MP44 Recommended Chemicals for Weed and Brush Control
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Evolution of Resistance to Auxinic Herbicides: Historical Perspectives, Mechanisms of Resistance, and Implications for Broadleaf Weed Management in Agronomic Crops J
Weed Science 2011 59:445–457 Evolution of Resistance to Auxinic Herbicides: Historical Perspectives, Mechanisms of Resistance, and Implications for Broadleaf Weed Management in Agronomic Crops J. Mithila, J. Christopher Hall, William G. Johnson, Kevin B. Kelley, and Dean E. Riechers* Auxinic herbicides are widely used for control of broadleaf weeds in cereal crops and turfgrass. These herbicides are structurally similar to the natural plant hormone auxin, and induce several of the same physiological and biochemical responses at low concentrations. After several decades of research to understand the auxin signal transduction pathway, the receptors for auxin binding and resultant biochemical and physiological responses have recently been discovered in plants. However, the precise mode of action for the auxinic herbicides is not completely understood despite their extensive use in agriculture for over six decades. Auxinic herbicide-resistant weed biotypes offer excellent model species for uncovering the mode of action as well as resistance to these compounds. Compared with other herbicide families, the incidence of resistance to auxinic herbicides is relatively low, with only 29 auxinic herbicide-resistant weed species discovered to date. The relatively low incidence of resistance to auxinic herbicides has been attributed to the presence of rare alleles imparting resistance in natural weed populations, the potential for fitness penalties due to mutations conferring resistance in weeds, and the complex mode of action of auxinic herbicides in sensitive dicot plants. This review discusses recent advances in the auxin signal transduction pathway and its relation to auxinic herbicide mode of action. Furthermore, comprehensive information about the genetics and inheritance of auxinic herbicide resistance and case studies examining mechanisms of resistance in auxinic herbicide-resistant broadleaf weed biotypes are provided. -
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid IUPAC (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid name 2,4-D Other hedonal names trinoxol Identifiers CAS [94-75-7] number SMILES OC(COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl)=O ChemSpider 1441 ID Properties Molecular C H Cl O formula 8 6 2 3 Molar mass 221.04 g mol−1 Appearance white to yellow powder Melting point 140.5 °C (413.5 K) Boiling 160 °C (0.4 mm Hg) point Solubility in 900 mg/L (25 °C) water Related compounds Related 2,4,5-T, Dichlorprop compounds Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common systemic herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is the most widely used herbicide in the world, and the third most commonly used in North America.[1] 2,4-D is also an important synthetic auxin, often used in laboratories for plant research and as a supplement in plant cell culture media such as MS medium. History 2,4-D was developed during World War II by a British team at Rothamsted Experimental Station, under the leadership of Judah Hirsch Quastel, aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war.[citation needed] When it was commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective herbicide and allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in wheat, maize (corn), rice, and similar cereal grass crop, because it only kills dicots, leaving behind monocots. Mechanism of herbicide action 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin, which is a class of plant growth regulators. -
USDA, Forest Service Forest Health Protection GSA Contract No
SERA TR 02-43-13-03b Triclopyr - Revised Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessments Final Report Prepared for: USDA, Forest Service Forest Health Protection GSA Contract No. GS-10F-0082F USDA Forest Service BPA: WO-01-3187-0150 USDA Purchase Order No.: 43-1387-2-0245 Task No. 13 Submitted to: Dave Thomas, COTR Forest Health Protection Staff USDA Forest Service Rosslyn Plaza Building C, Room 7129C 1601 North Kent Street Arlington, VA 22209 Submitted by: Patrick R. Durkin Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. 5100 Highbridge St., 42C Fayetteville, New York 13066-0950 Telephone: (315) 637-9560 Fax: (315) 637-0445 E-Mail: [email protected] Home Page: www.sera-inc.com March 15, 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF APPENDICES ...................................................... iv LIST OF WORKSHEETS ...................................................... v LIST OF ATTACHMENTS .................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................ v LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................... viii ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS .............................. ix COMMON UNIT CONVERSIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS ......................... xi CONVERSION OF SCIENTIFIC NOTATION .................................... xii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................... xiii 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................ 1-1 2. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION ................................................ 2-1 2.1. OVERVIEW -
Herbicide Mode of Action Table High Resistance Risk
Herbicide Mode of Action Table High resistance risk Chemical family Active constituent (first registered trade name) GROUP 1 Inhibition of acetyl co-enzyme A carboxylase (ACC’ase inhibitors) clodinafop (Topik®), cyhalofop (Agixa®*, Barnstorm®), diclofop (Cheetah® Gold* Decision®*, Hoegrass®), Aryloxyphenoxy- fenoxaprop (Cheetah®, Gold*, Wildcat®), fluazifop propionates (FOPs) (Fusilade®), haloxyfop (Verdict®), propaquizafop (Shogun®), quizalofop (Targa®) Cyclohexanediones (DIMs) butroxydim (Factor®*), clethodim (Select®), profoxydim (Aura®), sethoxydim (Cheetah® Gold*, Decision®*), tralkoxydim (Achieve®) Phenylpyrazoles (DENs) pinoxaden (Axial®) GROUP 2 Inhibition of acetolactate synthase (ALS inhibitors), acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) Imidazolinones (IMIs) imazamox (Intervix®*, Raptor®), imazapic (Bobcat I-Maxx®*, Flame®, Midas®*, OnDuty®*), imazapyr (Arsenal Xpress®*, Intervix®*, Lightning®*, Midas®* OnDuty®*), imazethapyr (Lightning®*, Spinnaker®) Pyrimidinyl–thio- bispyribac (Nominee®), pyrithiobac (Staple®) benzoates Sulfonylureas (SUs) azimsulfuron (Gulliver®), bensulfuron (Londax®), chlorsulfuron (Glean®), ethoxysulfuron (Hero®), foramsulfuron (Tribute®), halosulfuron (Sempra®), iodosulfuron (Hussar®), mesosulfuron (Atlantis®), metsulfuron (Ally®, Harmony®* M, Stinger®*, Trounce®*, Ultimate Brushweed®* Herbicide), prosulfuron (Casper®*), rimsulfuron (Titus®), sulfometuron (Oust®, Eucmix Pre Plant®*, Trimac Plus®*), sulfosulfuron (Monza®), thifensulfuron (Harmony®* M), triasulfuron (Logran®, Logran® B-Power®*), tribenuron (Express®), -
Triclopyr Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment Corrected Final Report
SERA TR-052-25-03c Triclopyr Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment Corrected Final Report Submitted to: Paul Mistretta, COR USDA/Forest Service, Southern Region 1720 Peachtree RD, NW Atlanta, Georgia 30309 USDA Forest Service Contract: AG-3187-C-06-0010 USDA Forest Order Number: AG-43ZP-D-09-0034 SERA Internal Task No. 52-25 Submitted by: Patrick R. Durkin Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. 8125 Solomon Seal Manlius, New York 13104 Fax: (315) 637-0445 E-Mail: [email protected] Home Page: www.sera-inc.com May 24, 2011 October 20, 2011 (Minor Correction) July 9, 2016 (Corrections) Error Notes October 20, 2011 In the original release of the final report (SERA TR-052-25-03a dated May 24, 2011), Tables 2 and 22 incorrectly listed the water solubility of TCP as 100 mg/L. As indicated in Table 1, the correct value, from Knuteson (1999), is 49,000 mg/L. This error was noted by Dr. K. King (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). The error has been corrected. While the Gleams-Driver runs were made using the 100 mg/L water solubility, re-runs using the water solubility of 49,000 mg/L yielded results that are indistinguishable from the original runs. Thus, the appendices have not been change. Water solubility is not a sensitive parameter in GLEAMS unless the soil water is saturated. This did not occur in the Gleams-Driver modeling. July 9, 2016 During an audit of WorksheetMaker (Version 6.00.15), it was noted that the chronic toxicity values of TCP to aquatic invertebrates had been entered incorrectly into the WorksheetMaker database and the aquatic toxicity values of TCP for algae had been omitted. -
MC(' Potential Exposure of Humans to 2
(MC( FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY 1:3 3 9-3 4 6 (1981) Potential Exposure of Humans to 2,4,5-T and TCDD in the Oregon Coast Ranges MICHAEL NEWTON" and LOGAN A. NORRISB "Professor of Forest Ecology, Oregon State University, Corvallis; BChief Research Chemist, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon ABSTRACT Potential Exposure of Humans to 2,4,5-T and TCDD in Humans may be exposed to herbicides through drift; inges- the Oregon Coast Ranges. Newton, M. and Norris, L.A. tion of wild and domestic meat, vegetables, and fruit; con- (1981). F.undam. AppL Toxicol. 1:339-346. Research on the sumption of water; and dermal contact while handling the use of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) contami- chemicals, equipment, and treated vegetation. The range of -8 nated with 2.5 X 10 parts 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p- potential exposure extends from zero, if there is no encounter dioxin (TCDD) in forests of the Oregon Coast Ranges per- with the herbicide, to the worst situation where the person has mits estimates of human exposures for both compounds. encountered the highest levels of water contamination, drift Estimated total exposure of nearby ( ^ 1/8 mile distant) resi- exposure, meat contamination, and dermal exposure simul- dents during the first week after application is 0.0039 mg/kg taneously. We have brought estimates of all sources together of 2,4,5-T for a 70-kg adult. Exposure to TCDD in the same to determine the possible range of total exposure from episode would be 1.9 X 10 b ° mg/kg. -
INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES
US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES Note: Pesticide tolerance information is updated in the Code of Federal Regulations on a weekly basis. EPA plans to update these indexes biannually. These indexes are current as of the date indicated in the pdf file. For the latest information on pesticide tolerances, please check the electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfrv23_07.html 1 40 CFR Type Family Common name CAS Number PC code 180.163 Acaricide bridged diphenyl Dicofol (1,1-Bis(chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol) 115-32-2 10501 180.198 Acaricide phosphonate Trichlorfon 52-68-6 57901 180.259 Acaricide sulfite ester Propargite 2312-35-8 97601 180.446 Acaricide tetrazine Clofentezine 74115-24-5 125501 180.448 Acaricide thiazolidine Hexythiazox 78587-05-0 128849 180.517 Acaricide phenylpyrazole Fipronil 120068-37-3 129121 180.566 Acaricide pyrazole Fenpyroximate 134098-61-6 129131 180.572 Acaricide carbazate Bifenazate 149877-41-8 586 180.593 Acaricide unclassified Etoxazole 153233-91-1 107091 180.599 Acaricide unclassified Acequinocyl 57960-19-7 6329 180.341 Acaricide, fungicide dinitrophenol Dinocap (2, 4-Dinitro-6-octylphenyl crotonate and 2,6-dinitro-4- 39300-45-3 36001 octylphenyl crotonate} 180.111 Acaricide, insecticide organophosphorus Malathion 121-75-5 57701 180.182 Acaricide, insecticide cyclodiene Endosulfan 115-29-7 79401 -
Trifluralin Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment FINAL REPORT
SERA TR-052-26-03a Trifluralin Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment FINAL REPORT Submitted to: Paul Mistretta, COR USDA/Forest Service, Southern Region 1720 Peachtree RD, NW Atlanta, Georgia 30309 USDA Forest Service Contract: AG-3187-C-06-0010 USDA Forest Order Number: AG-43ZP-D-10-0010 SERA Internal Task No. 52-26 Submitted by: Patrick R. Durkin Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. 8125 Solomon Seal Manlius, New York 13104 E-Mail: [email protected] Home Page: www.sera-inc.com September 20, 2011 Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................................................. viii LIST OF ATTACHEMENTS ...................................................................................................... viii ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS ................................................................ ix COMMON UNIT CONVERSIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................. xii CONVERSION OF SCIENTIFIC NOTATION ......................................................................... xiii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... xiv 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... -
Please Use Caution When Applying Herbicides Near Wine Grapes
Please Use Caution When Applying Herbicides Near Wine Grapes Phenoxy herbicides are very damaging to grapevines Grapevines are extremely sensitive to the application of certain herbicides commonly used by farmers and homeowners, especially phenoxy herbicides. Phenoxy herbicides include 2,4-D, MCPA, Crossbow, Banvel, Garlon, Weed-B-Gone, and Brush Killer, among others. The active ingredient of phenoxy-type herbicides may be listed on the label in “weed and feed” and brush control products for use in home landscaping as 2,4-dichlorophenoxy- acetic acid (2,4-D), 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, triclopyr, or dicamba. Sensitivity to phenoxy herbicides exists throughout the grapevine's growing season (mid-March through October). Grapevines are most vulnerable from the early growing season through the bloom and fruit set period (mid-March through June). Phenoxy herbicides do not require a pesticide license for purchase in Oregon and are readily available from home improvement stores, garden centers, retail nurseries, etc. This family of herbicides is very effective and economical for controlling broadleaf weeds. These herbicides are commonly used on a variety of sites such as lawns, golf courses, rights-of-way and agricultural fields and by homeowners. Two forms of spray drift can damage grapevines Drift of spray droplets: Small particles can move with the wind, land on grapes, and be absorbed into the grapevines through the cuticle on the leaf. The smaller the droplet, the further it will travel. Vapor drift: Volatile herbicides may produce vapors that are carried several miles from the target area. Herbicide particles or vapors may be moved from the application site by wind, shifting air currents, climatic inversions or using high pressures when spraying. -
AP-42, CH 9.2.2: Pesticide Application
9.2.2PesticideApplication 9.2.2.1General1-2 Pesticidesaresubstancesormixturesusedtocontrolplantandanimallifeforthepurposesof increasingandimprovingagriculturalproduction,protectingpublichealthfrompest-bornediseaseand discomfort,reducingpropertydamagecausedbypests,andimprovingtheaestheticqualityofoutdoor orindoorsurroundings.Pesticidesareusedwidelyinagriculture,byhomeowners,byindustry,andby governmentagencies.Thelargestusageofchemicalswithpesticidalactivity,byweightof"active ingredient"(AI),isinagriculture.Agriculturalpesticidesareusedforcost-effectivecontrolofweeds, insects,mites,fungi,nematodes,andotherthreatstotheyield,quality,orsafetyoffood.Theannual U.S.usageofpesticideAIs(i.e.,insecticides,herbicides,andfungicides)isover800millionpounds. AiremissionsfrompesticideusearisebecauseofthevolatilenatureofmanyAIs,solvents, andotheradditivesusedinformulations,andofthedustynatureofsomeformulations.Mostmodern pesticidesareorganiccompounds.EmissionscanresultdirectlyduringapplicationorastheAIor solventvolatilizesovertimefromsoilandvegetation.Thisdiscussionwillfocusonemissionfactors forvolatilization.Thereareinsufficientdataavailableonparticulateemissionstopermitemission factordevelopment. 9.2.2.2ProcessDescription3-6 ApplicationMethods- Pesticideapplicationmethodsvaryaccordingtothetargetpestandtothecroporothervalue tobeprotected.Insomecases,thepesticideisapplieddirectlytothepest,andinotherstothehost plant.Instillothers,itisusedonthesoilorinanenclosedairspace.Pesticidemanufacturershave developedvariousformulationsofAIstomeetboththepestcontrolneedsandthepreferred -
List of Herbicide Groups
List of herbicides Group Scientific name Trade name clodinafop (Topik®), cyhalofop (Barnstorm®), diclofop (Cheetah® Gold*, Decision®*, Hoegrass®), fenoxaprop (Cheetah® Gold* , Wildcat®), A Aryloxyphenoxypropionates fluazifop (Fusilade®, Fusion®*), haloxyfop (Verdict®), propaquizafop (Shogun®), quizalofop (Targa®) butroxydim (Falcon®, Fusion®*), clethodim (Select®), profoxydim A Cyclohexanediones (Aura®), sethoxydim (Cheetah® Gold*, Decision®*), tralkoxydim (Achieve®) A Phenylpyrazoles pinoxaden (Axial®) azimsulfuron (Gulliver®), bensulfuron (Londax®), chlorsulfuron (Glean®), ethoxysulfuron (Hero®), foramsulfuron (Tribute®), halosulfuron (Sempra®), iodosulfuron (Hussar®), mesosulfuron (Atlantis®), metsulfuron (Ally®, Harmony®* M, Stinger®*, Trounce®*, B Sulfonylureas Ultimate Brushweed®* Herbicide), prosulfuron (Casper®*), rimsulfuron (Titus®), sulfometuron (Oust®, Eucmix Pre Plant®*), sulfosulfuron (Monza®), thifensulfuron (Harmony®* M), triasulfuron, (Logran®, Logran® B Power®*), tribenuron (Express®), trifloxysulfuron (Envoke®, Krismat®*) florasulam (Paradigm®*, Vortex®*, X-Pand®*), flumetsulam B Triazolopyrimidines (Broadstrike®), metosulam (Eclipse®), pyroxsulam (Crusader®Rexade®*) imazamox (Intervix®*, Raptor®,), imazapic (Bobcat I-Maxx®*, Flame®, Midas®*, OnDuty®*), imazapyr (Arsenal Xpress®*, Intervix®*, B Imidazolinones Lightning®*, Midas®*, OnDuty®*), imazethapyr (Lightning®*, Spinnaker®) B Pyrimidinylthiobenzoates bispyribac (Nominee®), pyrithiobac (Staple®) C Amides: propanil (Stam®) C Benzothiadiazinones: bentazone (Basagran®, -
Classification of Herbicides
Title of the course : Weed Management Credit: 3(2+1) Class : 3rd Year IInd Semester Title of the topic : Principles of weed management College : Krishi vigyan Kendra,College of Agriculture, Rewa, JNKVV, Jabalpur Name of Teacher : Dr. (Mrs.) Smita Singh Classification of Herbicides Herbicides: Chemical method of weed control is very effective in certain cases and have great scope provided the herbicides are cheap, efficient and easily available. The chemicals used for killing the weeds or inhibiting growth of weeds are called herbicides (Weedicides). Classification of Herbicides: Herbicides are classified in different ways: A) First Group Chemical Herbicides: I) Classification of herbicides according to chemical composition. II) Classification of herbicides according to their use. III) Classification of herbicides based on time of application. IV) Classification of herbicides according to Formulation. V) Classification of herbicides according to residual effect. B) Second Group – Bio herbicides C) Third Group herbicidal mixtures. Classification of herbicide I) Classification of Herbicide Based on Chemical Nature or Composition Compounds having chemical affinities are grouped together. This is useful in liting and characterising herbicides. i) Inorganic Herbicides:Contain no carbon actions in their molecules. These were the first chemicals used for weed control before the introduction of the organic compounds, example are: a) Acids:Arsenic acid, arsenious acid, arsenic trioxide sulphuric acid. b) Salts:Borax, copper sulphate, ammonium sulphate, Na chlorate , Na arsenite , copper nitrate. ii) Organic Herbicides:Oils and non oils contain carbon and hydrogen in their molecules. a) Oils: Diesel oil, standard solvent, xylene-type, aromatic oils, polycyclic , aromatic oils etc. b) Aliphatics:Dalapon, TCA, Acrolein, Glyphosphate methyl bromide.