRIC ECOSYST ENVIRON) Bilinski, M., Ruszkowski, A., & Kaczmarska, K. (1990). Meetina 011 ~ Diversity iD Aamerosystems beld at a Bumble bees of the Lubusz district. Pszczelincze Zeszyty SYUWosium 011 AKJWeolaay arul Conservation ~ iD Naukowe 34:57- 62. Tropica.J Bl1d Temperate Reaions, :eadwl, ~. September Bishop, J. A., & Armbruster, W. S.(l992). The relationship 26-22.. .122i}. Vol. 40, (pp. 179- 192). between size and thermoregulatory capability in social and Bankova, V., Christov, R., Stoev, G., & Popov, S. (1992). solitary bees of interior Alaska. (BULL ECOL SOC AM) Determination of phenolics from propolis by capillary gas .1222 .Anmlal Meetin& of 1he Ecalo.&ical Society of.Amcr.: chromatography. J CHROMATOOR 601(1): 150-153. ica. Honolulu, Him:aii,llSA, .Au&ust2-ll•.1222. Vol. 73, Barthell, J. F., Frankie, G. W., & Thorp, R. W.(1992). Com­ (p. 112). petitive exclusion of tree-hole nesting solitary bees by the Blanchetot, A. (1992). DNA fmgerprinting analysis in the introduced European earwig in heterogeneous oak forest en­ solitary bee Me~acbile rotundata: Variability and nest mate vironments. (BULL ECOL SOC AM) .1222 .Anmlal ~ genetic relationships. GENOME .15.(4):681-688. iDa of 1he Ecmaaicai Society of America, Honolulu, Blows, M. W., & Schwarz, M.P. (1991). Spatial distribution Him:aii,llSA, Al1pst 2-ll, .1222. Vol. 73, (p. 105). of a primitively social bee: does genetic population struc­ Basset, Y., & Arthington, A. H. (1992). The arthropod com­ ture facilitate altruism? Evolution VOL? (3):680-693. munity of an Australian rainforest tree: Abundance of com­ Bravo, F., & Arcos, L. (1991). The karyotype of the species ponent taxa, species richness and guild structure. Aust. J. ofParapattomona Schwarz (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Ecol.ll(1):89-98. Meliponinae) and comments on the systematics of the ge­ Beauchamp, G. (1992). Effects of energy requirements and nus. Rev. Bras. Entomol. .15.(4):755-760. worker mortality on colony growth and foraging in the Breed, M. D., Smith, T. A., & Torres, A. (1992). Role of honey bee. BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL 3.1(2):123-132. guard honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in nestmate dis­ Becker, P.• Moure, J. S., & Peralta, F. J. A. (1991). More crimination and replacement of removed guards. Ann. Ento­ about euglossine bees in Amazonian forest fragments. Biot­ mol. Soc. Am. .85,(5):633- 637. ropica 23.(4 Part B):586-591. Breed, M.D., & Stiller, T. M. (1992). Honey bee, Apjs mel­ Bego, L. R.. Zucchi, R.. & Mateus, S. (1991). Notes on food lifcm, nestmate discrimination: hydrocarbon effects and the strategies, cleptobiosis, in Lestrimelitta Hmag Smith evolutionary implications of comb choice. ANIM BEHAV (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae). NATURALIA ~(6):875- 883. M:119-127. Bregazzi, V., & Laverty, T. (1992). Enzyme gene variation Benedeczky, L., Tanacs, L., & Moczar, L. (1990). Electron in five species of bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). microscopic structure of the cephalic gland of the bee An: CAN J ZOOL 1Q(6): 1263-1266. drena yariabilis Smith (Hymenoptera: Apoidea}. Acta Bi­ Buchele, D. E., Baskin, J. M., & Baskin, C. C. (1992). Ecol­ ologica Hungarica ~(4):341-361. ogy of the endangered species SolicJa&a shQrtii: IV. Pollina­ Bergstrom, G., Birgersson, G., Groth, I., & Nilsson, L. A. tion ecology. BULL TORREY BOT CLUB (1992). Floral fragrance disparity between three taxa of 112(2):137-141. Lady's slipper Cypripedium calceglus (Orchidaceae). PHY­ Buchmann, S. L., & O'Rourke, M. K. (1991). Importance of TOCHEMISTRY (OXF) 3.1.(7):2315-2319. pollen grain volumes for calculating bee diets. Grana 3!1(3- Beroadello, L. M., Galetto, L., & Juliaoi, H. R. (1991). Flo­ 4):591-595. .ral nectar, nectary structure and pollinators in some Ar­ Bur, M. (1989). Beitrag zur Bienenfauna des Weistenlachs. gentinian Bromeliaceae. Ann. Bot. 61(5):401-411. Bull. Soc. Fribg. Sci. Nat.1.8.(1-2):81-92. Bhuiya, B. A., & Miah, I. (1990). A preliminary report on Camargo, J. M., & Roubik, D. W. (1991). Systematics and the bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Chittagong with brief bionomics of the apoid obligate necrophages: the Tri~ona-

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b)!llO&ea group (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Meliponinae). Biol. Conte, L., & Santoro, G. (1990). Controlled pollination with J. Linn. Soc. ~(1): 13- 39. mechanical bees [in Italian]. Informatore agrario 4.6(18):35- Cameron, S. A.(l991). A new tribal phylogeny of the Apidae 39. inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. In: D. R Corbet, S. A., Williams, I. H., & Osborne, J. L. (1972). Bees Smith, Westyiew .s.twl.i§ .in ~ Biolo&y: Diversity .in and the pollination of crops and wild flowers in the Euro- lhe &milS Apis (pp. 71-88). Boulder, Colorado, USA: pean community. Bee World 2(1991):47-59. Westview Press, 265pp. Corliss, J., & Adams, S. (1992). A ~line to biocontrol. Ag- Campbell, D:R (1991). Comparing pollen dispersal and ricultural Research ~(7):10-13. · gene flow in a natural population. Evol. il(8): 1965-1968. ~ Correia, M. L. M.(1991). Selection of pollinators from the Cane, J. H. (1991). Soils of ground-nesting bees, (Hymenop- Portugese fauna of wild bees. In: C. van Heemeri, & A. de tera: Apoidea): Texture, moisture, cell depth and climate. J. Ruijter,lk SWb International Symposium on Pollination, Kansas Entomol. Soc. M(4):406-413. :rilb.ura. Netherlands, 21-31 Au.&lW .1.220 (pp. 69-73). Neth- Cano, R J., Poinar, H. N., Roubik, D. W., & Poinar, G. 0. J. erlands: Research Centre for Insect Pollination and (1992). Enzymatic amplification and nucleotide sequencing Beekeeping and International Society for Horticultural Sci- of portions of the ISs rRNA gene of the bee Pro.plebeia ence. dominicaoa (Apidae: Hymenoptera) isolated from 25-40 Cortopassi-Laurino, M., Knoll, F. R N., & Ribeiro, M. million year old Dominican amber. MED SCI RES F.(1991). Food plant preferences of Friesella schrottkyi. In: 20(17):619-622. C. van Heemert, & A. de Ruijter,lk Sixth International Cartar, R V. (1992). Adjustment of foraging effort and task Symposium on Pollination, :rilb.ura. Netherlands, 21-ll.Au::. switching in energy-manipulated wild bumblebee colonies. ~ l22Q (pp. 382- 385). Netherlands: Research Centre for ANIM BEHAV ~(1):75-87. Insect Pollination and Beekeeping and International Soci- Castro, L. (1991). Bombus (Megabombus) ruderatus ronden- ety for Horticultural Science. sis ssp. n. (Hym., Apidae). Zapateri Revta. aragon. ent. Costa, G., Testolin, R, & VIZZOITO, G.(1992). Kiwifruit 1(1):30-35. pollination: Bees and wind contribution. (HORT- Catling, P. M., & Calling, V. R (1991 ). A synopsis of breed- SCIENCE) B2.th AnnwLl Meetin& of lhe American ~ ing systems and pollination in North American orchids. fur Horticultural Science, Honolulu, ~.llSA. ~ 3Q- LINDLEYANA6(4):187-210. Al.wlsl6,.1.222. Vol. 27, (pp. 668). Celary, W. (1990(1991)). Review of the parasitic bees of the Crellin, S.M. (1992). Some aculeate Hymenoptera new to family Anthophoridae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in Poland the Isle of Man. ENTOMOL MON MAG .12.8(1532- excluding the genus Nomada Scop. Pol. Pismo. Entomol. 1535):69-70. 60(1-2):9-23. Crepet, W. L., Nixon, K. C., Friis, E. M., & Freudenstein, J. 1 Chase, M. W., & Hills, H. G. (1992). Orch1.d p h y ogeny V. (1992). Oldest fossil flowers ofhamamelidaceous affm- flower sexuality and fragrance-seeking. Bioscience ity, from the Late Cretaceous of New Jersey. PROC NATL ~(1):43-49. ACAD SCI US A .82(19):8986-8989. Chauvin, R (1992). The bees can rebuild their combs: the Cruz, L. C. D. (1991). Accessory nuclei in Hymenoptera oo- . spirit of the hive and Darchen • swork. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. cytes and the germ plasm: A study of Melipona Qlladrifas- m Sci. Vie. ill(8):361-363. data antbidjojdes Lep. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Attinae) Chittka, L. (1992). The colour hexagon: A chromaticity dia- and Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel (Hymenoptera, Formici- gram based on photoreceptor excitations as a generalized dae, Attinae). NATURALIA .1.6:171-182. representation of colour opponency. J COMP PHYSIOL A Cunha, R A. d. (1992). Comparing phenetic structures: An SENS NEURAL BEHAV PHYSIOL .11.0(5):533-543. application to subgenera ofXylocopa Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). REV BRAS ENTOMOL Chuang, T.l., & Heckard, L. R (1992). New species of bee- 'l~ 2 465473 pollinated Castill~a from Peru, with a taxonomic revision ..u.t( >= · of South American members of subg. Colacus. SYST BOT Cunha, R A. d. (1991). Revisao da taxonomia de algunas 11(3):417- 431. Meliponinae por metodos feneticos. NATURALIA .16:33- 53 Colin, M. E., Richard, D., & Chauzy, S. (1991). Measure- · ' ment of electric charges carried by bees; evidence of bio- Daly, H. V.(l988). Overview of the identification of African- logical variations. J. Bioelectr.1Q(1-2): 17-32. ized honey bees. In: G. R. Needham, et. al, Africaoised Colln, K. (1990). Die Hummeln und Schmarotzerhummeln Honey B.e.es and Bee Mites. Chichester, England: Ellis Hor­ woodLtd. von Gonnersdorf (Kr. Daun). Beitriige zur Insektenfauna der Eifeldorfer IT. Dendrocopos 17:109-117. Daly, H. V.(l991). Systematics and identification of African- Colln, K. (1991). Ober die Hummeln und Schmarotzerhum- ized honey bees. In: M. Spivak, D. J. C. Fletcher, & M. D. melD von GOnnersdort (Kr. Daun). Beitriige zur Insekten- Breed,lllc African Honey~ (pp. 13-44). Boulder, San fauna der Eifeldorfer IT. Dendrocopos 18:152-153. Francisco, Oxford: Westview Press. Daly, H. V. (1990). Variation of worker brood cell widths and comb orientation in an exposed honey bee nest in

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Berkeley, California Pan-Pac. Entomologist 66(3):208- Eardley, C. D. (1991). The genus Epeolus Latreille from sub­ 211. Daly, H. V., DeJong, D., & Stone, N.D. (1988). Ef­ saharan Africa (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). J. Nat. fect of parasitism by Yarroa jacobsoni on morphometries of Hist. 25.: 711-731. africanized worker honeybees. J. Apic. Res. 21(2):126-130. Eardley, C. D. (1991). The southern African Panurginae (An­ Danforth, B. N., & Neff, J. L. (1992). Male polymorphism drenidae: Hymenoptera). Phytophylactica 23.(2):115-136. and polyethism in Perdita texana (Hymenoptera: Andreni­ Ebmer, A., & Sakagami, S. (1990). Lasioalossum (Ev.ylaeus) dae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 85.(5):616-626. - alaimm pseudannuUpes (Biuthgen) erstmals in Japan Ge- ... '...~_ ~ .. dCBruijiD~-L. L: M.;van Herk, M. J., & Sommeijer~·M. . .. ·funden, mit Notizen iiber die L. (E.) leucoptis-Gruppe .~ 1.(1991). Some obstnations on flight activity and-foraging - (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Jpn. J. Ent.5.8(4):835-838. · of workers of the stingless bee Melipona favosa (Apidae, Ebmer, P. A. W. (1987). Die westpalaearktischen Arlen der Meliponinae). In: C. van Heemert, & A. de Ruijter,lbe Gattung Dufourea Lepeletier 1841 mit illustrierten Bestinr SWh International SYQosium D1l Pollination, Tilbura, mungstabellen. Linzer biol. Beitr.l.2(1):43-56. Netherlands, 21-ll. .Au&usl.l.22Q (pp. 116-120). Nether­ Edwards, M. (1991). Two queens of Bombus terrestris (L.) lands: Research Centre for Insect Pollination and Beekeep­ (Hymenoptera, Apidae) found hibernating in an old cupres­ ing and International Society for Horticultural Science. sus stump. Entomol. Mon. Mag.l21(1524-1527):108. Dieringer, G. (1992). Pollinator limitation in populations of Esch, H., Goller, F., & Heinrich, B. (1991). How do bees A&alinis strictifoUa, Scrophulariaceae. BULL TORREY shiver? Naturwissenschaften ll(7):325-328. BOT CLUB 112(2):131-136. ESPELIE, K. E., CANE, J. H., & HIMMELSBACH, D. S. Dieringer, G. (1992). Pollinator effectiveness and seed set in (1992). Nest cell lining of the solitary bee Hylaeus bjsinu­ populations of Aaalinis strictifolia, Scrophulariaceae. AM J atus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). EXPERIENTIA (BASEL) BOT 1.2(9):1018-1023. ~(4):414-416. DIMOV, V., IVANOVSK.A, N., BANKOVA, V., & Evans, H. E. (1988). Providing homes for beneficial bees POPOV, S. (1992). Immunomodulatory action ofpropolis: and wasps. Wings 1.3.(3):3-6. Evans, H. E., & O'Neill, K. IV. Prophylactic activity against gram-negative infections M. (1991). Beewolves. Sci. Am. 265.(2):56-62. water-soluble derivative. VAC­ and adjuvant effect of the Fairey, D. T., Lefkovitch, L. P., & Lieverse, J. A. C. (1989). CINE .10(12):817-823. The leafcutting bee, Mef:achile rotundata (F.): a potential Dobson, H. E. M.(1991). Pollen and flower fragrances in pol­ pollinator for red clover. J. Appl. Ent.l01:52-57. & A. de Ruijter, lbe SWh In:: lination. In: C. van Heemert, Fairey, D. T., & Lefkovitch, L. P.(1991). Reproduction of SYmPOsium Wl Pollination, Tilbur~:, ternational Me~:achile rotundata Fab. foraging on Trifolium spp. and (pp. 313-320). Nether­ Netberlands, 21- 31 Au2,us1 .1220 Brassica campestris. In: C. van Heemert, & A. de Ruijter, Pollination and Beekeep­ lands: Research Centre for Insect lbe SWh International Symposium Wl Pollination, Ill:: Society for Horticultural Science. ing and International hw:g, Netherlands, 21-31Allgus,t l22Q (pp. 185-189). Neth­ Donovan, B. J. (1990). Selection and importation of new pol­ erlands: Research Centre for Insect Pollination and linators to New Zealand. N. Z. Entomol.l3.:26-32. Beekeeping and International Society for Horticultural Sci­ Doroshina, L. P. (1989). Adaptive features of Melittobia ence. iUdiS1a (Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae): a parasite of solitary FAITH, D.P. (1992). Conservation evaluation and phyloge­ bees. Zoologicheskii 2'llumal6.8.(1):60-69. netic diversity. BIOL CONSERV nl.(1):1-10. Doroshina, L. P. (1991). Diptera Conopidae parasites of bees Falcao, T. M. M., & Contel, E. P. B. (1991). Genetic variabil­ in southern breeding regions. Zool. 2'll.1Q(5):54-57. ity in natural populations of Brazilian social bees: 2. Elec­ du Toit. A. P. (1988). Pollination ecology of sunflowers. trophoretic data for PGM and MDH give evidence for Plant Prot. Res. Inst. Bull. (13):3. multiple fertilizations in stingless bees. Rev. Bras. Genet. du Toit. A. P., & Coetzer, L. A.(1991). Difference in poten­ H(1):47-59. tial aUractiveness to bees of seventeen South African sun­ Falcao, T. M. M., & Contel, E. P. B. (1991). Genetic vari­ flower (Helianthus annus) cultivars. In: C. van Heemert, & abilty in natural populations of Brazilian social bees: 3. A. de Ruijter, Ibc SWh International Symposium D1l ~ Electophoretic data for ME, GPO, SOD, amd IDH. Rev. Wltiml, IiJbura, Netherlands, 21-31 Au2,us1 .1220 (pp. 288- Bras. Genet. H.(1):61-72. 293). Netherlands: Research Centre for Insect Pollination Fan, J. G. (1991). A study on Chinese subgenera vestito­ and Beekeeping and International Society for Horticultural halictus and Seladonia with description of new species Science. (Apoidea: Halictidae). ACTA ENTOMOL SIN ;H(4):478- DYLEWSK.A, M. (1991). Apoidea of the Tatra Mountains 482. and the adjacent area: Part I. Colletidae, Andrenidae, Halic­ FEWELL, J. H., & WINSTON, M. L. (1992). Colony state tidae. Melittidae, Megachilidae, and Anthophoridae. ACTA and regulation of pollen foraging in the honey bee, Allis ZOOL CRACOV ;H(1):189-265. mellifera L. BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL .3.0.(6):387-393. Eardley, C. D. (1989). Diversity and endemism of southern Field, J. (1992). Intraspecific parasitism as an alternative re­ African bees. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. Bull. (18): 1-2. productive tactic in nest-building wasps and bees. BIOL REV CAMB PHILOS SOC 61(1):79-126.

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FISHER, R M., & SAMPSON, B. J. (1992). Morphological Beekeeping and International Society for Horticultural Sci- specializations of the bumble bee social parasite Psithyrus ence. ash1wli Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae). CAN ENTOMOL GOETZ, B., & KOENIGER, N. (1992). Structural features ill(1):69-77. trigger capping of brood cells in honey bees. APIDOLO­ Fritz, M., & Toro, H. (1990). The lnsolita species group of GIE 23.(3):211-216. Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Gayana Zool. GOLUBNICHAYA, L. V., & MOSKALENKO, P. G. . 54(1-2):13- 19. · (1992). Peculiarities of biology of Halictus zooulus Smith, ..·Fussell, M., &. Corbet, S.- A.(1991). Bumblebee habitat n> - · , Hymenoptera, Halictidae, ENTOMOL REV (ENGL quirements. In: C. van Heemert, & A. de Ruijter,lllt Sixth 'TRANSL ENTOMOL OBOZR) ll(2):6-11. International Symposium Wl Pomnation, I.ilbw:&. Nether­ GRAHAM, M. W. RD. V. (1992). Diagnostic characters of lands, 21- 31 Aupst .1220 (pp. 159-163). Netherlands: Re­ Monodontomerus obscurus Westwood, 1833 and Monodon­ search Centre for Insect Pollination and Beekeeping and tomerus aeneus (Fonscolombe, 1832) = obsoletus (Fab­ International Society for Horticultural Science. ricius, 1798), Preocc.) (Hym., Torymidae). ENTOMOL FUSSELL, M., & CORBET, S. A. (1992). Flower usage by MON MAG 12.8.(1536-1539):143- 146. bumble-bees: A basis for forage plant management J Gregg, K. B. (1991). Defrauding the deceitful orchid: pollen APPL ECOL22(2):451-465. collection by pollinators of Clejstes djyaricata and Clejstes Gambino, P., Hoelmer, K., & Daly, H. V. (1990). Nest sites b.ifaria. Lindleyana 6(4):214-220. of feral honey bees in California, USA. Apidologie 21:35- Griffm, R P., MacFarlane. RP., & van den Ende, H. 45. 1.(1991). Rearing and domestication of long tongued bum­ Garofalo, C. A., Camillo, E., Campos, M. J. 0., & Serrano, ble bees in New Zealand. In: C. van Heemert, & A. de Rui­ J. C. (1992). Nest re-use and communal nesting in Mi.:. jter,:Ibt SWh International Symposium Wl Pollination, crothurae coromhae (Hymenoptera) Megachilidae), with I.illmr:. Netherlands, 21- 31 Allil1Sll220 (pp. 149-153). special reference to nest defense. Insectes Sociaux Netherlands: Research Centre for Insect Pollination and 32(3):301-312. Beekeeping and International Society for Horticultural Sci­ Gary, N. E., & Lorenzen, K. (1987). Vacuum device for col­ ence. lecting and dispensing honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Grimm, H. (1988). Bumble bee flight and weather factors on and other insects into small cages. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. vitte heath (Hiddensee). Entomologische Nachrichten und &1:664-666. Berichte 3.2(6): 263-265. GENARO, J. A., & SANCHEZ, C. S. (1992). Notes on the Gromadska, M., Czarnecki, A., Pawlikowski, T., & Kossak­ nesting behavior of Philanthus banabacoa Alayo owska. (1987). Invertebrate fauna in the alfalfa communi­ (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). CARIBB J SCI 2.8.(1-2):44-46. ties. Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici, Biologia Gess, F. W., & Gess, S. K. (1991). A preliminary survey of 3.5.:133-151. the aculeate wasps and the bees of the lower reaches of the Gross, C. L. (1992). Floral traits and pollinator constancy: Nossob River Valley Kalahari Gemsbok National Park Foraging by native bees among three sympatric legumes. South Africa. Koedoe 34(2):77-88. Australian J. Ecol.l1(1):67-74. Gladis, T. (1990). The use of domestic insects, Hymenoptera Gupta, R K. (1990). Description of a new species of~ and Diptera, for pollinization of entomophilous cultivated ~Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae}. J. plants in gene banks. Wiss. Z. Martin Luther Univ. Halle­ Bombay Nat. Hist Soc . .81(3):437-439. Wittenberg Math- Naturwiss Reihe. 32(5):22-24. Gupta, R K. (1991). On genus Robertsonella Titus with de­ GODZINSKA, E. J., & KORCZYNSKA, J. (1992). Biting scription of a new species from Himachal Pradesh India (In­ behaviour as a tactic of escape in two bumblebee species secta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae). with different nesting habits, Bombus terrestris L. and llmil= Reichenbachia 2.8.(20-35): 173-175. bus pascuorum Scopoli (Hymenoptera: Apidae). ACTA Gupta, R K. (1990). On the genus Clu:ysosarus Mitchell NEUROBIOL EXP (WARSAW) 52.(1):41-45. (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae} with description of GOERZEN, D. W., DUMOUCHEL, L., & BISSETT, J. a new species from South India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. .. (1992). Occurrence of chalkbrood caused by Ascosphaera .81(3):427- 429. a2~e~:ata Skou in a native leafcutting bee, Me&:achile pu&:­ Hallmen, M. (1991). Einige Beobachtungen zumFlugverhal­ nata Say (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae}, in Saskatchewan. ten von Drohnen an einer Kolonie der Solitarbiene Andrena CAN ENTOMOL ill(3):557-558. vaga Panzer (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Nachr. Entomol. Goettel, M. S., & Richards, K. W.(1991). Biology and con­ Ver. Apollo 12(2):107- 120. trol of chalkbrood, a fungal disease of the alfalfa leafcutter Hallmen, M. (1989). Die Errichtung eines Schulbienen­ bee, Megachile rotundata. In: C. van Heemert, & A. de Rui­ hauses als Beispiel fiir die Planung von Projekten der jter, ~ SWb International Symposium .Qll Pollination, I.il= praxis-orientierten Naturerziehung. Luscinia ~(3/4): 183- hw:g, Netherlands, 21-31 August l22Q (pp. 386-390). 203. Netherlands: Research Centre for Insect Pollination and Harder, L. D.(1992). Floral control of pollen removal from animal-pollinated plants: Expectations and observations.

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(AM J B01) Annual Meetin& oflhe Botanical Society of HUNG, A. C. F. (1992). Inununodetection of Africanized America, iD a>Qjunction lrilhlhe American Br:yolo&ical honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) specific proteins. BIO- awl Uchenolo&ical Society, American Eem Society, Amcl:i= CHEM SYST ECOL 20(5): 395-399. gm Societyofflmli Taxonomists, Australia Systematic Husband, B. C., & Barrett, S.C. H. (1992). Pollinator visita- paniculata in ~ Society, Botanical Society ofJapan awl Society fur tion in populations ofTristylous eichhornia F.conomjc Botany, Honolulu, Hawaii, liSA, Au&IW2-ll. Northeastern Brazil. Oecologia 8.2.(3):365-371 . .1222. Vol. 79, (p. 4). . . . ~lkudome, S. (1992) ..The environment and the wild bee fauna ·1Iarder, L. D.• & Barrett. S.C. H. (1992). The energy cost of : ofNatural Park in a city, with the result taken at Shiroyama bee pollination forPontederia cordata (Pontederiaceae). Park in Kagoshima City,"Japan, and with the appendix ofa Fuoct. Ecol. 6(2):226-233. revised bee list recorded from the mainland of Kagoshima Hartfelder, K .• &_Engels. W. (1992). Allometric and multi- Prefecture (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Bull. Kagoshima variate analysis ofsex and caste polymorphism in the neot- Women's Junior College (27):99-135. ropical stingless bee Scaptotria:ona postica. Insectes lkudome, S. (1991). A list ofthe superfamily Apoidea Sociaux 32(3): 251-266. (Hymenoptera) of Nigata Prefecture IV. Colletidae. Trans. Hawkeswood, T. J. (1991). Einige Studien zu Bedeutung aus- Essa Ent. Soc. Niigata (73):31-41. tralischer Bienen bei der Bestaubung von Calytrix fraseri lkudome, S. (1991). Two new subgenera ofHylaeus Bluten (Myrtaceae) in West Australien (Hymenoptera: (Hymenoptera, Colletidae). Japanese J. Ent. .52(4):789-792. Megachilidae: Cha)icoma). Entomol. Z.l.Ql(17):326-329 · INGLIS, G. D., SIGLER. L., & GOETTEL, M.S. (1992). as- Hawkeswood, T. J. (1991). Insect pollination of Acacia bid- Trichosporonojdes me&achiliensis, a new hyphomycete ElliiBenth. (Mimosaceae) at Townsville Northern Queens- sociated with alfalfa leafcutter bees, with notes on land Australia. G. ltal. Entomol. 5.(27):219-238. Trichosporonoides and Moniliella. MYCOLOGIA Hefetz, A., & Tengo, J. (1992). Dispersed versus gregarious ,M(4):555-570. nesting strategies in the mason bee Chalicodoma siculum. Intoppa, F., & Piazza, M.G. (1990). Pollination ofkiwi- J. Zool. (Lond.) 226(4):529-537. fruits: four years ofexperiments (In Italian). lnformatore HEINEMANN, D. (1992). Resource use, energetic profitabil- Agrario ~(18):45-52. ity, and behavioral decisions in migrant rufous hununing- Ish-Am, G., & Eisikowitch, D. (1991). Possible routes of birds. OECOLOGIA (HEIDELB) .2{1(1):137-149. avocado tree pollination by honeybees. Acta Horticulture HENNING, J. A, PENG, Y. S., MONTAGUE, M. A., & (288):225-233. TEUBER. L. R (1992). Honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Ish-Am, G. and Eisikowitch, D (1992). New insight into behavioral response to primary alfalfa (Rosales: Fabaceae) Avocado flowering in relation to its pollination. Cal. Avo- floral volatiles. J ECON ENTOMOL .8.l(1):233-239. cado Soc. Yearbook 75:125-137. HENNING, J. A, & TEUBER, L. R (1992). Combined gas IWATA, M. (1992). Studies on the insect conununity on chromatography-electroantennogram characterization ofal- flowers: II. The interspecific relations among flower visit- falfa flora volatiles recognized by hooey bees (Hymenop- ing insects in Iriomote island. PROC PAC AGRIC tera: Apidae). J ECON ENTOMOL .8.l(1):226-232. KYUSHU TOKAI UNIV 11:99-107. Henson, R (1991). Relative abundance and food plants of Jahns, T. R, & Jolliff, G. D. (1991). Survival rate and repro- bumblebees Bombus spp. on heather moorland. Naturalist ductive success of Osmia li&naria pro,pinqua Cresson (Doncaster) ill(995):133-143. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in caged meadowfoam, Lim:. HIRASillMA, Y. (1992). A new name ofPalaeorbjza nanthes alba Benth (Limnanthaceae). J. Kansas Entomol. (Hymenoptera, Colletidae). JPN J ENTOMOL 60(2):395. Society M(l):95- 106. HOSIDKAWA, K., KATAGIRI, C., & SAKAGAMI, S. F. JAYASVASTI, S., & WONGSIRI, S.(1992). Scanning elec- (1992). Sugar accumulation in hibernating adult bees: An troo microscopy analysis ofhooey bee, Apjs florea, Apis example ofthe unique energy reservoir for hibernation. .wmwa. Apis cerana, Apis mellifera, Apis andrenifonnis COMP BIOCHEM PHYSIOL B COMP BIOCHEM and Apis koscbevnikoyj, stings. (fOXICON) I.cn1b World .l.Ql(1):41-45. Con&ress .on Animal, flan1 awl Microbial Ioxins. Si1w1:: Houston, T. F. (1992). Biological observations of the Austra- pm:c, Sin&apore, November 3.-.8, 1221. Vol. 30 (pp. 520- lian green carpenter bees, genus L&.s1is (Hymenoptera: An- 521). thophoridae: Xylocopini). REC WEST AUST MUS JENKINS, M. J., SNEYD, J., CAMAZINE, S., & MUR- 15.(4):785-798. RAY, J. D. (1992). On a simplified model for pattern for- Houston, T. F. (1991). Ecology and behavior of the bee mation in hooey bee colonies. J MATH BIOL Ame&jlla (,Asaropoda) clawsonj (Rayment) with notes on a 3.0(3):281-306. related species (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Rec. West. Johnston, M. 0. (1992). Effects ofcross and self-fertilization Aust. Mus.15.(3):591- 609. on progeny fitness in Lobelia carclinalis and Lobelia sjphili- Houston, T. F. (1992). Three new, monolectic species of.Eu:. ti.ca. EVOLUTION ~(3):688-702. r:y~lossa (Euhesma) from Western Australia (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). REC WEST AUST MUS 15.(4):719-728.

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Johnston, M. 0. (1991). Natural selection on floral traits in KOLMES, S. A., & SOMMEIJER, M. J. (1992). Ergonom­ two species of Lobelia with different pollinators. Evolution ics in stingless bees: Changes in intranidal behavior after 45.(6): 1468-1479. partial removal of storage pots and honey in Melipona fa­ Jong, T. J. (1991). Early morning flowering in Cyno:Jossum .msa (Hym Apidae, Meliponinae). INSECTES SOC officinale L.: constraint or adaptation. Funct. Ecol. 32(2):215-232. 5(6):750- 756. Kolmes, S. A., & Yacoba, S. (1991). Relationships between KAD~ON, R., & SHMID~; A. (1992). Departure rules · sizes of morphoiogical features in worker honey bees (Apis used by bees foraging for nectar: A field test. EVOL ECOL mellifera). J. New York Entomol. Soc. 22(4):684-690. 6(2):142-151. Krombien, K. V. (1992). Hostrelationships, ethology and . Kato, M., Ichino, T., Holta, M., Abbas, I., & Okado, H. systematics of Pseudomethoca Ashmead (Hymenoptera: (1989). Flower visitor of32 plant species in West Sumatra. Mutillidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae, and Anthophoridae). Kagoshima Univ. Res. Cent South Pac. Occas Pap. (16):15- Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington ~(1):91-106. 31. Krunic, M. D., Brajkovic, M. M., & Mihajlovic, L. S.(1991). Kato, M., Roubik, D. W., & Inoue, T. (1992). Foraging be­ Management and utilization of Osmja comuta Latr. for or­ havior and concentration preference of male euglossine chard pollination in Yugoslavia. In: C. van Heemert, & A. bees (Apidae: Hymenoptera). Tropics 1(4):259-264. de Ruijter, Ib.e SWh International Symposium on Pollina­ Kazuo, S.(1992). Bumblebee pollinators and variation of co­ tion, Iilllw:a. Netherlands, 21-31 AlwW 1220 (pp. 190- rolla length in Isodon umbrosus, Maxim, Hara, Lamiaceae. 193). Netherlands: Research Centre for Insect Pollination and Beekeeping and International Society for Horticultural (AM J BOT) Aww.al Meetin& of~ Botanical ~of Science. 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Visitation, flight distances and seed set in popula­ ~.American Em!~. American~ offlanl tions of the rare species Pbyteuma ni2Jllm (Campanu­ Taxonomists, Australia Systematic BQlw).y ~. B.Qtank laceae). In: C. van Heemert, & A. de Ruijter, ~ SWb Wll ~of lapan awl Society for Economic~. International Symposium on Pollination, I:ilhl.lri, ~ Honolulu, HinYaii, USA, Alwls12-ll, 1222. Vol. 79 (p. .lands, 21- 31 AlwW 1220 (pp. 303-307). Netherlands: Re­ 149). search Centre for Insect Pollination and Beekeeping and KEVAN, P. G., STRAVER, W. A., OFFER, M., & International Society for Horticultural Science. LAVERTY, T. M. (1991(1992)). Pollination of greenhouse LaBerge, W. E. (1987). A revision of the bees of the genus tomatoes by bumble bees in Ontario. PROC ENTOMOL Andrena of the western hemisphere. Part XII. Subgenera SOC ONT 122:15-19. Leucandrena, Ptilandrena, Scoliandrena, and Melandrena. Khalliev, B. A. (1991). Heterosis effect in cotton following Trans. Am Ento mol. Soc.ll2:119-248. cross pollination of varieties by bees. Uzbek SSR: Refera­ LAGERLOF, J., STARK, J., & SVENSSON, B.(l992). Mar­ tivnyi Zhumal (June):21-22. gins of agricultural fields as habitats for pollinating insects. Kim, J. Y. (1992). Nest dimensions of two leaf-cutter bees (AGRIC ECOSYST ENVIRON), Meeting on BioJK Dim= (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). ANN ENTOMOL SOC ~in A2f0ecosystems bdd at a Symposium QD Agroecol­ AM .85.(1):85-90. ogy awl Conservation ~in Tropical awl Temperate Kim, M. L., CHANG, W. K., & SHIK, K. C. (1990). System­ Re~:ions, f.adlm, ~.September 2.6-22.1220. Vol. 40 (pp. 117-124). atic study of genus Andrena (Andrenidae~ Hymenoptera) from Korea: II. Subgenus Gyumaudrena. ENTOMOL RES LANDIM, C. D. C., & BARRETO, M.D. (1991). The post­ BULL .ln:1-10. embryonic development of male gonads in Apis memfera Klinkhamer, P. G. L., de Jong, T. J., & Wesselingh, R. A. L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). NATURALIA.ln:183-191. (1991). Implications of differences between hermaphrodite Lipa, J. J., & Triggiani, 0. (1988). Crithidia bombi sp. n., a and female flowers for attractiveness to pollinators and flagellated parasite of a bumble bee Bombus terrestris L. seed production. Neth. J. Zool. !U(2-3): 130-143. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Acta Protozoologica 21(3/4):287- KOENIGER, N., & KOENIGER, G. (1991). An evolution­ 290. ary approach to mating behaviour and drone copulatory or­ LODESANI, M., PELLACANI, A., BERGOMI, S., CAR- gans in .Apjs. APIDOLOGIE 22(6):581-590. P ANA, E., RABITII, T., & LASAGNI, P. (1992). Residue

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Biochem. 22.(3):641-646. sect Pollination and Beekeeping and International Society TENGO, 1., SICK, M., AYASSE, M., ENGELS, W., for Horticultural Science. SVENSSON, B. G., LUBKE, G., & FRANCKE, W. van Veen, J. W., Acre, H., & Sommeijer, M.J. (1989). Pro­ (1992). Species specificity of Dufour's gland morphology duction of males in colonies of Melipona beecheii, Costa and volatile secretions in kleptoparasitic Sphecodes bees Rica. Actes Colloq. lnsectes Soc. 6:57-62. (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL VANDENBERG, 1. D. (1992). Bioassay of the chalkbrood 20(4):351-362. fungus Ascospbaem agi£egata on larvae of the alfalfa leaf­ THOMAS, V., & DAVE, Y. (1992). Structure and biology cutting bee, Megachile rotuncJata 1 INVERTEBR of nectaries in Tabebuia serrati folia Nicholas PATHOL 60(2):159-163. (Bignoniaceae). BOT 1 LINN SOC .l.Q2(3):395-400. VANDENBERG, J.D. (1992). Chalkbrood susceptibility Togashi, I. (1988). Flowers visited by andrenid bee, Andrena among larvae of the alfalfa Ieafcutting bee, Megachile ro­ kamikochiana Hirashima, in Mt. Hakusan, and strange be­ .tundata, from different source populations. J INVERTEBR havior of the bee. New Entomol. 31(1-4):31-32. PATHOL 00(2):213-214. Torchio, P. F.(1991). Bees as crop pollinators and the role of Vaughton, G. (1992). Effectiveness ofnectativorous birds solitary species in changing environments. In: C. van Hee­ and honeybees as pollinators of Banksia spinulosa (Pro­ mert, & A. de Ruijter,llle SWb International Symposium teaceae). Australian J. Ecol.l1(1):43-50. on Pollination, Iillluri, Netherlands, 21-31 Allgust .1220 Velthuis, H. H. W., & Cobb, L.(1991). Pollination of (pp. 49-61). Netherlands: Research Centre for Insect Polli­ Primula in a greenhouse using bumblebees. 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