Persian Traveler Company (DMC)

DMC

Explore the new horizon, “Iran”, spectacular corner of the world, the 10th in the attractions in the world ranking”; ecology, cultural and more other tours.

“All for tourism, tourism for all”

Tel: +98 21 88340035 Fax: +98 21 8884637 Mobile: +98 912 5977678 [email protected] www.persiantraveler.com Address: No 34 Oraman St. Tehran-Iran This is Arshian Salar Tour and Travel Agency www.landofcyrus.com as one of IATA members. Iranian famous travel agency located in Shiraz-Iran. We have been active in tourism industry for several years and we have highest standards in customer services. We firmly believe we are among the bests in cooperating with airline like Turkish airline, Qatar airways, Fly Dubai, Lufthansa, and Mahan and providing a wide variety of high quality of services for customers who wish to visit Iran. We are all you need to visit Iran; visas (airport visa, E-visa, visa for travelers from USA, UK, Europe, Arabic travelers, Asian travelers),Iran tours, domestic flights, international flights, hotel (2 ,*3 ,*4 ,*5*, traditional hotel, guest house, desert camps, home, and so on), tour guide (English, Germany, French, Arabic, Italian speaking guides), travel , transfers, car rental (with and without driver), we offer them all with the most reasonable prices. The tours can also be altered according to your plans. Our incoming tours: Iran classic tours: 10 to 20 days Cities: Tehran, Kashan, Isfahan, Yazd, Kerman, Shiraz Hotels (2,*3,*4,*5**, traditional hotel, guest house, desert camps, home, and so on), Iran villages tours: Visiting Iran villages in north of Iran, Gheshlagh, Yeylagh, villages in deserts Iran desert tours: Visiting Iran unique deserts with accommodation in desert camps: Kalut desert in Kerman, Mesr desert in Isfahan, Varzaneh desert in Isfahan, Yazd desert camps Iran medical tours:

Send us your request FGet medical opinions and cost estimate FChoose from options we arrange your F [email protected] medical visa appointment, Cell (Whatsapp& Telegram):+ 989030146490 accommodation etc. Tel : + 987136302280 F Fax : + 987136302280 Arrive in Iran. We organize Facebook: arshian.salartravel your entire treatment and Twitter: ArshianSalar travel instagram: @landofcyrus_ other logistics. F Recover Skype: landofcyrus travel Address: Alirezai st, North Iman blv, Shiraz, Iran and undergo post-treatment checkups F Return home healthy and happy.

CONTENTS

22 60 26 50

From The Editor welcome to Iran Dānial e-Nabi Mausoleum 13 36 30 Must-see Attractions in Iran Khajoo Bridge- Isfahan Holy Shrine of Imam Reza Armenian Museum (Vānk) ITB Berlin 2019 Shrine of Hazrat-e Masūmeh Perspolis 14 Bigger, More Digital And Sustain- able And Even More International Meydān-e Naghsh-e Jahān Shahsavan Nomadic Tribe St. Thaddeus Monastery Sarv-e Abar kooh Iranian EXHIBITORS Soltanieh Dome Taq-e Bostan 15 21 Iranian Tour operators participated Bisotun Shādegān Logoon in the event Rakhtshoy Khanr Edifice-Zanjan Masouleh

Pilgrimage sites Dash Kasan Caves-Abhar 22 in Eastern Iran Pasargadae Takht-e Soleyman Urmia Lake Iran`s Health Tourism Damavand Mountain 26 Potentials and Advantages Fin Palace and Garden Chāl Nakhjīr Cave Miracle of Plants Caspian Sea Beaches Kārūn River, Khūzestān Forests 24 variety of plants due to Iran`s climate Yazd old structure Land of the Lurestan condition Dowlat Abad Garden TchoghaZanbil (Khuzestan)

11

EDITORIAL

Owner/ Editor_in_chief Contributors Homayoun Zarghani Dr Luciana Manzi Dr Jaffar Sepehri Research Editor Dr Kamel Helmi Atousa Khodadad Abbass Razaghi Leila Ghaffori Kafash Subscription Director Amir Mokaber Hanie Ezzedin Photo Editor IT Director Hamed Balouchinejad Ramin Zarghany Soroush Nafisi Homayoun Zarghani Head Office: Marketing Advisor Unit 7, No 269, Editor_in_chief Sanaz Rashidzadeh Dastgerdi st, Africa Blvd, Tehran - Iran Mohhamad. M. Ghaffori Tel: +98 21 88205011-13 Attra Ezedin Nejad www.safar.me [email protected] ran, Persia, Pars, you have heard them all, a country as old as the history itself and as beautiful as eyes can perceive. Here you can visit glorious ancient structures like Persepolis, you can visit most amazing natural beauties like Harra mangroves, you can climb high mountains like , or just have a cup of tea in Hāfiz Garden, you can swim in the Caspian Sea, or if you want to

Cover:Shahsavan Nomadic Tribe swim in winter season why not do Photo: Farshid Alizadeh that in Kish Island, where you can

an Iranian travel luxurious journal is do your shopping too. In Iran, you entirely independent. Our professional editorial board will experience different cultures provides reports and analysis on Tourism business, art, economic, cultural and social analysis as well as and religions, with a hospitability investment opportunities in Iran and neighbouring you have never seen before. countries. This year we publish the fourth The magazine has the highest circulation figures within issue of Explore Iran magazine its particular theme area. Our editorial standards and on the occasion of the world`s publishing quality are outstanding and our readership statistics are in themselves a guarantee that message leading travel and trade show, ITB will reach the greatest possible number of potential Berlin 2019. clients. affiliated toSAFAR magazine a leading The magazine will provide travel publication which has been published since 1991. essential information for travel

We strive to ensure that the contents are accurate, the enthusiasts who are looking for texts explicative and concise yet readable, and the high untouched destinations. quality illustrative material relevant to the written content. All rights reserved. Reproduction without the You will get acquainted with the written permission of the publisher is strictly forbidden. views of Iran with pure streaks of culture, history, art and literature that are hidden in the dust of modern life.

13 Event ITB Berlin 2019 Bigger, More Digital And Sustainable And Even More International

Berlin, 18 February 2019 – The to the multi-purpose congress Hall 5.2b, which features India, outlook is exceptionally good for and trade fair venue CityCube was booked up at an early stage. ITB Berlin as final preparations are Berlin (CCB), we have been able A number of exhibitors have underway for the 53rd edition to devote an exclusive area enlarged their stands, including which will take place from 6 to and 20 per cent more space the states of Karnataka and Tamil 10 March 2019. Some 10,000 to the rapidly expanding Travel Nadu. A substantial number of companies and organisations Technology segment. All six Travel up-and-coming enterprises have from over 180 countries will be Technology halls were booked up announced their attendance, represented in 26 halls in the back in December." including Kesari Tours, Trans Indus biggest marketplace of the Asia, India and Arab countries are Destination Management, Visit international travel industry. This expanding onto the market Incredible India Tours, the luxury year’s official partner country India, Asia and Arab countries, wellness resort Atmantan and Malaysia, which is organising whose tourism industries are the Uday Samudra Ayurveda & the opening event on the eve all expanding, will again be Yoga Resort. TourEast, an initiative of ITB Berlin 2019, is putting represented in large numbers at which promotes sustainable on a spectacular display of ITB Berlin. cultural tourism destinations performances typical for this The presence of many new in rural Bengal and Goa, is region. During the show, trade exhibitors reflects the markets’ presenting its projects at the visitors and the public can find out extremely dynamic growth. Sustainable Travel Pavilion in Hall about the many products and Among those exhibiting for the 5.2b for the first time. services of this southeast Asian first time in Hall 26 areKarma country in Hall 26. Now occupying Group, which markets exclusive Australia, Africa and South a stand that has grown by 5 - star hotels and retreats, and America highlight their around 100 square metres, co- the international tour operator continuous growth exhibitor numbers have more Global DMC Network by JTB Australia is highlighting its growth than doubled compared with last Group from Japan. The displays prospects in the tourism market year. of Arab countries in Hall 2.2 with a larger display area in Hall “Once again, the outstanding reflect their growth on the world`s 5.2a. Among African countries, number of bookings received tourism markets. This year is the Egypt (Hall 4.2) with its focus by ITB Berlin shows that in these first time that the Saudi General on grand Egyptian museums times especially, when talk is Investment Authority is taking part and Namibia (Hall 20) will be about geopolitical crises, climate in ITB Berlin. Dubai is participating attracting attention with larger change and over tourism, the in larger numbers than last year. stands. One important piece international travel industry is The country`s main attraction is of information for visitors to the focusing on strong participation Expo 2020 Dubai, which will be Africa Hall (20): Swaziland will and personal exchanges at the represented with its own stand. be represented as the Kingdom World`s Leading Travel Trade , the official partner country of Eswatini. South American Show ", said David Ruetz, head of ITB Berlin 2020, is occupying a countries are picking up where of ITB Berlin. "As well as regular larger display area, proof of the they left off last year – all exhibitors we have secured growing economic importance exhibitors have confirmed they the participation of many new of tourism in the Sultanate. will be back at the show. Many companies this year. We have Fujairah, the last country to join first-time exhibitors from the created more floor space in the Emirates and an emerging Caribbean, including from order to satisfy demand. With the tourism destination, will also be Curacao, Barbados, Belize and ITB Berlin Convention relocating represented on a larger stand. El Salvador, are also taking part.

14 "Once again, the outstanding number of bookings received by ITB Berlin shows that in these times especially, when talk is about geopolitical crises, climate change and over tourism, the international travel industry is focusing on strong participation and personal exchanges at the World`s Leading Travel Trade Show“ - David Ruetz, head of ITB Berlin Grenada, the Caribbean island larger stands. Majorca, in are among the regular exhibitors which was an exhibitor at ITB particular, is important for at the show. Once again, the HTI Berlin back in 2015, is celebrating the German market. Now on will be hosting the ITB Medical its return. Peru and Ecuador a stand measuring over 500 Night. have marginally increased their square metres, the Russian Exhibitors from around the world displays, and Venezuela has representation in Hall 3.1 is larger are presenting their products even doubled the size of its stand. than ever before. Norway (Hall and innovations for Youth & As far as the US is concerned, 18), Bulgaria (Hall 15), Slovakia Adventure Travel and Responsible bookings are on a par with last (7.2b) and Switzerland (Hall17) all Tourism in Hall 4.1. With almost year’s, nullifying the ‘Trump have reasons to celebrate – all 40 exhibitors the Youth Travel effect’. four destinations are celebrating Center is almost booked up. Italy, 50 years at ITB Berlin. represented by Tuscany, and Europe: newcomers, many the newly established Federal regular exhibitors and three International demand in Medical Association for School Trips are anniversaries Tourism represented here for the first time. A large number of new exhibitors, The segment The Adventure Travel and as well as larger stands in the has reported an increase in Responsible Tourism segment European halls, mean that international companies too. In has reported an increase bookings there have remained Hall, 21.b newcomers include in exhibitor numbers too. stable. Newcomers include St. Viaggiare Sorridere from Newcomers include a combined Helena, where Napoleon was Albania, A-A Stomatologica stand with nine Madagascan exiled, the EU Initiative European from Romania, Cluster Dalmatia- tourism organisations featuring Capitals of Smart Tourism, Health from Croatia, the Indian the slogan`Madagascar: Turismo de Setúbal and Mystic specialist in medical ayurveda Responsible Travel and Authentic Cruises from Portugal. Portugal`s applications CGH Earth, Dormio- Experiences’, the Croatian booming tourism industry will Med Dorota Kowalczyk, and national parks Plitvice Lakes be hosting impressive displays the online portal MKT Plus from National Park and Park Krka, the in Hall 1.1. Over 100 exhibitors, Poland. Also taking part for the publisher Delius Klasing Verlag, the majority of them under the first time is theEuropean Historic WWF Germany, WWF Borneo, umbrella of Turismo de Portugal Thermal Towns Association and the relief organisation Brot für will be presenting their products (EHTTA). The European Spas die Welt /Tourism Watch. For the on a 10 per cent larger display Association (ESPA) and the Health past four years, Cultural Tourism area. Luxembourg and the Tourism Industry Conference (HTI), has occupied its own hall at ITB Balearics are also occupying the medical partners of ITB Berlin,

15 Berlin. Some 70 exhibitors from also underlines the growing convention’s key topics in depth 12 countries, including museums importance of travel technology. in small groups. Convention from all over Europe, festivals, joint In addition to the major players sessions and international award European large-scale projects Wirecard and Concardis, big- presentations will also take place and cultural attractions are name market leaders including in Halls 7 and at the Palais am presenting their cultural highlights Paypal, Six Payment Services and Funkturm. and offerings in the Culture ECOMMPAY are also taking part. Lounge (Hall 16). Visit Flanders Thematically, the new New organisers and new hotels is the official culture partner of Technology, Tours & Activities An impressive number of tour the show. Other cultural tourism (TTA) segment spans a bridge operators are new to the show. exhibitors including museum.de between travel technology and They include Alltours, the travel and can be found in Hall 10.2. adventure travel. A special 500 website Urlaubsguru, the Swiss square-metre exhibition and luxury cruise operator Scenic Big growth prospects: meeting area are being set up Luxury Cruises & Tours, the Travel technology and the new in Hall 4.1b where major players Antarctic tour specialist Albatros TTA segment and smaller startups can present Exhibition, the online portal The eTravel World is booked up. their innovative products from the Kurzurlaub.de, and the software International participation is world of in-destination services, developer Durak und Reinhardt also on the increase. In order to including Bookingkit, Klook, GmbH. Now on two stands, Booking.com is occupying a much larger area in Hall 9. As the main exhibitor, the Indian luxury hotel group Roseate Hotels & Resorts has moved from Hall 5.2 to Hall 9. As a newcomer in the hotel segment, the leading Asian luxury hotel group Shangri-La has announced its participation with three hotels.

ITB Berlin app lets visitors relax The ITB Berlin app is a convenient and efficient tool for organising one’s visit on the move. satisfy the space requirements Regiondo, Fareharbor, ATTA, Visitors can use it to easily find of this fast-growing segment, the Evaneos and Giant Monkey. exhibitors, hall plans and events, eTravel World was enlarged by 20 MICE and Business Travel expand including those at the ITB Berlin per cent. This was made possible – ITB Berlin Convention relocates Convention, as well as to find by the ITB Berlin Convention to a new venue their way around. The new relocating to another venue. Relocating the ITB Berlin beacon system means navigating In addition to the established Convention to the multi-purpose around the halls is easy. What is Travel Technology halls (8.1 ,5.1 congress and trade fair venue more, MyITB with its user profile and 10.1) the eTravel World can CityCube has not only created provides an excellent overview of be found in three adjacent halls more space for events, it now favourite exhibitors and events. (7 ,6.1.b and 7.1c). With more means better access too. At Regular updates will ensure that than a dozen first-time exhibitors, the world’s largest tourism users always have the latest including BookingSuite, Travelor, convention some 400 leading information during the show. Loopon, Ratehawk, Atomize and figures representing tourism, The ITB app for iPhones, Android Gastromatic, the Hospitality Tech politics, the industry will be smartphones and tablets can segment especially is reporting discussing the latest topics at a be downloaded and updated strong growth. total of 200 events. New among free of charge and is available in The increasing presence of the events are Deep Dive sessions German and English. payment system providers at which visitors can dwell on the

16 www.visitiran.ir

Iranian EXHIBITORS

1. Maral 12. Gasht Tour 2. Pardisan Tour 13. Aftab Kalout 3. AITO 14. HRC 4. Alaedin Travel 15. Pars Mosafer 5. Eavar 16. Alvan Safar 6. Nilufarane 17.Adineh Tour 7.TAC 18. Iran Eco 8. Pasargad Tours 19. Parsi Toos 9. IDT 20. Touran 10. Arg -e- Jadid 21. Mahan Air 11. Marcopolo 17 Viewpoint

www.visitiran.ir

Ali Asghar Monesan

Vice-President of the Islamic Republic of Iran 's Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization

In today’s modern world, a majority of policymakers and planners consider tourism as one of the greatest and most diverse sources of economic development. Now, many countries look at tourism as a main source of income, job creation, and economic development. In line with this policy, in recent years Iran has been attending international exhibitions on tourism and handmade industries with the purpose of exchanging information about new and efficient ways in areas of tourism services, international marketing and introducing the country’s capacities and tourist attractions. The CHHTO views this policy as an effective approach and formulated an integrated policy in this regard with a focus on certain countries. Since exchange of information takes place in important international tourism exhibitions, and companies, non-state actors, tourism agencies, and tourist leaders find a chance to establish contacts with foreign counterparts, an opportunity is being created to help increase the number of tourists visiting the country. As today tourism is considered as one of the most important sectors and also a path to development, the prospect of is promising. This is highly important, as according to the strategic plan set out for the tourism industry, the number of tourists visiting Iran annually must increase from the current figure of about 5 million to 20 million by the year 2025. This gets special importance as Iran is seeking to attract more tourists from European countries, China, and neighboring countries. The successful experience of participation in Fitur exhibition, which is viewed as one of the most important and most credible events of tourism in the world over the past 12 years, there is a great motivation to attend the exhibition. There is a hope that an active participation of companies involved in tourism activities in the exhibition, which is unique of its kind, we can develop our relations with foreign counterparts at a global level.

18 Ibrahim Pourfaraj

Message from Chairman of the Iranian Tour operators Association (ITOA)

Iran is a great land with a great civilization that has influenced the history of the world. Let`s look at the matter this way: how much are we familiar with Iran`s culture, Art, literature and music? Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz, Tabriz and Mashhad don`t cover all that constitutes Iran`s civilisation. They only represent parts of the diverse forms of this people`s rich culture. Even the delicate beauty of Iran`s great cities is so extensive and vast that we are not fully familiar enough with it. Have we discovered the subliminal spiritual details on the tiling of ? Have we ever mentioned why we should pass the semi-dark passage before entering the mosque. Does it infer that the architect is telling us that the sense of spirituality is attained step by step through patience to prepare us for spiritual insight? In Persepolis, we have passed by the palace of Apadana. Let`s think about how much we have thought on the feature details and Immortal Guard’s arrays. When we were climbing Persepolis` stairs, have we spotted that four cavalries were able to climb up these stairs? How many of us have visited Marivan? This far away border town has been the metropolis for thousands of villagers who lived in valleys and mountains nearby. Have we put our feet in Zarivar Lake? How many of us have passed a night in Takab and were reminded of the ancient cities of Shiz? Don`t you regret that you haven`t visited the city of Bam, when the city still maintained its fortress? The huge building from adobe bricks survived for centuries from catastrophic natural disasters and incidents. Iranian Tour operators Association (ITOA) as the professional association of tourism in Iran is proud to introduce the vast capacities of Iran’s ancient civilisation and culture to tourists. By lifting imposed sanctions which had prevented the opportunity to visit these beauties from citizens all around the globe, this association with two decades of experience in tourism industry is prepared to introduce and attract foreign tourists. We hope and dream for a new era of collaboration with international community to spread the message of peace and tolerance via tourism all over the world.

19 www.visitiran.ir

Iran (Persien), die Wiege der Zivilisation, Iran liegt im Zentrum der Nahostregion im ist 7000 Jahre alt. In der Geschichte der Norden des Persischen Golfs und ist 1.648.000 alten Zivilisationen der Welt hatte Iran den Quadratkilometer groß. Iran hat unzählige herausragendsten und wichtigsten Anteil herrliche Denkmäler und Paläste wie Perspolis, daran, anderen Menschen auf der Welt ein , Pasargade und Behistun und glanzvolles leben zu ermöglichen. Während ist das Land der Dichter von Weltbedeutung von vielen der alten Völker der Welt keine spure wie Ferdowsi, Hafez, Saadi, Rumi und Chayam mehr existiert, haben Iran und seine Kultur und und ist wegen seines sich im Laufe des Jahres Zivilisation im Laufe der verschiedenen Ereignisse wandelnden Klimas, seiner diversen Riten und Jahrtausende überdauert. Dies allein reicht aus, Dialekte, seines schönen Kunsthanwerks, seiner um Iran und seine vergangene Zivilisation und traditionellen Speisen, der Gastfreundschaft Kultur großarting zu nennen. seines Volkes und -in einem Wort- wegen seiner Liebe und Leidenschaft für den Frieden und das Wer sich für die Weltgeschichte und -Kultur friedliche Zusammenleben bereit, deutsche interessiert, kommt, um die historischen Touristen herzlich zu empfangen. Entwicklungen der Welt zu verstehen, nicht umhin, die iranische Zivilisation und die Die britische Zeitschrift „International Business aufeinanderfolgenden Reiche und Dynastien Times“ bezeichnete Iran im Jahr 2015 als einen der Achämeniden. Aschkanen und Sassaniden der Pole des weltweit Tourismus. Im Jahr 2016 kennen zu lernen, von denen jedes Einzelne die nannte außerdem die amerikanische Zeitung iranische Kultur und Kunst in glanzvoller Weise „Los Angeles Times“ Iran ein beliebtes Reiseziel geprägt hat. Die markanteste Eigenschaft für Touristen, und die Zeitung „New York Times“ dieses Landes ist vielleicht das Weiterbestehen hat Iran in ihrem letzten Bericht als eines der seiner besonderen Kultur, einer Kultur, die mit weltweit besseren Reiseziele im Jahre 2019 ihren Entwicklungen und Veränderungen von bezeichnet. damals bis heute fortbesteht und in manchen Entwicklungen und Veränderungen von damals bis heute fortbesteht und in manchen Epochen Botschaft der Islamischen Republik Iran Berlin der Menschheitsgeschichte die glanzvollsten Produkte der Zivilisation hervorgebracht hat.

20

Inbox

Pilgrimage sites In Eastern Iran

ontrary to the currently unfortunately David Meier is a German archaeologist who holds a Ph.D. degree in Near Eastern Archaeology. negative coverage of Iran recent media, Dr David Meier has participated in various it is one of the most beautiful and culturally international archaeological field projects in , Iran, Turkey, Qatar and exciting travel destinations in the so- for the last fifteen years. called Orient. As the Iranians themselves say, this Due to his long experience, he got excellent knowledge of the region and its history and is the "land of the four seasons", where you can culture. At the moment he is affiliated at the University of Tehran with an archaeological Post. experience snow-covered peaks in the mountains, Doc.-research project. humid plains with dense forests, arid desert regions and the shores of the Persian Gulf. These memories are the southwestern province of Fars, like include, for example, the Lut desert or Damavand the ruins of the Achaemenid capital of Persepolis Mountain and countless other places. In addition (pers. Takht-eh Jamshid) and the rock tombs of the to the breathtaking landscapes and diverse early Persian rulers in nearby Naghsh-eh Rostam, natural spaces, there are also numerous historic, where also fabulously beautiful rock bas-reliefs from architectural witnesses from 5000 years of civilization different eras can be admired. For this reason, these history to visit. places can rightly be called historic pilgrimage sites. In the west of the country lies Esfahan, one the Halfway from Esfahan to Tehran lies the city of Qom, most important capitals of Iran during the Islamic the so-called "Shiite Vatican". Shi´ism is, besides periods, where in addition to the Naghsh-eh Jahan Sunni Islam, is the second important branch of square with the Sheikh Lotfollah mosque, the Islam, comparable to the Christian branches of Imam Mosque and Ali Qapu palace also unique, the Catholic and Protestant churches. In addition historic bridge systems, all from the 16th century, to its important and worldwide famous role in the are located. Other places to gain unforgettable production of high-quality silk carpets, the city is

22 Esfahan is one of the most important capitals of Iran during the Islamic periods. Naghsh-eh Jahan square with the Sheikh Lotfollah mosque,are outstanding. mainly known as the centre of Shiite Islam. There, In the northeast of the country is the city of under a gilded dome, lies the tomb of Fatemeh Mashhad, the religious and administrative centre of “Masoumeh” bint Musa (p.b.u.h.), a sister of the Khorasan Razavi province. There lies the shrine of the eighth Imam Ali ibn Musa ar-Reza (p.b.u.h.). Also eighth Shiite Imam Ali ibn Musa ar-Reza (p.b.u.h.), located in the immediate vicinity of this shrine is a the most important religious pilgrimage site of variety of religious institutions and madrasas Iran. The Shiite Imams are religious founders and From Tehran to the northeast, along with the members of the Prophet's (p.b.u.h.) family and are northern edge of the Kavir Desert, lies a lonely and greatly worshipped, much like Christian saints. The mystical pilgrimage site called in Semnan entire complex is composed by the shrine, which is Province. There is the tomb of the Sufi master attributed by a gilded dome and further wonderful Bayazid Bastami, the so-called "Soltan al-Arefin" decorated religious monuments, like for example, (eng. King of all Dervishes) located. It was built first the beautiful 15th -century Guhar Shad Mosque. This in the 8th/ 9th century with a conical dome and remarkable edifice was commissioned by the wife of was enlarged in the following centuries under the the Timurid ruler Shahrokh, a son of Tamerlane who, reign of the Seljuk Turks and the Mongol dynasty of like Genghis Khan, was one of the Turko-Mongol the Ilkhanids. In the modern provincial capital of conquerors of the Islamic world. In addition, other , numerous traces of the millennia-long testimonies of Islamic architectural traditions from history of settlement can also be observed, such as the periods of 15th -the 19th century which are the Tarikhane mosque or the mausoleum of the Pir characterized by unique domed buildings as well as Alamdar, a domed building made of mudbrick with multi-coloured tiles and mosaics decorated facades a beautiful surrounding band of a Kufi calligraphy. can be visited there. This is another extraordinary example of early Islamic To the west of Mashhad is Neyshabur, the city of tomb architecture from the 11th century, the time of Turquoise, situated. It had a significant role in the the Seljuk rule, a politically and culturally influential Middle Ages due to its strategic location on the medieval dynasty. routes interconnecting Central Asia and

23 INBOX

There is the tomb of the Sufi master Bayazid Bastami, the so-called "Soltan al-Arefin in Semnan Province.

China towards the west. There is the tomb of Omar millennia of history in Iran. Due to the dry and barren Khayyam, a polymath of the early Islamic period, nature of the deserts and steppes, people were who, in addition to his mathematical calculations required to supply themselves with water in the and star observations, is mainly known and prized for early days in order to secure their economic and his world-famous Rubaiyat, a collection of poetry. In cultural progress. This was ensured for example by his poems, he usually dealt with the transience of life means of a sophisticated irrigation system of Qanats and proposes to enjoy the little things in life. In the (pers. Kariz), underground water channels. In this immediate vicinity are Farid ad-Din Attar, another type of irrigation system, the water-bearing strata early Islamic mystic, and Mohamad Makhrough, a in the higher mountain regions are tapped through descendant of the Prophet Mohammed (p.b.u.h.) subterranean, horizontal channels with an exact as well as Kamal al-Molk, the founder of modern slope of 1˚. Their maintenance and the guarantee Iranian painting, buried. Therefore, Neyshabur can of procurement with fresh, clean water are ensured also be described as a not purely religious, but by vertical access shafts, which have been laid out rather artistic place of pilgrimage. at regular intervals. These technical masterpieces In addition to these religious and artistic places of engineering have ensured a continuous of pilgrimage, places of veneration and supply of water that is extremely effective contemplation, there are other examples of and environmentally friendly, even though its

24 The best known examples of the Qanats are the “Baladeh Qanat” near Ferdows in and the "Ghazabe Qanat" in Gonabad, also known as "Kariz Kai Khosrow" in Khorasan Razavi province, which dates from the seventh to fifth centuries BC.

near Ferdows in South Khorasan province and the "Ghazabe Qanat" in Gonabad, also known as "Kariz Kai Khosrow" in Khorasan Razavi province, which dates from the seventh to fifth centuries BC. These facilities were also added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in recent years. With the help of these Qanats not only the cities were supplied with water, but also the numerous fruit and vegetable gardens as well as pleasure gardens. The best-known examples of these pleasure gardens are the Fin Garden (pers. Bagh-eh Fin) in Kashan, the Shazdeh Garden (pers. Bagh-eh Shazdeh) in Mahan as well as the Bustan-eh Saadi, the fruit garden around the underground course, as there is no evaporation tomb of the Iranian poet Saadi in Shiraz. and salinisation of the water, as is, unfortunately, These gardens continue to enjoy great popularity the case with modern overground, open water not only from foreign guests, but also from Iranian channels. travelers, making these places nowadays also These Qanats are to be observed distributed over cultural pilgrimage sites and meeting places of the whole country, but unfortunately today due different cultures. Due to its diverse aspects in to the elaborate maintenance more and more terms of religion, culture and nature, Iran is an are neglected. The best known examples of these extraordinary destination for travelling. irrigation systems are the “Baladeh Qanat”

25 Medical Tourism Iran`s Health Tourism Potentials and Advantages

Homayoun Zarghani Investigative Journalist

iversity, high quality, and cost-effective specialist personnel to advance this area. medical services in Iran, and its geographic He said: "In the field of health tourism, the country locations and situation in the region are benefited of about 1.2 billion dollars revenue from among the factors to contribute to medical this section, according to the available medical Dtourism. potentials, this figure can be increased up to 5 times. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), The head of the healthcare department of the Medical Tourism is a growing trend with enormous Ministry of Health stated that in 2017 around 300,000 economic implications. Therefore, in recent years, international patients had arrived in the country. many countries are developing comprehensive Hashemzadeh said: "Infertility treatments, cosmetic plans to use this opportunity to improve their surgery, childbirth, cardiovascular disease, eye economy as well as the quality of medical care. surgery and general surgery, orthopaedics, cancer It was not until 2003 that Iran Ministry of Health and diagnosis and treatment, organ transplantation, (MOHME) paid attention to are the most popular medical services among Medical Tourism systematically for the first time, international patients. and in 2004 Medical Tourism was considered as a "If health tourism chain is complete in the country, separate health industry. we can reach the first place in the region, but now In 2017, about 300,000 international patients have in the West Asia region, we are one of the three entered the country, and this figure has increased leading countries in medical tourism." added the 1.5 to 2 times in comparison with the last year. head of the healthcare department of the Ministry According to the -20year vision developing the of Health. plan of the country, by the year 2025, two million applicants for treatment from foreign countries Hot Spa Water should be admitted. Iran have a lot of spa water for treatment and it Saeed Hashemzadeh, head of the Health Tourism Department of MOHME said that one of the most important strategies in the field of health tourism is training health tourism activists including In Ardebil province specially in Sarein area you can find a lot of hottest mineral spa bubbling up companies, hospitals and health centres. The at the foot of the beautiful Mountain subject is underway in the Ministry of Health with an academic and industrial approach. He added: "In order to develop the educational topics in the field of health tourism, many actions have been taken, including the establishment of a field of health tourism at the universities of medical sciences, which is being pursued and we hope that a near future, health tourism is also approved and taught at universities. Countries such as Turkey, Jordan and India, which have achieved relatively successful health tourism in the region, also trained

26 can be seen by the fact that the country is the most important destination for hydrotherapy. In Ardebil province specially in Sarein area you can find a lot of hottest mineral spa bubbling up at For some simply reasons the foot of the beautiful Sabalān We would be your choice! Mountain. Babak Youse an The hot temperature of the natural Managing Director mineral spring refuses to surrender Persia Mehr to the cold climate of the area, which could fall as low as minus 30 IRAN has always been a gateway surgeons, specialist medical associations between East and West. The warmth & professional staff in all cities of Iran degrees Celsius. It keeps boiling and hospitality of its people is famous which are active in health tourism and even in the freezing winters of the around the world. With both the cultural offer the highest level of care & excellent northwestern province, with the and historical richness, as well as the medical services results to ensure full steamy bubbles offering a unique level of expansion in the field of health, gratification. sight in the sub-zero temperature. Iran is one of the most popular countries All members of our team work together Owing to its innate chlorinated in the region when it comes to. High with highly skilled and qualified Iranian water, the natural hot mineral qualified physicians, up-to-date medical international doctors who possess many water pool is widely known as technology and natural healing regions years of experience in their specialty. are attractive for health tourists. Once you’ve decided to pursue a a tourist attraction of medicinal But Simply Reasons are: procedure, we’ll put you at ease helping properties. The pool gushes out Having direct communication with you find the right surgeon, the right of the ground in the virginal specialized and validated treatment implant and the right technique to meet mountainous suburbs of Meshkin center! your expectations. Shahr to provide the people with Consulting with expert medical teams We would be accompanying you; while alternative medicine for lymphatic and the best expert spesialists before assisting you with all of your medical diseases, rachitic, gynecological travelling! needs along the way! With our company, Performing all Para clinical tests you have the pleasure of relaxing while problems and some other chronic services/ non-invasive procedure with the we do all of the work for you and get all rheumatic conditions. best and up-to-date technology! of your medical needs taken care of at a Fast track services from diagnosis/ fraction of the cost! Iran's Shiraz City Looking to indication stage to surgery Also we help you to arrange your World-class techniques in advanced flight, hotel, accommodations by our Become Health Tourism Hub surgery and all medical procedure. professional Partners. The southwestern Shiraz metropolis, Doing all surgeries and produces by MedandTrip is committed to providing capital of , is already expert, international/well-known Iranian our customers with the best possible and one of Iran's top tourist destinations, surgeons most affordable service. but it is increasingly focusing on Best care and high quality VIP medical We assure you all Medical diagnostic health and medical tourism as a tourism services. services and procedures would be done major revenue stream to boost At least 2 year follow up through by our accredited partnered hospitals, its economic prospect under Telemedicine technology. which have all boast the most modern increasingly tough economic A clever choice would bring you, health and advanced equipment to provide and good memories in Iran as an ancient you with the highest quality of medical conditions facing the country. and spectacular country with modern care at affordable prices, and a personal During the current Iranian year centers. approach for customers during their stay. that began in March, the city has Specials that we work: managed to attract a growing About us: General Surgery number of visitors, both local and MEDandTRIP Metabolic and Obesity surgery foreign, looking to use its health Medical Tourism Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Management tourism facilities. Foreign tourists Gynecology and infertility We PersiaMehr Co. LTD, located Different types of cancers are expected to find the city in Tehran and our brand in medical Neuro Surgery more attractive since they can tourism filed isMEDandTRIP which is Contact us: employ its services cheaper due a Medical Group, cooperating with the Website:www.persiamehr/medandtrip to a significant devaluation of the best private and governmental hospitals Email: [email protected] rial in recent months as a result of by offer high-class healthcare in Iran. We Tel: 00982188635358 reimposed US sanctions. are partners with the best physicians, Fax: 00982188635283

27 Miracle of Plants iran is one of the places to grow a variety of plants due to its climate condition and geographical location.

Saffron Saffron, also called Red Gold, has different medicinal properties. More than 90 per cent of this valuable highly priced spice in the world is produced in Iran. Saffron is rich in antioxidant substances that prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals. It also prevents serious diseases such as cancer by boosting the immune system. The crocin in saffron is useful in improvement of insulin resistance. Moreover, it is rich in a large amount of iron, magnesium, potassium, manganese, and vitamin C. The safranal and coumarin content of saffron are helpful to treat depression. This herb can be used as herbal tea or spice.

Damask Rose Damask rose is an aromatic flower that the more it is red the more medicinal properties it has. Damask rose contains large amounts of antioxidants. It has vitamin C, crocin, and ellagic acid that are very helpful for repairing damaged cells and preventing diseases like heart problems, osteoporosis, and cancer. Breathing damask rose essence is very effective in the treatment of depression. This flower is used as one of the best substances for skin scrubbing, removing wrinkles, removing makeup, and treating skin allergies in cosmetic products. In addition, it is an effective treatment of constipation. Rosewater can be used in some sweets a desert or a tasty drink. It also can be used directly on the skin. The flowers can be consumed as herbal tea or even added to regular tea as a flavour. Lemon Verbena Drinking lemon verbena tea helps to treat the respiratory system diseases by reducing the amount of phlegm. Lemon verbena can prevent the growth of cancer cells due to a large amount of antioxidant. It also has anti-candida and anti-fungal property that can be very beneficial for the digestive system, and it is suitable for losing weight. Lemon verbena essential oil has bactericidal and insecticidal features, and also used in the fragrance industry. This herb can be used as herbal tea, spice, or essential oil.

Lemon Balm Lemon balm is used for treating mood problems. Due to its soothing and calming prosperities, it is effective for reducing anxiety and muscle cramps. Lemon balm is known for healing headaches, memory loss, and soul fatigue. It contains rosmarinic acid and citral which have antiviral properties that can be used as anti-herps.

Peppermint Peppermint is used to improve gut function and digestive system. It is beneficial for meteorism and gallstones. Inhaling peppermint essential oil is very helpful for treating cold and sore throat. It contains menthol that can prevent the growth of cancer cells, especially prostate cancer.

28 Using different kinds of herbs as medicine has been Due to technological advancements, chemical medicine common scientifically from the distant past and Iranian has replaced with herbal medicine over time. Although well-known scientists such as Avicenna, Zakariya Razi, today, the use of chemical drugs is more common, the and Abu Rayhan Biruni had written quality books in side effects are unavoidable. the field of medicinal herbs. Among the most important Iran is one of the places to grow a variety of plants of these books, The Canon of Medicine by Avicenna due to its climate condition and geographical location. can be mentioned. This book has been translated into In the following 10 valuable exporting medicinal herbs different languages such as Latin, Arabic, English, of Iran are mentioned: French, and German.

Lavender Lavender is one of the most aromatic plants in the world that is used as a medicinal herb in traditional medicine of Iran, China, and India for many years. Lavender is believed to have antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help to improve digestive system function and it is very beneficial for nausea, stomachache, and abdominal swelling. The linalool content of lavender is helpful to reduce blood pressure and the risk of heart diseases. It also improves blood circulation. Moreover, it is used to heal headaches, anxiety, and migraine. Lavender is effective for cleansing scalp and hair and is one of the best things for treating dandruff and lice. In addition to helping with hair problems, it is used to treat skin problems such as scratches, burns, and skin inflammation.

Sage Sage has been effective in the treatment of complications of insect bites from the past. It has been also used for boosting mood and life extension. Sage contains saponin that can stop bacteria growth and has antimicrobial property against candida-albicans which is the cause of many diseases. Using sage is very useful during the menopause. It can reduce symptoms like hot flashes and night sweats. It is also effective in the treatment of painful and irregular menstruation.

St. John’s Wort This herb is highly regarded for treating mild to moderate depression and it is commonly used in the pharmacy industry. The active chemical in St. John’s Wort, hyperforin, can be useful for treating depression and nerve pains. It also has an anti-inflammatory property that can be effective in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.

Rosemary Rosemary is used as a natural treatment for gut problems, constipation, meteorism, and diarrhoea. It helps to promote regular bowel movements and digestive system. Using rosemary can be useful for improving memory and mood, and it reduces inflammations. It is also beneficial for detoxing body.

Tarragon Tarragon is a good source of iron, calcium, magnesium, manganese, vitamin A, and vitamin C. It is mostly used as a vegetable in foods, but it is also used for medical consumption. Due to its anaesthetic property, ancient Greek chewed it in order to soothe toothache. Furthermore, it was used as a snake antivenom. Tarragon helps to improve digestion and heart diseases and is effective in the treatment of obesity.

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Welcome to IRAN

Islamic Republic of Iran

National Slogan: Independence, International Tel code: 0098 Agriculture: wheat, rice, grains, fruits, Freedom, the Islamic Republic Exports: oil, carpet, fruits, dry fruits oily seeds such as pistachios, almond, Capital: Tehran (pistachios, raisins and dates), leather, walnut, cotton. Geographical condition: 41 35 N 25 51 E caviar, petrochemical products, Transportation: 7286 kilometers of Language: Persian apparels and dresses, foodstuffs. railways and 158000 kilometers of roads. Religion: Islam Imports: machineries, industrial Pipelines: oil derivatives 3900 Leader: Great Ayatollah Sayyid Ali metals, medicines, chemical kilometer, natural gas 4550 kilometer. Khamenei derivatives. Ports: Abadan, Ahwaz, Shahid President: Dr. Hassan Rohani Industries: oil, petrochemical, Beheshti port, Abbas port, Anzali National Day: 11 February textile, cement and other materials for port, Bushehr port, Imam Khomeini Population (633/597/75 : (2011 building construction, food derivatives port, Mahshahr port, Turkman port, Currency unit: Iranian Rial (especially refining sugar and Khoramshahr, Noshahr. Internet Domain: ir extracting edible oil),

36 Shahsavan Nomads Photo: Afshin Alizadeh

ere in Iran you can visit glorious ancient structures is still by plane, for example with Turkish Airlines (via IST), like Persepolis, you can visit most amazing natural Austrian Airlines (via VIE), Emirates (vie DXB), Alitalia (via beauties like Harra mangroves, you can climb FCO), Pegasus Airlines, Iran Air or Germania. Most flights go Hhigh mountains like Alborz, or just have a cup of to Tehran (IKIA), but now there are also direct flights to other tea in Hāfiz Garden, you can swim in the Caspian Sea, parts of the country or if you want to swim in winter season why not do that in Iran is a country of four seasons. In fact, in January I first Kish Island, where you can do your shopping too. In Iran, survived a snowball fight at the Caspian Sea and two days you will experience different cultures and religions, with a later stood in the Dasht-e Kavir desert at 30 degrees feeding hospitability you have never seen before. some camels. True story! Only 2 days between desert and Iran is expected to experience a tourism boom. Visitors may snow. be surprised to discover the riches the country has to offer, The best time to visit Iran depends on what you want to do. including ancient ruins, pristine beaches and popular ski Skiing in the Alburz Mountains is only possible in winter, while resorts. in the central Iranian deserts it can get incredibly hot with You can enter the country overland via Turkey, either on over 70 degrees in summer. If there is something like a best the old Orient Express route by train or even by motorcycle time to travel to Iran, then that would be from March to May or bicycle. But from Europe, the easiest way to get to Iran and September to November.

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30Historical, Religious Natural & Cultural Highlights

Holy Shrine of Imam Reza The shrine complex of Imam Reza (AS) was developed on the site of the eighth Imam's tomb, in what was at the time of his death in 817 the small village of Sanabad. The city of Mashhad, visited by the Muslims to pay homage to the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza. 1In the tenth century Mashhad, ‘Place of Martyrdom’ (used for any burial place of a Muslim martyr), became the most sacred site in Persia. Although the earliest dated structure bears an inscription from the early fifteenth century, historical references indicate buildings on the site prior to the Seljuk period and a dome by the early thirteenth century. tomb chamber and congregational mosque, situated on the southwest side of the complex.

Shrine of Hazrat-e Masūmeh The most important of the many religious sites in Qom is the Shrine of Hazrat-e Masumeh (AS), a mausoleum dedicated to Fatimah Masumeh, sister of Imam Reza 2(AS). She was travelling to meet her brother in Mashhad when she became ill and passed away in Qom. The shrine which was erected in her memory soon became a popular site of pilgrimage and remains so to this day. The current buildings mainly date from the Safavid Period (1732-1501). Shah Abbas I

38 Meydān-e Naghsh-e Jahān Meydān-e Emām or Meydān-e Naghsh-e Jahān is one of the most wonderful historical and cultural attractions of Iran in the heart of the legendary city 3of Isfahan. It is registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. On the present site of Meydan-e-Emam, before Isfahan became the Safavid capital, there used to be another square called Naqsh-e-Jahan (Design of the world), much smaller than the square today. It was Shah Abbas the Great who made Isfahan his capital and then decreed that the square should be extended to its present size, and lovely buildings set around it. The length of this great square, which is actually rectangular, is 500 meters from north to south, and its width about 150 meters from east to west. It was laid out and beautified in the reign of Shah Abbas the Great, at the beginning of the seventeenth century. The whole area of the square within the limits of the water channels around it was quite level, while to the north and south stood two goal posts for the game of polo. Those two goals posts are still in position but replanning with large pool in the centre, and lower beds round has transformed the square and given it a completely new look. Most of the buildings around are two- storied and the alcoves simply decorated. To the south of square can be seen the great pile of Abbasi Jami (Masjid-e- Shah) - the Royal Mosque a vista of blue, - to the east is Sheikh Lutf Allah Mosque quite unequalled - to the west the royal palace of Shah Abbas the Great, Ali Qapo and to the north the Qaysariyeh gateway leading to the Royal Bazaar. The most noteworthy feature of the square is the way in which in sunshine and shade and the varying lights of the day, the whole wonderful expanse takes on a hundred different aspects each more attractive and lovely. If, as some foreign travellers have said, (Isfahan is the heart of the Orient), then Meydan-e-Emam is certainly the heart of Isfahan. The palace itself has all the dazzling beauty of the period, lovely doors and all kind of expensive objects and furnishings. Shah Abbas, of the piercing glance, sits there, surrounded by all the important personalities and ambassadors of the day, Persians and foreigners, and from the lofty gallery views the polo and other manoeuvres of his Qezelbash guards below.

39 St. Thaddeus Monastery About 20 km south of Maku in Western Azarbaijan province lies the famous and marvelous monastic complex of St. Thaddeus. It is located on a mountain ridge beside a stream sunken into the rock, thus giving it a natural fortified position. The outline of it, placed on gently rolling hills, stands out sharply against 4the vastness of the horizon. Sourb Thade (St. Thaddeus) or Ghara-Kilisa (the black church) as it is called by the people of Northwestern Iran, forms a harmonious, integral part with its surroundings both in the material with which it is constructed, and in its form. The location of the monastery was surely chosen for strategic reasons, for it was built during a period when neighboring peoples seriously threatened it. The thick walls around the monastery, also, had an important defensive function during sieges, and the complex was built especially to withstand them. It is situated within a natural circle of mountains, a short distance from a river. Wells drilled within the enclosure guaranteed a water supply. The church was surrounded by vast, fertile fields, quite suitable for farming, and therefore capable of supplying food for both men and animals. The harvest was well protected in special storage rooms, thus enabling the monastery to keep its independence and relative security.

Yazd Zoroastrian Fire Temple (Ātashkadeh) The most important Zoroastrian fire temple in Iran is the Atashkadeh in . The shrine of Zoroaster was an Iranian prophet, the founder of the first monotheistic religion in an 5everlasting flame. Nobody except for the Moubad (Grand Priest), a descendant of the Magi, reciting the Avesta, has access to the Moubad-e Moubadan (Saint of Saints) where for the past 3000 years a fire burns in a brazen vessel. The most important Zoroastrian fire temple in Iran is the Atashkadeh in Yazd province. It is surrounded by evergreen trees and a large round pool in the courtyard, which gives a clear reflection of the temple for artistic photography.

40 Soltānieh Dome Soltānieh is one of the most important examples of architectural magnificence in 6Iran, which evidently influenced the architecture of lots of other historical constructions in Iran, this dome is the biggest in the world which is made of brick and regarding its elevation, it is the third highest of the kind in the world. Solāanieh dome with an elevation exceeding 54 meters is one of most wonderful pieces of architecture of Ilkhanid era (a Mongol dynasty ruled over Iran). Construction of this ancient monument which is located 30 kilometres from Zanjān, a province in the west of Iran, dates back to 700 years ago. This dome with its octagonal base, exquisite tile work and magnificent architecture is one of the most unique examples of Islamic architecture.

Bisotun

Bisotun or Behistsun is the name of a village and rock in present-day Kermānshāh 7Province located along the ancient trade route linking the Iranian high plateau with Mesopotamia and features remains from the prehistoric times to the Median, Achaemenid, Sassanian, and Ilkhan periods. The site covers an area of 116 hectares. Archaeological evidence indicates that this region has been sheltered for human from 000/40 years ago until the present time. The most important monument of this site is the bas-relief and cuneiform inscription ordered by Darius I, The Great when he rose to the throne of the Persian Empire, 521 BC. The bas-relief portrays Darius holding a bow, as a sign of sovereignty, and treading on the chest of a figure who lies on his back before him. According to legend, the figure represents Gaumata, the Median Magus and pretender to the throne whose assassination led to Darius’s rise to power. Below and around the bas-reliefs, there are ca. 1,200 lines of inscriptions telling the story of the battles Darius waged in 520-521 BC against the governors who attempted to take apart the Empire founded by Cyrus. The inscription is written in three languages. The oldest is an Elamite text referring to legends describing the king and the rebellions. This is followed by a Babylonian version of similar legends. The last phase of the inscription is particularly important, as it is here that Darius introduced for the first time the Old Persian version of his res gestae (things are done). This is the only known monumental text of the Achaemenids to document the re-establishment of the Empire by Darius I. It also bears witness to the interchange of influences in the development of monumental art and writing in the region of the Persian Empire. There are also remains from the Median period (8th to 7th centuries B.C.) as well as from the Achaemenid (6th to 4th centuries B.C.) and post-Achaemenid periods. Another notable monument in this complex is the statue of Hercules. Hercules with curly hair and bread, is resting on the lion skin. Beside him, an olive tree is seen, carved on the wall while a quiver full of arrows is hanging from it and a club is also put near that. Behind the head of Hercules, an inscription in seven lines and in old Greek is written on a smooth space with a frame similar to Greek temples. According to this inscription, the statue was carved in 139 BC on the occasion of conquest for Seleucid Greeks (Demetrius II Nicator) against Parthian (Mithridates I of ). 41 Rakhtshoy Khanr Edifice-Zanjan

This famous edifice is located in Baba Jamal Choqoie Zanjan. It was constructed by two brothers named Mashad Akbar (an architect of those times) and Mashadi Esmail, (a mason). This construction can be divided into two parts. The first can be said to be the 'care-taker' and management, and then the wash room area. The 8former relates to the court yard and residential quarters, which encompasses two chambers along with an entrance. The latter portion is the wash room area, that again can be categorized into different sections-such as the water reservoir the ceiling of which is beautifully architectured. Another section is the main or original wash room, constructed from slabs of stone and mortar. Internally this building boast of unique architectural techniques. It can be noted that clothes can be washed here in four phases - beginning at the end of the water canal and ending on the other side. Beside foot baths can be observed, as well as a sewage system which had been planned under the foot baths, hence delivering the sewage water to the sewage system of the city. At present this public wash-house and historical relic has been renovated into a museum, which is on record in Iran.

Dash Kasan Caves-Abhar

This aggregate is located 910 km. south east of Soltanieh (Abhar). During this period three caves have been intricately dug out from the breast of the mountain side. Out of the remnants of this beautiful sculpture is worth mentioning of two dragons opposite each other and reaching a height of 3 m. Along side these are other engravings (in the Islamic style) such as flowers and paisley design in order to enchance the beauty of the altars situated in the cave. Besides which the stone has been carved in an arched fashion. The remnants of these carvings are from the period of the Mongol Emperor Oljaito, as he had sent for Chinese craftsmen and ordered them thus. According to the theory held regarding these caves, they were utilized during two separate periods in history. In the first the theory holds that these caves were a place of worship for the Sassanians. The second being during the Ilkhanan dynasty, depicted by the carving such as dragons, grape wine leaves, and wine etched in the caves. Due to the fact that the green slabs of stone use in constructing the Soltanieh citadel were excavated from these caves, space was provided for carvings and the construction of tombs in the said vicinity which later on was turned into a mausoleum.

42 Takht-e Soleyman

Near the town of Takab in West The Dark Tale behind the Golden Bowl of Azarbaijan lies a unique memorial Hasanlu to Persian history, philosophy 10and art. The Takht-e Soleyman Complex comprises The three soldiers knew that time was running monuments from the Sassanid (420-224 CE) to Il-Khan short. The citadel of Hasanlu, in what is now eras (13th century CE). north-western Iran, was under violent siege. The There are remains of Sassanid royal architecture and a soldiers descended into a building and grabbed a holy place where tow sacred elements of Zoroastrian handful of valuable treasures, including a treasured philosophy, fire and water, are brought together. This golden bowl engraved with images of gods and is the Azargoshasp Fire Temple, one the three largest rituals, a stone cylinder with gold caps, a figurine of fire temples of ancient Iran which was built for warriors. laminated ivory, and a sword-hilt with bronze guard. In Takht-e Soleyman you’ll be an eye-witness to But as the warriors began climbing up a wooden an enchanting, mysterious place whose name was staircase inside the home, the whole building collapsed, crushing them and their mentioned in several old documents and diaries. prized possessions under layers of debris. And here they remained for around 3,000 The aggregate of the Takht-e-Soleiman monument years, until their ground-breaking discovery in 1958. is placed on a natural high land, about 20 m. above The discovery of the soldiers and their treasures, in particular the spectacular the surrounding plain. All the structural relics have golden bowl, was hailed as one of the greatest finds of the decade. Images of been constructed within an oval shaped rampart. The the crumpled yet still dazzling bowl were splashed across newspapers around the exterior rampart with 5 m. thickness, 14 m. height and world, and scholars began publishing their interpretations of the images etched outer circumference of 1,200 m. has 38 conical defense onto this magnificent artifact. towers. The outer wall is a remnant from the Sassanian But very little attention was given to the soldiers and their identity – were they period. During the Ilkhanan reign, a new gateway had hero defenders of the city who raced to rescue the town’s treasures before it been constructed adjoined with the former southern was completely overrun with invaders? Or were they the warriors who descended gateway. Within the oval rampart there are two square onto the town, slaughtering its citizens and pillaging the homes and temples? plots, with uniaxis and different centers.

43 Damavand Mountain

Sixty-six km to the east of Tehran, to the right of Tehran-Firuz Kuh road, Damavand is a small 11town set in a closed-off and well-watered valley below the foothills of whose cone is not visible from this place. During the summer months, its populations are swollen by an influx of holidaymakers. Archaeological excavations carried out in the site of the modern town of Damavand have shown its occupation since the Neolithic times fifth millennium BC. The origins of the town go back to the Sassanian period. In the historical districts of the town as well as in its neighboring villages, there remain some relics belonging to the beginning of the Islamic period, the 11th century AD, and the Seljuk period. The most important amongst these is are the Jom’eh Mosque and its minaret, of the same period, however restored in later periods particularly during the Safavid rule and thus turned into a new building void of any historical significance. The mosque’s circular and simple brick minaret, which rests upon a rectangular brick base, is the only remaining relic of the structure. Traces of a Kuffic inscription and of other decorations, in the 11th-century style, remain to this day upon the minaret. At Damavand there are also two funerary towers of the kind found so abundantly in the Caspian region. The Imamzadeh Shams od-Din, to the southeast of the mosque, is thought to date from the Seljuk period. The Imamzadeh Abdollah, near the northeastern edge of the town, must date form the beginning of the 14th century, although the carved wooden doors are of a later date than the building. Two barred windows were recently added on the south.

Fin Palace and Garden

This garden is located to the south of the city of Kashan and near the village of Fin. The same was constructed on the 12former structures of the Al-e-Booyeh era. Its general layout and aqua system has been rendered special attention. This vicinity gained fame due to the murder of Amir Kabir, the reputed nationalist and Prime Minister (Grand Chancellor) of Nasereddin Shah Qajar. Amir Kabir was assassinated in a small bath here in the year 1268 AH. by the order of the Shah. This garden is a relic from the Safavid period, and has remained such for centuries due to the capacity of water it gains from the Soleimaniyeh spring. Today, this water flows into the 'Lasegah' pool after meandering through this beautiful garden, and providing water for the surrounding areas. The structures of this garden are the entrance and

44 Caspian Sea Beaches attractions of Gilan and the Mazandaran provinces. The Caspian Sea consists of three main sectors named as, the northern, central and southern. Its shores cover Covering an area of approximately a distance of more than 6,380 m. of which about 657 m. 438,000 square kilometers, it is beginning from Astara to the delta of the Attrak River is in the world's largest land-locked the realm of Iran. The calm blue sea forms the northern view 13body of water or lake. It spreads between Iran, Russia, and the dense forests covering the foot of the northern Turkamenistan, Qazaqistan and Azarbayjan. Its southern Alborz Mountains forms the southern landscape. The shores belonging to Iran are from the Makhtoom Ali Bay surrounding shores are covered by paddy fields, plantations to Astara. 'Heerkany' is Khazar's ancient name and foreign and citrus orchards which create wonderful scenery. As far maps and books also called it the 'Caspian'. Its shores are as tourism is concerned, it comprises of active and semi- shallow and sandy. The average depth in the northern active areas. Parts of the eastern and the central shores section is 6 m. and a maximum of 1,000 m. in the south and are the main areas of tourist attractions. Other parts such south west. One of the most important clefts in the southern as Talesh and the Astara coast are the semi-active areas. parts of the Caspian Sea is the Anzali Wetland, located Being far from the cities and industrial establishments, the to the south west of the Caspian; and the Mian Kaleh sandy shores and natural landscapes form a healthier Peninsula which is seperated from the Caspian Sea by the environment in comparison to other coastal areas. Qazian and Bays. These are amongst the famous

its facade, tower and ramparts, the Safavid and Fathali Shah sections, chambers for the elite, the museum on the western side of the premises, the large and small bath and the library in the eastern sector of this garden. The covered construction housing the Shah Abbasi section is in two floors, this being in the center of the garden and opposite the grand facade. The construction of the same was completed in the year 1226 AH. Here, there are beautiful paintings and an inscription worked with plaster in the 'nastaliq' script. In the vicinity of this garden, several monarchs such as Shah Safi, Shah Soleiman, Shah Tahmasb, Shah Abbas, Karim Khan Zand and Fath Ali Shah have all contributed in the repair or making addition to the structures on the premises. However, these structures witnessed plunder in the early period of the constitutional revolution.

45 Yazd old structure

represented by city walls. The twelfth to fourteenth-century walls of Yazd, which are still standing, are perhaps the most interesting, imposing and skillfully planned. In Yazd, sections of the old walls and moat remain, 13providing an interesting example of a medieval wall, fortified by a moat, towers, and barbicans, now buried deep within a town which has long since expanded beyond its old limits. These walls were begun, it is said, in 1119 and rebuilt and extended during the 14th century. In places, they were 15 meters high; being nicely decorated with ornamental devices such as those employed on unglazed pottery.

Dowlat Abad Garden (Yazd) This garden has an aggregate of different buildings which 14were designed and constructed during the time of Mohammad Taqi Khan in the Zandieh era. It was the residence of Khan and his government and officials. The wind trapper of this garden is 33 meters high and is considered an architectural masterpiece and a symbol of the Yazdi architects' genius, mental ability, talent, and art. The most significant characteristics of the design of this building is believed to be the attempt of the architect in selecting tactful angles for providing the best views and landscape internally. The Dowlat Abad garden is regarded as one of the sites worth visiting due to verdant gardening skill in landscape architecture, irrigation method, and in the richness of architectural design. It is for this reason that the same has been recorded as a historic building.

46 TchoghaZanbil (Khuzestan) The TchoghaZanbil site holds the remains of the world’s largest ziggurat built in the ancient Elamite city of Dur Untash. The site is located near (Shush) in southwestern Iran. Constructed in about 1250 BC, the ziggurat 15temple was dedicated to Elamite deity Ihushinak. The receding stairs of the ziggurat lead to a temple of the second millennium BC, wherein the flashing of an eye one can get immersed in a world of ancient mysteries. The site was added to UNESCO World Heritage List in 1979, in the same year Persepolis was registered.

Dānial e-Nabi Mausoleum, Shūsh-Khuzestan The same is located on the eastern banks of 16the Shaoor River. This mausoleum is the resting abode of one of the prophets of the Israelites. The premises has two courtyards, which are surrounded by chambers and porches. The mausoleum is located at the end of the second courtyard, which has rooms in three sides of the courtyard for a nights stay of pilgrims. In this mausoleum, the sepulcher below the tomb is an old yellow colored stone devoid of any inscriptions. The ceiling of the mausoleum has beautiful mirror works with light apertures on eight sides under the dome. The foundations of the mausoleum are old but thick and strong. The upper section of the eastern side of the mausoleum is adorned with tile works. The dome of Danial-e-Nabi is a multi-sided, hexagonal in shape erected on a circular base.

47 Khajoo Bridge (Isfahan) The above mentioned took its 17foundation in the late Teimooride period and was constructed according to what it is currently in 1060 AH, under the orders of Shah Abbas II. Its cubicles, adornments and tile work are interesting aspects of this constructions. There is a structure in the center of the bridge, known as the Beglarbegi construction. The same was used as a temporary residence for the royal family. The name of this bridge is a distorted version of the word 'Khajeh' which was a title for great personalities in the Safavid era. It was constructed Armenian Museum (Vānk) Esfahān on the Zayandeh Rood River. Built The architectural style of this two-story building is a combination of by Shah Abbas I from about 1650. It Eastern and Western forms. The building, itself, bears a truly Persian doubles as a dam and has always 18character and its interior, ornamented with numerous murals been as much a meeting place as (depicting the life of Jesus Christ) and plasters molding, illustrates the influence of a functioning bearer of traffic.It has Italian Renaissance. two levels of terraces overlooking This edifice is a dependency of Armenian Cathedral of Isfahan, which houses a the river, the lower contain locks variety of items worth viewing, including "The Order of Safavid Kings", granting regulating the flow of the river.

48 Persepolis day in the east. The many nations under the Persepolis (Persian: Takht-e Jamshīd) is perhaps empire’s rule enjoyed considerable autonomy in return the best-known archaeological monument of for supplying the empire’s wealth. Each year at New Year Persia (Iran). Here in the twinkling of an eye Festival of Norūz—still celebrated in Iran on the first day of 19 spring—representatives from these nations brought tribute we can leave the modern world behind and find ourselves in about 500 BC at the capital of the greatest empire the to the king. The Persian kings used Persepolis primarily as a world had known to that time: the Persian Empire. residence and for ceremonies such as the celebration of ‘Persepolis’ is the Greek name given to the capital of Norūz. the Achaemenid dynasty. It means the City of the Persians. The site of Persepolis consists of the remains of several Ancient Persians, however, would refer to it as the city of monumental buildings on a vast artificial stone terrace Pārse. Today Persepolis is located a few minutes driving about 450 by 300 m (1,480 by 1,000 ft). A double staircase, from the city of Marvdasht in Fārs province, 56 km northeast wide and shallow enough for horses to climb, led from the of Shīraz. The geographical site of the Persepolis is also plains below to the top of the terrace. At the head of the interesting. It is built on the foothills of Rahmat Mountains staircase, visitors passed through the Gate of All Nations, a near the Sīvand River. This place has been regarded as a gatehouse guarded by enormous carved stone bulls. sacred site from prehistoric times. The construction of the Persepolis began between 518 and 516 BC upon the order of Darius The Great who transferred the capital of the empire from Pasargadae to this newly established place. The construction continued Darius; successor Xerxes I and Artaxerxes I in the 5th century BC. At its height, the Persian Empire stretched from Greece and Libya in the west to the in present-

49 50 Shahsavan Nomadic Tribe The Shahsavan are a nomadic tribe located in northwest Iran. These Azeri- Turkish speaking pastoralists migrate between their winter quarters, qishlaq, in 20the Mughan steppe of , and their summer quarters, yeylaq, around Mount Sabalan, approximately one hundred fifty miles to the south. The Shahsavan begin their migration southward to Mount Sabalan (15,816 ft.) approximately 45 days after the spring equinox. The weather determines the exact timing of departure. The nomads usually spend three to four weeks covering the 150 miles between the winter and summer quarters. For the migration, several camps form a caravan consisting of 60-30 tents. A recognized leader organizes the migration of different groups in accordance with the movement of other sections of the tribe. Daily migration starts soon after midnight and continues until midday when sun and heat prevent further travel. The flocks begin to move several hours before the caravan of camels and other pack animals. Camels transport the women, children, lambs, chickens, the wooden frame of the tent, and the colourfully woven luggage containers. The men ride horses or walk. By late morning, the caravans catch up with the flocks. Several men ride ahead to locate appropriate pastures and a camping site where the tribe will settle for the night. A day's travel covers between six and ten miles. Photo: Farshid Alizadeh

51 TRANSPORT INBOX

Taq-e Bostan The "Taq-e-Bostan" is situated to the right of the city entrance of Kermanshah and is to the northeast of this city. This aggregate which comprises of engravings and epigraphs is related to the Sassanid era. The same is 21located in the mountain, and together with the natural surroundings, a gorgeous landscape comes into view. On entering this area, the first epigraph is related to Ardeshir II. Ardeshir stands between Ahura Mazda and Mitra. His face turned towards Ahura Mazda, and his left hand receiving a wreath of friendship from Ahura Mazda. Under their feet lies the enemy or "Ahriman". After this epigraph, there is a smaller arch, which depicts the figures of Shapour II and his son Shapur III, and above each of these impression the personalities of epigraph have been introduced in Pahlavi Sassanide script. In the third section of this aggregate, there are beautiful epigraphs throughout, revealing winged angels, the tree of life, boar hunting in the groves, duck hunting etc.… together with a group of musicians bringing about a festive atmosphere.

Shādegān Logoon and rare birds species such as the 'Spotted Curlew' and the wetland extends over an area of 'African Glossy Ibis', are also found in the surroundings of this 296,000 hectares, and its surface is covered wetland. Generally speaking, this vicinity can be accounted by great varieties of vegetations. It creates as a habitat for one-third of the animal and herbal species 22 that are on the verge of extinction. The said wetland, in a suitable habitat for a number of migrating waterfowls, which fly to this area from north Europe, Canada and Siberia addition to international values, according to the regulations in autumn. In this wetland there are different fish varieties of "Supreme Council for Protection of Environment" under which live in salt and sweet-water. This vicinity is a habitat title of " Shadegan International Wildlife Refuges" has been and breeding ground for the 'Marbled Teal' in the world, given to "Department of the Environment".

52 Khorheh Selucid Temple (Markazi) The historical Khorheh Village is located to the west of main road running between 23Tehran and Esfahan. To the west of which is an archaeological relic related to the Seleucidian era. This remnant is related to the 4th or 3rd centuries BC. and was most probably a temple. Two columns of stone to the elevation of 6 m. remain from this vestige. This historical monument is an extremely valuable one. According to the studies and views of 'Hertsfold', this was the temple of the 'God of War'. Today wine-yards surround this vicinity. This structure overlooks the southern plain and the Khorheh River flows close to it. The ramparts and columns are the remnants of a large structure, most probably were constructed 23 centuries ago. The results of excavations performed in this historical vicinity reveal that this structure comprises of the following: The original southern structure consists of columns, chambers, and courtyard. Whereas the northern structure, which is the main one, consists of chambers and corridors. The western structure comprises a number of chambers and a hall. There is a mineral water spring with a good capacity of water near this historical vestige.

Sarv-e Abar kooh (old tree) Located 140km south of Yazd, the main road of Yazd-Shiraz passes through Abar Kooh. It is 24hot and dry in the summer and cold and dry in the winter. Dating back to several hundred years ago, this town was on the main road which linked China to Europe. The Jame' mosque and a -4500year-old cypress tree are among the sights of this town.

53 Historical City of Masouleh On the foothills of Talesh Mountains in the Caspian coastal belt of northern Iran lies the historical city 25of Māsūleh. It is situated approximately 60 km southwest of the city of Rasht and 32 km west of Fūman in Gīlān province. The historical city of Māsūleh was established around 1006 AD, 6 km to the northwest of its current place. People moved from Old Māsūleh to the current site because of pestilence and neighbor attacks. Masūleh River is the river passing through Māsūleh with a waterfall 200m away from the city. So many other springs are found around Māsūleh. The city is also surrounded by forest from valley to mount. Fog is the predominate weather feature. The most exquisite feature of Māsūleh is its architecture: The buildings have been built into the mountain and are interconnected. Courtyards and roofs both serve as pedestrian areas similar to streets. Māsūleh does not allow any motor vehicles to enter, due to its unique layout. However, the small streets and many stairs simply also wouldn't make it possible for vehicles to enter. Yellow clay coats the exterior of most buildings in Māsūleh. Masūleh women adorn the windows with flowerpots and this gives a unique beauty to the village. The main bazaar of Māsūleh would also be attractive to tourists: there you can see handicrafts being made by traditional artisans—Māsūleh handicrafts can be a proof of your visit to this beautiful village in the evergreen land of Gīlān. The Observance of Muharram The mourning of Muharram is an important period of mourning in Shi’a Islam, taking place in which is the first month of the Islamic calendar. Many of the events associated with the remembrance take place in congregation halls known as Hussainia. The event marks the anniversary of the battle of Karbala when Imam Husayn ibn Ali, a grandson of Prophet Muhammad, and the third Shi’a Imam, was martyred by the forces of the second Ummayad caliph Yazid I. The event is marked by arranging ‘majālis’ (gatherings) to review Islamic teachings and to commemorate Husayn’s sacrifice. The mourning reaches its climax on the tenth day, known as Āshūrā, on which the forces of Yazid killed Imam Hussayn, his 72 companions and members of his family. Women and children left living were enslaved and transported to Yazid’s court in Damascus.

Golestan National Park The Golestan National Park is the first Iranian National Park 26that is situated in Golestan, Semnan and Khorasan provinces. Because of its natural value such as the existence of verdant and virgin forests and different species of flora and fauna, it is famous in Iran and the world. This park has been a protected area since 1957 under the name of "Almeh" and "Yashki" and in 1976, these two parts combined and became the Golestan National Park with 91,890 hectares of land area. This park is formed of slightly sloping hills and high calcareous rocks. Its climate is very damp and in some places dry. Some important areas around the Golestan National Park are: Loweh, Dasht, Takhteh Iran, Yan Bolaq, Gildaq and the Qorkhoud protected areas. The most important animals of the Golestan National Park are: Rabbit, tiger, golden eagle, wolf, fox, panther, bear, sable wild cat, wild goat, wild pig (bore), gazelle, ram, deer, venison, kinds of snake, 54 kinds of fish, black dall, delijeh, pray birds etc. PARSIAN MEHR Explore the Persia Tour & Travel Co. through our window!

Parsian Mehr is a full services inbound-outbound tour operator in Iran since 2001. Our expert team provide well-customized culture and adventure tour services that are tailored for our client's requirements and budgets. Our office staff and guides have been carefully chosen, making sure that carry our values as a team, in addition to excellent communication and skills. Our pride is the creative ideas and innovative travel programs beside high level of services quality. We invite you to have an unforgettable travel experience with our well customized tours especially for those with classic &traditional taste. Our Services Culture tours to visit ancient and classic Persia. Hotel reservation

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55 The concentration of salt in the lake of Urumia is so high that swimmers float on the water and the possibility of drowning is almost impossible. Photo: Hamid Hobi

Urmia Lake The province of West Azarbayjan has the largest lake of Iran in its territory, known as . This lake is at an altitude of 1,267 m. from the sea level, with a length of 140-130 km, the width being approximately 50-15 27km. and at an average depth of 60-50 m. Its waters are extremely salty (twice the salinity of the oceans), consequently the lake never freezes. From olden times, local physicians made use of the water (because of its mineral content) and coastal sludge, in treating skin diseases and rheumatoid disorders. The best season for bathing in these waters are from the end of June till the third week of August, when the lake begins getting cold. Lake Urmia has numerous islands, both large and small totaling to 102 in number. The most important of these being the following, Kaboodan (Qoyoon Daqi), Ashk, Espeer, and Arezoo.

56 WER SIND WIR ISTO Iranian Sebt Tour Operator ist eine Reiseagentur mit Schwerpunkt in Kultur- und Kunstreisen, die Agentur wurde 1970 gegründet durch: Ahmad Sebt Hosseini und seiner Frau Luciana Manzi, beide promovierte Architekten mit Doktortitel Ausgebildet in Architektur und Urbanistik an der Universität La Sapienza in Rom. Sie haben eine langjährige Erfahrung des Tourismus in Italien und Iran.

Die Reiseziele der ISTO sind die Schlüssel, die Ihnen Türen und Tore tausendender Jahre antiker Kulturen des Orients, öffnen werden. #4, No:3, 1st floor, Behrouz St, Madar Sq, Mirdamad Blvd, Tehran, PC: 1911933117, Iran Tel: ( + 98 21 ) 22220772 - 22265285 Fax: ( + 98 21 ) 22262615. E--mail:[email protected] [email protected] Website : www.iransebttour.com Chāl Nakhjīr Cave Chal Nakhjir is a rare geological phenomenon which was recently discovered in 1989 and is located in the township of Delijan. This cave belongs to the Cenozoic period and has been formed as a result of tectonic 28factors and aerobic chemical reactions. It has beautiful decorative stones. The height of this cave in some places reaches over 20 m. and has deep valleys in its divergent paths. The reflection of light through prism of crystals and calcite stones, beside variable hangings from ceiling and spongy crystalic covering of the walls and flooring, create an exotic sight and ranks this cave to one of the most beautiful and outstanding caves of the world in attracting tourists. Certain characteristics such as passages, lakes, pools and columns have presented a special beauty to this cave. It is said that there is a pool of water at the end of this cave with large halls alongside. This cave is a rare and exceptional site for tourists is worth seeing.

The western branch after joining the Huram River, rejoins Kārūn River, Khūzestān the said in Qir. It is at this point that it intermingles with the ( Khuzestan ) Dez River (the most important and largest branch of Karoon river), and continuing a long course it flows towards . The Karoon River is one of the longest and On entering Khoram Shahr, to the east, it divides into two. most saturated rivers of Iran. It originates from The western branch called Bahman Sheer flows towards the springs present in the skirts of the Vank 29 south west and through Khormosi reaches the Persian Gulf. and Zard Kooh Mountains in the village of Shurab, 91 km. The eastern branch in the south of Khoram Shahr enters the from Shahr-e- Kord. With the name of Abe-Koohrang, it Arvand Rood River. Just like the , Karoon also flows along the western valley of the Zard Kooh Mountains follows a spectacular interesting course. towards the south-west. Entering into the Koohrang Dam Lake, a part of the water is channeled through a tunnel in the mountains, to the source of the Zayandeh Rood River, and another part, crosses the dam, and after following a long distance in the western valley of the Zard Kooh Mountains, and before entering Khuzestan, joins the Khersan River. After which it flows through a part of the village of Mian Kooh and leaves the province of Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiyari and enters the . 58 Abr Forests The forests areas of the Semnan province are the natural forests located in the northern fringes which are the continuation of the mountainous forests of the Alborz mountains, the juniper forests on the southern skirts of the Alborz range with tall and dense 30trees, the desert forests situated in the vicinity of Chah Jam and Khar Tooran with tamarisk trees. Artificial forests that come under the category of parks alongside the cities. In addition to which the entrance and exit routes of the province have also been manually planted for about 160 km. The most important parks in Semnan are the Forest Parks of Sookan, Komesh, and Mahalat in Semnan, the Forest Parks of , Damqan, and Shahrood.The major portion of Semnan province is in the desert area. The Kahak Desert, south of Garmsar and the Haj Ali Qoli Desert, south of Damqan can be quoted as good examples worth visiting. Semnan province has such areas, like that of the Khosh Yelaq in the northeast of Shahrood, Parvar to the north of the township of Semnan, and Khar Tooran in the southeast of Shahrood. A special species of the 'wild ass' inhabit the region of Khar Tooran. Other species of wildlife noted in Semnan province are, partridge, bustard, grouse, hare, leopard, musk deer, wild sheep, wild goat, ram, gazelle, sable and Other different flora and fauna species are also scattered in the mountainous, plains and desert regions.

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59 Land of Lurestan Eye-catching beauties

Falak-ol-Aflak castle is one of the most famous historical and tourist attractions of . Based on the evidence available the original construction of this castle ,it dates back to Shapur I of Sassanid dynasty in third century.

he name Lorestan means "land of the Lurs". In the height of the entire structure, including the hill, reaches wider sense, it consists of that part of western Iran to 40 meters above the surrounding area. The castle itself chiefly of mountains, with numerous ranges, part of covers an area of 5,300 square meters. It is 2,860 meters in the Zagros chain, running northwest to southeast. perimeter and its tallest wall is 22.5 meters high. This space is TThere are some main attractions in the province which divided into four large halls, and their associated rooms and attract many nature lovers to visit this beautiful part of Iran. corridors. Originally the castle used to have 12 towers, but only 8 remain standing today. Falak-ol-Aflak is one of the most impressive castles in Iran. It is situated on the top of a large hill with the same Shirz canyon is located west of Lorestan Province in Iran, name within the city of Khorramabad, the regional capital is located 53 km from Kohdasht city. The existence of the of Lorestan province. This gigantic structure was built Shirz River along the valley and the Seymareh River at its during the Sassanid era (651–226). Falak ol-Aflak castle entrance, as well as the existence of several thousand- is amongst the most important structures built during the year-old rocks of Humyan and Mirmolas in the valley, forest Sassanid era. It has been known by a number of names nature and beautiful geological forms, make this place as since it was built over 1800 years ago. Recorded names one of the most prominent attractions in Iran. have referred to it as Shapur-Khast or Sabr-Khast fortress, Dezbaz, Khorramabad castle, and ultimately the Falak Varak Waterfall has located 60 km from Khorramabad ol-Aflak Castle. city. The origin of the waterfall & rocky style is about 15 The Khorramabad River runs past the eastern and south- meters in the second cascade. This area has a huge forest western side of the Falak-ol-Aflak hill providing the fortress cover. Part of the road to access this attraction is rural, and with an element of natural protection. Today, the western the nature lovers are using this route for hiking tours. and northern sides of the hill are bordered by the residential districts of Khorramabad. The foundations of the castle Gahar Lake is one of the most beautiful mountainous and measure approximately 300 meters by 400 meters. The permanent lakes in Iran and is located in the centre of

60 Girit Waterfall Poldokhtar Wetland

Gahar Lake, Lorestan Shirz Canyon, Lorestan

Oshtrankouh protected area. The depth of the lake is 28 Imam Khomeini Mosque (Soltani Mosque) is related meters and its length is 1500 meters and its average width to the Qajar period. Its area is about 7 thousand square is 500 to 800 meters. The time allowed to visit this attraction meters and is the largest historical mosque in the west of is from mid-June to the end of September. The distance the country. The construction of this mosque began at from the lake to the city of Dorood is 35 km, 17 km from the Zandieh and was completed in Qajar dynasties. climbing route and the rural road.

Nozhian falls is located 50 km south-east of Sefid waterfall is known as Iranian waterfalls bride Khorramabad city and 20 km from the country's railroad located in the village of Maliki and 60 kilometres from the station. Current waters from the TAF altitudes are the city of Aligudarz. The depth of the cascade is 30 meters main source of waterfall formation and its height from the and the crown width is 15 meters in the seasons filled with starting point to the second stage is 95 meters. water. This beautiful waterfall dances from the mountain and after falling from the mountain to the beautiful river, is an example of the architectural full of walnut trees, mustard, ash and oak. Cogan Cave monuments crafted by human hands on the wall of Mount Cogan. This cave is located 45 km south of Khorramabad with an area of 18,144 hectares Poldhkhtar wetlands and east of Poldokhtar city. are located approximately 15-6 km southwest of Poldokhtar in the . Nomadic and The existence of nomadic life, the possibility of bird watching rural handicrafts in Lorestan and the nature of the area have caused thousands of have a high tourists to visit this attraction annually. diversity and the most important producers are women artists Delfan hot springs as a tourist attraction, like diamonds, such as Eilat in the slopes of the Zagros mountain range. The fountain is and Tashir such as Papi and located 60 kilometres west of the city of Nourabad and at Bakhtiari. the confluence of the three rivers Gamasiab, Gizehrood and Seymareh.

61 ZITADELLE VON BAM

Dott.Arch LUCIANA MANZI

Es waren die ersten Junitag im Jahre 2000, als ich mit Wir kamen an der Mauer der Zitadelle an, zu einem einer Gruppe Touristen unserer Reiseagentur meine Tor oder Bogen, der sich auf eine in Serpentinen erste Reise nach Bam machte. Es war ein windiger, angelegten kleine Strasse, öffnete. Wir waren milder Tag in der Zitadelle an der Grenze der Wüste voller Tatendrang diesen verwunschenen Ort zu Lut, gelegen. Mein Mann, Dr. Arch. Ahmadt Sebt erkunden. Jeder Winkel war interessant und wir Hosseini, war der Reiseleiter dieser Gruppe. Im wollten alles sofort in Bilder festhalten. Wir kamen Autobus, von Kerman her kommend, wurde schon zu einer Öffnung, wo sich plötzlich die ganze von dieser unglaublichen Zitadelle, gesprochen..... Schönheit der Zitadelle sich vor uns auftat. Mit Bam liegt in der zentralen Hochebene Ostirans, die ihrer ungewöhnlichen okerfarbenen Farbe und hauptsächlich aus Steppe und Sandwüste besteht. dem Licht-Schattenspiel, erhoben sich Winkel, In den Oasen um die Stadt gedeihen Dattelpalmen Türme, Räume vor unseren erstaunten Augen. Eine und Zitrusfrüchte, deren Bewässerung durch Qanats Zitadelle, die schon seit 150 Jahren verlassen war, erfolgt. aber voll mit Geschichten, die sie uns erzählen Die von den Sassaniden – wenn nicht sogar wollte, eingebunden in eine unendliche Stille. früher – in einer Oase gegründete Stadt wurde Inmitten dieser Stille ertönte die Stimme unseres 642 von den Arabern besetzt. Um 650 wurde Reiseleiters..... Die Zitadelle besteht aus 3 Teilen: Den die Hazrat-e-Rasul-Moschee errichtet, im 10. ersten Teil unten, wo ca 15000 Einwohner lebten, Jahrhundert die Zitadelle Arg-é Bam. Seit dem 7. tagsüber verliessen sie die Zitadelle um sich zur Feld- Jahrhundert bereits war Bam ein bedeutendes Arbeit zu begeben. Nachts kamen sie in die Zitdalle Zentrum der Textilherstellung sowie des Handels. Als zurück. Der zweite Teil war dem Militär vorbehalten befestigter Grenzposten wurde die Stadt häufig von mit Pferdeställen, Unterkünften für die Soldaten, Afghanen, Belutschen und Sistani angegriffen. Im mit schönsten Stuckarbeiten geschmückt, einem 18. Jahrhundert wurde die Stadt von den Afghanen Brunnen um die Pferde zu tränken. Im dritten Teil kurzzeitig erobert (1719 und 1721) und Lotf Ali oben in der Zitadelle befand sich die Burg des Khan, letzter Schah Persiens aus der Zanddynastie, Gouverneurs, mit einer quadratischen Form, von unterlag im alten Bam in seiner letzten Schlacht. wo aus die Überfälle der Tartaren beobachtet Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde die ummauerte werden konnte. Aus dem obersten Teil aus kann Stadt verlassen und in zwei Kilometer Entfernung man die 3 verschieden hohen Mauern sehen, das heutige Bam gegründet. Die historische Stadt welche die Zitadelle einschlossen. Wir sehen aus verputzten Lehmziegeln diente bis Anfang des auch den Eisspeicher mit seiner Kuppel und ein 20. Jahrhunderts als Militärlager. Im Wesentlichen ausgetrocknetes Flussbett. Eine unglaubliche stammen die Bauten Bams aus der Zeit der Sicht ins Land hinein, hinten in den Lebensraum Safawiden (18–.16.Jahrhundert). der Tartaren, in der Nähe eine Oase gebildet mit

62 Dattelpalmen, dann Bauten in Backsteinen aus mit erstaunen, dass sie das Doppelte an Arbeit Lehm von 2-1 Stockwerken. geschafft hatte. Am nächsten Tag, als der Wurm Ich fühlte mich wohl in dieser Zitadelle, welche zur immer noch dort sass, verdreifachte sich die Arbeit. Wiege der Menschheit gehörte und begann ganz So erzählte die Tochter alles ihrem Vater, er riet ihr, spontan einen Bogen in mein Notizheft zu zeichnen, den Wurm zu hegen und zu pflegen, denn er wäre und wie sie den dazugehörenden Raum aufgeteilt ein Glücksbringer. Un so zeigte sich: die Familie hatten. Und so erkundeten wir die veschiedenesten wurde immer vermögender, nahm die Jungen unter Räume, welche mit dem gleichen Material die Fittiche und stellte eine Armee auf, um die restauriert wurden, aus dem auch die Zitadelle Zitdadelle zu verteidigen. Erstellten die Mauer damals gebaut wurde. Eine Madressa, Schule, ein um die Zitadelle, zogen Gräber, so wurde sie Raum der vorher ein sakraler Ort der Zoroastrier war. uneinnehmbar. dann, nach dem arabischen Einfall zu einer Moshee Das Würmchen war in der Zwischenzeit zu einem umfkunktioniert wurde. Weiter sieht man den Bazar, Wurm mutiert, geehrt von allen Einwohnern, sie die Windtürme, Turnhalle oder Ringschule aus der befragten ihn bei allen Problemen, welche dann Zeit der Mongolen (XIV Jh.) Auf einem kleinen Platz auch prompt gelöst wurden. stossen wir auf einen alten Mann, der aus Lehm Die Zitadelle war von niemandem einnehmbar. Ziegel formte, diese werden unter der heissen Sonne Sie war Anlaufpunkt der durchkommenden "gekocht", die gleiche Bauweise wir vor 2000 Jahren. Karawansereien, alles war zum Besten und voller Er war ganz beseelt von seiner Arbeit und wir Glück und Segen. In der Erzählung wird angegeben, umgaben ihn alle und staunten über sein Geschick dass Ardeshir I, König der Sassaniden (II Jh.) sich und stellten uns die Zitadelle voller Leben vor, vornahm, diese uneinnehmbare Zitadelle zu natürlich durften wir das obligate Foto schiessen. erobern. Er griff die Zitadelle einige Male, ohne Es gab einmal eine Zitadelle wo die Bewohner sich Erfolg an, bis er von einem seiner Spione vom mit einfacher Arbeit über Wasser hielten. Haft- Wurm erfuhr, der die Stadt schützte. So verkleidete Vad, eine der vielen Familien hatte 7 Söhne und er sich in einen Bettler und klopfte an das Tor 1 Tochter, diese half der Familie, indem sie Wolle und bat um eine Audienz beim Wurm, um seine sponn und zu Tuch verarbeitete. Jeden Morgen grossen Probleme lösen zu lassen. Mitleidvoll liessen ging sie zu ihrer Arbeit, die Mutter gab ihr immer sie ihn eintreten und brachten ihn zum Wurm. etwas zu Essen mit. Eines Tages gab sie ihr einen Alleingelassen nahm Ardeshir vergiftetes Essen aus schönen roten Apfel. Als sie müde und hungrig seinem Sack. Nach dem Essen wurde der Wurm von der anstrengenden Arbeit war, nahm sie immer dicker und grösser, bis er platzte. den Apfel hervor und biss herzhaft hinein. Da sah Im Dezember 2003 zerstörte ein Erdbeben der Stärke sie in der Mitte des Apfels einen kleinen weissen 6,5 auf der Richterskala die im historischen Kern der Wurm hervorschauen. Sie nahm ihn auf und setzte iranischen Stadt Bam gelegene Zitadelle. Um die ihn auf das Webschiffchens sodass der Wurm ihr Brisanz der Gefährdung des historisch bedeutsamen Gesellschaft leistete und sie von der eintönigen Komplexes zu unterstreichen, erklärte die UNESCO Arbeit ablenken konnte. Am Abend merkte sie das Festungswerk mit der darin liegenden Altstadt 2004 zum Weltkulturerbe und setzte es gleichzeitig auf die "Rote Liste". Mit Mitteln der UNESCO, des iranischen Staates und weiterer Länder wird die Zitadelle seitdem enttrümmert, gesichert und teilweise rekonstruiert. BAM Unterstützt wird das Projekt dabei vom Kulturerhaltprogramm des Auswärtigen Amtes, dem Japan Funds-in-Trust for World Cultural Heritage, der UNESCO und Irans landeseigener Organisation für Kulturerbe, Handwerk und Tourismus. Auf dem permanent stark erdbebengefährdeten Gelände sollen die zerstörten Bauwerke gesichert und einige Lehmbauwerke wiedererrichtet werden. Mein Mann fuhr mit seinen Erklärungen fort und erzählte uns eine Geschichte aus dem Buch "Shah Nameh", Buch des Königs des berühmten Poeten FERDOSI (XI Jh.) Mit dem Namen Haft-Vad, wo der Poet den Namen Bam erklärte...... 63 IRAN Land der Zivilisationen mit einzigartigen Landschaften Pasargad Tours ist seit 1987 als privates Reiseunternehmen einer der führenden Reiseveranstalter im Iran. Unsere Großevents wie die Paris-Persepolis Rallye, unsere zahlreichen Auszeichnungen, das Vertrauen, welches kulturelle Institutionen, Universitäten und weltweit führende Reiseveranstalter-Vereinigungen in uns setzen, sprechen für uns. Entdecken Sie mit unserem “Hotel on Wheels”, unserem Luxuszug “Golden Eagle”, mit unseren privaten Luxusflugzeugen, oder aber auch unseren Safari Tours, die jahrtausendelange Geschichte Persiens und die landschaftliche Vielfalt des Iran.

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