DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction to Herbicides

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction to Herbicides Weed Management INTRODUCTION TO HERBICIDES Jay G. Varshney and Shobha Sondhia National Research Centre for Weed Science (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Maharajpur, Jabalpur-482004 (M.P), India INTRODUCTION Herbicides are the chemicals which are employed to kill or control vegetation. Common salt, ash, smelter waste etc. have been used for centuries to control weeds, but selective control of weeds in agriculture was first conceived in 1896 in France, when Bordeaux mixture sprayed on grapevines for protecting it from downy mildew damaged certain broadleaf weeds. Soon it was found that cupper sulfate present in the Bordeaux mixture was responsible for its weed killing effect. Herbicides are the fastest growing class in recent year. Between 1989 and 1908 several other inorganic salts such as sodium chlorate, carbon bisulfide, sodium arsenite, kainite, calcium cynamide and sulfuric acid were developed foe non-selective control of perennial weeds. Between 1930 to 1940 some boron compounds, thiocyanates, Dinitrophenols, ammonium sulfate and certain mineral salts were developed for selective and non-selective weed control. The discovery of the herbicidal activity of 2, 4-D (2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) first synthesized in 1941, triggered the development of modern herbicide technology. 2, 4-D proved to be an outstanding herbicide. The commercial success of 2, 4-D led to the development of other herbicides such as MCPA, silvex and 2, 4, 5-T, phenylurea herbicides such as monuron and linuron. It was during the 1950s and 1960s that the modern practices of using relatively low rates of synthetic herbicides for selective weed control in field crops was adopted in developed countries of the world. The introduction of glyphosate a non-selective herbicide in the late 1970’s provided outstanding control of most perennial grasses and many perennial broadleaf weeds. In modern herbicide development, the discovery of novel organic compounds that exhibit phytotoxic properties often lead to the synthesis of related compounds, where chemist attempts to optimize herbicidal activity of the original compound by altering or modifying its chemical structure. Herbicide development in the 1980s was marked by the introduction of selective post-emergence treatments in major crops such as sulfonylureas, imidazolinones and aryloxy phenoxy propionate not only provide excellent selectivity but are used at extremely low dosage. Consequently there are often several herbicides developed within a chemical family that are structurally related and have essentially the same mode of action in plants. However, it cannot be stated exclusively that all members of a chemical family have the same mode of action, as there are a few notable exceptions (Zimdhal, 1993). Herbicides within a chemical family also often vary in selectivity, a result of physico-chemical differences that cause them to behave differently in the soil or plant system. CLASSIFICATION OF HERBICIDES Every herbicide is named in three ways, i) chemical name to describe its chemical structure. The chemical constituent that makes up the herbicide active ingredient can be determined and similarities to other chemicals can be found in this way. ii) trade name to distinguish it from other products and assists in its sale iii) common name, herbicides are manufactured by several companies and each give its product a different trade name. To avoid confusion herbicide also preferred by common name by the Weed Science Society of America. This common name refers to all herbicide products that have the same active ingredients. Herbicides most often are classified according to 1) chemical structure 2) use and 3) effect on plants. Herbicides are also classified according to toxicity or hazard level (Zimdhal, 1993). 2 (A) Classification systems based on chemical structure Classification systems based on chemical structure catalog herbicides by chemical similarities. This classification system is used in the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA). Herbicide Handbook (1994), which provides a brief description of the various herbicides that are used in United States. The primary use, formulations, water solubility and acute oral toxicity for each herbicide is usually provided by this method of classification. Frequently herbicides of the same chemical group have common physiological characteristics that allow on to predict how a new herbicide of the group may be used. Minor difference in chemical structure often led to significant difference in selectivity. Herbicides chemical classification based on carbon atoms is listed below. (1) Inorganic herbicides AMS Copper sulfate Borate (metal) Copper-triethanolamine Borate (octal) Hexaflurate Borax Potassium azide Calcium cynamide Sodium azide Copper chelate Sodium chlorate Copper-ethylenediamine Sulfuric acid (2) Organic herbicides (i) Aliphatics A. Chlorinated acids Dalapon TCA B. Organic arsenicals Cacodylic acid MSMA DSMA MAMA MAA C. Others Acrolein Methyl bromide Allyl alcohol Glyphosate (ii) Amides A. Chloroacetamides Alachlor Metolachlor Butachlor Propachlor CDAA Terbuchlor Dimethenamid B. Other Benzadox Napropamide Butam Naplatam Cisanilide Propanamide Dipheninamid Propanil 3 (iii) Aryloxy phenoxy propionate Diclofop Haloxyfop-P Fenoxaprop-P Quizalofop-P Fluazifop-p (iv) Benzoics Chloramben Dicamba PBA 2,3,6-TBA (v) Bipyridiliums Diquat Paraquat (vi) Carbamates Asulam Desmedipham Barban Phenmedipham Chlorpropham Propham (vi) Cyclohexanedione Sethoxydim Clethodim Tralkoxydim Cycloxidim (vii) Dinitroanilines Benfin Nitralin Butralin Oryzalin Dinitramine Pendimethalin Ethalfluralin Prodiamine Fluchloralin Profluralin Isoproturon Prosulfalin Trifluralin (viii) Diphenyl Ethers Acifluorfen Nitrofen Bifenox Nitrofluorfen Fluorodifen Oxyfluorfen Lactofen Fomesafen (ix) Imidazolines Buthidazole Imazamethabenz Imazapyr Imazaquin 4 Imazamox imazethapyr Imazapic (x) Isoxazolidinones Clomazone (xi) Nitriles Bromoxynil Ioxynil Dichlobencil (xii) Oxadiazoles Oxadiazon (xiii) Oxadiazolides Methazole (xiv) Phenols Dinoseb, PCP (xv) Phenoxy acids 2,4-D MCPB 2,4-D, B Dichlorprop 2,4,5-T Mecoprop MCPA Silvex (xvi) N-phenylphthalamides Flumiclorac (xvii) Phenylpyridazones Sulfentrazone (xviii) Phthalamates Naptalam (xix) Pyrazoliums Difenzoquat, Metflurazon Norflurazon (xx) Picolinic acids Picloram Clopyralid 5 Triclopyr (xxi) Pyridines Dithiopyr Pyrithiobac Fluridone Thiazopyr (xxii) Quinolines Quinclorac (xxiii) Sulfonylureas Bensulfuron Primisulfuron Chlorimuron Prosulfuron Chlorsulfuron Sulfometuron Halosulfuron Sulfosulfuron Metsulfuron Triasulfuron Nicosulfuron Tribenuron Rimsulfuron Trifensulfuron (xxiv) Thiocarbamates Butylate Metham Cyclorate Pebulate CDEC Triallate Diallate Thiobencarb EPTC Vernolate Molinate (xxv) Triazolopyrimidine sulfonamide Flumetsulam Cloransulam (xxvi) Triazolinones Pyridates (xxvii) Triazines Ametryn Prometryne Atrazine Propazine Cyanazine Secbumeton Cyprazine Simazine Desmetryn Simetryne Dipropetryn Terbuthylazine Procyanzine Terbutryne Prometon Metribuzin (xxiv) Uracil Bromacil Terbacil 6 Lenacil (xxv) Ureas Chlorobromuron Linuron Chloroxuron Monolinuron Cycluron Monuron Diuron MonuronTCA Fenuron Neburon FenuronTCA Norea Fluometuron Siduron Karbutilate Tebuthiuron (xxvi) Unclassified Amitrole Diethatyl Anilofos Endothall Benazolin Fenac Bensuilide Flurenol Bentazon MH Bulab Perfluidone Chlorflurrenol Pyrazon DCPA Vorlex 3,6-Dichloropicolinic acid (B) Classification based on use On the basis of the effects produced by the herbicides these are grouped broadly into selective or non-selective herbicides. Selective herbicides are chemicals that suppress or kill certain weeds without significantly injuring an associated crop or other desirable plant species. Usually some weeds are not injured by selective herbicides. Non-selective herbicide, suppress a wide range of vegetation. Based on the method of application, herbicides are categorized into two main groups: soil applied and foliage applied herbicides. Soil applied before planting, before crop or weed emergence, or after the plants emerge in specific situation. These times of herbicides application are referred to as pre-plant, pre-emergence or post-emergence respectively. Soil applied herbicides must be moved into the soil profile by water or mechanical incorporation to be effective because some of the herbicide are volatile or photodecomposible, example trifluralin. Movement in soil is an important factor that influences herbicide persistence and fate. The physiological activity of soil applied herbicides depends on the degree of inherent plant tolerance, the location of the herbicide in the soil, and depth of plant roots. Some soil applied herbicides are applied as bands, either over or between crop rows to enhance selectivity and decrease costs of application. Herbicides applied as post-emergence are included in foliage applied herbicides. Some herbicides, either by their rapid action or limited movement, injure only the portion of the plant actually touched or contacted by the chemical or spray solution and are called contact herbicides. Herbicides in this category are usually applied to foliage (McHenry and Norris 1972). Paraquat, bromoxynil and dinoseb are examples of foliage applied contact herbicides. In some cases, herbicides may be directed away from crops or applied in 7 shields to minimize foliage exposures to these chemicals. Some plant applied and many foliage herbicides move or translocate in treated plants. Herbicides of this type often effectively suppress root, rhizome or
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evolution of Resistance to Auxinic Herbicides: Historical Perspectives, Mechanisms of Resistance, and Implications for Broadleaf Weed Management in Agronomic Crops J
    Weed Science 2011 59:445–457 Evolution of Resistance to Auxinic Herbicides: Historical Perspectives, Mechanisms of Resistance, and Implications for Broadleaf Weed Management in Agronomic Crops J. Mithila, J. Christopher Hall, William G. Johnson, Kevin B. Kelley, and Dean E. Riechers* Auxinic herbicides are widely used for control of broadleaf weeds in cereal crops and turfgrass. These herbicides are structurally similar to the natural plant hormone auxin, and induce several of the same physiological and biochemical responses at low concentrations. After several decades of research to understand the auxin signal transduction pathway, the receptors for auxin binding and resultant biochemical and physiological responses have recently been discovered in plants. However, the precise mode of action for the auxinic herbicides is not completely understood despite their extensive use in agriculture for over six decades. Auxinic herbicide-resistant weed biotypes offer excellent model species for uncovering the mode of action as well as resistance to these compounds. Compared with other herbicide families, the incidence of resistance to auxinic herbicides is relatively low, with only 29 auxinic herbicide-resistant weed species discovered to date. The relatively low incidence of resistance to auxinic herbicides has been attributed to the presence of rare alleles imparting resistance in natural weed populations, the potential for fitness penalties due to mutations conferring resistance in weeds, and the complex mode of action of auxinic herbicides in sensitive dicot plants. This review discusses recent advances in the auxin signal transduction pathway and its relation to auxinic herbicide mode of action. Furthermore, comprehensive information about the genetics and inheritance of auxinic herbicide resistance and case studies examining mechanisms of resistance in auxinic herbicide-resistant broadleaf weed biotypes are provided.
    [Show full text]
  • 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
    2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid IUPAC (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid name 2,4-D Other hedonal names trinoxol Identifiers CAS [94-75-7] number SMILES OC(COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl)=O ChemSpider 1441 ID Properties Molecular C H Cl O formula 8 6 2 3 Molar mass 221.04 g mol−1 Appearance white to yellow powder Melting point 140.5 °C (413.5 K) Boiling 160 °C (0.4 mm Hg) point Solubility in 900 mg/L (25 °C) water Related compounds Related 2,4,5-T, Dichlorprop compounds Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common systemic herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is the most widely used herbicide in the world, and the third most commonly used in North America.[1] 2,4-D is also an important synthetic auxin, often used in laboratories for plant research and as a supplement in plant cell culture media such as MS medium. History 2,4-D was developed during World War II by a British team at Rothamsted Experimental Station, under the leadership of Judah Hirsch Quastel, aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war.[citation needed] When it was commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective herbicide and allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in wheat, maize (corn), rice, and similar cereal grass crop, because it only kills dicots, leaving behind monocots. Mechanism of herbicide action 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin, which is a class of plant growth regulators.
    [Show full text]
  • Common and Chemical Names of Herbicides Approved by the WSSA
    Weed Science 2010 58:511–518 Common and Chemical Names of Herbicides Approved by the Weed Science Society of America Below is the complete list of all common and chemical of herbicides as approved by the International Organization names of herbicides approved by the Weed Science Society of for Standardization (ISO). A sponsor may submit a proposal America (WSSA) and updated as of September 1, 2010. for a common name directly to the WSSA Terminology Beginning in 1996, it has been published yearly in the last Committee. issue of Weed Science with Directions for Contributors to A herbicide common name is not synonymous with Weed Science. This list is published in lieu of the selections a commercial formulation of the same herbicide, and in printed previously on the back cover of Weed Science. Only many instances, is not synonymous with the active ingredient common and chemical names included in this complete of a commercial formulation as identified on the product list should be used in WSSA publications. In the absence of label. If the herbicide is a salt or simple ester of a parent a WSSA-approved common name, the industry code number compound, the WSSA common name applies to the parent as compiled by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) with compound only. CAS systematic chemical name or the systematic chemical The chemical name used in this list is that preferred by the name alone may be used. The current approved list is also Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) according to their system of available at our web site (www.wssa.net).
    [Show full text]
  • Please Use Caution When Applying Herbicides Near Wine Grapes
    Please Use Caution When Applying Herbicides Near Wine Grapes Phenoxy herbicides are very damaging to grapevines Grapevines are extremely sensitive to the application of certain herbicides commonly used by farmers and homeowners, especially phenoxy herbicides. Phenoxy herbicides include 2,4-D, MCPA, Crossbow, Banvel, Garlon, Weed-B-Gone, and Brush Killer, among others. The active ingredient of phenoxy-type herbicides may be listed on the label in “weed and feed” and brush control products for use in home landscaping as 2,4-dichlorophenoxy- acetic acid (2,4-D), 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, triclopyr, or dicamba. Sensitivity to phenoxy herbicides exists throughout the grapevine's growing season (mid-March through October). Grapevines are most vulnerable from the early growing season through the bloom and fruit set period (mid-March through June). Phenoxy herbicides do not require a pesticide license for purchase in Oregon and are readily available from home improvement stores, garden centers, retail nurseries, etc. This family of herbicides is very effective and economical for controlling broadleaf weeds. These herbicides are commonly used on a variety of sites such as lawns, golf courses, rights-of-way and agricultural fields and by homeowners. Two forms of spray drift can damage grapevines Drift of spray droplets: Small particles can move with the wind, land on grapes, and be absorbed into the grapevines through the cuticle on the leaf. The smaller the droplet, the further it will travel. Vapor drift: Volatile herbicides may produce vapors that are carried several miles from the target area. Herbicide particles or vapors may be moved from the application site by wind, shifting air currents, climatic inversions or using high pressures when spraying.
    [Show full text]
  • AP-42, CH 9.2.2: Pesticide Application
    9.2.2PesticideApplication 9.2.2.1General1-2 Pesticidesaresubstancesormixturesusedtocontrolplantandanimallifeforthepurposesof increasingandimprovingagriculturalproduction,protectingpublichealthfrompest-bornediseaseand discomfort,reducingpropertydamagecausedbypests,andimprovingtheaestheticqualityofoutdoor orindoorsurroundings.Pesticidesareusedwidelyinagriculture,byhomeowners,byindustry,andby governmentagencies.Thelargestusageofchemicalswithpesticidalactivity,byweightof"active ingredient"(AI),isinagriculture.Agriculturalpesticidesareusedforcost-effectivecontrolofweeds, insects,mites,fungi,nematodes,andotherthreatstotheyield,quality,orsafetyoffood.Theannual U.S.usageofpesticideAIs(i.e.,insecticides,herbicides,andfungicides)isover800millionpounds. AiremissionsfrompesticideusearisebecauseofthevolatilenatureofmanyAIs,solvents, andotheradditivesusedinformulations,andofthedustynatureofsomeformulations.Mostmodern pesticidesareorganiccompounds.EmissionscanresultdirectlyduringapplicationorastheAIor solventvolatilizesovertimefromsoilandvegetation.Thisdiscussionwillfocusonemissionfactors forvolatilization.Thereareinsufficientdataavailableonparticulateemissionstopermitemission factordevelopment. 9.2.2.2ProcessDescription3-6 ApplicationMethods- Pesticideapplicationmethodsvaryaccordingtothetargetpestandtothecroporothervalue tobeprotected.Insomecases,thepesticideisapplieddirectlytothepest,andinotherstothehost plant.Instillothers,itisusedonthesoilorinanenclosedairspace.Pesticidemanufacturershave developedvariousformulationsofAIstomeetboththepestcontrolneedsandthepreferred
    [Show full text]
  • AP-42, Vol. 1, Final Background Document for Pesticide Application
    Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 9.2.2 Pesticide Application Final Report For U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Emission Inventory Branch EPA Contract No. 68-D2-0159 Work Assignment No. I-08 MRI Project No. 4601-08 September 1994 Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 9.2.2 Pesticide Application Final Report For U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Emission Inventory Branch Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Attn: Mr. Dallas Safriet (MD-14) Emission Factor and Methodology EPA Contract No. 68-D2-0159 Work Assignment No. I-08 MRI Project No. 4601-08 September 1994 NOTICE The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under Contract No. 68-D2-0159 to Midwest Research Institute. It has been subjected to the Agency's peer and administrative review, and it has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. iii iv PREFACE This report was prepared by Midwest Research Institute (MRI) for the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), under Contract No. 68-D2-0159, Assignment No. 005 and I-08. Mr. Dallas Safriet was the EPA work assignment manager for this project. Approved for: MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE Roy M. Neulicht Program Manager Environmental Engineering Department Jeff Shular Director, Environmental Engineering Department September 29, 1994 v vi CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................ viii LIST OF TABLES ................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Minnesota Chemicals of High Concern List
    Minnesota Department of Health, Chemicals of High Concern List, 2019 Persistent, Bioaccumulative, Toxic (PBT) or very Persistent, very High Production CAS Bioaccumulative Use Example(s) and/or Volume (HPV) Number Chemical Name Health Endpoint(s) (vPvB) Source(s) Chemical Class Chemical1 Maine (CA Prop 65; IARC; IRIS; NTP Wood and textiles finishes, Cancer, Respiratory 11th ROC); WA Appen1; WA CHCC; disinfection, tissue 50-00-0 Formaldehyde x system, Eye irritant Minnesota HRV; Minnesota RAA preservative Gastrointestinal Minnesota HRL Contaminant 50-00-0 Formaldehyde (in water) system EU Category 1 Endocrine disruptor pesticide 50-29-3 DDT, technical, p,p'DDT Endocrine system Maine (CA Prop 65; IARC; IRIS; NTP PAH (chem-class) 11th ROC; OSPAR Chemicals of Concern; EuC Endocrine Disruptor Cancer, Endocrine Priority List; EPA Final PBT Rule for 50-32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene x x system TRI; EPA Priority PBT); Oregon P3 List; WA Appen1; Minnesota HRV WA Appen1; Minnesota HRL Dyes and diaminophenol mfg, wood preservation, 51-28-5 2,4-Dinitrophenol Eyes pesticide, pharmaceutical Maine (CA Prop 65; IARC; NTP 11th Preparation of amino resins, 51-79-6 Urethane (Ethyl carbamate) Cancer, Development ROC); WA Appen1 solubilizer, chemical intermediate Maine (CA Prop 65; IARC; IRIS; NTP Research; PAH (chem-class) 11th ROC; EPA Final PBT Rule for 53-70-3 Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Cancer x TRI; WA PBT List; OSPAR Chemicals of Concern); WA Appen1; Oregon P3 List Maine (CA Prop 65; NTP 11th ROC); Research 53-96-3 2-Acetylaminofluorene Cancer WA Appen1 Maine (CA Prop 65; IARC; IRIS; NTP Lubricant, antioxidant, 55-18-5 N-Nitrosodiethylamine Cancer 11th ROC); WA Appen1 plastics stabilizer Maine (CA Prop 65; IRIS; NTP 11th Pesticide (EPA reg.
    [Show full text]
  • INSECT, WEED, Anddisease CONTROL in TURFGRASS
    SC-039 5/17 WEED,INSECT, and DISEASE CONTROL in TURFGRASS 2017–18 WEED, INSECT, and DISEASE CONTROL in TURFGRASS Editor Casey Reynolds, Assistant Professor and Extension Turfgrass Specialist Authors Casey Reynolds, Assistant Professor and Extension Turfgrass Specialist Matt Elmore, Assistant Professor and Extension Turfgrass Specialist Young-Ki Jo, Associate Professor and Extension Turfgrass Specialist Diane Silcox Reynolds, Post-doctoral Research Associate, Entomology AggieTurf: http://aggieturf.tamu.edu Contents Introduction . 1 Herbicide Mode of Action (MOA) classification . 3 Herbicides for general control of grassy and broadleaf weeds . 4 Preemergence herbicides for grassy and broadleaf weeds . 4 Selective postemergence herbicides . 9 Synthetic auxin postemergence herbicides for broadleaf weeds . 19 Product formulations containing synthetic auxin herbicides . 21 Nonsynthetic auxin postemergence herbicides for broadleaf weeds . 23 Nonselective herbicides for general weed control . 24 Herbicides for commonly occurring weeds . 25 Crabgrass (Digitaria spp ). 25 Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) . 27 Sandbur (Cenchrus spp ). 30 Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L ). 33 Dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir ). 39 WEEDS Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp ). 41 Nutsedge (Cyperus spp ). and kyllinga (Kyllinga spp ). 43 Khakiweed and mat chafflower (Alternanthera spp ). 46 Herbicides containing sulfentrazone . 47 Herbicides containing quinclorac . 48 Turfgrass tolerance to postemergence herbicides . 49 Plant growth regulators . 51 Insect pests in turfgrasses . 53 Insecticide Mode of Action (MOA) classification . 55 Insecticides registered for use in turfgrasses . 56 Ants . 56 Armyworms . 58 Billbugs . 61 Black turfgrass ataenius . 63 Chinch bugs . 66 Cutworms . 69 Green June beetles . 72 Mealybugs . 74 Mites . 75 INSECTS Mole crickets . 76 Red imported fire ants . 79 Sod webworms . 81 White grubs . 84 Diseases in Texas turfgrasses . 86 Fungicide Mode of Action (MOA) classification .
    [Show full text]
  • PESTICIDES Criteria for a Recommended Standard
    CRITERIA FOR A RECOMMENDED STANDARD OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE DURING THE MANUFACTURE AND FORMULATION OF PESTICIDES criteria for a recommended standard... OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE DURING THE MANUFACTURE AND FORMULATION OF PESTICIDES * U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service Center for Disease Control National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health July 1978 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 DISCLAIMER Mention of company names or products does not constitute endorsement by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-174 PREFACE The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 emphasizes the need for standards to protect the health and provide for the safety of workers occupationally exposed to an ever-increasing number of potential hazards. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has implemented a formal system of research, with priorities determined on the basis of specified indices, to provide relevant data from which valid criteria for effective standards can be derived. Recommended standards for occupational exposure, which are the result of this work, are based on the effects of exposure on health. The Secretary of Labor will weigh these recommendations along with other considerations, such as feasibility and means of implementation, in developing regulatory standards. Successive reports will be presented as research and epideiriologic studies are completed and as sampling and analytical methods are developed. Criteria and standards will be reviewed periodically to ensure continuing protection of workers. The contributions to this document on pesticide manufacturing and formulating industries by NIOSH staff members, the review consultants, the reviewer selected by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), other Federal agencies, and by Robert B.
    [Show full text]
  • Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2019 Theinternational Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) Was Established in 1980
    The WHO Recommended Classi cation of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classi cation 2019 cation Hazard of Pesticides by and Guidelines to Classi The WHO Recommended Classi The WHO Recommended Classi cation of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classi cation 2019 The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2019 TheInternational Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) was established in 1980. The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, through international peer review processes, as a prerequisite for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for the sound management of chemicals. This publication was developed in the IOMC context. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views or stated policies of individual IOMC Participating Organizations. The Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase international coordination in the field of chemical safety. The Participating Organizations are: FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO, UNITAR, WHO, World Bank and OECD. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote coordination of the policies and activities pursued by the Participating Organizations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human health and the environment. WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification, 2019 edition ISBN 978-92-4-000566-2 (electronic version) ISBN 978-92-4-000567-9 (print version) ISSN 1684-1042 © World Health Organization 2020 Some rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenoxy Reference Guide 3
    Phenoxy Reference Guide www.nufarm.com.au 3 Contents Introduction 4 Mode of Action 4 Cereal Crop Growth Stages (including Zadok’s guide) 5 A Numerical Cereal Growth Scale – Zadok’s 6 What Phenoxy Where? 6 Common Weeds Controlled 7 Using the Growth Stage of Cereal Crops to Time Herbicide Applications 8 Damage to Cereal Crops from Incorrect Phenoxy Herbicide Applications 9 Salvage Spraying of Winter Crops 10 Cereal Tolerance Guide 11-13 Plant Back Periods for Fallow Seed Bed Preparation 14-15 Spray Grazing 16 Withholding Periods 16 Reducing Off-Target Herbicide Drift 16-19 Herbicide Resistance Management 20 4 Introduction At Nufarm, we are committed to supporting Australian growers Phenoxys were first developed in the USA in the early 1940’s with the highest quality crop protection and weed control and used commercially in 1946. Today they remain amongst products so maximum outputs can be achieved. the world’s most widely used herbicides, providing farmers and other users with broadleaf weed control in a multitude of Our commitment starts with the utilisation of world-leading agricultural and non-agricultural uses. Phenoxys work by manufacturing and environmental control technology. This is disrupting plant cell growth and form a part of the Group I reflected in research and development, container management, herbicides. and the establishment of regional service centres across Australia. Nufarm guarantees its Phenoxy products, which include Nufarm Amicide® 625, Nufarm Estercide® 800, Nufarm LV Nufarm, an Australian company, is a global leader in the Estercide® 600, Nufarm Surpass® 300, Nufarm Buttress®, manufacture, supply and marketing of 'phenoxys', with Baton®, Nufarm LVE MCPA and Nufarm MCPA 500.
    [Show full text]
  • Item N Number °3632 D N0t Scanned
    3632 item n Number ° D n0t scanned Author House, W.B. Corporate Author Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, Missouri Report/Article TltlB Assessment of Ecological Effects of Extensive or Repeated Use of Herbicides Journal/Book Title Year Month/Day Color D Number of Images 386 DescrlOtOU NOtBS Project monitored by the Department of the Army under contract no. DAHC15-68-C-0119; ARPA Order No. 1086 Monday, December 31, 2001 Page 3632 of 3802 UNCLASSIFIED AD 824 314 ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EXTENSIVE OR REPEATED USE bF H2RBICIDES: FINAL REPORT Midwest Research Institute Kansas City, Missouri Processed for. .. DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CENTER DEFENSE SUPPLY AGENCY FOR FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS / INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TECHNOLOGY UNCLASSIFIED ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EXTENSIVE OR REPEATED USE OF HERBICIDES FINAL REPORT 15 August - 1 December 1967 Contract No. DAHC15-68-C-0119 MRI Project No. 3103-B Sponsored by Advanced Research Projects Agency ARPA Order No. 1086 MIDV i: '':«'; RIL.GF-1- '< ;H iNi.-iTITUTH 42S VOLKER BOULEVARD/KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI 6411O/AC 816 LO 1-O2O2 This research was supported by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense and was monitored by Department of Army under Contract No. DAHCl5-68-C-Oll9._ Reproduced by the CLEARINGHOUSE | for Federal Scientific & Technical > Information Springfield Va. 221S1 Disclaimer: The findings in this report are not to be construed as an of- ficial position of the Department of Army, unless so designated "by other authorized documents. WST., ) AVAIL ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EXTENSIVE OR REPEATED USE OF HERBICIDES by W.
    [Show full text]