The Melittologist's Newsletter Ronald J. McGinley Beth B. Norden Charles D. Michener Department of Entomology Department of Entomology Entomological Museum. Snow Hall Smithsonian Institution. NHB-105 Smithsonian Institution. NHB-1 05 University of Kansas Washington. DC 20560 Washington. DC 20560 Lawrence. KA 66045 NUMBER- 3 SPRING, 1988 EDITORIAL COMMENTS "Cease the Opportunity" by Beth B. Norden

Melissa #3 had a longer gestation period than Several months ago a questionnaire/plea for the previous two issues. This delay is hopefully help was sent to Melissa readers. I would like to compensated for by the more professional appear­ claim wit compelled me to type "cease" instead of ance of the newsletter. In the past, Melissa text was "seize". However, I confess that the error (not present written on an IBM DOS system using WordStar and in the original draft) was probably Freudian in then simply printed out on a letter quality printer. nature, resulting from the realization that much work For this issue we used WordPerfect word-processing. would be arriving. This slip affords the perfect These DOS files were then transferred to a Macintosh opportunity to point out that Melissa is created Mac II using DaynaFile external drives and trans­ during "spare" time, and that literature citations, lation software. Final copy was composed on the Mac news items, reports, changes in personal data, etc., with the page layout program, Quark XPress and should be submitted throughout the year. Melissa then printed with a QMS-PS 800+ laser printer. The will only be as helpful as we all make her. Thanks to bee in the Melissa masthead, drawn by Elaine all who responded (especially those with wit). As Hodges, was captured by a scanner, MacScan by New Elbert Jaycox (New Mexico State University) pointed Image Technologies. Everything having to do with out in his response: "It is better to cease the file translation to the Macintosh, composition and opportunity than to waist it". And yes, Mr. Baker graphics was expertly handled by George L. Venable, (University Museum, Oxford), in the future every Smithsonian Department of Entomology illustrator. effort will be made to use proper English. We greatly appreciate his invaluable contributions to this issue. Please start sending in material for Melissa #4. It would help if lengthy contributions were received on disk, preferably written in DOS Word Perfect or any type of Macintosh word-processing. HURD REPRINTS However, we would also gladly accept DOS ASCII text files or the usual hard copy. Another option is BITNET. BITNET is an international mail system which links large computers at educational Various quantities of some papers written by institutions. The Melissa BITNET address is: the late Dr. Paul D. Hurd, Jr. are available on request. MNHENOll@SIVM. If you have access to this Submit the title(s) and date(s) of publication(s) along system, please consider its use for your future with the number of reprints desired to: B. Norden, Melissa correspondence. One final production note: NHB mail stop 105, Smithsonian Institution, you can now illustrate your contributions with line Washington, D.C. 20560 USA. If available, the drawings and/or black and white photographs which paper(s) will be mailed to you free of charge as soon can be read through the MacScan scanner. as possible. MELISSA IIIII !Ill 1111111111111 I I II 1111111111 lilillll DIRECTORY

No new entries in this section will be included in Melissa #3. A new, updated directory is currently in preparation and will be mailed this summer (1988). If you have had any changes in personal data, or if you know of someone who would like to be included in the directory, please respond post haste. Thank you. The following changes in name, address, or phone number have been brought to our attention. Undoubtedly there are others. Please submit any changes in personal data as soon as possible so that the updated 1988 directory can be as accurate as possible. Thank you.

Jorge Gonzalez Acereto, Facultad de Warwick E. Kerr, Dept. Biologia, Campus Veterinaria, Depto. Apicultura, Apartado Umuarama, UFU 38400, Uberlundia, NG, Postal #116-D, 97100 MEXICO. BRASIL. 034-232-2000 R243. Hugo Andersson, 046-109334. Juan M. Labougle, Inst. de Biologia (direccion), Bruno Bonelli, Via'Avisio 13,38033 Cavalese cd. Universitariae, Appartata Postal 70- (Trento), ITALY. 233, Mexico 04510 DF, MEXICO. James H. Cane, Department of Entomology, 905-584-2906-0514. (205) 826-5006. Terence M. Laverty, Dept. of Zoology, Oarence H. Collison, (814) 865-4621 ext. 20. University of Western Ontario, London, Heidi E. M. Dobson, Ecological Research Ontario, CANADA N6A 5B7. Station, olands Skogsby 6280,5-38600 Russell B. Miller, (203) 432-5001 or Farjestaden, SWEDEN. (0485) 38356 or (413) 539-9544. 38158. Adolfo Molina-Pardo, Director Tecnico, Anne Dollin, P.O. Box 74, North Richmond, Programa Reginal para el Manejo y N.S.W. 2754, AUSTRALIA. Control de la Abeja Africanizada George Eickwort, (607) 255-2096. (Mexico-Centro America-Panama), Richard M. Fisher, Dept. of Botany and Organismo Internacional Regional de Zoology, Massey University, Palmerston Sanidad Agropecuaria, Apartado (01)61, North, NEW ZEALAND. San Salvador, EL SALVADOR, C.A. Donald R. Frohlich is not David as previously 23-2391, 23-2105, or 23-2452. listed. Frank D. Parker, American Embassy (Costa Marco A. Gaiani, Avenida Miranda 3-69, Rica), PSC Box 496, APO Miami, Florida Bocono, Trujillo 3103, VENEZUELA. 34020, USA. 011-506-29-90-28 (29-98-51). 072-51.277. Susanne S. Renner, Botanical Institute, 68, V. Haeseler, FB7 Universitat Oldenburg, Nordlandsvej, DK-8240 Risskov, Ammerlander-Heerstrasse 67-99, Postfach DENMARK. 06-210677. 2503, WEST GERMANY. Jerome G. Rozen, Jr., (212) 769-5466. C. van Heemert, Research Centre for Insect D. Sammataro, Editor, Cornucopia (no longer Pollination and Beekeeping, called IAAD/NEWS), 7011 Spieth Road, Ambrosiusweg 1, 5081 NG Hilvarenbeek, Medina, Ohio 44256, USA. (216) 722-2021. THE NETHERLANDS. Michael Schwarz, Department of Zoology, La H. R. Hepburn, Dept. of Zoology & Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3083, Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box AUSTRALIA. 94, 6140, Grahamstown, SOUTH AFRICA. Virginia Scott, (517) 355-4662.

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Thomas D. Seeley, Section of Neurobiology & systematics of the tribes Euglossini and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New Xylocopini. York 14853, USA. (607) 255-6574. Nickolaj Rostislavovich Bogatyzov Brian H. Smith, Arizona Research Labs., (Biological Institute, Siberian Branch, Academy Division of Neurobiology, University of of Sciences, Novosibizsk, USSR). GENERAL: Arizona, 603 Gould-Simpson Science "Individual behaviour of the foragers; Building, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. interrelationship between individuals and Evan A. Sugden, c/o R Thorp, Dept. of species; the structure of species community; the Entomology, University of California, hibernation of queens; nest site selection and Davis, California 95616, USA. the problem of visual and other stimuli with (916) 752-0475. this process; the reliable means of finding of John D. Vandenberg, USDA-ARS Bee Biology bumblebee nests in nature." HELP: "I should & Systematics Lab., Utah State University, be very grateful to receive the reprints on Logan, Utah 84322, USA. (801) 750-2525. bumblebee ecology, ethology, and biology." Adrian van Doom, Koppert bv, Veilingweg 17, Jim Cane (Auburn University, Auburn, 2651 BE Berkel en Rodenrijs, 1HE Alabama, USA). Jim suggests that if you plan to NETI-IERLANDS visit Yellowstone National Park this summer, Nevin Weaver, 43 Highland Ave., Lexington, late June might be good for finding Nomadopsis Massachusetts 02173, USA. (617) 862-9225. (probably zebrata ). Last season while hiking the Hoi-sen Yong, Department of Zoology, several miles out to Imperial Geyser, Jim found University of Malaya, 59100 Kuala a dense aggregation amidst low, patchy Lumpur, MALAYSIA. vegetation, occupying perhaps 80 square meters of the area just beyond the mudpots. He further suggests that on the return walk, an extensive nesting site of large bembicine wasps *** having dusky-black males ( Glenostictia ?) may be seen by taking the path passing Queen's Laundry. He reports that the hum of aerial INDIVIDUAL patrolling for mates was audible many meters NEWS ITEMS distant. Connal Eardley (National Collection of Insects, Pretoria, SOUTH AFRICA). Dr. Eardley writes: "I will be working in the British Alberto Horacio Abrahamovich Museum (Natural History), London, from the (Universidad Nacional de La Planta, Buenos 1st-26th February 1988. My present research Aires, ARGENTINA). CURRENT PROJECTS: projects involve systematic revisions of the Systematic and biological studies of South following groups: the southern African species American Bombus, especially those from of the anthophorid genera Anthophora, Argentina and neighboring countries. Pollen Amegilla, Tetralonia , Eucara , and Thyreus (the collecting strategies and pollens collected by Anthophora manuscript is being written in Bombus and other Apoidea in Argentina. colaboration with R.W. Brooks of the Phoretic relationships between Acarina and the University of Kansas, USA., and is nearly bee genera Bombus and Xylocopa. Also in complete); the anthophorid genus progress is a study (initially only involving Pachymelopsis from subsaharan Africa; the Argentinian species) concerning the anthophorid subfamily Nomadinae (genera

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Ammobates, Pasitomachthes , Sphecodopsis , on the location of the following elusive types-­ Nomada , Epeolus , Pasites , Morgania , and Chelynia melanotricha Cockerell, Chelynia Omachthes ) and the andrenid subfamily pavonina Cockerell, Eriades mandibularis Friese Panurginae (genera Meliturga, Meliturgula, 1922, Eriades pachyceps Friese 1922, Eriades Mermiglossa, and Poecilomelitta ) from asiaticus Friese 1921, Heriades laosella Cockerell subsaharan Africa and the western Indian 1929, Heriades glutinosus Giraud 1871, Heriades Ocean islands. Much of the research on these glomerans Schletterer 1889, Chelostoma groups has been completed and I will be capitatum Schletterer 1908, Megachile sauavida working on completing the manuscripts when I Cameron 1908, and Megachile tricarinata return from the British Museum. I should be Bingham 1903, Stelis birkmanni Cockerell, pleased to borrow material of the above Thanks. mentioned genera, especially Pachymelopsis Enrique Martinez Hernandez (many of these species were originally placed (Palynology Lab., Institute of Geology in Anthophora or Habropoda), the Nomadinae U.N.A.M., Covoacan, MEXICO). GENERAL: and the Panurginae from Africa north of South Pollen morphology and its relevance to plant Africa. Should curators of collections be willing ecology and plant systematics. CURRENT to lend limited amounts of material at a time, I PROJECTS: Biologia y ecologia de las abejas de will attempt to complete these projects in the chiapas y su reladon con la abeja africana. order mentioned above and will be happy to Mohamed A. Moustafa (Plant borrow the material in this order. I am also Protection Research Inst., Cairo, EGYPT). busy compiling a catalogue of the Afrotropical HELP: "I would like to know more about the Apoidea which I intend to publish in parts. The influence of pheromones on rearing and first part comprises the Xylocopinae and was management of solitary bees." published in December1987." Rosa Maria Murillo (Patzcuaro, Catalina Everaert (Alavaro Oblegon, Michoacan 61600, MEXICO). GENERAL: MEXICO). GENERAL: "I'm willing to start Geographical distribution and taxonomy of working with Mexican Euglossine bees, and Meliponinae in Mexico, pollination strategies in also to work on determining Mexican apifauna natural plant communities. CURRENT of tropical and subtropical areas." PROJECTS: Reconocimiento de la apifauna de John B. Free (University College Cardiff, la rivera del lago de Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Wales, U.K.). HELP: Professor Free is currently Mexico. HELP: Identifications and literature. revising his book, Insect Pollination of Crops, Guiomar Nates Parra (Universidad published by Academic Press in 1970, and Nacional, Bogota, COLOMBIA). GENERAL: welcomes any relevant reprints or references Actualmente sey jefe del Laboratorie de abejas (mail to: Bee Research Unit, University College del Departamento de Biologia de la Cardiff, CF1 1XL, Wales, U.K.). Universidad Nacional, Bogota, Colombia, en Marco A. Gaiani (A venida Miranda 3-69 donde se desarrellan varias actividades: 1. Bocono, Trujillo 3103, VENEZUELA). HELP: "I Coleccion de abejas de Colombia (coleccion would like to stress the need for literature on aproximadamente de 10,000 ejemplares). 2. Neotropical Apoidea (systematics and biology) Sistematica, distribucien geografica, habites de since here in Venezuela it is a little hard to get nidificacien de Meliponinos. 3. Sistematica, dis­ some of the old and new literature." tribudon geografoca, havites de nidificaden de Terry L. Griswold (USDA Bee Biology & Bombus. 4. Abejas africanizadas: comparacien Systematics Lab., Utah State University, Logan, con razas europeas y compertaniento en Utah, USA). HELP: Terry wishes information colmenas KBTH. 5. Palinologia. 6. Cria reinas

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Apis e inseminacien instrumental. CURRENT biology of some solitary and primitively social PROJECTS: Preyecto de investigacion en bees. (South-east Ukraine). ejecucien: Pelinizacion en Gmelina arborea Anthony Raw (Universidade de Brasilia, usando Apis mellifera Proyecto en preparacion: Brasilia, BRAZIL). Tony writes: ''I have begun a Abejas del Oriente Colombiano. HELP: Tanto revision of neotropical Megachile. To date I have para los proyectos de investigacion como para a list of 560 names applied to spp. in the region les manuscritos requerimeos de literatura of which I guess c. 450 are valid. With the late actualizada. En nustra biblioteca (Dpto. Professor Mitchell's last publication (1980) Biologia) es posible encontrar literatura, si there are now 25 subgenera which are entirely acaso, hasta 1982 y no de todo lo que se neotropical but for a few intrusions into necesita. Por otro lado, el Laboratorio de Abejas southern USA. I have collected four posee una pequena biblioteca especializada, undescribed species in central Brazil that que se ha venido logrando con el auxilio de la belong to a new subgenus. I am still not in a U. de Kansas (Dpto. Entomologia), Lab. de position to decide, but suspect Prof. Mitchell's Baton Rouge, Institute Smithsoniano, generic treatment is not justifiable so, for the colaboraciones particulares de algunes autores present, I am considering all of these subgenera y obencion de fotocopias con recursos to be members of Megachile s.l. I am compiling personales, lo cual noes muy facil ni frecunete. a collection of specimens to compare with types Nos interesan referencias sobre taconomia de and so far have well over 400 species. I have Meliponinos, Euglosins, Bombus, Xylocopa y examined some types, but have a long way to Halictidae. Igualmente requerimos servicios de go in the work. However, I shall be very happy identificacion para los mismos grupos y to identify material from the region." ademas Anthophoridae. TRIPS: Sur de la Sierra de la Macarena (Dpto. del Meta), sitio del Richard W. Rust (University of Nevada, Reno, cual se tiene poca informacion, en cuanto a Nevada, USA). HELP: Dr. Rust "is initiating a insectos se refiere. Preteno regresar para systematic revision of the genus Epeolus and realizar muestreos mas intensivos en el would like to request loans of specimens for proximo fin de ano. Interior del Dpto. de study. All specimens will be returned. The Cundinamarca, con el objetivo de comple­ study will start in January 1988 and is expected mentar muestreos, de Bombus , Euglosinos y to take three years. Thanks." Meliponios. Dave Roubik (Smithsonian Tropical Research Tadeusz Pawlikowski (Copernicus University, Institute, Balboa, PANAMA). Dave writes "I Torun, POLAND). CURRENT PROJECTS: have your recent note for Melissa and have ''My current projects concern the influence of decided to actually respond with some input. I pine monoculture forest habitat on the foraging think that the best news was that the SI grant behaviour and structure of wild bee with McGinley was funded fully and ranked communities from central Poland. "HELP:"! am very highly (one reviewer called it the top 1 or seeking literature on wild bee community 2 in recent years). It means that a very strong structure from pine and mixed forest areas." research base on bee biology and pollination will grow out of the two Mexican biosphere Vladimir G. Radchenko (Academy of Sciences reserves we chose, and it will permit the of the Ukr. SSR, Kiev, USSR). GENERAL: Mexican researchers working there now, and Evolution and classification of the nests of bees. future broods of bee workers, to go further CURRENT PROJECTS: A study of the nesting with evolutionary questions than perhaps

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anywhere else in the tropics. Earmarked for dissected bees, and have any observations on special attention are outcrossing services individuals having an abnormal number of provided by native stingless bees and ovarioles per ovary. I would also be interested Africanized honeybees, comparative diet in hearing from those people who have specialization among bees at the two reserves, dissected numerous bees, and have never seen and long-term study of some of the natural individuals with aberrant numbers of enemies of bees--with the potential to work ovarioles." toward biocontrol of the dread Africanized honeybees. All this is to complement studies by Paul H. Williams (British Museum of Natural researchers currently working in the large History, London, ENGLAND). GENERAL: "A permanent reserves, and to set up permanent revision of the systematics and distribution of bee and pollen reference collections for each of the bumble bees of the Kashmir Himalaya them." should be completed in 1988, based on material from three summers of field work." HELP: "I Roy R. Snelling (Los Angeles County Museum would very much appreciate the opportunity to of Natural History, Los Angeles, California, examine more bumble bees from the Himalaya USA). Roy writes: 1. "I need to see any and all and China, especially from Gansu, Sichuan and available Hesperapis from Mexico, especially Yunnan." from southern areas such as Puebla, Oaxaca, Morelos, etc. I want to try to wrap up the Peter Wirtz (Zoologisches Institut, Freiburg, W. revision in 1988." 2. "I am going to start writing GERMANY). CURRENT PROJECTS: "Inter­ up the Central American Hylaeus (so Ayala can specific territoriality and reproductive do identifications) so will welcome material behaviour of Anthidium species." Peter also from that area. There are some very intriguing comments: "Concemi!lg the question,of citing species in the highlands of Mexico; one Costa observations reported in Melissa (raised in Rican species ( H. titanius ) is still known only Newsletter 2 page 2): The publishing and from types collected at San Jose. I've seen types quoting of abstracts (e.g. of talks given of all named species from this area. While there somewhere but perhaps never printed because is considerable new synonymy in my recent the referees found serious faults) is bad paper (1982), there are numerous undescribed enough. I urge all readers to not quote (except species." as "personal communication") anything that has been written in informal newsletters that John Vandenberg (ARS, USDA Bee Biology & are not even generally available." Systematics Laboratory, Logan, Utah, USA). John left the Beneficial Insects Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland in November 1987 to assume the position of Research Leader at the Logan lab. He is currently conducting research on the diseases of wild bees and supervising programs in wild bee biology, pollination ecology, and systematics.

Bill Wcislo (University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA). Bill writes: '1 would be grateful in hearing from any bee workers who have *** -6- N1,1mber 3 - 1988 MELISSA

CONCERN OVER THE BRITISH MUSEUM By James M. Carpenter and Lynn S. Kimsey Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

We feel that a number of recent develop­ Museum faces considerable loss in staffing. ments at the British Museum (Natural History) Presently this is expressed in staff attrition: should be brought to the attention of Melissa people who retire or quit are not replaced. readers. This institution has long been the Over three years, this has meant a loss of 20% premier one for the study of insect taxonomy, in positions, which in Entomology is a drop but this status may be imperiled. The Museum from over 90 to about 70. We find this has been under financial siege for some years worsening trend alarming. We view this as now. The first indication of this was the amounting to an abandonment of international institution of so-called "bench fees" several scientific responsibility. We feel the years ago. These fees are charges levied on international scientific community should voice visiting scientists working in the collections. It's distress over this. Right now we would true that these fees have been waived for those suggest writing to the Minister of State in unable to pay, but workers with access to charge, the Right Honorable Mr. Richard Luce, funding have been asked for the fees. Thus, the MP. We urge anyone, particularly our British institution is attempting to obtain financial brethern, with further suggestions or support from perhaps the most poorly funded information to send it to the newsletter. group of scientists. And of course, no major study by taxonomists can be done without consulting the collections of the British *** Museum. Circumstances now appear to be worsening for the Museum itself. Visitors to the public displays are now charged admission, Bombus terrestris (L.) - - but this does not seem to be enough. DOES A CHANGE IN ITS USEAGE Administrative oversight of the Museum has REALLY SERVE SCIENCE? been transferred to the Office of Arts and By R.P. Macfarlane. Entomology Division. Libraries from the Dept. of Education and DSIR. Private Bag, Christchurch, NEW ZEALAND Science. The intention is for the BM to be eligible for specific project support from the In New Zealand we have consistently used science budget, competition for which the Bombus terrestris (L.) for a hundred years after institution was excluded from when it was the successful introduction of four Bombus supported by that budget. In practice little species between 1885 and 1906. Scientists in project support has yet eventuated, and of our country are concerned at the recent course this whole approach will inevitably divergent useage of B. terrestris, the type circumscribe the amount and type of research species of Bombus, for different taxonomic done. Funding has been frozen at current levels entities in Europe. for three years, with salary increases to come Loken (1973) brought attention to the from this fixed amount. As a result, the problems in the Linnean types, but she

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continued to use B. terrestris and B. lucorum (L.) Linnaeus' names to these four Bombus species, in the traditional sense for these two sister which would avoid confusion arising from species. This useage of these species has been more than one taxon being involved. Retention followed by most authors since then. Day of these Bombus names would be consistent (1979) designated a lectotype for B. terrestris with the ruling on Megachile rotundata that corresponds to B. lucorum. Thus, from a Fabricius, 1787 that was concerned with more strict application of the law of priority of than one taxon. names, B. terrestris auct. (which I refer to as the 2. I have received support for the conservation traditional use) must become B. audax (Harris, appeal from eminent researchers that deal with 1780) and B. lucorum auct. must become bees from France, Belgium, The United States, B. terrestris (L., 1758). Such a double name Chile, and New Zealand, and only one change is unfortunate so Day (1979) and objection from the United Kingdom. Rasmont (1983) stated that the Commission 3. The literature on these four species is could or should conserve these names. confusing enough without compounding the In Europe, Alford (1975), Prys-Jones and difficulties by letting a gradual or incomplete Corbet (1987) and many others still use B. change in the meaning of the names to occur. terrestris in the traditional broad sense. Outside of Europe it is not easy to follow or However, Williams (1985, 1986) switched over review the literature on these species, because to using B. audax for this species. As well, so many languages and different publications Williams used B. laevis for B. muscorum auct. so present information on them. Scientifically that B. humilis auct. becomes B. muscorum (L.) B. terrestris and B. lucorum are amongst the best by following the same nomenclatural known species of bumble bees. principles. Williams is correct in forcefully 4. Bumble bees are well known insects of drawing attention to the nomenclatural economic value. B. terrestris is being used for problems of these four species, but I consider pollination of lucerne and kiwifruit in New changing the useage away from the Zealand. The potential for more widespread longstanding and widespread traditional use commercial use of B. terrestris and B.lucorum in (Loken 1973, Rasmont 1983) does not serve pollination of agricultural and horticultural science well. crops is relatively great for bumble bees. They With B. terrestris the situation is even more are common, extensive research has shown complicated, because Rasmont et al. (1986) and they are relatively easy to rear on artificial Hagen (1986) use B. terrestris auct. nee L. in a diets, they have large colonies and they are narrower sense than the traditional one as effective pollinators of many crops. opposed to B. cryptorum (Fabricius) and also 5. If the double name change becomes B. lucorum. Thus a situation has arisen with the accepted than thousands of bumble bees in use of B. terrestris, in which confusion in the Europe, New Zealand and the larger American taxa is being generated for scientists other than collections would need to be relabelled. Given taxonomic specialists. the limited financial resources for research, An outline of my reasons for wishing to then the talents of taxonomists would be more conserve B. terrestris auct. in the traditional profitabily directed towards clarifying the sense is: acknowledged problems in distinguishing 1. Commission rulings conserved the satisfactory subgenera of Bombus (Ito 1983, Linnaean name for the genus Bombus and fixed Macfarlane 1985, Williams 1985), the species of B. terrestris as the type species for the genus. It Bombus or even other lesser known would be logical to extend the conservation of Hymenoptera.

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I would appreciate letters from scientists Rasmont, P., A. Scholl, R. De Jonghe, E. that I have not contacted, who would be happy Obrecht, and A. Adamski. 1986. Identite et to be listed as supporting this appeal. variabilite des males des bourdons du genre Pekkarinen, Rasmont and Loken have just Bombus Latrielle sensu stricto en Europe lodged an appeal to conserve B. terrestris auct. occidentale et centrale (Hymenoptera, B. lucorum L., B. muscorum auct. and Apidae, Bombinae). Revue suisse Zoologie B. humilis with The International Commission 93(3): 661-682. of Zoological Nomenclature in addition to this Williams, P.H. 1985. A preliminary cladistic notice, so please consider carefully before investigation of relationships among the publishing on these species in a non traditional bumble bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae). sense. Systematic Entomology 10:239-255. Williams, P.H. 1986. Environmental change and the distributions of British bumble bees. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Bee World 67(2):50-61. My thanks to Dr. T.K. Crosby, curator of the New Zealand Arthropod Collection, for his guidance in preparing this note. *** REFERENCES BEE CLEANING Alford, D.V. 1975. Bumble bees. Pynton, By K. W. Cooper London. 352 pp. University of Califomia, Riverside Day, M.C. 1979. The species of Hymenoptera described by Linnaeus in the genera Sphex, Vespa, Apis and Mutilla. Biological Journal Specimens of bees smeared with resins, oils, of the Linnean Society 12:45-84. nectars or liquids oozed from the crop, that mat Hagen, E. von. 1986. Hummeln. Neumann, hairs and conceal sculpture, are generally poor Melsungen 224 pp. for study and at times difficult or even Ito, M. 1985. Supra specific classification of impossible to determine. A number of methods bumble bees based on the characters of male have been proposed for cleaning such bees. In genitalia. Contributions from the Institute of my own experience none have been so Low Temperature Science Ser. B regularly successful, unsurprisingly perhaps, as 20:143 pp. the use of dry cleaning solution. It may prove Loken, A. 1973. Studies on Scandinavia bumble available from a friendly dry cleaner, or can be bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Norsk had from Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, New Entomologisk Tidsskrift 20: 218 pp. Jersey, 07410, as Stoddard Solvent, #5457-4, at Macfarlane, R.P. 1985. Working towards a $33.30 per gallon (the least amount vended). useful subgeneric classification in Bombus -­ First try your dry cleaner as a source, for a A viewpoint. Sphecos 10:14-15. quart will last many years. Prys-Jones, O.E., and S.A. Corbet. 1987. Bumble My experience in dry cleaning bees has bees. Naturalists' Handbook 6: Cambridge been had almost exclusively with megachilids, 86pp. but there is no obvious reason why Stoddard Rasmont, P.F. 1983. Catalogue commente des Solvent used in the manner to be described bourdons de la region ouest palearctique should not be satisfactory for bees of other (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Apidae). Notes families, or indeed for many kinds of insects. Fauniques de Gembloux 7:71 pp. To clean a bee (freshly caught, or even years

Number 3 - 1988 -9- MELISSA after pinning) use soft-haired water specimens not labeled as types but belonging to colorist's brushes of appropriate sizes, syntype series. For more information contact dipped in the solvent, to wet, brush and Dr. H. D. Volkart, Naturhistorisches Museum rebrush the smeared area. Then wipe the damp Bern, Bernastrasse 15, CH-3005 Bern, brush over a dry area of highly absorbent filter Switzerland. paper to draw off the solvent with the Acanthopus splendidus var. modestior, female, contaminants it holds. Repeat until the area is T; Ancyloscelis osmioides *; Anthidium arenarium, nearly cleaned. Then apply fresh solvent and female, male, T; Anthidium codoense *; remove it quickly from the bee by gently and Anthidium furcatum, female, male, T; repeatedly pressing the edges of small strips of Anthrenoides alfkeni, male, T; Caenohalictus filter paper over the dampened area until clean serripes, male, T; Calliopsis turnerae, female, and dry. Lightly sweeping damp areas of male, T; Centris caxiensis, T, (1); Centris hyptidis, pubescence with strips of filter paper in a female, T; Centris superba *; Centris direction opposite to that in which the hairs are fulvofasciata, female, T; Chacoana schizacantha, matted will, when clean, leave them in their male, T; Coelioxoides waltheriae, female, T; normal orientation. With patience, nearly Epicharis unicalcarata, male, T; Euglossa azurea, any specimen can be satisfactorily cleaned male, T, (2); Euglossa bicolor, male, T; Euglossa with Stoddard Solvent. laniventris *; Euglossa meliponoides, male, T; Euglossa polita, female, male, T; Halictanthrena malpighiacearum, female, T; Halictus konowi, *** female, T; Halictus osmioides *; Halictus DUCKE TYPES OF BEES postscutellaris, female, T; Leiopodus depressi­ IN THE ventris, female, T; Leiopodus trochantericus, NATURHISTORISCHES MUSEUM male, T; Lithurgus huberi, male, T; Lithurgus BERN friesei, male, T; By Arturo Roig-Aisina. University of Kansas. Melissa friesei, female, male, T; Lawrence Melissa superba, male, T; Nomada tomentifera,

Ul I QUU 0 U IIUU l H Ill lG J JU UltU UUlJ ~ female, male, T; Nomia cearensis *; Oediscelis The types of N eotropical species of megalostigma, female, male, T; Panurginus Hymenoptera described by Adolph Ducke are alismatis, female, male, T; Panurginus preserved in several museums and I have had decoloratus, female, male, T; Podalirius difficulties keeping track of some of them. grisescens, female, male, T; Podalirius ipomoeae, Quite a few are in Belem [Nascimento, P.T.R. male, T; Psaenythis variabilis, female, T; 1979. Catalogo de tipos entomologicos do Ptilothrix riparia, female, male, T; Rhophitulus Museu Goeldi. Hymenoptera. Bol. Mus. friesei, female, T; Rhophitulus hyptidis, female, T; Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Nova Serie, 98:1-18]. Tetrapedia huberi, female, T. Others are in Sao Paulo, Paris, Berlin and Bern. Through the kindness of Dr. H. D. Volkart I (1) This specimen does not have Ducke's obtained a list of the type specimens of bees in handwritten type indication but bears a Bern that may be of interest for other Melissa printed red label "Type". readers. Similar information for other Aculeate (2) This name is missing in the list of species Hymenoptera has been sent to Arnold Menke described by Ducke published by Nascimento for Sphecos. In the accompanying list "T" and Overal [1979. Contribuicoes entomologicas means that those specimens bear a hand­ de Adolphe Ducke: Taxonomia e bibliografia. written label by Ducke with the indication Bol. Mus Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Nova Serie, "type"; the asterisk means that there are 95:1-17].

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PUZZLING PERDITA ???LOST USA LOCALITIES??? By Jerome G. Rozen, Jr., and By Beth B. Norden Ronald J. McGinley Smithsonian Institution, Washington. D.C. American Musuem of Natural History, New York, and Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

This genus of small to tiny panurgine bees In the course of wrangling with some rather is little known outside North America because cryptic locality labels, I called the American it ranges only from southern Canada to Central Automobile Association for help. They were America. But within these limits it is speciose, kind enough to send a very useful list of containing 769 named species and subspecies. contacts for obtaining U.S. county maps. I pass Surprisingly similiar to the unrelated on this list and good luck. Nomioides of the Old World, its individuals are often brightly patterned and highly oligolectic, • ALABAMA - State of Alabama Hwy. and they have a rapid back-and-forth, Dept., Bureau of State Planning #110, Nomioides-type flight. They seem to have Montgomery, AL 36602. undergone explosive speciation centered in the • ARIZONA - Dept. of Transportation, Mail southwestern United States and northern Drop 134 A, 206 S. 17th Ave., Phoenix, AZ Mexico: 216 species and subspecies are 85007. recorded from the arid and semiarid regions of • ARKANSAS- Arkansas St. Hwy. Dept., St. southern California and 188 from Arizona. In a Hwy. Bld., P.O. Box 2261, Little Rock, AR recent tally we estimated that 95 species will be 72203. found in the vicinity of the Southwestern • CALIFORNIA - County maps available by Research Station, Portal, Arizona (SWRS), that request from CSAA or ACSA. is in an area of two counties. In testing this • COLORADO - St. Dept. of Hwys., estimate, Rozen, Beth B. Norden (Smithsonian Planning & Research #212, 4201 E. Arkansas Institution), and Bryan N. Danforth (University Ave., Denver, CO 80222. of Kansas) surveyed the Perdita fauna in the • CONNECTICUT - Ct. Dept. of Trans­ vicinity of SWRS in August and September, portation, Drawer A, Office of Commun­ 1987, and recorded 39 species on the wing in an ications, 24 Wolcott Hill Rd., Wethersfield, CT effort that clearly did not recover all of the 06109. recorded late summer species. Because the • DELAWARE - Dept. of Hwys. & spring Perdita fauna is mostly different from Transportation, P.O. Box 778, Dover, DE 19901 that of late summer, our estimates of the total (Attn. Admin. Manager). Perdita fauna continue to seem reasonable. • FLORIDA - Fl. Dept. of Transportation, Perdita is a species flock of broad systematic, 605 Suwannee St., Mail Station 12, #27, behavioral and ecological interest and raises Tallahassee, FL 32304. questions that will be addressed by us and by • GEORGIA- Dept. of Transportation, Div. Norden and Danforth: how is it possible for so of Planning & Programming, Map Sales Room many closely related species to coexist in such a 10, No. 2 Capitol Square, Atlanta, GA 30334. limited area and what are the speciation • IDAHO - Idaho Dept. of Hwys., P.O. Box processes that have created such a swarm? 7129, Boise, ID 83707. • ILLINOIS - Illinois Dept. of Trans­ portation, Rm. 217, Adm. Bld., 2300 S. Dirksen *** Pkwy., Springfield, IL 62764. Number 3 - 1988 -11- MEUSSA etc.) or on its population biological aspects, pollinating bees, materials collected by bees on without, of course, excluding these topics from plants, products derived from plants and more general papers. elaborated by bees. The journal is proposed to appear regularly. 2) To organize meetings, colloquia or It will include original articles; invited mini­ symposia related to the above, and to publish reviews of special topics; book reviews, and an and distribute their proceedings. index of current pollination literature; notices 3) To collaborate closely with national and of meetings; a forum on current problems in international institutions interested in the pollination biology; a column for ideas and relationships between plants and bees, hypotheses; an agora for exchange of research particularly those whose objectives are to material and assistance. expand scientific knowledge of animal and In order to assure a high standard of the plant ecology and flora and fauna protection. articles, each manuscript will be submitted for The Commission has developed links with critical evaluation to independent professional IBRA (International Bee Research Association) referees selected by the Editorial Committee. over many years because of common interests. The Editorial Board may invite contributions. The IBRA journal "Bee World" is the official Further suggestions by you will be organ of the Commission. The ICPBR functions welcome. Furthermore, we would appreciate by means of working groups which link your listing pollination biologists and others together specialists from different parts of the who might be interested and who might not world. The working groups and their leaders have this circular letter. are: "Pollen and bees" - Y. Loublier (France); "Pollination"- C. van Heemert (The Netherlands) and S.N. Holm (Denmark); "Honeybees as indicators of pollution"­ *** W. Drescher (W. Germany); "Honey"­ G. Ricciardelli d'Albore (Italy); "Nectar"­ I C P B R NEWS (leader to be assigned); "Bee protection"­ By J.N. Tasei }. Stevenson (U.K.); "Honey dew"- G. Liebig Laboratolre de Zoologie. (W. Germany). The Chairman of the ICPBR is INRA. 86600. Lusignan. France S.N. Holm and the Secretary-Treasurer is J.N. Tasei. Names and addresses of the working groups' leaders and any other information about the Commission are available from J.N. ICPBR is the International Commission for Tasei, Laboratoire de Zoologie, 8600 Lusignan, Plant-Bee Relationships. This is the new name France. of the ICBB (International Commission for Bee Botany) which was founded in 1950.

The Objectives of the Commission are: 1) To promote and coordinate research associated with the relationships between plants and bees of all types in particular with reference to: insect-pollinated plants, foraging behaviour of bees, effects of pollinators' visits on plants, management of protection of *** -14- Number 3 - 1988 MELISSA

A NEW CENTER FOR THE IS THERE A NEED FOR AN STUDY OF SOCIAL INSECTS INTERNATIONAL By Harold G. Fowle Universldade Estadual Paulista ·Julio de Mesquita MELITTOLOGICAL Fllho" lnstituto de Bioclencias, 13500 Rio Claro, SP, FIELD STATION AND RESEARCH CENTER? Brazil by Stephen L. Buchmann 1418 West Liddell Drive, Tucson, Arizona 85704

A Center for the Study of Social Insects has Bee researchers have been coming to SE been created here at the Instituto de Arizona to collect and study native bees for at Biociencias, UNESP, Rio Claro. We presently least 40 years (beginning with Drs. Linsley and have 20 faculty members actively engaged in MacSwain from U.C. Berkeley) and even earlier the study of social insects, one of the largest, if with collecting forays made by Cockerell and not the largest concentration of researchers in Timberlake to the Sonoran desert. Faculty and the world. A large portion of this group is students alike have made annual forays into actively engaged in the field of apiculture, bee areas of southern Arizona, especially around genetics, and histology. One of the major goals Tucson, Santa Rita and the Chiracahua Mtns., for the center is to provide an interdisciplinary because of the extreme floristic and bee environment to facilitate our research, as well faunistic diversity. With both temperate and as to establish and strengthen cooperative subtropical (Sonoran) bee taxa represented in research agreements with any person or great numbers, there are few areas in the world institution in the world interested in that can boast so many bee species in such a Neotropical social insects, or to provide a small geographic area. The area is bee heaven "home base" for researchers wishing to work in (if you don't believe me just ask Mich, Jerry the Neotropics. Another of our objectives is to Rozen or Ron McGinley; or better you visit the strengthen taxonomic shortfalls for the large place and see for yourself). Neotropic fauna in all groups of social insects, According to the February, 1987 Melissa and to do this we will be establishing a Newsletter (#2), there are at least 398 museum and training or hiring systematists. melittologists worldwide conducting basic Other major weaknesses in South America, research on native bees. This represents a such as modelling, pheromonal and venom very large group (actually an underestimate, research, and insect, especially honeybee because some researchers for various reasons diseases, are within the scope and goals of the have not participated and do not appear in the center. Much basic work needs to be done, and directory) presumably conducting research out many of our goals are also applied, such as of motels, tents or generic biological field pollination studies. Persons interested in stations. I propose to you that there is an establishing contacts or providing suggestions urgent need to establish a dedicated should either contact Osmar Malaspina or melittological research center and field station myself. on prime bee real estate in an area, such as SE Arizona where bee diversity is perhaps higher than in any other similar sized area world­ wide. Such a station should not only provide inexpensive food and accommodations, but *** dependable field vehicles and modern lab- Number 3- 1988 -15- MELISSA IIIII 1111 II II II Ill II IIIII III llllliliii I I i IIIII IIIII 1111

• INDIANA - Marbaugh Engineer, Supply own map. Comp. Inc., 121 W. North St., Indianapolis, IN 46204. ATLANTIC CO. - Guantee Trust Bid., N.C. • lOWA - Iowa Dept. of Transportation, & Atlantic Ave., Atlantic City, NJ 08404. Office of Supplies, Ames Storeroom, Ames, IA BERGIN CO. - County Engineer, P.O. Box 50010. 581, 29 Lindon St., Hackensack, NJ 17602. • KANSAS- Bureau of Transportation & CAMDEN CO.- Camden Co. Engineer, Planning, State Office Bld., Topeka, KS 66612. Rm. 603, Court House, Camden, NJ 08101. • KENTUCKY - Dept. of Public Information, CAPE MAY CO.- County Engineer, Cape Frankfort, KY 40601. May Court House, Cape May, NJ 08210. • LOUISIANA- Dept. of Transportation & CUMBERLAND CO.- County Engineer, Development, General Files Unit, P.O. Box Bridgeton, NJ 08302. 44245, Capitol Station, Baton Rouge, LA 70804. ESSEX CO. - County Engineer's Office, 900 • MAINE - Dept. of Transportation, Bloomfield Ave., Verona, NJ 07044. Transportation Bld., Div. of Special Service, GLOUCESTER CO. -County Engineer, Augusta, ME 04333. 1200 N. Dlesea Dr., Clayton, NJ 08312. • MARYLAND - St. Hwy. Administration, HUNTERDON CO. - Office of Co. Map Distribution Section, 2323 West Joppa Engineer, Administration Bldg. ,Flemington, NJ Rd., Brooklandville, MD 21022. 08822. • MASSACHUSETTS- Director, Bureau of MERCER CO. - Co. Administration Transportation, Planning & Development, Ma. Building, Dept. of Engineer, P.O. Box 8068, Dept. of Public Service, Boston, MA 02114. Trenton, NJ 08618. • MICHIGAN - County maps can be picked MIDDLESEX CO. - Middlesex Co. up from the Auto Club of MI. Engineer's Office, P.O. Box 1248, 333 Townsend • MINNESOTA - Mn. Dept. of Trans­ St., New Brunswick, NJ 08903. portation, Room B-20, St. Paul, MN 55155. MONMOUTH CO. - County Engineer, Hall • MISSISSIPPI - Ms. State Hwy. Dept., Map of Records, Freehold, NJ 07728. Sales, P.O. Box 1850, Jackson, MS 39205. MORRIS CO. - Board Chosen Freeholders, • MISSOURI - Mr. James F. Roberts, Div. of Court House, Morristown, NJ 07960. Surveys & Plans Engineer, P.O. Box 1850, Mo. OCEAN CO. -County Engineer, Court Hwy. & Transportation Dept., Jefferson City, House, Toms River, NJ 08753. MO 65102. PASSAIC CO. - County Engineer, 317 • MONTANA- State of Mt., Dept. of Hwy., Pennsylvania Ave., Paterson, NJ 07509. Planning & Research Bureau, Helena, MT SALEM CO.- Clerk of Board Office, Court 59601. House, 92 Market Street, Salem, NJ 08079. • NEBRASKA - Ne. Dept. of Roads, SOMERSET CO.- County Engineer, Co. Information Section, P.O. Box 94759, Administration Building, Somerville, NJ 08876. Lincoln, NE 68509. UNION CO. - P.O. Box 607, County • NEVADA - Nv. State Hwy. Dept., Room Engineer, Westfield, NJ 07090. 206 Dept. of Transportation, 1263 S. Stewart St., WARREN CO. - County Engineer, Court Carson City, NV 89712. House, Belvidere, NJ 07823. • NEW HAMPSHIRE - N.H. Div. of Economic Development, P.O. Box 856, • NEW MEXICO- St. Hwy. Engineer, N.M. Concord, NH 03301. State Hwy. Dept., P.O. Box 1149 #B-4, Santa Fe, • NEW JERSEY - Each county distributes its NM 87501.

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• NEW YORK N.Y. Dept. of • WASHINGTON - Dept. of Transportation, Transportation, State Campus Bld. 4, #105, Public Trans. & Planning, Attn. Cartographic Albany, NY 12232. Section, Hwy. Admin. Bld., Olympia, WA • NORTH CAROLINA-Head of Location & 98504. Survey Unit, Dept. of Transportation, Div. of • WEST VIRGINIA- W.V. Dept. of Hwys., Hwy., P.O. Box 25201, Raleigh, NC 27611. 1900 Washington St. East, Statewide Planning • NORTH DAKOTA- Map Sales, N.D. State Div., Charleston, WV 25305. Hwy. Dept., Capitol Grounds, Bismark, ND • WISCONSIN - Dept. of Transportation, 58505. Document Sales, P.O. Box 7426, Madison, WI • OHIO -Ohio Dept. of Transportation, 25 S. 53707. Front St. #BlOO, Map Sales, Columbus, OH • WYOMING- Wy. Travel Commission, 43216. I-25 at Etchepere Circle, Cheyenne, WY 82002. • OKLAHOMA- Ok. Dept. of Hwy. & Transportation, 200 NE 21st Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73105. •OREGON- Dept. of Transportation, Map *** Distribution Unit, Room 17, Transportation Bld., Salem, OR 97310. JOURNAL OF • PENNSYLVANIA - Pa. Dept. of POLLINATION BIOLOGY Transportation, Forms & Publications by Gerhard Gottsberger Warehouse, Bld. #33 (H.I.A.), P.O. Box 134, 6300 GEISSEN, Senckenbergstr. 17-21 Middletown, P A 17057. Bundesrep. Deutchland • RHODE ISLAND- Dept. of Economic Development, 7 Jackson Walk Way, Providence,RI 02903. At a Special Interest Group Meeting at the • SOUTH CAROLINA - S.C. State Hwy. XIVth International Botanical Congress in Dept., Drawer 191, Columbia, SC 29202. Berlin, July, 1987, the proposal was made to • SOUTH DAKOTA- Div. of Tourism, Joe found a new Journal of Pollination Biology. Foss Bld., Pierre, SD 57501. Considerable support for this project was • TENNESSEE - Dept. of Tourism expressed both at the Congress and previously, Development, 505 Fesslers Lane, Nashville, TN in response to a circular letter. By pure 37210. coincidence the initiative started at a Botanical • TEXAS - State Dept. of Hwys. & Public Congress, but we should like to assert that the Transportation, Attn. File D-10, Planning & Journal is to be identified as a vehicle for Research Div., P.O. Box 5051, Austin, TX communication for all biologists with an 78763. interest in pollination biology. A representative • UTAH - Ut. Dept. of Transportation, spectrum of topics relating to pollination Community Relations Div., 4501 S. 2700 West, biology in its broadest sense will include, but Salt Lake City, UT 84119. not be restricted to, floral structure and • VERMONT - Vt. Travel Div. & function, pollinator behaviour and bionomics, Transportation Planning Div. & Mapping phenology, plant- pollinator interrelationships, Section, 61 Elm St., Montpelier, VT 05602. coadaptation and coevolution, and biotic and • VIRGINIA - Va. Dept. of Hwys. & abiotic pollen vectors. Emphasis will be on Transportation, 1221 East Broad St., Attn. Map pollination itself, less so on its consequences Dept., Richmond, VA 22319. (compatibility vs. incompatibility, fertilization,

Number 3 - 1988 -13- MEUSSA oratory space along with a curated synoptic bee come cheaply in terms of either labor or money. collection and herbarium. It should also have The land acquisition alone would probably cost greenhouse facilities and cold rooms, flight from 0.5 to 1 million dollars, and the rooms, a computer center (micros) and an labs/living quarters another 2 to 5 million. automatic weather station among other things. There is, however, the possibility that a deal It should not be dedicated to full time honey could be made with Nature Conservancy to bee research or solving the Africanized bee establish such a lab on land that they already problem (we already have a lab in Tucson own in Arizona. dedicated to basic and applied research on I am volunteering to act as a repository and Apis mellifera). clearing house for plans and means to There is no dedicated field station anywhere achieve the goal of such a modern laboratory in the world devoted to the study of native and research/living complex for Arizona bee species (although there is the worlds' first during the next 5 to 10 years. This is not, bee/bee flower biotic reserve now established however, a one person project. If you would as the Lomas de Barbuda! Biological Reserve in like to assist me and serve on an organizational the Costa Rican Dry forest of Guanacaste committee for the feasibility for such a project, Province; perhaps Dr. Gordon Frankie at U.C. please let me know. I can use your talents and Berkeley can describe his efforts to create this help. If you think this is a waste of time, let me bee reserve in a future Melissa newsletter). know that too. The important thing to realize is Given the importance of bees as pollinators and that such a far-fetched and expensive dream their diverse roles in ecological communities, it can become a reality with enough dedication seems inexcusable that we don't have, or from the right group of people. Please send me aren't working on the establishment of an your ideas on what you would like to see for international non-Apis bee/pollinating research physical facilities and geographic location, if center. You say that bee biologists have been such a melittological center were to be built in converging and utilizing the excellent AMNH the near future. facilities of the Southwestern Research Station (SWRS) for years and why change now. You're quite right and these facilities have admirably served many biologists, not just bee researchers *** for decades, but I have something different, and definitely larger in mind than SWRS. First, do enough of you think that such a A SWARM OF BEE SPECIALISTS dedicated bee facility (ideally situated in the AT THE SOUTHWESTERN middle of 640 acres of prime "bee pasture" built on an upper Bajada somewhere in southern RESEARCH STATION Arizona) is worth the effort? Would enough PORTAL ARIZONA, USA melittologists by Jerome G. Rozen. Jr. and botanists use such a facility? American Museum of Natural History, Yes, non-bee people could use it too, but bee New York, N.Y., U.S.A. researchers would have first priority in scheduling stays and use of equipment. Please write or telephone me with your comments The bee fauna in the vicinity of the during the next 3-4 months. Do you want it? Is Southwestern Research Station (SWRS) in it a worthwhile endeavor to set for ourselves as Portal, Arizona, is one of the richest in the a long term (5-10 year) goal? It would not world, partly because the area flowers in the

-16- Number 3 - 1988 MEUSSA spring (April and May) and again in late BRACKENRIDGE summer (August, September and October). Available to all biologists, the Station has been FIELD LABORATORY a rewarding study area for many melittologists By John L. Neff, Central Texas Melittologicallnstitute. Austin, through the years. Although surrounded by Texas. USA the five life zones of the Chiricahua Mountains, most researchers carry on their activities in the broad valleys between mountain ranges where I would like to alert the readers of Melissa there are abundant flowering plants from both to the existence of the Brackenridge Field Sonoran and Chihuahua deserts. Laboratory of the University of Texas. This This last summer saw the following fenced 60 acre tract is scenically located along researchers at the station: Dr. Stephen L. the Colorado River within the city limits of Buchmann (Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Austin, Texas. Both lab facilities and a large Tucson, Arizona), Dr. James H. Cane (Auburn experimental garden area are maintained. University), Mr. Bryan N. Danforth (University Although the vegetation is not exactly pristine, of Kansas), Dr. Beth B. Norden (Smithsonian BFL does support a rich flora and bee fauna. So Institution), and Dr. Jerome G. Rozen, Jr. far we have recorded over 180 bee species from (AMNH). In addition, Dr. Karl V. Krombein BFL (of the approximately 220 thus far known (Smithsonian Institution) and Dr. Kenneth W. from Travis County in which Austin is located). Cooper (University of California, Riverside) The protected nature of BFL has allowed us to visited the region. conduct long term studies of the foraging and The SWRS offers visiting scientists and their nesting biology of bee species such as Diadasia families comfortable living accommodations afflicta, Exomalopsis birkmanni, and (including swimming pool), good food, Pseudopanurgus rugosus as well as less synoptic collections of plants and bees, intensive studies of many others. Unrestricted laboratory facilities and equipment, and a collecting is not encouraged since studies of library of reprints pertaining to the local biota. marked nests and females have shown some For information about next season, please persistent populations may be quite small. For write to Jerome G. Rozen, Jr., Department of example, an eight acre portion of the tract has Entomology, American Museum of Natural maintained a consistent low density of 8 to 15 History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New nesting females of Diadasia afflicta over a 7 year York, N.Y. 10024-5192, or to Mr. Wade period despite much greater absolute Sherbrooke, Southwestern Research Station, fecundity. Portal, Arizona 85632. Overloads of honey bees are sometimes a problem for pollination studies at BFLbut this problem has diminished recently and may fully abate with the heralded arrival of the africanized bee and the likely diminution of hobby apiaries in the area. A bonus for students of solitary bees is the low abundance of bumble bees until late summer or fall. Local patches of poison ivy, an ever expanding fire ant population and the often toasty Austin climate may be drawbacks for some but BFL *** offers the chance to study a diverse bee fauna Number 3 - 1988 -17- MELISSA while retaining easy access to the facilities of a low-land wet and dry forests, which has since major university and the amenities of a very become an invaluable resource for tropical pleasant city. Individuals interested in visiting biology. Since that time, Lomas has been used BFL are advised to contact the Director, Dr. for field research (and occasional teaching) by Larry Gilbert of the Department of Zoology, numerous individuals whose efforts have University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, produced classic scientific papers, with U.S.A. emphasis on reproductive ecology of flowering plants. Presently, the Reserve and Palo Verde Wildlife Refuge are being used for a new study on the behavior and ecology of the invading *** Africanized honeybees."Rich with wildlife, "Lomas also supports a myriad of insects and A NEW BIOLOGICAL RESERVE­ insect relatives, among which the Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants) play a major role in the LOMAS DE BARBUDAL- ecological functioning of the Reserve. Bees, for IN SOUTHERN GUANACASTE PROVINCE example, are the most important pollinator OF COSTA RICA Information provided by Gordon Frankie, group for about half of the flowering plants at University of Califomia. Berkeley Lomas and in all of Guanacaste. The solitary bees, in particular, are largely responsible for this occurrence. Early surveys throughout Guanacaste indicated that the Reserve In October 1987, Gordon Frankie sent in a contained an especially rich assortment of letter saying "I am sending along some new bees (about 250 species) and associated nesting information on the bee reserve. Although it is microhabitats, a finding which inspired the great for bees (and wasps), we generally regard Reserve." it as a general-purpose wildlife reserve". A For a copy of the brochure and more non-profit organization, FRIENDS OF LOMAS information contact Jutta Frankie, Executive BARBUDAL, Inc., has been estab-lished and is Director, Friends of Lomas Barbuda!, Inc., 691 committed to fundraising for dry forest Colusa Ave., Berkeley, California 94707, U.S.A. conservation, specifically to support Lomas de Barbuda! Biological Reserve. In 1987, FRIENDS published a brochure on the Reserve that *** includes the following information that should be of interest to readers of Melissa. BEE RESEARCH AT THE "Lomas de Barbuda! Biological Reserve, the most recent addition to the Costa Rican UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY National Park System, represents some 6,000 Compiled by Laurence Packer acres of largely intact lowland dry deciduous forest. Lomas de Barbuda!, Palo Verde Wildlife Refuge, and two adjacent subsites to Lomas Currently there are four wild bee biologists (now deforested) made up the dry forest site (with the emphasis on the wild) working at the of the early comparative ecosystem study University of Calgary, Department of Biological initiated by the Organization for Tropical Sciences, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Studies (OTS). The study developed a wealth Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada. Outlines of of comparative ecological information on research being undertaken are as follows.

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Robin Owen. - One upcoming project of Augochlorella samples under the direction of mine is to follow up on some work done by Robin Owen, my post-doctoral supervisor. 3) I myself and Chris Plowright on the Bombus still have the most difficult part of my thesis melanopygus coat color dimorphism (1980, J. research to reanalyze and write up for pub­ Hered. 71:241). The bumble bees B. lication - reproductive competition within nests melanopygus and B. edwardsii are classified as of two populations of Halictus ligatus, based two distinct species, however our genetic upon analyses of ovarian development and analysis indicated that in fact these may be oophagy- I find that the latter can be detected two colour morphs of a single species showing by looking at the gut contents of preserved clinal variation. The possibility of inter­ bees. gradation between two good species This Summer I plan to study sweat bee nevertheless cannot be discounted. I would biology here in Alberta. However, the dry soils like to resolve this taxonomic problem and so make me nervous as I suspect the bees will dig plan a collection trip to Oregon and California unpleasantly deep nests. Working in the in February and March 1988, to obtain more usually very damp climate of Cape Breton genetic data as well as specimens for rather spoilt me - the deepest brood cell I found morphological and biochemical comparisons. was less than 15cm beneath the soil surface I will be using a compact, mobile bumble bee and so it was easy to excavate a nest in less rearing system based on the standard than ten minutes. I do not relish the thought of Plowright and Jay methods. This will enable having to dig metre deep holes in national me to install queens in nesting boxes whilst "on parks, roadside verges, urban gardens, etc., and the road" which is essential if I am to obtain a attempting to do so unnoticed by the relevant good number of colonies (at least 60) to work law enforcement agencies. I would be with. extremely grateful for information concerning Laurence Packer. - I am currently working sweat bee aggregations in Alberta or BC. on: 1) the data collected during 1987 Taxonomic studies of old world Evylaeus are concerning three social sweat bees from Cape progressing at a barely detectable rate. My Breton Island, Nova Scotia. These were: long term goals include 1) trying to place social Augochlorella striata, which had an average of evolution in the group within a phylogenetic one half of a worker in those nests with framework, 2) find long-term employment, 3) foundresses that survived long enough to raise a brood of field assistants, currently n= 1 overlap with their daughters, Lasioglossum and young Rosie (15 months) is surprisingly (Evylaeus) comagenense which was (surprise, adept with a bug net and fascinated by bumble surprise) semisocial and Lasioglossum bees -hopefully her attraction to these gaudy (Evylaeus) cinctipes. Not much data was insects will mature into a deep interest in collected on the latter species because my study halictines. aggregation was extirpated, apparently Marjorie Horne. - My main research because of unusual weather conditions. With interest is that of plant specificity in the the help of three undergraduate field assistants megachilid bees, particulary in the genus (Vincent Jessome, Cathy Lockerbie and Blair Megachile. Evidence exists, although incom­ Sampson) and the financial assistance of the plete, implying that these leafcutter bees University College of Cape Breton and various demonstrate plant specificity while foraging for government programs, over 450 halictine nests nesting materials or provisions. The degree of were excavated during the summer. 2) Apply­ specificity found in each foraging task, and ing gel electrophoretic techniques to some whether or not it overlaps between the two

Number 3- 1988 -19- MELISSA tasks, remains unclear. The co-operation of BEE NEST EXCAVATORS­ K.W. Richards at Agriculture Canada in SAVE YOUR PROVISIONS AND Lethbridge, Alberta and under the supervision VOUCHER (UNPINNED) BEES! of Robin Owen, I have been studying the By Stephen L. Buchmann USDAARS, degree of specificity in the alfalfa leafcutter Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Tucson, Arizona bee, M. rotundata. This appears to be an ideal species for such research as many aspects of its biology have not been studied, and it appears to be the only species of Megachile that nests Material is accumulating which will allow gregariously in pre-existing cavities, thus detailed regression analyses on the relationship making it possible to rear and work with a between bee weight and provision weight (all large population under field and laboratory expressed on a dry wt. basis) using scaling conditions. During the past field season theory to examine diverse bee taxa and sizes. observations of foraging behaviour were made From my own excavations/dissections and when the bees were provided with a choice of donations from other melittologists I now have several plant species and when this choice was bees and provisions from almost 20 species, but eliminated. This research was conducted would like to have representatives from at least (miraculously I might add) between the 50 taxa. If you routinely excavate nests, please seemingly continuous thunderstorms, save (air dry) pollen provisions which had a hailstorms and Lethbridge's famous live or dead egg or at the most a first instar and windstorms. These observations of foraging store them in separate vials for shipment. behavior will continue over my next two field Many researchers routinely collect and save seasons, along with work on how this plant pollen provisions to describe their architecture specificity may affect larval growth and or, far too uncommonly for palynological or survivorship. chemical analyses. I now ask you to save a few Lawrence Harder. -My current research (5-10) intact air-dried provision masses for my focuses on the question "how much of the proposed study. It is also important to collect available pollen does a bee remove during a and save as unpinned vouchers 5-10 adults of single flower visit?". I am comparing pollen both sexes. removal by nectar- and pollen-collecting Already examined to date are honey bees, bumble bees visiting the same plant species, as stingless bees, Centris, Anthophora, Epicharis, well as removal from a variety of plant species. Habropoda, Xylocopa, Ceratina, Colletes, Diadasia These plants (Erythronium, Liliaceae; Aralia, and Perdita. I am especially trying to fill in Araliaceae; Pedicularis, Scrophulariaceae; gaps with species in the Colletidae, Halictidae, Aconitum, Ranunculaceae) differ in floral Megachilidae and Andrenidae. If you have morphology and in the availability of nectar. dried voucher material of complete provisions With luck (and a particle counter) these (their age is not important) in your care, or experiments will expose some of the influences would like to collect samples next season for on the efficiency of pollen collection by bumble this project, please contact me. bees, and its implications for their choice of Upon receipt the air-dried provisions are pollen sources and the dispersal of pollen to oven or vacuum-dessicator dried to a constant stigmas. weight and their mass recorded. They are next placed into ethanol and dispersed to monad pollen ultrasonically with a cell disrupter *** probe. This entire sample, or aliquots thereof, -20- Number 3 - 1988 MELISSA are then processed through a HIAC-ROYCO OCCURRENCE OF particle size analyzer and counter giving me XYLOCOPA SONORINA SMITH the number of pollen grains (and pollen IN NEW ZEALAND volume) to make a bee of that species. H the By B.J. Donovan provision contains only one pollen type, then Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, often I hand collect pollen from that plant and Christchurch. New Zealand construct a regression line between fresh or dry pollen weight and pollen grain number. This, in turn, can be used for the bee pro­ visions to factor out the dry wt. (mg.) of bee­ added sugar from admixed floral nectar. Since On 17 February 1987, Mr. D. Manson and pollen grains vary enormously in their Dr. R Baker (Lynfield Plant Protection Centre) equatorial diameters, therefore volume and collected about 20 male Xylocopa from nests in a energy content, it is important to regress punky native tree stump in Onehunga, a provision dry wt. or pollen volume against bee suburb of the city of Auckland, New Zealand. dry wts. using modem scaling theory practices. This is the first record of the occurrence of If enough provision material is available, Xylocopa in New Zealand. Specimens were chemical analyses (N and protein content, infested with external mites. sugar and starch analyses) are often made on Two specimens forwarded to me appeared intact provision material, hand-collected pollen to be conspecific with two males captured by and feces from larvae feeding upon those me in Hawaii on 20 September 1978. Two foodstuffs. specimens forwarded by Mr. Manson to Prof. H you can spare some samples, please help C.D. Michener were identified as Xylocopa me out. This study is part of a larger research sonorina Smith, which is established in Hawaii program to determine the nectar and pollen and the Marianas, according to Prof. Michener. production/hectare of desert plant com­ Prof. Michener stated that X. sonorina has also munities in Arizona and Mexico and their been recorded from Japan, China, New respective harvest and utilization by native bee Guinea, Java and the Philippines but was not assemblages and competition for floral established in those places as far as he knew. resources by feral and managed honey bee The occurrence of only males in New colonies. We need to know, but have no Zealand suggests that perhaps the nesting database, at the present time for the number of bee(s) had not been mated. The presence of 20 bees that can be produced and maintained or so offspring indicates that factors affecting (carrying capacity) in diverse plant nesting were very suitable. Whether or not the communities. species establishes as a result of what must have been an accidental introduction will be of much interest, partly because of its wood­ boring propensities, and partly because of its potential for use as a pollinator.

*** *** Number 3 - 1988 -21- MELISSA iliiiili mm 11n u11 Jiliiiiiiii mmm1 mm Hiiiiiiiliiilll II iiilliilii ii ii Iill iiiiii I II iii NOTES ON CARPENTER BEES During the same summer, bees were seen to By Dan Gerling and Abraham Hefetz regularly collect nectar from flowers with Department of Zoology, partly shed corollas of Thevetia peruviana in Ein The GeorgeS. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Yahav (Israel). Occasionally, the Tel Aviv University, Israel bees also slit corrolas as in nectar robbery. However, these were always withered and about to be shed. It is noteworthy that fresh flowers ofT. peruviana are robbed extensively by X. sonorina in At times one makes biological observations Hawaii. that are insufficient for a regular publication, So far it is unclear why X. pubescens did not but may contain new and useful information. adopt nectar robbery in T. capensis since they We wish to report several such observations. seem to know the technique and like the nectar. The behavior on T. peruviana may be explained 1. Voltinism in Xylocopa iris.- This species by its thick wall and white latex that this plant was the subject of several investigations in exudes. Europe, including Malyshev (1947), and Bonelli 3. Seasonal activity of carpenter bees in (1966), and was always considered to be Africa.-- Nests of the following carpenter bee univoltine. The bees utilized as nesting species have been examined during March 1984 substrate dead flowering culms, especially of at Mbita and at Rusinga Island in Eastern umbelliferous plants, that became available Kenya: X. flavobicincta, X. senior, X. nigrita, X. during the same spring. Nesting started inconstans, and X. flavorufa. The first two nest therefore only after the flowers died, i.e., about in dead culms of Yucca plants and the others in June or July. trees. Only the two last species showed some In June 1985 we found in the Lachish region nesting activity whereas the first three seemed of Israel several X. iris nests from which to be in reproductive inactivity, as evidenced females were emerging and looking for new from the lack of progeny in nests, no pollen nest sites. Examination revealed that these collection or storage, and the existence of nests had been constructed in old over­ undeveloped ovaries. The lack of reproductive wintering culms. Thus, under the warmer East activity coincides with the dry period, which Mediterranean climate, X. iris appears to be in that part of the country, lasts from February bivoltine. to late in April. 2. Nectar robbery by X. pubescens.-- This species was known to rob nectar from many species excluding Tecomaria capensis from *** which it was only observed to glean nectar IMPORTANT AND UNSOLVED following the abscission of the corolla. During August 1983, D. Gerling saw in Tel Katzir PROBLEMS IN APIDOLOGY (Israel) a female of X. pubescens slitting By R.P. Macfarlane the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, flower of T. capensis and robbing nectar Christchurch, New Zealand from that plant. Examination of many flowers in the same area did not reveal any additional slit corollas, neither were any slits found As a newer council member of the International during the following examinations of Commission for Plant-Bee Relationships and a numerous additional corollas throughout the southern hemisphere representative I appre­ country that were done since. ciated the call in Melissa No. 2 for comment on

-22- Number 3 - 1988 MELISSA important and unsolved problems in initiating management of some species for apidology. Here is a list of some important or pollination of specific crops that honey bees do relatively unstudied aspects relating to bees. not pollinate so effectively. 1. Conduct more rigorous scientific exam­ 4. Investigate more thoroughly the inations of the correct stocking rate for honey pathogens and means to control them in bee bees on crops and responses in yields for fruit genera of secondary commercial importance. quality. This being aimed at (a) demonstrating This might even help in a clearer more clearly the value of honey bees for understanding of honey bee diseases when pollination of particular crops (b) deriving the Bombus and other Apidae are studied. As well, most economic use of honey bee colonies (c) it is valuable background information for any indicating if other more effective pollinators attempts to bee domestication or if the more should be investigated for crop with high, i.e., important bee species are introduced to new about 5 colonies/ha, recommended stocking areas. rates or where other bees have been dem­ 5. Investigate the nest biochemistry of onstrated to be much more effective, e.g., commercial bee pollinators of secondary Osmia in apple pollination in Japan or bumble importance, e.g., Megachile rotundata and bee colonies in red clover pollination. Osmia cornifrons to determine if nesting can be 2. Make an integrated investigation of bee encouraged with some substances. forage production and usage by selected bee 6. Investigate the pollination and species, i.e., those needing conservation or that pollinators of subtropical or tropical crops, are of economic value. On farmland it is which are poorly studied or which could important to choose a limited number of the conceivably benefit from improved pollination best flowering species that provide the nectar based on fruit or nut set per flower. Such and pollen for the key pollinators. The best. studies could be worthwhile aid projects for flowering species must be selected on a range sponsorship by developed nations. Where of characteristics including the bees floral appropriate, consider introduction of further preferences. There are few comparative studies pollinating species to Pacific Islands or perhaps on the attractiveness of herbaceous crops set even temperate areas in the tropical zone that out in replicated latin squares as was done by have restricted bee faunas or could benefit Holm and Hobbs. With long term form better pollination of introduced legumes. complimentary bee forage sources such as trees 7. Examine the biology and ecology of then more attention needs to be paid to the enemies of wasps and hornets that adversely value of the tree for the landowner if the affect beekeeping, tourist and urban areas with species is to be used extensively and species a view towards rearing the enemies and/or with long flowering periods and that flower at introducing suitable species to much of the an early age are valuable attributes that are Southern Hemisphere, where there are no often not recorded. enemies of Vespula or Polistes. 3. Continue to investigate the food sources 8. Publish basic family or bee genera and preferences, nest ecology, natural enemies accounts of areas such as Papua New Guinea to and pollination effectiveness of secondary New Caledonia, and probably parts of Africa, (compared to Apis and Megachile rotunda) bee S.E. Asia and South America for which there pollinators of actual (e.g., some Osmia and are inadequate records for ready identification. Bombus species) or potential (e.g., Xylocopa, The native bee faunas of New Zealand and Ceratina) commercial value. Such studies Australia also are not much better known from would be aimed towards improving or available studies published so far.

Number 3 - 1988 -23- MELISSA 1111 I IIIII III 111111111 Ill I I 111111 Ill I I 1111 I II I 1111 111111 THE PUBLICATIONS 1938. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Bienenfauna von Mittel-Italien, IT. Bologna, X:31-34. OF J.D. ALFKEN Contributi della conoscenze della Fauna By G. van der Zanden Eindhoven. The Netherlands entomologica della Sardegna. Mem. Soc. Ent. Ital., XVI:97-114. Ein weiterer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Bienenfauna von Palastina mit J.D. Alfken (1862-1945) was one of the Einschlusz des Sinai-Gebirges. D. Ent. greatest European workers on Apidae in the Zeit., Heft 2:418-433. first half of this century. For students of the 1939. Zwei neue deutsche Andrena-Arten. palearctic Apidae his works are indispensable. Mitt. ent. Ver. Bremen:4-6. Alfken mainly studied and wrote on the Zur Synonymie von Nomada pusilla Lep. palearctic species. Many of his papers deal Idem:31. with material collected in Egypt or in what was Hym. Apidae in Missione Biolog. nel then called ''Palestine". Also some expeditions paese dei Borana. Reale Academia to China, Pamir, the Karakorum and to d'Italia, XVIT:111-122. Ethiopia put the collected bees at his disposal. Zur Bienenfauna von Bremen. Mitt. ent. From other regions he handled material from Ver. Bremen:6-30. Taiwan, Indonesia and East Africa. Eine neue Prosopis-Art aus Agypten. We have complete bibliographies for his Bull. Soc. Fouad l.er d'Entom. contemporaries such as P. Bluthgen and H. (1938):133-134. Friese, but not for Alfken himself. In 1938 Dr. Prosopis scutellata Spin. und ihre H. Bischoff published a note (Alhandl. Nat. Farbungsabanderungen. Veroffentl. D. Ver. Bremen. 30(3/4):7-19) to commemorate the Kol.und Ubersee-Museum, ll(3):272-274. 75th birthday of Alfken, giving a sketch of his 1940. Deutung des Anthidium klugi Lucas. career and adding a list of 203 publications up Idem, Ill(1):32. to 1937. As some older papers are missing and Versuch, die Crocisa (Nomada) scutellaris as Alfken continued writing practically till the F. zu deuten. Idem, Ill(1):33-36. end of life, I think it worth while to give here Zur Kenntnis der Nomada pusilla Lep. an account of the rest of his papers. The main Sitz. ber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde:241-243. body of his collection is in the von Humboldt Die Arthropoden fauna von Madeira Museum at Berlin with some type material nach den Ergebnissen der Reise von deposited in other museums, including Prof. 0. Lundblad, Juli-Aug. 1935. Arkiv Senckenberg, Frankfurt/Main. for Zoologie, 32B(4):1-2. Andrena-Arten von Rhodos. Boll. Lab. 1890. Beitrage zur Insekten-Fauna der Zool. Gen. agt. Portici, 31:283-294. Nordsee-Insel Juist. Verhandl. Ges. Neue Coelioxys-Arten von Cypern. deutscher Naturf. und Arzte, Bremen, Mitt. Munch. Ent. Ges., XXX(3):1058- 63(2):136-142. 1059. Mitteilungen uber das Leben einiger 1941. Die lnsekten des N aturschutzparkes der Apiden: Bombus, Andrena, Nomada und Luneburgerheide. I. Die Bienen Osmia. Idem 63(2):160-161. (Apidae). Abh. naturw. Ver. Bremen, 1937. Zur Unterscheidung der Bienen­ 31(4):750-762.. gattungen Crocisa Jur. und Melecta Latr. Welchen wissenschaftlichen Namen hat Konowia, 16(2):172-175. die schwarze Mortelbiene zu fuhren?

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Munch. Ent. Ges., XXXI(1):89-92. research, collaboration, consultation, or Bickbarn, Kronsbarn. Niedersachs. participation in seminars. Funding allows for Jahrb. 1941, Bremen (botanical!) Uber financial support up to a maximum of $2,000 to Bienen-Gynander. Veroffentl. D. Kol­ help defray travel and living expenses of und Ubersee-Museum, ill(2):198-200. visitors. Additional money is available to 1942. Die Insekten des Naturschutzparkes der applicants from the developing regions of Lune-burgerheide.II. Hymenopteren Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Latin America, and (ohne Apidae). Abh. naturw. Ver. the Middle East for a maximum award of Bremen, 32(1):222-232. $4,000. Funding is distributed on a quarterly Uber einige von Strand beschriebene basis each fiscal year (October-December, Bienen von Kreta und andere Arten von January-March, April-June, July-September). dort. Mitt. D. Ent. Ges., 11(3/4):37-41. It is recommended that, if possible, applicants Beitrage zur Kenntnis palaarktischer provide alternate dates in a later period in the Bienen, 6. Beitrag. Veroffentl. D. Kol­ event funds have been expended in the und Ubersee-Museum, ill(3) :206-216. preferred quarter. Beitrage zur Kenntnis palaarktischer Any student or scholarly investigator not Bienen. 7. Beitrag. Mitt. Munch. Ent. residing or attending school near the Ges., 32(2):678-681. Smithsonian facility where he/she wants to 1943. Zweiter Beitrag zur Kenntnis der visit may apply for consideration under this Andrena rogenhoferi Mor. Mitt. Munch. program. Awards are made on the basis of Ent. Ges., 33(2/3):597-598. review and recommendation by Smithsonian 1944. Uber die Farbungen der Stelis minima research staff and the Assistant Secretary for Schck. Mitt. D. Ent. Ges., 12(2/10):22-23. Research. A short report is requested at the end of the appointment. Application forms are available from the Office of Fellowships and Grants, Smithsonian *** Institution, L'Enfant Plaza, Suite 7300, Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A. [telephone: OPPORTUNITIES 202/287-3271]. Since funding is limited, it is recommended that you submit your appli­ FOR SHORT TERM VISITS TO cation form to the Smithsonian staff member SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION with whom you want to work as far in advance FACILITIES of the starting date as possible. By Ronald J. McGinley The Smithsonian also has a very active Smithsonian Institution. Washington. D.C. program for one-year pre- and post-doctoral appointments. For example, the Department of Entomology in Washington, D.C. averages three or four such appointments each year. Readers of Melissa should be alerted to the Senior post-docs are also available for workers availability of monetary awards to study at the who have held a Ph.D. degree for seven years National Museum of Natural History in or more. Contact the Office of Fellowships and Washington, D.C. (with Ron McGinley) and the Grants for further information. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama (with David Roubik). Appointments are for scholarly visits to the Institution for *** Number 3 - 1988 -25- MELISSA II 1111 II I 111111111111 IIIII I 11111111115 II 111511 11111115 51 II II

CAN YOU REPEL students tore the hives down and replaced all THE AFRICANIZED BEE? the rotten parts. I inspected for disease. At least two people smoked the bees with aU. By Elbert R. Jaycox• 5775 S.­ Jornada Rd. No., Las style jumbo Cruces, New Mexico 88001, U.S.A. smoker and a special monster smoker designed for Africanized bees. It requires two hands to puff the smoke, and it __,,_,,__..,_,-·-·------·"' quickly tires the operator because of its weight. We used corn cobs, grass, leaves, and cow ''In the December issue of the newsletter, I chips for smoker fuel. discussed the possibility of using repellents and At this point, the bees were hanging in tranquilizers to provide some protection from festoons on the hives and flying around us in Africanized bees. I recently had a chance to get large numbers. It seemed like an ideal time to a closer look at the bees and to see if the idea learn whether repellent clothing might have an of repelling them has any merit. For two weeks effect on the bees. 1 put on a hooded jacket of I helped with a class in Panama where the lightweight mesh that was charged with 1.25 Africanized bees have been established for fluid ounces of the insect repellent DEET several years. Initially, we had only small (N-N-Diethyl toluamide). The jacket is an colonies, nucs, to work with, and they were olive- drab color with elasticized cuffs and relatively gentle and quiet. I checked about 25 draw-strings for the waist and hood. Because such colonies without finding any brood of the open weave, it looks lighter in color diseases to use for the class. Next, we advanced when worn over white coveralls. The jacket is to a small apiary sitting in an open field in the designed for protection from mosquitoes, flies, hot sun. These colonies, some of moderate and gnats. strength; required a lot of smoke as we looked According to the people nearby, there were through them, but did not intimidate us until fewer bees around me than around others after we completed our manipulations. As we standing near the hives. There were enough wandered individually and in small groups bees, however, that I would not have felt secure back to the bus, the bees stayed with us; there without the coveralls beneath the treated jacket. were few trees or shrubs, so we were readily The final demonstration for the class, the visible from the apiary to the bus, less than a standard for newcomers to the land of the quarter mile away. As people took off their Africanized bee, was a colony out of control. protective clothing, several were stung and We took the lid off a strong colony, previously bees flew into the bus. It was a good lesson worked, and watched as the bees rolled and for the students. flowed over the front wall of the top hive body. The next day we got the ultimate test. We I stood in front of the colony watching the bees worked in an apiary of about 15 colonies bounce off the jacket. They flew so swiftly that neglected by their owner because of illness. odors could not deter them. They were strong, three-story units, sitting side On the long walk back to the bus, I expected by side on two long steel stands. In this apiary, to see a rapid decrease in the number of bees and nearby, there were lots of trees and shrubs; following me, and I intentionally walked alone nevertheless, we left the bus much farther away to get the maximum effect. Although I may than before, almost out of sight from the apiary. have had fewer bees than others, the bees Our task was to transfer the bees from their circled and followed me most of the way back. termite-eaten bottoms and lower boxes into So much for the big test of DEBT and some better equipment. Working in teams, the Africanized bees.

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Obviously, this was a severe test, too severe other journals. A few formerly unavailable to detect differences that may be important in items are now once more available. To avoid protecting people working near undisturbed the time and expense of making and colonies of defensive bees. The jacket would be distributing a list, we suggest the following more suitable also if it were white in color. I alternative ordering strategies: plan to see if the undyed mesh is available. Can you repel the Africanized bee? Yes, I a. Order all available papers on bees (or all still think you can, but not in a disturbed apiary those published during certain years). or under similar conditions where the bees are b. Order all available papers on particular highly alerted and have been so for a period of groups or topics. time. But we need to protect people who must c. Order particular papers that you think work near colonies in fields and orchards. The may be available. bees that come out in small numbers to Cost: 2 cents per page plus shipping cost; investigate or attack the humans nearby should minimum charge $1.00. respond to repellent chemicals. We need to test DEET and other candidate materials under Those who, because of currency regulations, those conditions." [Any updates or additional cannot pay in dollars may be able to send information on this topic? Please send in to specimens instead if they would be useful share with other Melissa readers.-- Ron additions to the Kansas collection. Write to McGinley] inquire about this possibility. Send requests to: C. D. Michener, Snow * Reproduced from The Bee Specialist, The Entomological Museum, Snow Hall, University Newsletter on Beekeeping, with the of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, U.S.A. permission of Elbert R Jaycox Not Available: Michener, C. D. 1944. Comparative external morphology, phylogeny, and a classification of the bees (Hymenoptera). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 82:157-326. Tell your associates interested in other groups (especially Hemiptera, Homoptera, *** Tipulidae, Mecoptera) of the availability of separates in their fields.

SEPARATES AVAILABLE By Charles D. Michener Snow Entomological Museum. University of Kansas

IIIUH G H ;;;; The Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, has for distribution numerous publications on bees by C. D. Michener and former students and associates. Some were published in the University of Kansas Science Bulletin, but many are from *** Number 3 - 1988 -27- MELISSA

MORPHOLOGICAL RECENT EVENTS AND TRENDS CHARACTERISTICS OF IN THE BEE COLLECTION WINGS AND THEIR USE AT THE AMERICAN MUSEUM IN THE BUMBLEBEE OF NATURAL HISTORY By Jerome G. Rozen. Jr. (BOMBINAE, APOIDEA, HYMENOPTERA) American Museum of Natural History. IDENTIFICATION AND New York. New York. USA CLASSIFICATION (PRELIMINARY REPORD. By A. Stevanovic and I. Radovic Institute of Zoology. Faculty of Natural Sciences & Mathematics. Belgrade. YUGOSLAVIA The assemblage of bees in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) has A high degree of variability and convergent come about through the efforts of many similarity of species within the group of individuals including the following: Herbert F. bumblebees (Bombinae) makes it difficult to Schwartz (Research Associate, 1921-1960), determine their taxonomic status. In order to Frank E. Lutz (Curator, 1909-1943), Charles D. improve identification and classification of a Michener (Curator and now Research Associate certain taxon, the present system of class­ 1942 to present), Marjorie Statham Favreau ification of the bumblebees has been tested by (part-time Artist, Technician, Scientific using new and newly valued morphological Assistant, and Scientific Assistant Emerita 1950- characteristics of wings. 1987), and Jerome G. Rozen, Jr.(Curator, 1960 to The investigations have been done on present). The collection is worldwide and females (queens) of 12 bumblebee species. consists primarily of pinned adults. However, Constancy (and/or variability) of wing because of interests of Rozen and Favreau in characteristics has been studied (a) within a bee biology and immature stages, the Museum single colony of bumblebees (single nests), has steadily developed a collection of eggs, (b) in various populations within the same larvae and pupae, fixed in Kahles and species and (c) among various bumblebee preserved in ethanol (75%). The California species. Series of 10 individuals have been Insect Survey and the University of Kansas used. Material has been statistically analysed have deposited on loan basis large parts of their and then compared. Taxonomic weights of immatures to centralize the curation and certain morphological characteristics of wings availability of such specimens. Rozen continues has been pointed out and possible evolutionary to urge specialists to deposit immatures at the relations within a given taxon have been AMNH if the specialists do not wish to build suggested. A contribution of this procedure to separate collections. up-to-date classification and identification has Several recent events at the AMNH are been discussed. It has been stated that noteworthy: After years of diligent service morphology of wings in addition to other Marjorie Favreau departed permanently from characteristics which are at present used for the Museum. The thoughtful care and bumblebee identification can give significant attention she devoted to the entire bee (and additional data. Hymenoptera) collection have now been XVI Meeting of Yugoslav Entomologist. assumed by Scientific Assistant Eric L. Quinter October 9-12,1986. Vrsac. who works under the direction of Rozen.

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Special effort is being made to increase the wide diversity of habitats including pine and numbers of samples of bee nests and nest oak forests, cloud forest, tropical deciduous components (cells, turrets, burrows, cell and subdeciduous forests, semidesert, and closures) for future comparative studies on nest coastal dune communities. architecture. And as yet another effort, Rozen Thanks to major financial support provided has begun collecting and preserving in fixative by Dr. Stephen H. Bullock, and the use of a adult bees. Recent studies that he and Byron vehicle made available by the Chief of the Alexander (Cornell University) pursued on Estaci6n de Biologia at Chamela, we were able ovarian anatomy demonstrated differences to maximize collecting. Use of public among taxa of behavioral and phylogenetic transportation would be extremely difficult in significance, and suggest that systematists this area as towns are widely spaced and buses should more frequently examine the internal often infrequent. Living costs were very inex­ anatomy of adult bees. All collections of pensive throughout and both food and Hymenoptera are available to specialists on a accomodations were excellent at Patzcuaro and loan basis. Uruapan. The road between Patzcuaro and the Balsas Depression proved much better for collecting than the one down from Uruapan. Not only was there less traffic and more safe places to park the vehicle, but the vegetation was more diverse and much less disturbed. Panurginae, Megachilidae, and Eucerini were *** abundant in all areas, whereas Colletidae and Halictidae (with the exception of the ubiquitous Halictus ligatus) were much less prevalent than we anticipated. We were assisted in the Patzcuaro area by Rosa Murillo, who REPORT ON A COLLECTING accompanied us on our collecting trips to nearby sites. The more xeric regions east of TRIP TO MICHOACAN Patzcuaro yielded relatively few specimens by Terry Griswold, Ricardo Ayala, and Luis Godinez despite a fair number of composites and legumes in bloom. There were a few good finds, notably Trachusa and Paranthidium (Rapanthidium). The pine and oak forests A collecting trip to the Mexican state of between Patzcuaro and Ario de Rosales were Michoacan made during the last week of more productive. Besides common highland October and the first of November proved very groups like Bombus and Andrena, we were very profitable, yielding over 6000 specimens of pleased to find the usually rare Deltoptila in Aculeata. Collecting was done along a transect good numbers. Other good finds included from the vicinity of Patzcuaro in the Eje Xenopanurgus and Paragapostemon, the latter Volcanico Trasversal through the Balsas extremely difficult to catch as they preferred to Depression (with a side trip back to the cruise down the far side of 3 meter deep ditches mountains, this time around Uruapan) over the surrounding corn fields. Sierra Madre del Sur and finally along the Both this area and the transition to more Pacific Coast west from Playa Azul. This tropical habitats between Ario de Rosales transect provided an opportunity to sample a and La Huacana had a wide diversity of

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panurgines. Besides Xenopanurgus, we have used more time. We collected good series collected Perdita, Calliopsis, Protandrena, of two very large Perdita, P. acapulcona and P . Heterosarus, Pterosarus, and Pseudopanurgus. maritima, on coastal dunes. Other collections This transitional area proved the best collecting included Anthodioctes, Hypanthidium, of the trip both in diversity and numbers. Ancyloscelis, Ptilothrix, and Exomalopsis. Typically Nearctic megachilid genera such as Based on this limited sample, a systematic Stelis, Ashmeadiella, Osmia, Anthocopa, and collecting effort in Michoacan along a transect Dianthidium were present, most represented by such as the one we followed would be very undescribed species. Eucerini were broadly rewarding. represented: Melissodes, Svastra, Peponapis, Xenoglossa, Xenoglossodes, Thygater, Syntrichalonia, and Pectinapis. This area also produced the widest representation of *** Halictidae: Augochlora, Augochloropsis, Neocorynura, Habralictus, Temnosoma, Sphecodes, HISTORICAL REVIEW Agapostemon, Evylaeus, Lasioglossum, Dialictus, OF THE and Halictus. Here, as elsewhere on the trip, we TRIBE ANTHOPHORINI appeared to be at the tail end of the flowering by Robert W. Brooks The University of season. Yet strangely, most of the specimens Kansas. Lawrence. Kansas. USA collected appeared to be freshly emerged, with wings and mandibles in mint condition. The Balsas was extremely dry and only Supraspecific taxa. The following review along a couple of stream margins and on the deals only with major steps in establishment of edge of a reservoir did we find any flowering. the supraspecific taxa and classification. The Bees were correspondingly restricted but the systematic history of each genus and subgenus few collected suggested a more xeric fauna. is associated with its description and is only Groups collected included Megachile, mentioned briefly here. Because of the Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides), Ashmeadiella, similarity of Habropodini and Anthophorini, Dianthidium (Mecanthidium), Calliopsis, Diadasia, most authors have either confused them or Anthophora (Micranthophora), and Ceratina. regarded them as a single tribe. Therefore the This looked like a very promising area if visited Habropodini are included in the subsequent during the flowering season. paragraphs. Complete citations for all Because of time limitations, collecting on the references are in Brooks, R. W. 1986. dry eastern side of the Sierra Madre del Sur Classification of the Anthophorine bees between Arteaga and Playa Azul were quite (Hymenoptera: Anthophorini). Ph.D. Thesis, similar faunistically to similar areas inland with University of Kansas, Lawrence. typical Neotropical groups such as Trigona and Linneaus described the first anthophorine Euglossinae present. Genera not collected bee as Apis retusa (1758). In the same work he elsewhere were Mudrosoma, Pseudau­ also described Apis acervorum, which he first gochloropsis, Melissoptila and Holcopasites. We mentioned in 1746 and was thought by also encountered good numbers of panurgines subsequent workers to be an anthophorine bee and an undescribed species of Trachusa after being misidentified by Fabricius (1775). (Heteranthidium) on composites. Not until recently, however, was it discovered The little-developed coastal area west of that A. acervorum probably was a bumble bee Playa Azul was another area where we could (Day, 1979; Loken, 1973). The second genuine

-30- Number 3 ~ 1988 MELISSA anthophorine species described was Apis Pachymelus, found in southern Africa and plumipes Pallas (1772), which is conspecific Madagascar, and included two new species. with the A. acervorum of Fabricius and with He added five new species to Habropoda which A. pilipes Fabricius (1775). Latreille described were later transferred with others by LaBerge the first anthophorine genus, Podalirius, in and Michener (1963) to a New World genus 1802b but this name was suppressed in 1944 by Deltoptila. the International Commission on Zoological Probably Friese's most important Nomenclature (ICZN). Latreille proposed entomological contribution was his Anthophora (1803) as a replacement for monographical''Die Bienen Europas" (1897), in Podalirius on the ground that the latter was which he revised European Podalirius and preoccupied in plants. Anthophora became the described the new anthophorine genera type genus for the tribe, subfamily and family. Amegilla and Paramegilla. Fabricius named a genus Megilla (1805) which T. D. A. and W. P. Cockerell described originally included species that we now Anthophoroides (1901) on the basis of the five­ recognize to be in the Hylaeinae (Colletidae), segmented maxillary palpus, a character which Halictinae and Nomiinae (Halictidae), Melitta proved to be valueless at the subgeneric level. (Melittidae), Exomalopsini, Habropodini and Cockerell described Pachymelopsis from Malawi Anthophorini (Anthophoridae), and the (1905b) distinguishing it from the Malagasy Bombini (Apidae). The name Megilla is now Pachymelus by the short paraglossae, regarded as a junior synonym of Anthophora scutellum only slightly bituberculate and the (Michener, 1984). clypeus gently convex from lateral view. In the Latreille (1802b) proposed the group same paper Cockerell recognized Saropoda Podalirii based on the genus Podalirius. Latreille as a genus, apparently forgetting or Dahlbom in 1835 placed Anthophora in his tribe not recognizing that it was isogenotypic with Anthophorini. Once Podalirius was suppressed the earlier Heliophila. He included the type of by the ICZN (Hemming, 1944) to conserve the the European species, Apis bimaculata Panzer, name Anthophora, it was no longer available as and incorrectly included the Australian the type genus for a higher categorical name Saropoda bombiformis. Cockerell corrected his and Dahlbom's tribal name became valid. and Smith's original error in 1926 by Smith (1854), in his "Catalogue of Hymen­ describing the Australian genus Asaropoda (now opterous Insects in the Collection of the British subgenus), for Saropoda bombiformis Smith. Museum", was the first to place other genera In 1943 Sandhouse renamed as Melea the besides Anthophora in the Anthophorini. He Anthemoessa of Robertson since it was described a genus Habropoda (=Habrophora preoccupied. Smith not Erichson) including two new species Up to 1944 the tribe Anthophorini had and associated Habropoda with Saropoda contained genera from the present day tribes Latreille (1809) (=Heliophila Klug, 1807), which Exomalopsini, Melitomini and Centridini. In included eight described and one new species, 1944 Michener published his paper on and Anthophora in which he placed 121 species, comparative morphology, phylogeny and a of which 25 were new. He separated his new classification of bees which became genus Habropoda from Anthophora on the basis foundational for most future bee studies. This of mouthparts and wing venation and was the paper included the first modern classification first to show the importance of these of the Anthophorinae, which is followed by characters in distinguishing these groups. In most bee workers at present. 1879 he described another new genus, In an important paper Popov (1950)

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transferred many species from Anthophora into (except Lieftinck and Popov) recognized two Amegilla and named two new subgenera of the genera, Anthophora and Habropoda. latter, Aframegilla and Zonamegilla. In 19 papers Alfken named 29 anthophorine Lieftinck (1974) revised the Old World species mainly from the Mediterranean Habropoda. He segregated the closely related region, a few from China. His most important Elaphropoda (1966) and Habrophorula (1974) papers dealt with the Egyptian fauna (1926, which are small, highly derived groups. In 1930, 1938). three important papers (1944, 1956, 1975) he Cockerell's papers spanned a period of 56 partially revised Malaysian and Korean years (1893-1949) and included at least 187 Amegilla, treating what he called the published works in which he described 241 Anthophora insularis group in Malaysia and species and subspecies of anthophorine and Zonamegilla in Korea. In the 1975 paper he gave habropodine bees. His papers were mostly the first comprehensive descriptions of descriptions or comparisons of small regional Zonamegilla and Amegilla s. str. Perhaps faunas and were almost never revisionary in Lieftinck's most important contribution to the nature. Among Cockerell's more compre­ systematics of the Anthophorini was in 1966 hensive works were his and his wife's when he called attention to the heads, separation of the New World genera of mouthparts, wings, seventh and eighth sterna Anthophorinae (1901), a key to Australian and genitalia of males of type species of species of Amegilla (1905a) and keys to North Anthophora, Emphoropsis, Habropoda [the American Anthophorinae (1906). Cockerell's elaborate structure of the 7th and 8th sterna of last paper (1949), compiled by K. Krombein and male Habropoda was probably first shown by published posthumously, described five new Popov (1948)] Elaphropoda, clarifying the limits species and one new subspecies of Anthophora of these genera. from Honduras and Guatemala. The last two genera that were described in E. T. Cresson published eight papers in the Anthophorini were Anthomegilla (1976a) which he described 30 species of Anthophora and Solamegilla (1980) both by Marikovskaya. during the period from 1865 to 1887. His most Solamegilla was segregated from Paramegilla but notable anthophorine works were catalogs of is not a natural group. North American apoids (1879, 1887) and a Species and subspecies. Over 90 authors partial key to North American Anthophora from 1758 to the present have named 1243 (1869). species and subspecies in the Anthophorini and Dours' (1869) classic monographic treatise Habropodini. Of these, 613 anthophorine and of Anthophora, in which he described 62 89 habropodine species are valid (an additional specimens, most presently unrecognized, was 85 named species of anthophorine bees are the first comprehensive work on the unrecognized because the types are lost or Anthophorinae. His concept of Anthophora was destroyed). Apparent loss of types is especially not different than other workers in his time and the case for many of the species of Dours, therefore included almost all anthophorine and Illiger, Klug, Lepeletier, Walker, and a few of habropodine taxa. Friese and Hedicke. The period 1860 to 1950 Fedtschenko wrote only one paper dealing was a time when many new species were with Anthophora (1872); he described 41 added to the Anthophorini. The most species from Turkestan (Turkmenistan, noteworthy authors slightly prior and during U.S.S.R.). This important contribution together this period are discussed briefly below in with those of Morawitz made known alphabetical order. Most of these workers the unique fauna of Central Asia. Here

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Paramegilla has flourished and most of the Tierwelt Mitteleuropas" by Brohmer, Ehrmann Anthophorinae studied by these two authors and Ulmer (1930) in which he gave a comp­ belong to that group. Morawitz, a contem­ rehensive key to Middle European species of porary of Fedtschenko, gave good descriptions Anthophorini, and his paper (1931) on new in his papers on anthophorine bees during the Anthophora from the Alai-Pamir Expedition of period of 1868 to 1895. In fact, the excellent 1928. illustrations of terminalia in Fedtschenko's In Lepeletier's classic book "Histoire paper, unusual for their time, were drawn by Naturelle des Insectes Hymenopteres" (1841) Morawitz. Morawitz published 21 papers he described 41 species of Anthophora from which included 56 species of anthophorine Africa, Europe, and India (one from Paraguay). bees, many of which were described from Unfortunately many of his types have been lost single specimens and have not been recognized or destroyed. or perhaps not collected since that time. M. A. Lieftinck (1944) published his first During this same period (1872-1893) paper on anthophorine bees while Head of the Radoszkowsky was also making known Asian Zoological Museum and Laboratory of the Anthophorinae. In ten papers he described 30 Botanic Gardens at Bogar. He continued to species from China, Iran, and USSR (and one publish important papers and monographs on species from Angola). anthophorine bees up to 1983. His seven Friese from 1891 to 1935 worked with beautifully illustrated papers in which he anthophorine bees from many parts of the described 24 species of Anthophora, Amegilla, world. In 22 papers he described 119 species Habropoda, and Elaphropoda, greatly improved and subspecies of Anthophora from four knowledge of generic limits within the continents and New Guinea. His most notable Anthophorini. Until his death in 1985 he was works were his revision of European Podalirius the foremost authority on Old World (=Anthophora) (1897) and African Anthophora anthophorine and habropodine bees. (1909a). He followed Dalla Torre's (1896) Pere wrote 11 papers from 1879 to 1911 resurrection of the little used but at that time dealing partly with anthophorine bees, of nomenclatorially correct name Podalirius for which he described 27 new species. He made Anthophora but quickly returned to the more known many of the Anthophora of France (1879) familiar usage in 1908 in a paper on Argentine but his most noteworthy accomplishment with bees. He described most of the species of anthophorine bees was his paper on the bees of Anthophora from South America (1916, 1925). Barbary (1895). From 1873 to 1924 Gribodo wrote eight Priesner (1957) made the most important papers dealing in part with Anthophora from contribution to the systematics of Med­ various parts of the Old World (except for two iterranean Anthophorini through his revision species of Centris which he described as of Egyptian species; he described 28 new Anthophora from Tierra del Fuego, Chile). species. He divided Egyptian Anthophora Oddly enough many of Gribodo's 25 described (which included Amegilla) into seven more or species of Anthophora (including one less natural species groups. Pachymelus) are rare, and only a few specimens Rayment was the first to publish a large have been collected since their descriptions. treatise on Australian Anthophorini. In six Hedicke, working in Berlin, published on papers (1931 to 1951) he described 44 species of Anthophora from 1929 to 1942. In ten papers he Amegilla (as Anthophora). His most important described 26 species. His two most notable papers were his revision of Australian works were the Hymenoptera section in "Die Zonamegilla (as the Zonata group of Anthophora,

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1942, 1947) and Asaropoda (1951). Unfor­ Brooks (1984) compared the glossae between tunately his papers contain no keys, the the genera of the Anthophorini as well as subgenera were not clarified and the among the other anthophorid tribes. Important illustrations were not adequate to separate review papers covering the New World fauna closely related species. The worth of Rayment's include those treating North America by work lies in his making known an otherwise Cockerell (1906), Cresson (1879, 1887), Lutz and unknown Australian fauna. Michener (1965) Cockerell (1920), Michener (1944), Mitchell made more clear the differences between (1962); Mexico by Cockerell (1899); the Antilles Asaropoda and Amegilla s. str. and transferred by Friese (1902), Wolcott (1948), and Alayo many Australian species from Anthophora to Dalmau (1973). Amegilla. Noteworthy papers encompassing Old F. Smith in three works described 55 species World Anthophorini from the Palearctic of anthophorine and a few habropodine bees region are the following: Mongolia (Banaszak, (1854, 1878, 1879). 1984), East Prussia (Alfken, 1913), Asia In addition to the studies of these 17 major (Cockerell, 1911; Gussakovskii, 1935; Morawitz, workers, 422 species and subspecies of 1880, 1886; Popov, 1967), Germany (Stoeckhert, anthophorine bees were named by 71 workers. 1933, 1954), Germany and Hungary (Friese, Indeed the work that laid the foundation for 1893), Caucasus (Gurvich, 1931; Morawitz, future revisional studies was shared by many. 1876, 1877), Middle Europe (Hedicke, 1930), Literature. The following are noteworthy Turkey (Morawitz, 1894, 1895), European partial to somewhat complete lists, catalogs, U.S.S.R. (Osychnyuk et al., 1978), Turk­ regional revisions or comparative morphology menistan (Ponomareva, 1959, 1960; Popov, of anthophorine genera and/or species. The 1952), Kazakstan (Ponomareva, 1962, 1967), most important general papers on the tribe U.S.S.R. (Ponomareva, 1966), Lower Don Anthophorini are those of Daile Torre (1896), U.S.S.R. (Pesenko, 1974), United Kingdom Michener (1944), and Lieftinck (1966), though (Saunders, 1896), Mediterranean Region the latter paper was mainly concerned with (Alfken, 1935; Zanon, 1925), Egypt (Alfken, habropodine bees. Bomer (1919) was the first 1926, 1930; Priesner, 1957), Spain (Ceballos, to discuss phylogenetic relationships of the 1956), Portugal (Diniz, 1961), France (Perez, tribe Anthophorini, comparing it to other 1879), Barbary Coast (Perez, 1895), Algeria anthophorid tribes using mouthparts. (Saunders, 1908). Studies covering the Oriental Cockerell (1924) compared the maxillae of some Region include the Phillipines (Baltazar, 1966), anthophorine genera. Marikovskaja (1976a-c) China (Wu, 1941) and Xizang Province (Tibet) discussed anthophorine relationships relying (Wu, 1982). Studies on the Ethiopian fauna heavily upon genitalic structures. More have been in Liberia and Zaire (Cockerell, recently Cane (1979) studied the hind 1930a), Africa (Cockerell, 1933b, 1936a, b, tibiotarsal joint of anthophorine bees 1946a-c; Friese, 1905, 1909a), South Africa demonstrating its possible usefulness in (Cockerell, 1933a, 1938), and Madagascar anthophorine systematics, and Michener and (Saussure, 1891).

DOD

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RECENT LITERATURE by Beth B. Norden, Smithsonian Institution

Many Melissa readers have acknowledged the utility of a "Recent Literature Section". Therefore, I have attempted to pick-up the papers not previously listed for 1986, those appearing in 1987, and Masters and Ph.D. thesis titles from the past year. Papers in press, and those dealing strictly with honey bees have been omitted to conserve space. Again this year, the list was compiled through perusal of the Smithsonian's library, use of the National Agricultural Library's computer-based bibliographic retrieval system, and by the thoughtfulness of a few authors who sent reprints or citations. I am sure that this list (as the last) contains omissions and errors that could have been easily prevented by workers taking a few moments and sending a reprint/citation to: Melissa c/o B. Norden, NHB stop 105, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560 USA. Please help to make our 1988list as up-to-date as possible. Thank you.

Abrol, D. 1986. Wing beat frequencies of Andrena ilerda Appanah, S., S. Willemstein and A. Marshall. 1986. and Andrena leaena Hymenoptera: Andrenidae. Pollen foraging by two Trigona colonies in a Ann. Bioi. (Ludhiana) 2(1):98-99. Malaysian rain forest. Malayan Nat. J. 39(3): 177- Abrol, D. 1986. Time and energy budgets of alfalfa 191. pollinating bees Megachile nana Bingh and Arduser, M. and C. Michener. 1987. An African genus of Megachile flavipes Spinola (Hymenoptera, cleptoparasitic halictid bees (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Anim. Halictidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 60(2): 324- Sci. 95(5):579-586. 329. Agren, J., T. Elmqvist and A. Tunlid. 1986. Pollination by Aripov, T., I. Rozenshtein, B. Salakhutdinov, A. Lev and deceit, floral sex ratios and seed set in dioecious V. Gotlib. 1987. The influence of cytotoxins from Rubus chamaemorus. Oecologia 70(3):332-338. central Asian cobra venom and melittin Alcock, J. and A. Smith. 1987. Hilltopping, leks and from bee venom on the thermodynamic female choice in the carpenter bee Xylocopa properties of phospholipid bilayer. Gen. Physiol. (Neoxylocopa varipuncta) J. Zool. 211:1-10. Biophys. 6(4):343-358. Alexander, B. and J. Rozen, Jr. 1987. Ovaries, ovarioles Baker, E., D. Roubik and M. Delfinado-Baker. 1987. The and oocytes in parasitic bees (Hymenoptera, developmental stages and dimorphic males Apoidea). Pan. Pac. Entomol. 63(2): 155-164. of Chaetodactylus panamensis new species (Acari: Aliev, H. 1986. On the fauna of the bee genus Anthidium Chaetodactylidae) associated with solitary bee Fabr. in the Azerbaijan SSR Caucasus USSR (Apoidea: Anthophoridae). Int. J. Acarol. (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae). 13(1):65-74. Spiziana (Muench) 9(3):271-274. Baldovski, G. 1987. Neuere Funde von Wildbienen des Andreev, A., V. Stratan, and E. Ursu. 1986. Bees of the Genus Hylaeus F. im Gebiet der DDR (Hymen­ genus Andrena F. Hymenoptera, Apoidea in optera, Apoidea) und einige Bemerkungen zu the Moldavian SSR USSR. Izv. Adad. Nauk. aktuellen Problemen des Artenschutzes. Mold. Ssr. Ser. Bioi. Khim. Nauk. (5):45-49. Entomol. Nachrichten und Berichte 31(1):11-18. Anzenberger, G. 1986. How do carpenter bees recognize Banaszak, J. 1987. Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) of the entrance of their nests? An experimental selected plant associations at Wielkopolski investigation in a natural habitat. Ethology National Park. (English summary). Badania 71(1):54-62. Fizjograficzne nad Polska Zachodnia, 35, seria C,

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Zoologia pp. 5-23. subalpine meadows: competition and resource Batra, S. 1987. Ethology of the vernal eusocial bee, limitation. Holarctic Ecol. 9(3):175-184. Dialictus laevissimus (Hymenoptera: Brechtel, R 1986. The hymenoptera Aculeata fauna of Halictidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 60: 100-108. the domestic forest and its surrounding Batra, S. 1987. Deceit and corruption in the blueberry regions of southern Palatinate West Germany patch. Nat. Hist. %(8):57-59. with special reference to the ecology of species Batra, S. 1987. Automatic image analysis for rapid living in artificial nests. Pollichia (9):1-284. identification of Africanized honey bees. Proc. Buchmann, S. 1987. The ecology of oil flowers and their Intemat. Conf. Africanized honey bees and bee bees. Ann. Rev. Ecol. & Syst. 18:343-369. mites. Burquez, A., J. Sarukhan-k, and A. Pedroza. 1987. F1oral Berezin, M., N. Berezina and Yu Zakhvtkin. 1987. biology of a primary rain forest palm Species composition of bumble bees as clover AstroCilryum mexiCilnum Liebm. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. pollinators on the training and experimentation 94(4):407-420. farm Mikhailovskoe. Izv. Timiryazev 5-Kh Akad. Cameron, P., R. Hill, E. Valentine and W. Thomas. 1987. (1):185-191. Invertebrates imported into New Zealand Bernhardt, P. and L. Thien. 1987. Self-isolation and insect for biological control of invertebrate pests and pollination in the primitive angiosperms, weeds, for pollination, and for dung dispersal, new evaluations of older hypotheses. Plant Syst. from 1874 to 1985. Bull. Dept. Sci. & Indust. Res., Evol. 156(3-4):159-176. New Zealand. (242):1-51. Betts, C. 1986. Artificial nests for bees and wasps. Cameron, S. 1986. Brood care by males of Polistes major Amateur Entomol. Soc. 7:140-147. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Billen, J. 1987. New structural aspects of the Dufour's and Soc. 59:183-185. venom glands in social insects. Campbell, D. 1986. Predicting plant reproductive success Naturwissenschaften 74(7):340-341. from models of competition for pollination. Bodnarchuk, L. 1986. The ways of protection and (in Russian, English summary). Oikos 47(3):257- efficient use of pollinating insects in the Ukraine. 266. (in Russian) Vestnik Zool. (3):3-5. Cane, J. 1987. Estimation of bee size using intertegular Bohart, G. and T. Griswold. 1987. A revision of the span (Apoidea). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. Dufoureine genus Micralictoides Timberlake 60(1):145-147. (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Pan. Pac. Entomol. Chapman, G. and E. Barrows. 1986. Ultrastructural 63(2):178-193. features of the cells of Dufour's gland and Bareham, M. and D. Roubik. 1987. Population change associated structures in the carpenter bee, and control of Africanized honey bees Xylocopa virginiCil virginiCil (L.) (Hymenoptera: (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Panama canal Anthophoridae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. area. Entomol. Soc. Amer. Bull. Spring:34-39. 79(6):1008-1018. Borg-Karlson, A. 1986. Chemical and behavioural studies Cooter, J. 1987. Coelioxys vectis Curtis Hymenoptera: of pollination in the genus Ophrys L. Megachilidae in Wales UK. Entomol. Mon. Mag. (Orchidaceae). Dissertation Abstr. Int. 47(2):339. 123(1472-1475): 71. Borg-Karlson, A. and I. Groth. 1986. Volatiles from the Corbet, S. 1987. Pollination of crops imported to new flowers of four species in the sections countries. Bull. Br. Ecol. Soc. 18(1):22-23. Arachnitiformes and Araneiferae of the genus Cortopassi-Laurino, M. and M. Ramalho. 1987. On the Ophrys as insect mimetic attractants. pollen harvest by Africanized Apis mellifera Phytochemistry 25(6):1297-1299. and Trigona (Trigona) spinipes in Sao Paulo. pp. Borg-Karlson, A. and J. Tengo. 1986. Odor mimetism? 653-654. In J. Eder and H. Rembold, (Eds.) Key substances in the Ophrys lutea - Andrena Chemistry and biology of social insects. pollination relationship (Orchidaceae). J. Chern. Munique, Verlag J. Pepemy. Ecol. 12:1927-1942. Coville, R., G. Frankie, S. Buchmann, S. Vinson, and H. Bouseman, J. 1986. Dufourea novaeangliae in Illinois, with Williams. 1986. Nesting and male behavior of confirmation of host plant (Hymenoptera: Centris heithausi (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) Halictidae). Great Lakes Entomol. 19(4): 203-204. in Costa Rica with chemical analysis of the Bouseman, J. 1987. Collection of Melissodes hindleg glands of males. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. (Apomelissodes) apiCilta in lllinois (Hymenoptera: 59:325-336. Apoidea). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 60(2): 335-336. Crozier, R., B. Smith, andY. Crozier. 1987. Relatedness Bowers, M. 1986. Density dynamics of bumblebees in and population structure of the primitively

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eusocial bee Lasioglossum zephyrum Bienengattung Rophites Spinola 1808 (Insecta: (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) in Kansas. Evolution Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae: 41:902-910. Dufoureinae). lllustrierte Bestimmungstabellen. Daly, H., C. Michener, J. Moure. and S. Sakagami. 1987. Senckenbergiana bioi. 66 (4/6):271-304. The relictual bee genus Manuelia and its Ebmer, A. 1987. Die westpalaarktischen Arten der relation to other Xylocopinae (Hymenoptera, Gattung Dufourea Lepeletier 1841 mit Apoidea). Pan. Pac. Entomol. 63(2):102-124. illustrierten Bestimmungstabellen (Insecta: Dathe, H. 1986. Contributions to an interpretation of Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae: some taxa of the bee genus Hylaeus F. from Dufoureinae). Linzer bioi. Beitr. 19(1):43-56. Asia, described by Morawitz, Cockerell and Efremova, Z. 1986. Bumble-bees (Bombus, Apidae) of Strand (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Folia Entomol. anthropogenic landscapes of the middle and Hung. 47(1-2):23-40. lower Volga-River territories. (in Russian, Dathe, H. 1986. Die Bienengattung Hylaeus Fabricius in English summary) Byulleten Mosk. Obshch. der Mongolei (Hymenoptera, Colletidae). Ispyt. Prir. (Otd. Bioi.) 91(3): 71-74. Annis. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 78: 265-300. Eickwort, G. 1986. First steps into eusociality: the sweat Dathe, H. 1986. Beitrage zur Klarung asiatischer bee Dialictus lineatulus Florida Entomol. Hylaeus- Arten der Autoren Morawitz, Cockerell 69(4):742-754. und Strand (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Folia Eisikowitch, D. 1986. Reward partitioning in Capparis Entomol. Hungarica 47(1-2):23-39. spp. along an ecological gradient. Oecologia Davis, M. 1987. The role of flower visitors in the 71(1):47-50. explosive pollination of Thalia geniculata Ellington, C., K. Machin and T. Casey. 1986. Oxygen (Marantaceae) a Costa Rican marsh plant. Bull. consumption of bumblebees in free forward Torrey Bot. Oub. 114(2):134-138. flight. Amer. Zool. 1 pp. De Jonghe, R. 1986. Crossing experiments with Bombus Engels, W. 1986. The concept of chemical communication terrestris terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) and in arthropods as realized in social bee Bombus terrestris xanthopus Kriechbaumer, 1870 reproduction, pp. 285-296, in M. Porchet, J. C. and some notes on diapause and nosemose Andries & A. Dhainaut, eds., Advances in (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Phegea 14:19-23. Invertebrate Reproduction 4, Elsevier Science De Jonghe, R. 1986. Male parentage in a bumblebee: Pub. Bombus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) Engels, E., W. Engels, W. Schroder, and W. Francke. 1987. (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Phegea 14(2):49-54. Intranidal worker reactions to volatile Dijkstra, J., C. Smeekens, A. De Ruijter and G. Hermans. compounds identified from cephalic secretions in 1986. Bees in black currants: an insurance!? the stingless bee, Scaptotrigona postica Fruitteelt 76(11 ):312-313. (Hymenoptera, Meliponinae). J. Chern. Ecol. Dimitrov, P., Z. Dimitrova, N. Atanasov, and E. Vasileva. 13:371-386. 1987. Specific body and number of bees Erickson, E., Jr., S. Carlson, and M. Garment. 1986. A (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) polling alfalfa in the scanning electron microscope atlas of the honey region of Rousse district Bulgaria. Rasteniev'd bee. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames 292 pp. Nauki 24(3):58-62. Erlandsson, S. 1986. Hymenoptera Aculeata from the Dixon, C. 1987. Stingless beekeeping in Southern Mexico. European parts of the Mediterranean countries, Yearbook 1987, Conference for Latin III. Boll. Mus. civ. St. nat. Venezia 35: 53-66. Americanist Geographers CLAG. Evans, F. 1986. Bee-flower interactions on an old field in Donath, H. 1986. Beitrage Zur Hymenopterenfauna Des southeastern Michigan. In The prairie: past, Bezirkes Cottbus. 3. Familie Bombidae present and future pp. 103-109. Proceedings of (Apoidea). Entomol. Nachr. Ber. 30(2):58-64. the 9th North American Conference. G. Durham, G. 1987. Web-footed bees in Oklahoma USA. Clambey and R. Pemble eds. Tri-college Am. Bee J. 127(1):38. University Center for Environmental Studies, Ebmer, A.W. 1986. Die Artgruppe des Lasioglossum Fargo, N.D./Moorhead, Mn. strictifrons (Vachal 1895) mit einer Evans, H., T. Finlayson, R. McGinley, W. Middlekauff, Bestimmungstabelle der Weibchen and D. Smith. 1987. Order Hymenoptera, pp. (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Halictidae). Linzer bioi. 602-710, in F. W. Stehr, ed., Immature Insects, Beitr. 18(2):417-443. Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., Dubuque, Iowa. Ebmer, A.W. and K.H. Schwammberger. 1986. Die Fain, A. and T. Houston. 1986. Life cycle stages of mites

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of the genus Ctenocolletacarus Fain (Acari: flower depth on flower handling efficiency of Acaridae) associated with Ctenocolletes bees in bumble bees. Oecologia 69(2):309-315. Australia. Rec. West. Australian Mus. 13:67-77. Harder, L. and L. Real. 1987. Why are bumble bees risk Field, J. 1986. Aspects of the ecology of solitary bees and averse? Ecology 68(4):1104-1108. wasps. Amateur Entomol. Soc. 7:38-55. Hartfelder, K. 1986. Trophogene Basis und endokrine Fisher, R. 1987. Queen-worker conflict and social Reaktion in der Kastenentwicklung bei parasitism in bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Stachellosen Bienen. Doctoral dissertation, Apidae). Anim. Behav. 35:1026-1036. Fakultat fur Biologie, Eberhard-Karls-Universitat Fletcher, D. and C. Michener. 1987. Kin recognition in Tubingen, 144 pp. animals. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. England. 465 Heath, R. 1986. Curious red admiral behaviour. Bull. pp. Amat. Entomol. Soc. 45(353):247. Fonta, C. and C. Masson. 1987. Structural and functional Hedstrom I. and M. Thulin. 1986. Pollination by a studies of the peripheral olfactory nervous hugging mechanism in Vigna vexillata system of male and female bumblebees Bombus (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae). Plant Syst. Evol. hypnorum and Bombus terrestris Chern. Sens. 154(3-4):275-284. 12(1):53-70. Hefetz, A. 1987. The role of Dufour's gland secretions in Francke, W., W. Schroder, A. Borg-Karlson, G. Bergstrom, bees. Physiol. Entomol. (3):243-253. and J. Tengo. 1987. Species and sex specificity in Hensen, R. 1987. Hylaeus (Metylaeus) mahafaly sp. n., a the odor composition of two panurgine bees new Malagasy bee (Hymenoptera: (Andrenidae, Hymenoptera). Z. f. Naturforsch. Apidae). Entomol. Ber. Arnst. 47(10):152-154. 42:169-171. Herrero Hernandez, J. and C. Perez-Inigo Mora. 1986. Free, J. 1987. Pheromones of social bees. Chapman & Hall, Las especies Espanolas del genero Anthophora London. 218 pp. (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). (in Spanish, English Frohlich, D. and V. Tepedino. 1986. Sex ratio, parental summary). Eos, Madr. 61:107-145. investment, and interparent variability in Holm, S. 1986. Pollination of tomatoes with lucerne nesting success in a solitary bee. Evolution leafcutter bees. Gartner Tidende 8:254-255. 40:142-151. Hoop, M. 1986. Aculeata and symphyta of the Gabriel, J., C. Ellington, and T. Casey. 1986. Scaling of Dosenmoor in Holstein West Germany muscle ultrastructure, mechanics, and energetics (Hymenoptera): A contribution to the insect in euglossine bees. Amer. Zool. 1 pp. fauna of high moor remnants. Drosera 86(2):109- Garofalo, C., R. Zucchi, and G. Muccillo. 1986. 114. Reproductive studies of a Neotropical Hung, A. and B. Norden. 1987. Biochemical systematics bumblebee, Bombus atratus (Hymenoptera, of bees in the Ceratina calcarata-dupla Apidae). Rev. Brasil. Genet. 9(2):231-243. complex. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 15(6):691-693. Gess, F. and S. Gess. 1986. Ethological notes on Ceramius Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. and A. Kleinert-Giovannini. 1987. bicolor (Thunberg), C. clypeatus Richards, The role of queens in stingless bee colonies. C. nigripennis Saussure and C. socius Turner pp. 708-709 In J. Eder and H. Rembold (Eds.) (Hymenoptera: Masaridae) in the western Cape Chemistry and biology of social insects. Province of South Africa. Annals Cape Prov. Munique, Verlag J. Pepemy. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). 16(7):161-178. Imperatriz-Fonseca, V., A. Kleinert-Giovannini, L. Guibu, Goebel, R. 1986. Australian native bees. Queensland M. Azoubel and A. Amaral. 1987. Agric. J. 112(6):285-286. Preliminary study on Brazilian honeys. pp. 312- Goltz, L.1987. Honey and pollen plants. Am. Bee J. 316 Anls. of XXX International Apicultural 127(5):350-355. Congress (Nagoya) Japan. Grebennikow, V. and 0. Petrushkova. 1986. Nursery for Imperatriz-Fonseca, V., A. Kleinert-Giovannini and M. rearing alfalfa bees. (in Russian). Pchelovodstvo Ramalho. 1987. Stingless bees and Africanized (11):24-25. honey bees--resource sharing. pp. 700- 701 In J. Griswold, T. 1986. A new heriadine bee from the Mojave Eder and H. Rembold (Eds.) Chemistry and Desert. Southwestern Entomol. 11:165-169. biology of social insects. Munique, Verlag J. Gupta, M. 1986. A quantitative study and ultrastructure Pepemy. of flagellar sensillae of Apis florea F. Ito, M. 1987. Geographic variation of a East Asian (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. bumblebee Bombus diversus in some Anim. Sci. 95(5):595-604. morphometric characters (Hymenoptera, Harder, L. 1986. Effects of nectar concentration and Apidae). Kontyu 55(2): 188-201.

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Iuga, V. 1986. Structures et aptitudes infinnantes de Kleinert-Giovannini, A., V. Imperatriz-Fonseca and M. l'origine sphecoidienne des Apoides. Trav. Mus. Ramalho. 1987. Exploitation of floral resources Hist. nat. (Gr. Antipa) 28:49-63. by Plebeia saiqui Friese (Apidae, Meliponinae) Jackson, G. 1986. Additional host plants of the carpenter pp. 156-157 In J. Eder and H. Rembold (Eds.) bee Xylocopa brasilianorum L. (Hymenoptera, Chemistry and biology of social insects. Apoidea) in Puerto Rico. J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Munique, Verlag J. Peperny. Rico 70(4):255-266. Klug, M. 1986. Der Beitrag Solitarer Bienen Zur Janssens, K. 1986. On the distribution of the genus Bestaubung Der Kemobstbluten In Sudhannover Sphecodes in Belgium (Hymenoptera: (German). Dissertation Abstr. Int. 47(4): 857. Halictidae). Phegea 14(2): 69-71. Knerer, G. 1987. Zur Bienenfauna Niederosterreichs: Die Jennersten, 0. 1986. Pollination and fungal disease Unterfamilie Halictinae Nachtrag transmission: interactions between Viscaria (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Halictidae). Linzer bioi. vulgaris Ustilago and insects. Dissertation Abstr. Beitr. 19(1):195-200. Int. 47(2):379-380. Knoll, F., L. Bego and V. Imperatriz-Fonseca. 1987. Johnson, L. and J. Howard. 1987. Olfactory disc number Relative abundance and phenology of bees in bees of different sizes and ways of life (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). pp. 702-703 In J. Eder (Apidae: Meliponinae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. and H. Rembold (Eds.) Chemistry and biology of 60(3):380-388. social insects. Munique, Verlag J. Peperny. Johnson, M. 1986. Stelis (Microstelis) Iateralis reared from Knoll, F. and V. Imperatriz-Fonseca. 1987. Abundance a nest of Osmia (Nothosmia) pumila and resource visited by individuals of (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). J. Kansas T. (Tetragonisca) angustula pp. 704-705 In J. Eder Entomol. Soc. 59(4):743-745. and H. Rembold (Eds.) Chemistry and biology Kalinin, V., N. Falaleev and V. Molchanov. 1986. Leaf­ of social insects. Munique, Verlag J. Peperny. cutting bee rearing and utilization for the Kolmes, S. and M. Winston. 1986. A quantitative method pollination of alfalfa seed crops. (in Russian). Sel. of assessing some aspects of the independence of Semenovod (4):40-41. sampling in behavioural studies of worker Kapil, R. (Ed.). 1986. Pollination biology-an analysis. honeybees. J. Apic. Res. 25(4):209-212. Inter-India Pub., New Delhi, India. 300 pp. Koster, A. 1986. The genus Hylaeus in the Netherlands Kerr, W. 1986. Genetica del comportamento. (Hymenoptera, Colletidae) with a key to the Mendeliana. 7(7):71-83. species of Northwestern Europe. Zool. Bijdr. Kerr, W. 1986. Conheca a tiuba do Maranhao. Apicultura (36):3-120. no Brasil. 3(15): 31-32. Kuhn, B. 1987. Pollination of the red raspberry cultivar Kerr, W. 1986. Mutation in bees. 3. Aplication in bee Willamette. Tidsskr Planteavl. 91(1):85-88. populations of a mutation rate of ul. 6 X 1Q-6. Kukuk, P. and P. Decelles. 1986. Behavioral evidence for Revista Brasileira de Genetica 9(1): 1-10. population structure in l.asioglossum (Dialictus) Kerr, W., P. Leao, F. Campos, and J. Santos Filho. 1986. zephyrum female dispersion patterns. Behav. Variacao genetica oculta em alface da cultivar Ecol. Sociobiol. 19:233-239. Salad Bowl. Revista Brasileira de Genetica Kukuk, P. and M. Schwarz. 1987. Intranest behavior of 9(2):375-379. the communal sweat bee l.asioglossum Kimsey, L. and R. Dressler. 1986. Synonymic species list erythrurum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). J. Kansas of Euglossini. Pan. Pac. Entomol. 62(3):229-236. Entomol. Soc. 60(1):58-64. Kimsey, L. 1987. Generic relationships within the Kurosa, K. 1987. Two new Chaetodactylus (Acari, Euglossini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Syst. Chaetodactylidae) associated with Osmia Entomol. 12(1):63-72. (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) in Japan. Kontyu Kleinert-Giovannini, A. and V. Imperatriz-Fonseca. 1986. 55(2):373-381. Flight activity and responses to climatic Kusumoto, K. 1986. Wind bee survey in central part of conditions of two subspecies of Melipona Fukuoka Prefecture (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). marginata Lepeletier (Apidae, Meliponinae). J. Proc. Assoc. Pl. Prot. Kyushu 32:218-222. Apic. Res. 25(1):1-8. Kwak, M. and 0. Jennersten. 1986. The significance of Kleinert-Giovannini, A. and V. Imperatriz-Fonseca. 1987. pollination time and frequency and of purity of Aspects of the trophic niche of Melipona pollen loads for seed set in Rhinanthus angustif­ marginata marginata Lepeletier (Apidae, olius (Scrophulariaceae) and Viscaria vulgaris Meliponinae). Apidologie 18(1):69-100. (Caryophullaceae). Oecologia 70(4):502-507.

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LaBerge, W. 1986. The zoogeography of Andrena Malysheva, N. 1986. Description of the male bee Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) of the lcteranthidium croceum Mor. (Hymenoptera, Western Hemisphere, pp. 110-115 in G. K. Megachilidae). Entomol. Obozr. 65(4):796-798. Clambey and R. H. Pemble (eds.), The Prairie: Manning, J. and D. Brothers. 1986. Floral relations of four Past. Present and Future. Proc. 9thN. Amer. species of Rediviva in Natal (Hymenoptera: Prairie Conf., Tri-Coll. Univ. Center for Environ. Apoidea: Mellittidae). J. Entomol. Soc. S. Africa Studies, North Dakota St. Univ., Fargo. 49(1):107-114. Lack, A. and P. Kevan.1987. The reproductive biology of Mathew, G., M. Koshy, and K. Mohanadas. 1987. a distylous tree Sarcotheca celebica Preliminary studies on insect visitors to teak (Oxalidaceae) in Sulawesi Indonesia. Bot. J. Linn. Tectona grandis Linn. F. inflorescence in Kerala, Soc. 95(1):1-8. India. Indian For. 113(1):61-64. Larsen, 0., G. Gleffe, and J. Tengo. 1986. Vibration and McGinley, R. and J. Rozen, Jr. 1987. Nesting biology, sound communication in solitary bees and immature stages, and phylogenetic placement of wasps. Physiol. Entomol. 11(3):287-296. the Palaearctic bee Pararhophites (Hymenoptera: Lavine, B. and D. Carlson. 1987. European bee or Apoidea). Amer. Mus. Novitates 2903:1-21. Africanized bee? Species identification through Mello, M. and C. Garofalo. 1986. Structural dimorphism chemical analysis. Analytical Chern. 59(6): 468- in the cocoons of a solitary bee, Lithurgus 470. corumbae (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) and its Linsley, E.G. 1986. Early seasonal records for three adaptative significance. Zool. Anz. 217(3/4):195- Halictine bees on lsomeris arborea in Southern 206. California (Hymenoptera:Apoidea). Pan-Pacific Michener, C. 1986. Family-group names among bees. J. Entomol. 62(4):310. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 59:219-234. Lobreau-Callen, D., R. Darchen, and A. Le Thomas. 1986. Michener, C. 1986. New Peruvian genus and a generic Contribution of palynology to the review of Andreninae (Hymenoptera: knowledge of bee-plant relationships in the Apoidea: Andrenidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. forest savannas of Togo and Benin. Apidologie Amer. 79:62-72. 17(4):279-306. Michener, C. 1986. A Lasioglossum from Borneo with Lobreau-Callen, D. and R. Coutin. 1987. Beneficial floral possible Australian affinities (Hymenoptera: resources for Apoidea in cultivated areas of Halictidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 59: 666-671. the arboreal savannah of Senegal during the Michener, C. 1986. A review of the tribes Diphaglossini rainy season. Agronomie (Paris). 7(4):231-246. and Dissoglottini (Hymenoptera, Colletidae). Lombert, H., B. Oconnor, F. Lukoschus and J. Whitaker, Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 53:183-214. Jr. 1987. Ontogeny, systematics and ecology Michener, C. and R. Brooks. 1986. A comparative study of Sennertia americana Delfinado and Baker 1976 of the glossae of bees (Apoidea). Contrib. (Acari, Chaetodactylidae) from the nest of the Amer. Entomol. Inst. 22:1-77. carpenter bee Xylocopa virginica (Hymenoptera, Michener, C. and R. Brooks. 1987. The family Melittidae Anthophoridae). Int. J. Acarol. 13(2):113-130. in Madagascar Hymenoptera, Apoidea. Ann. Macior, L. 1986. Floral resource sharing by bumblebees Soc. Entomol. Fr. 23(1):99-103. and hummingbirds in Pedicularis Michener, C. and B. Smith. 1987. Kin recognition in (Scrophulariaceae) pollination. Bull. Torrey Bot. primitively eusocial insects, pp. 209-285, in D. Club 113(2):101-109. Fletcher and C. Michener, (Eds.), Kin Recognition Maeta, Y., N. Kubota and S. Sakagami. 1987. Nomada in Animals. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., England. japonica as a thelytokous cleptoparasitic bee, Miller, S.and W.Davis. 1986. Insects associated with notes on egg size and egg complement in with the flowers of two species of Malacothrix some cleptoparasitic bees. Kontyu 55(1}:21-31. (Asteraceae) on San Miguel Island, California. Maghrabi, H. and L. Kish. 1987. Morphological and Psyche 92(4):547-555. isozyme survey of chalkbrood disease of the Montalvo, A. and J. Ackerman. 1986. Relative pollinator alfalfa leafcutting bee in the western United effectiveness and evolution of floral traits in States. Mycologia 79(4):565-570. Spathiphyllum friedrichsthalii (Araceae). Amer. J. Maki, D., J. Moffett and R. McNew. 1987. The effect of Bot. 73(12):1665-1676. cell-removal time on the overwintering Moritz, R., E. Southwick and J. Harbo. 1987. Genetic survival of the alfalfa leafcutting bee Megachile analysis of defensive behavior in honey bee rotundata Southwest Entomol. 12(1):7-16. colonies (Apis mellifera L.) in a field test.

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Apidologie 18:27-42. Packer, L. and G. Knerer. 1986. An analysis of variation in Moure, J. and P. Hurd. 1987. An annotated catalog of the the nest architecture of Halictus ligatus in Halictid bees of the Western Hemisphere Ontario. Insectes Sociaux 33:190-205. (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Smithsonian Inst. Packer, L. 1987. A description of the mature larva and Press, Washington, D.C. 405 pp. cocoon of the bee Thygater (Hymenoptera; Moustafa, M. 1986. Die Bienen Der Gattung Andrena Anthophoridae). J. New York Entomol. Soc. Fabricius (Hymenoptera, Apidae) Aus Agypten 95(1):23-27. Und Den Angrenzen Den Gebieten. Mitteilungen Packer, L. 1987. The triungulin larva of Nemognatha Zool. Mus. Berl. 62(2):219-302. (Pauronemognatha) punctulata LeConte Nilsson, G. 1987. A gynandromorphic specimen of (Coleoptera: Meloidae) with a description of the Evylaeus albipes (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera, nest of its host Megachile brevis pseudobrevis Halictidae) and a discussion of possible causes of Say (Hymenoptera; Megachilidae). J. Kansas gynandromorphism in haplo-diploid insects. Entomol. Soc. 60(2): 280-287. Notulae Entomol. 67:157-162. Page, R., Jr. 1986. Sperm utilization in social insects. Ann. Nilsson, G. and B. Svensson. 1986. Guide for collectors of Rev. Entomol. 31:297-320. Hymenoptera Aculeata. Entomol. Tidskr. 107: Pamilo, P., A. Pekkarinen, and S. Varvio. 1987. Clustering 151-166 of bumblebee subgenera based on Okazaki, K. 1987 Life cycle of a subtropical xylocopine interspecific genetic relationships (Hymenoptera, bee Ceratina okinawana with some related Apidae, Bombus and Psithyrus ). Ann. Zool. problems. Kontyu 55(1):1-8. Fenn. 24(1):19-28. Olieir, V. 1986. Viability of the eggs of Osmia (in Pant, D. and S. Chaturvedi. 1986. Pollination ecology of Russian). Pchelovodstvo 3:28. Asclepias curassavica L. Geophytology O'Neill, K. and L. Bjostad. 1987. The male mating 16(1):119-121. strategy of the bee Nomia nevadensis Parker, F. 1986. Nesting, associates, and mortality of (Hymenoptera: Halictidae): leg structure and Osmia sanrafaelae Parker. J. Kansas Entomol. mate guarding. Pan. Pac. Entomol. 63(3):207-217. Soc. 59:367-377. Ordway, E. 1987. The life history of Diadasia rinconis Parker, F., T. Griswold and J. Botsford. 1986. Biological Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). J. notes on Nomia heteropoda Say (Hymenoptera: Kans. Entomol. Soc. 60(1):15-24. Halictidae). Pan. Pac. Entomol. 62(1): 91-94. Ortiz y Sanchez, F. J. 1987. El comportamiento de la abeja Parker, F. 1987. Nests of Callanthidium from block traps domestica en los campos de girasol. Albariza (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Pan. Pac. 5:24-25. Entomol. 63(2):125-129. Osychnyuk, A. 1987. New Palearctic species of Andrena Parker, F., S. Batra, and V. Tepedino. 1987. New subgenus Euandrena (Hymenoptera, pollinators for our crops. Agricultural Zoology Andrenidae). Entomol. Rev. 66(1):50~. Reviews 2:279-304. Ottosen, C. 1987. Male bumblebees (Bombus hortorum L.) Parker, F., J. Cane, G. Frankie and S. Vinson. 1987. Host as pollinators of Lonicera periclymenum L. records and nest entry by Dolichostelis a in N.E. Zealand, Denmark. Flora Morphol. cleptoparasitic anthidiine bee (Hymenoptera, Geobot. Oekophysiol. 179(2):155-161. Megachilidae. Pan. Pac. Entomol. 63(2):172-177. Packer, L. 1986. The biology of a subtropical population Pellmyr, 0. 1986. Pollination ecology of two nectariferous of Halictus ligatus Say (Hymenoptera; Cimidfuga sp. (Ranunculaceae) and the evolu­ Halictidae). II. Male behaviour. Ethology 72:287- tion of andromonoecy. Nord. J. Bot. 6(2):129-138 298. [Apis, Bombus, Psithyrus floral records]. Packer, L. 1986. The social organization of Halictus Pellmyr, 0. and K. Karkkainen. 1987. Salix phylidfolia as ligatus (Hymenoptera; Halictidae) in southern the exclusive food source for all nectarivorous Ontario. Canadian J. Zool. 64:2317-2324. insects in a taiga community. Sven. Bot. Tidskr. Packer, L. 1986. The biology of a subtropical population 81(1):43-46. of Halictus ligatus IV: A cuckoo-like caste. J. Pena, G. 1986. Presence of Megabombus opifex Smith in New York Entomol. Soc. 94:458-466. Chile (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Rev. Chile Packer, L. 1986. Multiple-foundress associations in a Entomol. 14:103-104. temperate population of Halictus ligatus Peng, Y. and J. Marston. 1986. Filtering mechanisms of (Hymenoptera; Halictidae). Canadian J. Zool. the honey bee proventriculus. Physiol. Entomol. 64:2325-2332. 11(4):433-439.

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Persano Oddo, L. and G. Ricciardelli D'Albore.1986. sensu stricto en Europe occidentale et centrale Spettro Pollinico Di Alcuni Mieli Dell'America (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombinae). (in French, Tropicale. Apicoltura 2:25-66. English summary). Revue Suisse Zool. 93(3): Pesenko, Yu. A. 1986. Systematics ofbees of the genus 661-682. Halictus Latreille (Hymenoptera; Halictidae) Ricciardelli D'Albore, G. 1986. Les insectes pollinisateurs with description of the 7th and 8th metasomal de quelques ombelliferes d'interet agricole sternites of males of the subgenus Tytthalictus et condimentaire (Angelica archangelica L., Pesenko. Revue d'Entomologie de l'URSS Carum carvi L., Petroselinum crispum A.W. Hill., 65(3):618-632 [in Russian with English Apium graveolens L. Pimpinella anisum L., summary]. Daucus carota L., Foeniculum vulgare Miller v. Pesenko, Yu. A. 1986. An annotated key to females os the azoricum Theil.). Apidologie 17(2):107-124. Palaearctic species of the genus Lasioglossum Ricciardelli D'Albore, G. and R. Monaco. 1986. Lo Spettro sensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Halictidae), with Pollinico Di Alcuni Mieli Della Somalia. descriptions of new subgenera and species. Proc. Apicoltura 2:1-24. Zool. Inst. Leningrad. 159:113-154. Richards, K., G. Whitfield and G. Schaalje. 1987. Effects Pesenko, Yu. A. 1987. Halictus costulatus Kriechbaumer, of temperature and duration of winter 1873 (currently Lasioglossum costulatum ; storage on survival and period of emergence for Insecta, Hymenoptera): proposed conservation the alfalfa leafcutter bee (Hymenoptera: of specific name. Bull. Zool. Nomenclature Megachilidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 60(1):70- 44(1):17-18. 76. Plant, J. and H. Paulus. 1987. Comparative morphology Riemann, H. 1987. The bees, wasps and ants of the postmentum of bees (Hymenoptera: (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the nature reserves Apoidea) with special remarks on the evolution dune region near Neumuehle and Vossberge of the lorum. Zeitschrift fer zoologische West Germany with reference to additional systematik und evolutionsforschung. 25:81-103. inland dune areas. Naturschutz Powell, A. and G. Powell. 1987. Population dynamics of Landschaftspflege Niedersachsen Beih. (17):1-79. male euglossine bees in Amazonian forest Rinderer, T. (Ed.). 1986. Bee Genetics and Breeding. fragments. Biotropica 19(2):176-179. Academic Press, Inc. Orlando, San Diego. 426 pp. Prys-Jones, 0. 1986. Foraging behaviour and the activity Roberts, R. and R. Brooks. 1987. Agapostemonine bees of of substrate cycle enzymes in bumblebees. Mesoamerica (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Anim. Behav. 34:609-611. Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 53(7):357-392. Prys-Jones, 0. and S. Corbet. 1987. Bumblebees. Roig-Alsina, A. 1987. The classification of the Caeno­ Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England. prosopidini (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). J. 96pp. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 60(2): 305-315. Pulliainen, E. and H. Rantatupa.1986. Ecological Romasenko, L. 1986. The prepupa of megachilid bees of observations on Bombus lapponicus (F.) the genus Megachile Latr. (Hymenoptera: (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in Eastern Finnish forest Megachilidae). (in Russian). Vestnik Zool. (6):82. Lapland. Notulae Entomol. 66(1):55-60. Romero, G. and C. Nelson. 1986. Sexual dimorphism in Radchenko, V. 1986. Nesting of bees Anthophora caucasica Catasetum orchids: forcible pollen Rad. and Eucera pusilla Mor. (Hymenoptera, emplacement and male flower competition. Anthophoridae) in Badhyz. Revue d'Entomol. de Science 232:1538-1540. l'URSS 65(2):301-303. Rosse!, S. 1987. Das polarisationssehen der biene. (in Radchenko, V. 1987. Nesting of the bee Dasypoda braccata German, English summary). Eversm. (Hymenoptera, Melittidae) in the Naturwissenschaften 74(2):53-62. south-western Ukraine. Revue d'Entomol. de Roubik, D., J. Moreno, C. Vergara, and D. Wittmann. l'URSS 66(2):299-301. 1986. Sporadic food competition with the African Rasmont, P. 1986. Pyrobombus jonellus (Kirby) dans la honey bee: projected impact on neotropical social peninsule iberique et les Pyrenees bees. J. Tropical Ecology 2:97-111. (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombinae). Roubik, D. 1987. Notes on the biology of the anthophorid Entomologische Berichten 46:185-189. bee Tetrapedia and the mite Chaetodactylus Rasmont, P., A. Scholl, R. De Jonghe, E. Obrecht and A. panamensis Baker, Roubik and Delfinado-Baker Adamski. 1986. Identite et variabilite des (Acari: Chaetodactylidae). Intemat. J. Acarol. males de bourdons du genre Bombus Latreille 13(1):75-76.

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Roubik, D. and J. Ackerman. 1987. Long-term ecology of oriental Halictine bees of the genus Halictus euglossine orchid bees (Apidae: Euglossini) (Subgenus Seladonia) (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). in Panama. Oecologia 73:321-333. Linzer bioi. Beitr. 19:301-357. Roubik, D., B. Smith, and R. Carlson. 1987. Formic acid in Sakagami, S. and S. Khoo. 1987. Taxonomic status of the caustic cephalic secretions of stingless bee, Malesian stingless bee Trigona reepeni with Oxytrigona (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J. Chern. discovery of Trigona pagdeni from northern Ecol. 13:1079-1086. Malaya. Kontyu 55(2):207-214. Rozen, J.G., Jr. 1986. Survey of the number of ovarioles in Sakagami, S. and C. Michener. 1987. Tribes of various taxa of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Xylocopinae and origin of the Apidae Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 88(4):707-710. (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Rozen, J.G., Jr. 1986. The natural history of the old world Amer. 80:439-450. Nomadine parasitic bee Pasites maculatus Sakagami, S. and S. Yamane. 1987. Oviposition behavior (Anthophoridae: Nomadinae) and its host and related notes of the Taiwanese stingless Pseudapis diversipes (Halictidae: Nomiinae). bee Trigona (Lepidotrigona) ventralis hoomna Amer. Mus. Novitates 2861:1-8. Ethology 5(1):17-27. Rozen, J.G., Jr. and B. Rozen. 1986. Bionomics of Salmah, S., T. Inoue, P. Mardius and S. Sakagami. 1987. crepuscular bees associated with the plant Incubation period and post-emergence Psorothamnus scoparius (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). pigmentation in the Sumatran stingless bee, J. New York Entomol. Soc. 94(4):472-479. Trigona (Trigonella) moorei Kontyu 55(3):383-390. Rozen, J.G., Jr. and R. Snelling. 1986. Ethology of the bee Sapaev, E. 1987. Cytological and ultrastructural Exomalopsis nitens and its cleptoparasite characteristics of the fat body of the prepupa (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). J. New York Megachile centuncularis Vestn. Zool. (1):75-80. Entomol. Soc. 94(4):480-488. Sarazin, M. 1986. Primary types of Aculeata Rozen, J.G., Jr. 1987. Nesting biology and immature (Hymenoptera) in the Canadian National stages of a new species in the bee genus Collection. Canadian Entomol. 118:287-318. Hesperapis (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Melittidae, Schlessman, M. 1986. Floral protogyny self-compatibility Dasypondinae). Amer. Mus. Novit. (2887):1-14. and the pollination of Ourisia macrocarpa Rozen, J.G., Jr. and R. Ayala. 1987. Nesting biology of the Scrophulariaceae. N.Z. J. Bot. 24(4):651-656. squash bee Peponapis utahensis (Hymenoptera; Schluter, D. 1986. Character displacement between Anthophoridae; Eucerini). J. New York Entomol. distantly related taxa? Finches and bees in the Soc. 95(1):28-33. Galapagos. American Nat. 127(1): 95-102. Rust, R., A. Menke, and D. Miller. 1986. A biogeographic Schmidt, J. and S. Buchmann. 1986. Floral biology of comparison of the bees, sphecid wasps, and the saguaro (Cereus giganteus) I. Pollen harvest mealybugs of the California Channel Islands by Apis mellifera Oecologia 69:491-498. (Hymenoptera, Homoptera), pp. 29-59, in S. Schmidt, J. and P. Schmidt.1986. A nesting aggregation Miller and A. Menke, (Eds.) The California of I.asioglossum kinabaluense Michener in Islands. Borneo (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). J. Kansas Rust, R. 1987. Collecting of Pinus (Pinaceae) pollen by Entomol. Soc. 59(4):672-674. Osmia bees (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Schneider, N. 1986. Tur an Tur mit den Wildbienen. Livre Environ. Entomol. 16(3):668-671. D'or Du Centenaire 1886-1986. Federation Sakagami, S. andY. Maeta. 1987. Sociality, induced des unions d'apiculteurs du grand-duche de and/or natural, in the basically solitary small Luxembourg. 152-157. carpenter bees (Ceratina). In Animal Societies: Schneider, N. 1987. Unbekannte Blutenbestauber. Les Theories and Facts. Y. Ito, J. Brown and J. Amis de Ia Fleur, Bertrange: 47-53. Kikkawa (Eds). pp. 1-16. Japan Sci. Soc. Press, Schneider, N. and J. Leclercq. 1987. Nidification d'une Tokyo. guepe solitaire (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae) Sakagami, S. and Y. Maeta. 1987. Multifemale nests and dans un rayon d'une abeille sociale (Hym. rudimentary castes of an "almost" solitary Apidae). L'Entomologiste 42(5):2. bee Ceratina flavipes, with additional Schousboe, C. 1986. On the biology of Scutacarus observations on multifemale nests of Ceratina acarorum Goeze (Acarina: Trombidiformes). japonica (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Kontyu Acarologia 27(2):151-158. 55(3):391-409. Schwarz, M. 1986. Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen der Sakagami, S. and A. Ebmer. 1987. Taxonomic notes on von Zetterstedt 1838 in Insecta Lapponica

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beschriebenen Nomada arten (Hymenoptera, Smith, B. 1987. Effects of genealogical relationship and Apoidea). Entomofauna Zeitschrift fur colony age on the dominance hierarchy in the Entomologie 7(33):445-450. primitively eusocial bee Lasioglossum zephyrum. Schwarz, M. 1986. Zur Kenntnis der Gattung Nomada Anim. Behav. 35:211-217. scopoli. 2. (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Smith, B. and M. Ayasse. 1987. Kin-based male mating Entomofauna Zeitschrift fur Entomologie preferences in two species of halictine bee. 7(34):453-467. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 20:313-318. Schwarz, M. 1986. Revision der Nomada arlen der Snelling, R. 1987. A revision of the bee genus Sammlung C. G. Thomson (Hymenoptera, Aztecanthidium (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Apoidea). Entomofauna Zeitschrift fur Pan. Pac. Entomol. 63(2):165-171. Entomologie 7(35):469-484. Snow, A. and D. Roubik. 1987. Pollen deposition and Schwarz, M. 1986. Zwei neue, europaische Nomada arlen removal by bees visiting two tree species in (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Entomofauna Panama. Biotropica 19(1):57-63. Zeitschrift fur Entomologie 7(32):433-442. Soltz, R. 1987. Interspecific competition and resource Schwarz, M. 1986. Zur Klarung der Nomenklatur und utilization between bumblebees. Southwest. Synonymie der Nomada pusilla Lepeletier, 1841 Nat. 32(1):39-52. (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Entomofauna Southwick, E. 1987. Cooperative metabolism in honey Zeitschrift fur Entomologie 7(31):425-430. bees: an alternative to antifreeze and Schwarz, M. 1986. Persistent multi-female nests in an hibernation. J. Thermal Bioi. 12:155-158. Australian Allodapine bee Exoneura bicolor Southwick, E. and G. Heldmaier. 1987. Temperature (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Insectes Soc. control in honey bee colonies. Bioscience 37:395- 33(3):258-277. 399. Schwarz, M. 1987. Beitrag zur Klarung einiger von F. Southwick, E. and R. Moritz. 1987. Effects of Morawitz beschriebener Nomada arlen meteorological factors on defensive behavior of Entomofauna 8:237-247. honey bees. Internat. J. Biometeorology 31(3): Scobiola-Palade, X. 1986. L'historique de la colection 256-261. d'hymenopteres museum d'histoire naturelle Southwick, E. and R. Moritz. 1987. Social control of (Grigore Antipa) de Bucarest. Trav. Mus. Hist. ventilation in honey bee colonies. J. Insect nat. (Grigore Antipa) Bucarest 28:311-315. Physiol. 33:623-626. Scott-Dupree, C. and M. Winston. 1987. Wild bee Southwick, E. and R. Moritz. 1987. Social population diversity and abundance in orchard synchronization of circadian rhythms of and uncultivated habitats in the Okanagan metabolism in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Valley British Columbia, Canada. Can. Entomol. Physiol. Entomol. 12:209-212. 119(7-8):735-746. Starr, C. K. and Sakagami, S.F. 1987. An extraordinary Shanks, S. 1986. A revision of the Neotropical bee genus concentration of stingless bee colonies in the Osiris (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Philippines, with notes on nest structure Wasmann J. Biol. 44(1-2):1-56. (Hymentoptera: Apidae: Trigona spp.) Insectes Shao-Wen, L., M. Yu-Pin, J. Chang, L. Ju-Huai, H. Shao­ Sociaux, Paris 1 Yu and K. Bang-Yu. 1986. A comparative Stevanovic, A. and M. Demajo. 1985. Material for the study of esterase isozymes in six species of Apis bumble-bee fauna (Bombinae, Apoidea, Hym.) and nine genera of Apoidea. J. Apic. Res. of Yugoslavia. Glasnik Prirodnjckog Muzeja U 25(3):129-133. Beogradu. 40:189-190. Sherman, H. 1987. Wild bees make money not honey. Stort, A., M. Moraes and N. Barelli. 1987. Scanning Agric. Res. US Dept. Agric. Res. Ser. electron microscope observations on the head of 35(7):10-12. Scaptotrigona postica workers (Hymenoptera: Sihag, R. 1986. Reproduction in alfalfa pollinating sub­ Apidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 60(1):162-166. tropical megachilid bees. 5. Effect of different Szczepanik, M. 1986. The influence of the life conditions feeding conditions on the ovarian recrudescence of bees on the occurrence of Galleria mellonella L. and haemolymph protein synthesis. based on observations in the Piotrkow Kujawski Zoologischer Anz. 217(1-2):89-102. region Poland. Acta Univ. Nicolai Copernici Bioi. Sihag, R. 1986. Why does the alfalfa pollinating sub­ 30:19-32. tropical bee Megachile flavipes make false Tadauchi, 0. andY. Hirashima. 1987. Descriptions of two nesting? Zoologischer Anz. 217(3-4):228-233. new species and one unrecorded female of

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the genus Andrena from Japan (Hymenoptera, Soc. Amer. 79(3): 434-447. Andrenidae). Esakia 25:133-139. Torchio, P., E. Asensio and R. Thorp. 1987. Introduction Tadauchi, 0., Y. Hirashima, and T. Matsumura. 1987. of the European bee Osmia cornuta into Synopsis of Andrena (And rena) of Japan California USA almond orchards (Hymenoptera, (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae) Part I. J. Fac. Agric. Megachilidae). Environ. Entomol. 16(3):664-667. Kyushu Univ. 31(1-2):11-35. Tsuneki, K. 1986. New species and subspecies of the Tadauchi, 0., Y. Hirashima, and T. Matsumura. 1987. aculeate hymenoptera from East Asia, with Synopsis of Andrena (And rena) of Japan some synonyms, specific remarks and (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae) Part II. J. Fac. Agric. distributional data. Special Pub. Japan Kyushu Univ. 31(1-2):37-54. Hymenop. Assoc. 32:1-60. Tanacs, L. and Z. Jozan. 1986. The Apoidea Utarni, N. 1986. Pollination in Metroxylon sagu Berita. (Hymenoptera) fauna of the Kiskunsag national Bioi. 3(5):229-231. park. Natural Hist. Natn. Pks. Hung. 4:401-425. Vanni, S., L. Bartolozzi, and S. Whitman-Mascherini. Tepedino, V. and F. Parker. 1986. Effect of rearing 1986. Cataloghi del Museo Zoologico temperature on mortality, second-generation <> Dell'Universita di Firenze. II. emergence, and size of adult in Megachile Insecta Hymenoptera: Tipi. Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). J. Econ. Nat. Mem., Serle B 92:119-131. Entomol. 79(4): 974-977. Velthuis, H. 1987. The evolution of sociality: ultimate and Tepedino, V. and F. Parker. 1986. The relationship proximate factors leading to primitive social between cocoon weight and prepupal weight in behavior in carpenter bees. Behavior in social Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: insects. Experientia Supplementum 54:405-430. Megachilidae). Pan. Pac. Entomol. 62(4):289-292. Vielfalt, B. 1987. Bienen und wespen. Landesmuseums Tepedino, V. and M. Stackhouse. 1987. Bee visitors of Linz Kataloge Neue Folge Nr. 10 120 pp. sweetvetch, Hedysarum boreale boreale Vinson, S., G. Frankie, and R. Coville. 1987. Nesting (Leguminosae), and their pollenTriepeolus and Anthophora with a prospectus of Wcislo, W. 1987. The role of learning in the mating Nomadine classification (Hymenoptera: biology of a sweat bee Lasioglossum zephyrum Anthophoridae). Annals Entomol. Soc. Amer. (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Behav. Ecol. 79(4):588-596. Sociobiol. 20:179-185. Torchio, P. and G. Trostle. 1986. Biological notes on Wcislo, W. 1987. The roles of seasonality, host synchrony Anthophora urbana urbana and its parasite and behavior in the evolutions and distributions Xeromelecta californica (Hymenoptera: of nest parasites in Hymenoptera (Insecta) with Anthophoridae), including descriptions of late special reference to bees (Apoidea). Bioi. Rev. embryogenesis and hatching. Annals Entomol. Camb. Philos. Soc. 63(3):515-544.

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Werren, J. 1987. Labile sex ratios in wasps and bees. from peninsular Malaysia. Comp. Biochem. Bioscience 37(7): 498-506. Physiol. 83B(3):627-628. Westrich, P. 1986. Wildbienen-Schutz in Dorf und Stadt. Yong, H., S. Khoo, R. Sarjan andY. Tho. 1987. Glucose Arbeitsblatter zumNaturschutz 1:1-23. phosphate isomerase, malate dehydrogenase Westrich, P. and K. Schmidt. 1986. Methoden und and isocitrate dehydrogenase allozyme variation anwendungsgebiete der Pollenanalyse bei in the stingless bee, Trigona (Tetragonua) Wildbienen (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Linzer fuscobalteata (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apidae), Bioi. Beitr. 18(2):341-360. from peninsular Malaysia. Comp. Biochem. Westrich, P. and K. Schmidt. 1987. Pollenanalyse, ein Physiol. 87(3):465-467. hilfsmittel beim studium des sammelverhaltens Young, A. 1986. Presence of an orchid bee (Euglossa sp.) von wildbienen (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). nest and an ant (Crematogaster Iimata palans) Apidologie 18(2):199-214. nest in a cacao pod (Theobroma cacao) Williams, H., M. Strand, G. Elzen, S. Vinson and S. (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Formicidae, Resp.). Merritt. 1986. Nesting behavior, nest architecture, Entomol. News 97(4):156-162. and use of Dufour's gland lipids in nest Zanden, G. van der. 1986. Die palaarktischen Arten der provisioning by Megachile integra and M. Gattung Lithurgus. Latreille, 1825 mendica mendica (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae). Mitt. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 59(4):588-597. Zool. Mus. Berl. 62:53-59. Williams, H., S. Vinson, and G. Frankie. 1987. Chemical Zanden, G. van der. 1986. Studies of some little-known content of the dorsal mesosomal gland of two Osmia and Megachile species with a description Xylocopa species (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) of two new taxa (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, from Costa Rica. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Megachilidae). Reichenbachia 24(1-13):65-74. 86(2):311-312. Zanden, G. van der. 1986. Untersuchungen an einigen Williams, P. 1986. Environmental change and the wenig bekannten Osmia und Megachile-Arten, distributions of British bumble bees (Bombus mit Beschreibung zweier neuer Taxa Latr.). Bee World 67(2):50-61. (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Megachilidae). Wolda, H. and D. Roubik. 1986. Nocturnal bee Reichenbachia 24(7):65-74. abundance and seasonal bee activity in a Zanden, G. van der and I. Matache. 1986. Family Panamanian forest. Ecology 67(2):426-433. Megachilidae (Hymenoptera) in the collections Wolf, H. 1986. Ein Zwitter Von Lasioglossum morio of the "Grigore Antipa" Natural History (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Halictidae). Museum. Travaux du Museum d'Histoire Linzer bioi. Beitr. 18(1):1-4. naturelle Grigore Antipa 28:65-78. Wolf, H. 1987. Ein zwitter von Lasioglossum fulvicorne Zanden, G. van der. 1987. Einige Bienen aus Sudarabien. (Kirby) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Halictidae). Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 63(2):331-332. Linzer bioi. Beitr. 19(1):27-28. Zerova, M. and L. Romasenko. 1986. Chalcidoids Wolf, H. 1987. Zwitter von Sphecodes geofrellus (Kirby) (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) as the parasites of und Sphecodes rufiventris (Panzer) leaf-cutting bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea, Apidae). Linzer bioi. in the fauna of the USSR. Zool. ZH 65(11):1631- Beitr. 19(2):299-300. 1643. Wu, Y. 1986. A study of the genus Micrapis (Apidae). Zimmerman, M. and G. Pyke. 1986. Reproduction in Zool. Res. 7:99-102. Polemonium Patterns and implications of floral Yong, H. 1986. Allozyme variation in the stingless bee nectar protection and standing crops. Amer. J. Trigona fuscobalteata (Hymenoptera, Apidae) Bot. 73(10):1405-1415.

*** Mary Jo Molineaux (Smithsonian Department of Entomology) helped proofread this issue of Melissa and provided assistance on a variety of technical matters. The Editors greatly appreciate and acknowledge her help.

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