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Pesticides in Iowa's Water Resources: Historical Trends and New Issues

Pesticides in Iowa's Water Resources: Historical Trends and New Issues

PesticidesPesticides inin IowaIowa’’ss WaterWater Resources:Resources: HistoricalHistorical TrendsTrends andand NewNew IssuesIssues MaryMary P.P. SkopecSkopec andand KatieKatie ForemanForeman WatershedWatershed MonitoringMonitoring andand AssessmentAssessment IowaIowa DepartmentDepartment ofof NaturalNatural ResourcesResources OutlineOutline

„ PesticidePesticide UseUse inin IowaIowa „ CurrentCurrent StatusStatus andand HistoricalHistorical TrendsTrends „ NewNew ApproachesApproaches forfor UnderstandingUnderstanding Occurrence of Pesticides in Water Resources

Function of: 1. Use 2. Soil Characteristics 3. Rainfall Timing and Amount 4. Pesticide Properties Land Use in Iowa (2002) Percent of Iowa Acres Treated Insecticides

Yes No

Source: Pesticide Movement: What Farmers Need to Know, Iowa State Extension, PAT-36 2000, Non-City Stream Sites 2001, Non-City Stream Sites 2002, Non-City Stream Sites

2,4-D* 2,4,5-T* Acifluoren* Ametryn Atrazine, Deethyl Atrazine, Deisopropyl * Bromacil* Some * Butylate Very * Dalapon* Common; Herbicides * Dichloprop* Others EPTC Less so * * Propazine *

Carbaryl* Carbofuran* Chlordane* Chlorpyrifos*

es DDD* DDE* id DDT* Few ic Diazinon* ct Dieldrin* Detects Fonofos* Lindane (gamma-BHC)* Inse Malathion* Parathion* Phorate*

0 204060801000 204060801000 20406080100

Detection Rate, in Percent Detection Rate, in Percent Detection Rate, in Percent

* Parameters analyzed April through July; all others analyzed monthly. Pesticide Concentration for Non-City Sites Pesticide Concentration for City Sites

160 60

140 50

120

L) 40 g/ g/L) 100 (u on tion (u 80 30 a r entrati

ncent 60 o 20 C Conc 40

10 20

0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month (2001) Month (2001) Acetochlor Acetochlor Alachlor Alachlor Atrazine Atrazine Cyanazine Cyanazine Dimethenamid Dimethenamid Metolachlor Metolachlor Prometon Prometon Simazine Simazine Trifluralin Trifluralin Median Pesticide Concentration 2000-2002 (µg/L) $T #S #S #S #S #S #S #S $T #S $T #S $T #S $T$T #S #S$T $T $T$T #S $T $T $T $T $T $T $T #S #S #S $T $T $T $T $T$T #S $T $T $T $T $T #S $T $T%U %U $T %U $T%U $T %U %U %U$T %U $T %U %U %U %U %U %U $T %U %U $T %U %U $T %U Median Atrazine 2000-2002 (µg/L) %U #S <0.05 $T 0.05 - 0.1 %U >0.1 Major River Basins Rivers Counties Median Pesticide Concentration 2000-2002 (µg/L)

#S #S #S #S #S #S #S #S #S #S #S #S #S #S #S#S #S #S #S #S#S #S $T#S #S #S #S $T #S $T $T #S #S #S #S #S #S #S #S#S #S %U #S #S #S #S #S $T #S #S #S$T #S #S #S #S #S $T #S #S $T#S #S #S $T #S #S #S %U $T #S $T #S #S #S %U #S #S

Median Metolachlor 2000-2002 (µg/L) #S #S <0.05 $T 0.05 - 0.1 %U >0.1 Major River Basins Rivers Counties LimitedLimited MonitoringMonitoring HistoricallyHistorically

„ ProjectProject DrivenDriven StudiesStudies „ FewFew LongLong TermTerm SitesSites (16(16 ambientambient sincesince 19861986 withwith quarterlyquarterly sampling)sampling) „ IAPESTIAPEST –– CompilationCompilation databasedatabase ofof allall availableavailable pesticidepesticide datadata inin IowaIowa Temporal Trends in Use - Iowa 20000 Acetochlor Metolachlor Alachlor Dimethenamid Atrazine 15000 Cyanazine Trifluralin

Annual Use (1000 lbs) 10000

5000

0 1 19 19 1 1 1 1 19 19 1 1 1 1 19 19 2 20 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 85 86 87 8 8 90 9 92 93 9 9 96 9 98 99 0 0 8 9 1 4 5 7 0 1

Year Mean Concentrations of Surface Water Sites 1990-2002 10 Year vs Atrazine Year vs Alachlor Year vs Acetochlor Year vs Cyanazine L) Year vs Metolachlor g/ µ on ( i 1 at r oncent Mean C

0.1

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Mean Concentrations of Groundwater Sites 1 Year vs Atrazine Year vs Alachlor Year vs Acetochlor Year vs Metolachlor g/L) µ ion (

Mean Concentrat 0.1

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 LinkingLinking UseUse toto OccurrenceOccurrence

„ LackingLacking detaileddetailed datadata onon pesticidepesticide useuse „ RequiresRequires indirectindirect methodsmethods ofof estimationestimation „ IowaIowa GroundwaterGroundwater ProtectionProtection ActAct ofof 19901990 „ SalesSales ofof pesticidespesticides reportedreported byby DealerDealer Process for Converting Reported Sales Data Sales Data Reported to IDALS

Dollars are Converted to Lbs –> ISU Ext

Link Lbs to Zip Code and Sum by County

GIS Coverage of Sales Stream Watersheds with Zip Codes Superimposed

N

W E

S Distributing Sales by Point Locations

Kernel Modeling: Decay Function from centroid to boundary

# #

#

N

W E

S

Environmental Lags may blur results Monitoring may not perfectly match sales locations or density graphs Environmental Lags may blur results Monitoring may not perfectly match sales locations or density graphs „ „ How Does Model Compare? How Does Model Compare? „ „ Sales vs. Measured Water Quality Sales vs. Measured Water Quality „ „ Median Pesticide Concentration 2000-2002 (µg/L) $T #S #S #S #S #S #S #S $T #S $T #S $T #S $T$T #S #S$T $T $T$T #S $T $T $T $T $T $T $T #S #S #S $T $T $T $T $T$T #S $T $T $T $T $T #S $T $T%U %U $T %U $T%U $T %U %U %U$T %U $T %U %U %U %U %U %U $T %U %U $T %U %U $T %U Median Atrazine 2000-2002 (µg/L) %U #S <0.05 $T 0.05 - 0.1 %U >0.1 Major River Basins Rivers Counties Water Quality from Selected Watersheds

r

Big Spring (BSP) Iowa River at Columbus Jct

E. Nishnabotna R. nr Shenandoah Atrazine

Big Spring

10

µg/L 1

0.1

19 19 19 19 19 19 1 19 1 20 20 20 9 9 8 8 86 88 90 92 94 9 98 0 02 04 2 4 6 0

Year Atrazine 100 East Nishnabotna River at Shenandoah

10

µg/L

1

0.1

19 19 19 19 1 20 20 20 20 2 95 9 9 98 999 00 0 0 03 004 6 7 1 2

Year Atrazine 10

IowIowaa Riv Riverer at Col atu mColumbusbus Junction Junction

1 µg/L

0.1

19 19 20 2 20 0 9 98 0 02 04 6 0

Year SummarySummary

„ UseUse ofof ““traditionaltraditional”” herbicidesherbicides droppeddropped „ ChangingChanging useuse reflectedreflected inin locallocal watershedswatersheds „ SomeSome watershedswatersheds havehave experiencedexperienced locallocal increases;increases; othersothers decreasesdecreases „ ImproveImprove targetedtargeted managementmanagement activitiesactivities s u ia. [email protected]. Questions? Questions? Alachlor ESA Degradate Concentrations in Surface Water 1995-2002

100

10 ) L g/ µ 1 A ( r ES o 0.1 achl Al

0.01

0.001 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year Acetochlor ESA Degradate Concentrations Surface Water 1995-2004

100

10 ) L g/ µ

A ( 1 or ES hl c 0.1 Aceot

0.01

0.001 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year

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