DOCSLIB.ORG

A Review of the Neotropical Genera Amalophyllon

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Review of the Neotropical Genera Amalophyllon Selbyana 29(2): 157–176. 2008. AREVIEW OF THE NEOTROPICAL GENERA AMALOPHYLLON, NIPHAEA, AND PHINAEA (GESNERIACEAE-GLOXINIEAE) JOHN K. BOGGAN* National Museum of Natural History, Dept. of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. Email: [email protected] LAURENCE E. SKOG National Museum of Natural History, Dept. of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA; Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Sarasota, FL 34236-7726, USA. ERIC H. ROALSON School of Biological Sciences and Center for Integrated Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA. ABSTRACT. Previous molecular and morphological studies have revealed that the genus Phinaea (Gesne- riaceae-Gloxinieae) as circumscribed until now is polyphyletic. On the basis of these studies Phinaea s.s. is restricted to three species. Amalophyllon, originally described in Scrophulariaceae, is here recognized as a member of Gesneriaceae and as the first available generic name for the majority of the species previously included in Phinaea. An emended description of Amalophyllon is provided and the frequently confused genera Amalophyllon, Phinaea, and Niphaea are contrasted and the differences between them clarified. Eight species are transferred to Amalophyllon: A. albiflorum, A. caripense, A. divaricatum, A. laceratum, A. macrophyllum, A. repens, A. roezlii, and A. rubidum. Lectotypes are designated for two names, Niphaea parviflora and Napeanthus repens. Three new species, Amalophyllon clarkii, A. macrophylloides, and Ni- phaea pumila, are described. A key to the genera and species and lists of the currently known taxa for all three genera are provided. Key words: Gesneriaceae, Gesnerioideae, Gloxinieae, Scrophulariaceae, Amalophyllon, Niphaea, Phinaea INTRODUCTION and the taxonomic affinity of several taxa has remained uncertain. Morton (1937) observed, The neotropical genera Niphaea Lindl. and ‘‘Phinaea is one of the least known genera of Phinaea Benth. comprise species of small herbs Gesneriaceae. Seven species have been de- with subrotate white corollas and have been con- scribed, but most of these are known from single fused through much of their taxonomic history. specimens only.’’ More recent estimates of the Lindley (1841, 1842) described Niphaea with a number of species of Phinaea have ranged from single species, N. oblonga Lindl., and several ca. six (Skog 1979) to 16ϩ (Burtt & Wiehler additional species were subsequently described 1995, Wiehler 2002c). by other authors. Bentham (1876) segregated in Fritsch (1893–1894) classified Niphaea and the new genus Phinaea several of these species Phinaea with the Caribbean genus Bellonia L. that differed from N. oblonga in having stamen in tribe Bellonieae. Species of all three genera filaments longer (rather than shorter) than the have rotate to subrotate white corollas that are anthers and anther cells with distinct (as op- thought to have converged on a vibrational or posed to confluent) locules. On the basis of these ‘‘buzz’’ pollination syndrome (Wiehler 2002b). characters, most Niphaea species were subse- The genera of Bellonieae were included in an quently transferred to Phinaea (Hemsley 1882, expanded tribe Gloxinieae by Wiehler (1983), Fritsch 1893–1894, Solereder 1909, Morton although not necessarily as close relatives 1957). Other species transferred to Phinaea (Wiehler omitted any descriptions or discussions were originally described in the genera Trevi- of these genera). This position, however, was not rana Willd. (Poeppig 1840) and Napeanthus supported by Xu and Skog (1990), who contin- Gardner (Donnell Smith 1901, Brandegee 1914). ued to consider these three genera in the Bello- Although the distinction between Niphaea and nieae. Recent molecular analyses (Smith et al. Phinaea was discussed at length by Solereder 2004, Roalson et al. 2005a, Roalson et al. 2008) (1909), the two genera have remained confused suggest that Bellonia is better placed in tribe Gesnerieae, but Niphaea and Phinaea are best * Corresponding author. placed in tribe Gloxinieae. Further, the segre- 157 158SELBYANA Volume 29(2) 2008 TABLE 1. Characters distinguishing the three genera, Niphaea, Phinaea, and Amalophyllon. Character Niphaea Phinaea Amalophyllon Number of species 4 3-4 13ϩ Distribution Central America Central America, South Central America, South America, West Indies America Chromosome no. N ϭ 11 N ϭ 13 N ϭ 13, 26 Petiolation distinctly petiolate distinctly petiolate to subses- distinctly petiolate to subses- sile sile Leaf pairs (sub)equal (sub)equal subequal to unequal Leaf shape ovate to elliptic ovate to elliptic elliptic to lanceolate Leaf veins (color) never silvery sometimes silvery never silvery Leaf veins (number) (2–)5–7 pairs 4–6 pairs (4–)6–10ϩ pairs Corolla symmetry rotate to subrotate subrotate to slightly zygo- rotate to subrotate morphic Corolla color white white white or (rarely) pink Nectary absent annular absent Stamen filament length shorter than anthers longer than anthers longer than anthers Stamen filament curva- not curved curved curved ture Anther (thecae) shape oblong subglobose subglobose Anther thecae diver- parallel divergent divergent gence Ovary position half inferior half inferior half inferior to almost supe- rior Pedicel posture erect in fruit erect in fruit usually curved in fruit Capsule apex rostrate not rostrate not rostrate Capsule texture (at de- dry, lignified fleshy, poorly lignified dry, membranous hiscence) Valve dehiscence opening slightly spreading broadly opening slightly Valve trichomes present absent absent Seeds falling freely sticky, adhering to valves falling freely gation of Niphaea and Phinaea has been sup- 2008). However, further molecular and morpho- ported by molecular and morphological analyses logical analyses (see below) have shown Amalo- (Zimmer et al. 2002, Smith et al. 2004, Roalson phyllon rupestre Brandegee, the type species of the et al. 2005a), and these analyses do not support monotypic genus Amalophyllon Brandegee and a close relationship between the two genera as originally described in Scrophulariaceae (Brande- suggested by some authors (Fritsch 1893–1894, gee 1914), to belong to this group of Phinaea spe- Skog 1979). cies. We have therefore applied that generic name One unexpected result of these analyses (partic- to this group. Niphaea is closely related to neither ularly Roalson et al. 2005a, Roalson et al. 2008) Phinaea nor Amalophyllon; it is one of several is that two phylogenetically and morphologically Central American lineages in a polytomy at the distinct groups of species have been included in a base of the tribe with the Central American genera polyphyletic Phinaea. Although both groups nest Moussonia Regel, Achimenes Pers., Solenophora within Gloxinieae, these two groups are not close- Benth., Eucodonia Hanst., and Smithiantha Kuntze ly related to each other, and neither group is close- (Roalson et al. 2005a), or placed in a clade with ly related to Niphaea. The type species of Phinaea, the genera Eucodonia, Moussonia, and Smithian- P. albolineata (Hook.) Benth. ex Hemsl., belongs tha sister to the South American Gloxinieae clade to a clade containing Diastema Benth., Monopyle (Zimmer et al. 2002, Roalson et al. 2008). Moritz ex Benth., and several species previously Species of Niphaea, Phinaea, and Amalo- included in Gloxinia L’He´r. s.l. and later trans- phyllon are all small weak-stemmed herbs bear- ferred to the genera Gloxiniopsis Roalson & Bog- ing scaly rhizomes and small white flowers with gan, Nomopyle Roalson & Boggan, and Gloxinella rotate to subrotate corollas. Bellonia, while sim- (H.E.Moore) Roalson & Boggan (Roalson et al. ilar in floral morphology, is a woody shrub and 2005b). The other sampled species of Phinaea do lacks scaly rhizomes. Although superficially not appear to have any close relatives within the similar, closer examination of Niphaea, Phinaea, tribe, at least as it has been sampled so far (Smith and Amalophyllon has shown them to be distinct et al. 2004, Roalson et al. 2005a, Roalson et al. in several characters (TABLE 1). Species of all BOGGAN ET AL.: AMALOPHYLLON REVIEW 159 three genera tend to be geographically restricted, Phinaea, and Amalophyllon. Intergeneric hy- widely separated from each other, and poorly brids have been documented between Niphaea collected. Phinaea has an especially interesting and Achimenes (Worley 1979, 1997, 2002; distribution: the three known species are widely Wiehler 1983; Dates 1986) and between Phi- disjunct (Mexico, Colombia/northern Brazil, W. naea and Diastema (Martens 1996). Purported Indies) although any mechanisms for long-dis- hybrids between Niphaea and Amalophyllon (as tance dispersal are unknown; the fruits are sim- Phinaea), Niphaea and Eucodonia, Niphaea and ilar to the ‘‘splash cup’’ fruits described for Gloxinella (as Gloxinia), and Niphaea and Smi- some Gesneria species (Skog 1976). In contrast, thiantha (Worley 1997, 2002) are not well doc- the genus Niphaea is restricted to Mexico and umented. The nomenclature of nothogeneric Guatemala. Species of Amalophyllon cover a taxa involving these genera has been discussed wide geographic range in Central and South by Roalson and Boggan (2006). America and are discussed in more detail below. The purposes of this paper are to (1) recog- Following Bentham (1876), Phinaea has tradi- nize Amalophyllon as a member of Gesneri- tionally been separated from Niphaea on the ba- aceae; (2) provide a complete generic descrip- sis of floral characters: Niphaea with anther cells tion of Amalophyllon,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Keene, Jeremy 11-21-13
    A Reassessment of Monopyle (Gloxinieae:Gesneriaceae) A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Jeremy L. Keene December 2013 © 2013 Jeremy L. Keene. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled A Reassessment of Monopyle (Gloxinieae: Gesneriaceae) by JEREMY L. KEENE has been approved for the Department of Environmental and Plant Biology and the College of Arts and Sciences by Harvey E. Ballard, Jr. Associate Professor of Environmental and Plant Biology Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT KEENE, JEREMY L., Ph.D., December 2013, Environmental and Plant Biology A Reassessment of Monopyle (Gloxinieae: Gesneriaceae) Director of Dissertation: Harvey E. Ballard, Jr. Monopyle Moritz ex Benth. is a genus of herbs or suffrutescent herbs distributed from Guatemala southward into northern South America. This assemblage of plants is characterized by the presence of anisophyllous leaves, uncinate trichomes, and campanulate flowers. The genus was last revised in 1945 by Conrad Morton. Since that time, few additional taxa have been recognized. It was comprised of 22 described species in 2011, with two infraspecific taxa. Also, there has been limited sampling of this genus for phylogenetic studies to assess the evolution of the genus. There were two primary foci of this research, a morphological characterization of the species within Monopyle and molecular analyses of the species within Monopyle and other closely related genera. A detailed morphological analysis was performed to determine the morphological differentiation between taxa. This analysis also confirmed which diagnostic characters identified in previous studies were valid and useful.
    [Show full text]
  • SOUTHERN COSTA RICA 367 Parque Internacional La Amistad Reserva Indígena Boruca Cerro Chirripó Los Cusingos Bird Sanctuary Los Quetzales Parque Nacional
    © Lonely Planet Publications 366 lonelyplanet.com 367 SOUTHERN COSTA RICA Southern Costa Rica In southern Costa Rica, the Cordillera de Talamanca descends dramatically into agricultural lowlands that are carpeted with sprawling plantations of coffee beans, bananas and Afri- can palms. Here, campesinos (farmers) work their familial lands, maintaining an agricultural tradition that has been passed on through the generations. While the rest of Costa Rica adapts to the recent onslaught of package tourism and soaring foreign investment, life in the southern zone remains constant, much as it has for centuries. In a country where little pre-Columbian influence remains, southern Costa Rica is where you’ll find the most pronounced indigenous presence. Largely confined to private reservations, the region is home to large populations of Bribrí, Cabécar and Boruca, who are largely succeed- ing in maintaining their traditions while the rest of the country races toward globalization. Costa Rica’s well-trodden gringo trail seems to have bypassed the southern zone, though this isn’t to say that the region doesn’t have any tourist appeal. On the contrary, southern Costa Rica is home to the country’s single largest swath of protected land, namely Parque Internacional La Amistad. Virtually unexplored, this national park extends across the border into Panama and is one of Central America’s last true wilderness areas. And while Monteverde is the country’s most iconic cloud forest, southern Costa Rica offers many equally enticing opportunities to explore this mystical habitat. If you harbor any hope of spotting the elusive resplendent quetzal, you can start by looking in the cloud forest in Parque Nacional Los Quetzales.
    [Show full text]
  • Temporal and Spatial Origin of Gesneriaceae in the New World Inferred from Plastid DNA Sequences
    bs_bs_banner Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 171, 61–79. With 3 figures Temporal and spatial origin of Gesneriaceae in the New World inferred from plastid DNA sequences MATHIEU PERRET1*, ALAIN CHAUTEMS1, ANDRÉA ONOFRE DE ARAUJO2 and NICOLAS SALAMIN3,4 1Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Ch. de l’Impératrice 1, CH-1292 Chambésy, Switzerland 2Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Santa Adélia, 166, Bairro Bangu, Santo André, Brazil 3Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 4Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Received 15 December 2011; revised 3 July 2012; accepted for publication 18 August 2012 Gesneriaceae are represented in the New World (NW) by a major clade (c. 1000 species) currently recognized as subfamily Gesnerioideae. Radiation of this group occurred in all biomes of tropical America and was accompanied by extensive phenotypic and ecological diversification. Here we performed phylogenetic analyses using DNA sequences from three plastid loci to reconstruct the evolutionary history of Gesnerioideae and to investigate its relationship with other lineages of Gesneriaceae and Lamiales. Our molecular data confirm the inclusion of the South Pacific Coronanthereae and the Old World (OW) monotypic genus Titanotrichum in Gesnerioideae and the sister-group relationship of this subfamily to the rest of the OW Gesneriaceae. Calceolariaceae and the NW genera Peltanthera and Sanango appeared successively sister to Gesneriaceae, whereas Cubitanthus, which has been previously assigned to Gesneriaceae, is shown to be related to Linderniaceae. Based on molecular dating and biogeographical reconstruction analyses, we suggest that ancestors of Gesneriaceae originated in South America during the Late Cretaceous.
    [Show full text]
  • This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Molecular Species Delimitation, Taxonomy and Biogeography of Sri Lankan Gesneriaceae Subhani Wathsala Ranasinghe Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 2017 Declaration I hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own unless otherwise acknowledged and cited. This thesis has not in whole or in part been previously presented for any degree Subhani Wathsala Ranasinghe 24th January 2017. i Abstract The plant family Gesneriaceae is represented in Sri Lanka by six genera: Aeschynanthus, Epithema, Championia, Henckelia, Rhynchoglossum and Rhynchotechum, with 13 species (plus one subspecies/variety) of which ten are endemic including the monotypic genus Championia, according to the last revision in 1981. They are exclusively distributed in undisturbed habitats, and some have high ornamental value. The species are morphologically diverse, but face a problem of taxonomic delineation, which is further complicated by the presence of putative hybrids.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects
    NINE Phylum ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects ROD P. MACFARLANE, PETER A. MADDISON, IAN G. ANDREW, JOCELYN A. BERRY, PETER M. JOHNS, ROBERT J. B. HOARE, MARIE-CLAUDE LARIVIÈRE, PENELOPE GREENSLADE, ROSA C. HENDERSON, COURTenaY N. SMITHERS, RicarDO L. PALMA, JOHN B. WARD, ROBERT L. C. PILGRIM, DaVID R. TOWNS, IAN McLELLAN, DAVID A. J. TEULON, TERRY R. HITCHINGS, VICTOR F. EASTOP, NICHOLAS A. MARTIN, MURRAY J. FLETCHER, MARLON A. W. STUFKENS, PAMELA J. DALE, Daniel BURCKHARDT, THOMAS R. BUCKLEY, STEVEN A. TREWICK defining feature of the Hexapoda, as the name suggests, is six legs. Also, the body comprises a head, thorax, and abdomen. The number A of abdominal segments varies, however; there are only six in the Collembola (springtails), 9–12 in the Protura, and 10 in the Diplura, whereas in all other hexapods there are strictly 11. Insects are now regarded as comprising only those hexapods with 11 abdominal segments. Whereas crustaceans are the dominant group of arthropods in the sea, hexapods prevail on land, in numbers and biomass. Altogether, the Hexapoda constitutes the most diverse group of animals – the estimated number of described species worldwide is just over 900,000, with the beetles (order Coleoptera) comprising more than a third of these. Today, the Hexapoda is considered to contain four classes – the Insecta, and the Protura, Collembola, and Diplura. The latter three classes were formerly allied with the insect orders Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish) as the insect subclass Apterygota (‘wingless’). The Apterygota is now regarded as an artificial assemblage (Bitsch & Bitsch 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • Palinotaxonomia De Espécies Brasileiras De Gesneriaceae, Com Ênfase Nas Ocorrentes No Estado De São Paulo
    EDUARDO CUSTÓDIO GASPARINO Palinotaxonomia de espécies brasileiras de Gesneriaceae, com ênfase nas ocorrentes no Estado de São Paulo Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de DOUTOR em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Vasculares em Análises Ambientais. SÃO PAULO 2008 EDUARDO CUSTÓDIO GASPARINO Palinotaxonomia de espécies brasileiras de Gesneriaceae, com ênfase nas ocorrentes no Estado de São Paulo Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de DOUTOR em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Vasculares em Análises Ambientais. ORIENTADORA: DRA. MARIA AMÉLIA VITORINO DA CRUZ-BARROS CO-ORIENTADOR: DR. ALAIN CHAUTEMS Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Seção de Biblioteca do Instituto de Botânica Gasparino, Eduardo Custódio G249p Palinotaxonomia de espécies brasileiras de Gesneriaceae, com ênfase nas ocorrentes no Estado de São Paulo / Eduardo Custódio Gasparino -- São Paulo, 2008. 197 p.il. Tese (Doutorado) -- Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, 2008 Bibliografia. 1. Pólen. 2. Palinotaxonomia. 3. Gesneriaceae. I. Título CDU : 581.33 Alfa, Ômega... princípio e fim, sim Ele é... sim Ele é.... Lírio dos vales, estrela da manhã, para sempre cantarei o Seu amor!!! À Ele a glória, À Ele o louvor, à Ele o domínio... Ele é o Senhor Aos meus pais, Luzia Custódia Pereira Gasparino e Francisco Gasparino, dedico. À minha Orientadora Dra. Maria Amélia Obrigado por todos os ensinamentos, pela amizade, dedicação e pela orientação de todos estes anos e em especial nesta Tese.
    [Show full text]
  • Rock Garden Quarterly
    ROCK GARDEN QUARTERLY VOLUME 53 NUMBER 1 WINTER 1995 COVER: Aquilegia scopulorum with vespid wasp by Cindy Nelson-Nold of Lakewood, Colorado All Material Copyright © 1995 North American Rock Garden Society ROCK GARDEN QUARTERLY BULLETIN OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ROCK GARDEN SOCIETY formerly Bulletin of the American Rock Garden Society VOLUME 53 NUMBER 1 WINTER 1995 FEATURES Alpine Gesneriads of Europe, by Darrell Trout 3 Cassiopes and Phyllodoces, by Arthur Dome 17 Plants of Mt. Hutt, a New Zealand Preview, by Ethel Doyle 29 South Africa: Part II, by Panayoti Kelaidis 33 South African Sampler: A Dozen Gems for the Rock Garden, by Panayoti Kelaidis 54 The Vole Story, by Helen Sykes 59 DEPARTMENTS Plant Portrait 62 Books 65 Ramonda nathaliae 2 ROCK GARDEN QUARTERLY VOL. 53:1 ALPINE GESNERIADS OF EUROPE by Darrell Trout J. he Gesneriaceae, or gesneriad Institution and others brings the total family, is a diverse family of mostly Gesneriaceae of China to a count of 56 tropical and subtropical plants with genera and about 413 species. These distribution throughout the world, should provide new horticultural including the north and south temper• material for the rock garden and ate and tropical zones. The 125 genera, alpine house. Yet the choicest plants 2850-plus species include terrestrial for the rock garden or alpine house and epiphytic herbs, shrubs, vines remain the European genera Ramonda, and, rarely, small trees. Botanically, Jancaea, and Haberlea. and in appearance, it is not always easy to separate the family History Gesneriaceae from the closely related The family was named for Konrad Scrophulariaceae (Verbascum, Digitalis, von Gesner, a sixteenth century natu• Calceolaria), the Orobanchaceae, and ralist.
    [Show full text]
  • DRAFT Environmental Profile the Republic Costa Rica Prepared By
    Draft Environmental Profile of The Republic of Costa Rica Item Type text; Book; Report Authors Silliman, James R.; University of Arizona. Arid Lands Information Center. Publisher U.S. Man and the Biosphere Secretariat, Department of State (Washington, D.C.) Download date 26/09/2021 22:54:13 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228164 DRAFT Environmental Profile of The Republic of Costa Rica prepared by the Arid Lands Information Center Office of Arid Lands Studies University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 AID RSSA SA /TOA 77 -1 National Park Service Contract No. CX- 0001 -0 -0003 with U.S. Man and the Biosphere Secretariat Department of State Washington, D.C. July 1981 - Dr. James Silliman, Compiler - c /i THE UNITEDSTATES NATION)IL COMMITTEE FOR MAN AND THE BIOSPHERE art Department of State, IO /UCS ria WASHINGTON. O. C. 2052C An Introductory Note on Draft Environmental Profiles: The attached draft environmental report has been prepared under a contract between the U.S. Agency for International Development(A.I.D.), Office of Science and Technology (DS /ST) and the U.S. Man and the Bio- sphere (MAB) Program. It is a preliminary review of information avail- able in the United States on the status of the environment and the natural resources of the identified country and is one of a series of similar studies now underway on countries which receive U.S. bilateral assistance. This report is the first step in a process to develop better in- formation for the A.I.D. Mission, for host country officials, and others on the environmental situation in specific countries and begins to identify the most critical areas of concern.
    [Show full text]
  • Costa Rica Is in Many Ways a Special Country, Which Is Always Smiling and Makes the Concept of “Pure Vida” Its Philosophy of Life
    SECTOR: FOOD INOLASA - Industrial De Oleaginosas Americanas S.A. Costa Rica is in many ways a special country, which is always smiling and makes the concept of “pure vida” its philosophy of life. Who Barranca, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica knows if Christopher Columbus was welcomed with the same spirit back in 1502, when he landed on the splendid beaches of this land www.inolasa.com which, by virtue of its riches, he called “Castilla del Oro”. Centuries later, Costa Rica is today known, as the happiest country in the world and only by living in contact with its nature and its inhabitants can we understand why: lush greenery, picture postcard beaches, pristine Integrated system ECOBLOC® 6-24-6 VMAS landscapes and forests and animals in total freedom, come together with education, rules, safety, bureaucracy, good food and innovation. LWP 30 ERGON wrap around case packer In the field of innovation and investments in new technologies, emerges the role of Inolasa, a leading company in the production and marketing of vegetable oils, soy lecithin and food supplies for animal feed. To expand its production capacity and to meet growing market Conveyors GEO LOCATION demands, Inolasa invested in the installation of a 12,000 bottles per hour production line supplied by SMI, intended for bottling the APS 1035 ERGON palletiser and pallet wrapper Capullo & Doral brand of vegetable oil in PET bottles. Labeller INDUSTRIAL DE OLEAGINOSAS AMERICANAS INOLASA INOLASA I 18 INOLASA I 19 WELCOME TO INOLASA nolasa, or more precisely Industrial De Oleaginosas Americanas S.A., is a leading I company in the production and marketing of vegetable oils, soy lecithin and food supplies for animal feed.
    [Show full text]
  • Earthquake-Induced Landslides in Central America
    Engineering Geology 63 (2002) 189–220 www.elsevier.com/locate/enggeo Earthquake-induced landslides in Central America Julian J. Bommer a,*, Carlos E. Rodrı´guez b,1 aDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2BU, UK bFacultad de Ingenierı´a, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Santafe´ de Bogota´, Colombia Received 30 August 2000; accepted 18 June 2001 Abstract Central America is a region of high seismic activity and the impact of destructive earthquakes is often aggravated by the triggering of landslides. Data are presented for earthquake-triggered landslides in the region and their characteristics are compared with global relationships between the area of landsliding and earthquake magnitude. We find that the areas affected by landslides are similar to other parts of the world but in certain parts of Central America, the numbers of slides are disproportionate for the size of the earthquakes. We also find that there are important differences between the characteristics of landslides in different parts of the Central American isthmus, soil falls and slides in steep slopes in volcanic soils predominate in Guatemala and El Salvador, whereas extensive translational slides in lateritic soils on large slopes are the principal hazard in Costa Rica and Panama. Methods for assessing landslide hazards, considering both rainfall and earthquakes as triggering mechanisms, developed in Costa Rica appear not to be suitable for direct application in the northern countries of the isthmus, for which modified approaches are required. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Landslides; Earthquakes; Central America; Landslide hazard assessment; Volcanic soils 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Alain Chautems1,3, Andréa Onofre De Araujo2 & Isabele
    Rodriguésia 69(3): 1135-1141. 2018 http://rodriguesia.jbrj.gov.br DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860201869321 Flora das cangas da Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brasil: Gesneriaceae Flora of the canga of the Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brazil: Gesneriaceae Alain Chautems1,3, Andréa Onofre de Araujo2 & Isabele Carvalho Maia2 Resumo Foram reconhecidas seis espécies, pertencentes a seis gêneros de Gesneriaceae nas formações de cangas da Serra de Carajás, Pará, Brasil: Diastema, Goyazia, Mandirola, Nautilocalyx, Phinaea e Sinningia. Não foi possível identificar a espécie do material que pertence a Diastema pela escassez de registros deste gênero no Brasil. Sinningia minima é endêmica das cangas da Serra dos Carajás, enquanto os outros táxons têm distribuição ampla e alcançam as Guianas, o noroeste da América do Sul ou o Cerrado no Brasil central. São apresentadas chave de identificação, descrições, ilustrações e distribuição geográfica das espécies, além de comentários gerais sobre os táxons. Palavras-chave: Amazônia, campo rupestre, FLONA de Carajás, taxonomia. Abstract Six species belonging to six genera were recorded for the canga formations of the Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brasil: Diastema, Goyazia, Mandirola, Nautilocalyx, Phinaea and Sinningia. It was not possible to identify the Diastema species due to the lack of known collections in Brazil for this genus. Sinningia minima is endemic to the canga from the Serra dos Carajás, while the other taxa have a wide distribution and reach the Guianas, the Northwest of South America or the Cerrado in central Brazil. Identification key, descriptions, illustrations, geographic distribution and comments on the species are provided. Key words: Amazonia, campo rupestre, Carajás National Forest, taxonomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Typification and Synonymy of the Atlantic Forest Endemic Species Napeanthus Citation: Da Costa-Lima J.L., De Oliveira Chagas E.C
    Journal of Plant Firenze University Press Taxonomy www.fupress.com/webbia WEBBIA and Geography Typification and synonymy of the Atlantic Forest endemic species Napeanthus Citation: da Costa-Lima J.L., de Oliveira Chagas E.C. (2021) Typification primulifolius (Gesneriaceae) and synonymy of the Atlantic Forest endemic species Napeanthus primuli- folius (Gesneriaceae). Webbia. Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Geography 76(1): James Lucas da Costa-Lima*, Earl Celestino de Oliveira Chagas 89-95. doi: 10.36253/jopt-10377 Herbário HUEFS, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil Received: January 25, 2021 *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted: February 13, 2021 Abstract. During the nomenclatural revision of Acanthaceae names described by Friar Published: April 27, 2021 J.M.C. Vellozo in his Florae fluminensis, we realized that Pedicularis acaulis Vell. was conspecific with Napeanthus primulifolius (Gesneriaceae), a Brazilian Atlantic For- Copyright: © 2021 da Costa-Lima J.L., de Oliveira Chagas E.C. This is an open est endemic species. This study presents the complete and updated synonymy of N. access, peer-reviewed article published primulifolius, including two new synonyms: Pedicularis acaulis and Oreocharis notha by Firenze University Press (http:// C.B.Clarke. We also propose a lectotype for N. primulifolius based on G.Raddi’s speci- www.fupress.com/webbia) and distrib- mens and P. acaulis based on Vellozo’s original plate. uted under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which Keywords: Florae fluminensis, Giuseppe Raddi, historical plant collections, Vellozo. permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, pro- vided the original author and source are credited.
    [Show full text]