DOCSLIB.ORG

Mathematical Model for Evaluating of Sediment Transport (Case Study: Karkheh River in Iran)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mathematical Model for Evaluating of Sediment Transport (Case Study: Karkheh River in Iran) ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846 Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 8(23), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i23/75246, September 2015 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645 Mathematical Model for Evaluating of Sediment Transport (Case Study: Karkheh River in Iran) Farhang Azarang1*, Abdol Rasoul Telvari2, Hossein Sedghi1 and Mahmoud Shafai Bajestan3 1Department of Water Science and Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran - 1477893855, Iran; [email protected], [email protected] 2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ahwaz, Iran; [email protected] 3Department of Water Science and Engineering, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran; [email protected] Abstract Reservoir dams are the most important hydraulic structures built on rivers and have a great impact on the river conditions. In this study, MIKE 11 mathematical model in Karkheh river is used in Iran. Karkheh River is one of the most important rivers of Iran on which Karkheh Reservoir Dam is built. MIKE 11 Model is used for simulation of flow and sediment in rivers. The studied Kriavrekr hfelohw R idvoerw annsdtr ceoammp ouft aKtiaornkahle rhe sRueltsse wrveorier cDoammp aarnedd eancdo emvaplausasteesd gweiotmh oebtrsiecr, vhaytdiornaual idc aatan.d C rsoesdsim seecnttios nianlf ogremomateiotrnic oafl cKhaarnkghesh oRfi vKearr kinh Aehb dRoivlkehr aunp asntrde aHmam (Aidbidyeohlk hhyadnr hoymdertormic esttraitci osntast. iMona)n wnienrge’ sc raolcuuglhanteeds sa cnode tfhfiec ibeenst t0 w.0a2y5s wtoa sp rceodniscitd cehreadn gfoesr shape. Longitudinal bed level changes of Karkheh River was estimated from upstream to downstream. Elevation changes of Kwaerrkeh ienhtr roidvuerc ebde. dE nwgaesl uonbdta-Hinaends eant tahned h Aycdkreorms-eWtrhicit est eaqtiuoantsio onfs A obffdeorlekdh abne t(tuerp sptrreedaimct)i oannsd o Hf cahmaindgiehs i(nd othwen Kstarrekahmeh) uRsivinegr MIKE 11 Model. According to the results of the study, it can be understood that Karkheh River has changed changes in its river bed shape and MIKE 11 Model can be an appropriate software for predicting sediment conditions of the rivers in Iran. Keywords: Karkheh River, MIKE 11, Sediment Transport, Total Sediment Load 1. Introduction water released from reservoir dam is so clear and possesses high sediment transport capacity, which causes the river Rivers are the most important water supplies and studying erosion at downstream the dam. The use of hydraulic and their hydraulic and sediment conditions are great matter. sediment simulation models in rivers can be very impor- One of the most important studies in this field is erosion tant for planning and studies of the watershed. Karkheh and sediment transport. Estimating of sediment transport Basin is one of the most important watersheds of Iran capacity in rivers is very important component in plan- which belongs to Karkheh River (the third biggest river ning and designing of soil conservation and watershed of Iran). Karkheh river is very important for Khouzestan treatment, river training, flood control and hydraulic province, because various agricultural projects is designed structures. In fluvial rivers and open channels, stream in this province. Our aims in this study have evaluated channel confluences produce significant changes in flow the sediment conditions of Karkheh River downstream regime, sediment transport and water quality. The study Karkheh Reservoir Dam and to predict changes in the of river bed changes is the issues which has attracted river geometry of the river. engineers. Attention to investigate the rate of scour and Keskin et al. simulated by MIKE 11 in Yuvacik Dam sedimentation is significant in studies of rivers and chan- Basin, simulation period in between the years 2001 and nels. With construction of reservoir dams, a large amount 2006, they calibrated the MIKE 11 Model with snowmelt of sediment are accumulated behind them. Therefore, and rain on snow events and verified with the daily event2. *Author for correspondence Mathematical Model for Evaluating of Sediment Transport (Case Study: Karkheh River in Iran) Attention to investigate the rate of scour and sedimentation is significant in studies of rivers and channels.Neary With et al. construction studied the ofsediment reservoir transport dams, aprocess large amountof 2.2of sedimentKarkheh are River accumulated Napa River using MIKE 11 Model. They used hydrody- behind them. Therefore, water released from reservoir dam is Karkhehso clear Riverand possessesis one of thehigh largest river in Iran that sedimentnamics transport and sediment capacity, transport which causes parts ofthe the river model erosion and at downstream the dam. The use of originated of the Zagros Mountains and in the downstream hydraulicstudied and the sediment river bed simulationelevation changes models between in rivers 1989 can and be very important for planning and of Karkheh basin falls into Hooralazim. Main branches studies1997 of 3the. Shvidchenko watershed. etKarkheh al. carried Basin out is theone simulation of the most of important watersheds of Iran which of Karkheh river in upstream of Karkheh Catchment is: belongsflood to Karkhehand sediment River transport (the third in biggest Coachella river Valley of Iran). using Karkheh river is very important for Gamasiab, Gharehsoo, Seymareh and Kashkan. KhouzestanMIKE 21province, model and because evaluated various sediment agricultural transport projects speci is- designed in this province. Our aims in thisfications study have of the evaluated river4. Timbadiya the sediment et al. haveconditions used MIKE of Karkheh River downstream Karkheh Reservoir11 Model Dam forand Tapi to predict Basin inchanges 2003 to in 2006, the geometry they calibrated of the river.2.3 Karkheh Reservoir Dam Attention to investigate the rate of scourKeskin andthe et MIKEsedi al. mentationsimulated 11 Model isby for significant MIKE Tapi River 11 in inand studies Yuv computedacik of Damrivers hydrau Basin, and- simulationKarkheh periodReservoir in betweenDam is thethe biggest earth dam on the channels. With construction of reservoiryears lic 2001dams, parameters, and a large2006, also, amount they they calibrated believedof sediment thethe simulationMIKEare accumulated 11 resultsModel withMiddle snowmelt East andand rainhas influencedon snow positively on its district behind them. Therefore, water releasedevents based fromand onverifiedreservoir the hydrodynamics with dam the is daily so modelingclearevent 2and. Neary canpossesses be et improvedal. studiedhigh thein sediment terms of transportplantation process area and of in addition has controlled sediment transport capacity, which causesNapa byRiver the using river using a two-dimensional erosion MIKE at 11 downstream Model. model They1 . the useddam. hydrodynamics The use of anddevastating sediment floods. transport The parts dam of was built at 2000. Figure 2 hydraulic and sediment simulation themodels model in and rivers studied can thebe riververy bedimportant elevation for changesplanning between and 1989show and Karkheh 19973. ReservoirShvidchenko Dam. et studies of the watershed. Karkheh Basinal. carried is one out of thethe simulation most important of flood watersheds and sediment of Iran transport which in Coachella Valley using MIKE 21 2. Material and Methods 4 belongs to Karkheh River (the thirdmodel biggest and river evaluated of Iran). sediment Karkheh transport river is specificationsvery important of forthe river2.4. Timbadiya Studied et River al. have Reach used of Karkheh Khouzestan province, because variousMIKE agricultural 11 Model projects for Tapi is designed Basin in in 2003 this province.to 2006, theyOur aimscalibrated the MIKE 11 Model for Tapi in this study have evaluated the sedimentRiver2.1 and conditions computedKarkheh of hydraulic CatchmentKarkheh parameters, River downstream also, they Karkheh believed the simulationThis study results focused based on on the the downstream of Karkheh Reservoir Dam and to predict changeshydrodynamics in theIran geometry is located modeling of thein river. canSouthwest be improved of Asia by usingand Karkheha two-dimensional Reservoir model Dam;1. the length of Karkheh River is approx- catchment area is located in south-western of Iran. imately 100 kilometers between the Abdolkhan Keskin et al. simulated by MIKE 112. in MaterialYuvacik Damand Methods Basin, simulation period in between the Downsteram of Karkheh River Catchment is located in hydrometric station and Hamidiyeh hydrometric station. years 2001 and 2006, they calibrated the MIKE 11 Model with snowmelt and rain on snow 2.1 Karkheh Catchment The study period of this research is exactly ten years, events and verified with the daily eventIran 2is.Khouzestan Neary located et inal. ProvinceSouthwest studied andthe of itsediment Asia has an and area transport Karkheh of ​​about process catchment 50 thou of- area is located in south-western of between 2001 and 2010. Napa River using MIKE 11 Model.Iran. They sandDownsteram used square hydrodynamics kilometers. of Karkheh Theand River sedimentaverage Catchment annual transport rainfallis located parts of the ofin Khouzestan Province and it has an the model and studied the river bed areaelevation Karkhehof about changes Catchment 50 betweenthousand is 5001989 square mm and and kilometers.1997 rainfall3. Shvidchenko and The precipita average et- annual rainfall of the Karkheh al. carried out the simulation of floodCatchment and tionsediment is isin 500 autumn,transport mm winterand in Coachella rainfall
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Review and Updated Checklist of Freshwater Fishes of Iran: Taxonomy, Distribution and Conservation Status
    Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2017), 4(Suppl. 1): 1–114 Received: October 18, 2016 © 2017 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: February 30, 2017 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: 10.7508/iji.2017 http://www.ijichthyol.org Review and updated checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran: Taxonomy, distribution and conservation status Hamid Reza ESMAEILI1*, Hamidreza MEHRABAN1, Keivan ABBASI2, Yazdan KEIVANY3, Brian W. COAD4 1Ichthyology and Molecular Systematics Research Laboratory, Zoology Section, Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 2Inland Waters Aquaculture Research Center. Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Bandar Anzali, Iran 3Department of Natural Resources (Fisheries Division), Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran 4Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6P4 Canada *Email: [email protected] Abstract: This checklist aims to reviews and summarize the results of the systematic and zoogeographical research on the Iranian inland ichthyofauna that has been carried out for more than 200 years. Since the work of J.J. Heckel (1846-1849), the number of valid species has increased significantly and the systematic status of many of the species has changed, and reorganization and updating of the published information has become essential. Here we take the opportunity to provide a new and updated checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran based on literature and taxon occurrence data obtained from natural history and new fish collections. This article lists 288 species in 107 genera, 28 families, 22 orders and 3 classes reported from different Iranian basins. However, presence of 23 reported species in Iranian waters needs confirmation by specimens.
    [Show full text]
  • LCSH Section K
    K., Rupert (Fictitious character) Motion of K stars in line of sight Ka-đai language USE Rupert (Fictitious character : Laporte) Radial velocity of K stars USE Kadai languages K-4 PRR 1361 (Steam locomotive) — Orbits Ka’do Herdé language USE 1361 K4 (Steam locomotive) UF Galactic orbits of K stars USE Herdé language K-9 (Fictitious character) (Not Subd Geog) K stars—Galactic orbits Ka’do Pévé language UF K-Nine (Fictitious character) BT Orbits USE Pévé language K9 (Fictitious character) — Radial velocity Ka Dwo (Asian people) K 37 (Military aircraft) USE K stars—Motion in line of sight USE Kadu (Asian people) USE Junkers K 37 (Military aircraft) — Spectra Ka-Ga-Nga script (May Subd Geog) K 98 k (Rifle) K Street (Sacramento, Calif.) UF Script, Ka-Ga-Nga USE Mauser K98k rifle This heading is not valid for use as a geographic BT Inscriptions, Malayan K.A.L. Flight 007 Incident, 1983 subdivision. Ka-houk (Wash.) USE Korean Air Lines Incident, 1983 BT Streets—California USE Ozette Lake (Wash.) K.A. Lind Honorary Award K-T boundary Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary UF Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) K.A. Linds hederspris K-T Extinction Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction BT National parks and reserves—Hawaii K-ABC (Intelligence test) K-T Mass Extinction Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) USE Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-B Bridge (Palau) K-TEA (Achievement test) Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Koro-Babeldaod Bridge (Palau) USE Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-BIT (Intelligence test) K-theory Ka-ju-ken-bo USE Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test [QA612.33] USE Kajukenbo K.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Precipitation and River Discharge Variations Over Southwestern Iran During Recent Decades
    Evaluation of precipitation and river discharge variations over southwestern Iran during recent decades Azadeh Arbabi Sabzevari1,∗, Mohammad Zarenistanak2, Hossein Tabari3 and Shokat Moghimi4 1Department of Geography, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2Research Institute of Shakes Pajouh, Isfahan, Iran. 3Hydraulics Division, Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium. 4Department of Geography, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. ∗Corresponding author. e-mail: [email protected] This study investigates trend and change point in the annual and monthly precipitation and river dis- charge time series for a 56-year period (1956/57–2011/12). The analyses were carried out for 17 rain gauge stations and 13 hydrometric stations located in the southwest regions of Iran. Five statistical tests of Mann–Kendall, Spearman, Sequential Mann–Kendall, Pettitt and Sen’s slope estimator were utilized for the analysis. The relationships between the precipitation and river discharge series were also exam- ined by the Pearson correlation test. The results obtained for the precipitation time series indicated that most of the stations were characterized by insignificant trends for both the annual and monthly series. The analysis of discharge trends revealed a significant increase during both the annual and October through April series. The magnitude of significant increasing trends in annual river discharge ranged between 6.65 and 20.49 m3/s per decade. The highest number of significant trends in the monthly river discharge series was observed in January and February, accounting for seven and four trends respectively. Furthermore, most of the annual and monthly river discharge series showed significant change points in the 1970s.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 3 HYDROLOGICAL MODELING 3.1 Introduction 3.2
    The Study on Flood and Debris Flow Supporting Report I (Master Plan) Paper IV in the Caspian Coastal Area Meteo-Hydrology focusing on the Flood-hit Region in Golestan Province CHAPTER 3 HYDROLOGICAL MODELING 3.1 Introduction An integrated and distributed MIKE SHE hydrological model is used to evaluate rainfall-runoff process in the Madarsoo River basin. The model is able to analyze impacts of watershed management practices, land use, soil types, topographic features, flow regulation structures, etc. over the basin on river flows. For this, MIKE SHE model was coupled with MIKE 11 river modeling system to simulate flows in the river system. Inflows and hydrodynamic processes in rivers are taken into consideration for model development. The model computes river flows taking account of overland flow, interflow and base-flow. An integrated and distributed hydrological model MIKE SHE was set up for the Madarsoo River basin for the following reasons: (1) To generate probable or design discharges precisely in the river system to assist on flood control master plan development, (2) To analyze the impacts of watershed management practices and biological measures of flood mitigation by quantifying river flows under these circumstances, and (3) To analyze the impact of incorporation of flood regulation structures like dam in the river system to reduce peak flows. 3.2 MIKE SHE MIKE SHE is an integrated hydrological model because all components of hydrological cycle (precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface flow, infiltration, groundwater flow, etc.) are incorporated into the model. Similarly, and it is also a distributed model because the model can handle spatial and temporal distributions of parameters.
    [Show full text]
  • See the Document
    IN THE NAME OF GOD IRAN NAMA RAILWAY TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN List of Content Preamble ....................................................................... 6 History ............................................................................. 7 Tehran Station ................................................................ 8 Tehran - Mashhad Route .............................................. 12 IRAN NRAILWAYAMA TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN Tehran - Jolfa Route ..................................................... 32 Collection and Edition: Public Relations (RAI) Tourism Content Collection: Abdollah Abbaszadeh Design and Graphics: Reza Hozzar Moghaddam Photos: Siamak Iman Pour, Benyamin Tehran - Bandarabbas Route 48 Khodadadi, Hatef Homaei, Saeed Mahmoodi Aznaveh, javad Najaf ...................................... Alizadeh, Caspian Makak, Ocean Zakarian, Davood Vakilzadeh, Arash Simaei, Abbas Jafari, Mohammadreza Baharnaz, Homayoun Amir yeganeh, Kianush Jafari Producer: Public Relations (RAI) Tehran - Goragn Route 64 Translation: Seyed Ebrahim Fazli Zenooz - ................................................ International Affairs Bureau (RAI) Address: Public Relations, Central Building of Railways, Africa Blvd., Argentina Sq., Tehran- Iran. www.rai.ir Tehran - Shiraz Route................................................... 80 First Edition January 2016 All rights reserved. Tehran - Khorramshahr Route .................................... 96 Tehran - Kerman Route .............................................114 Islamic Republic of Iran The Railways
    [Show full text]
  • Water Management in Iran: What Is Causing the Looming Crisis
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264936452 Water management in Iran: What is causing the looming crisis Article in Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences · December 2014 DOI: 10.1007/s13412-014-0182-z CITATIONS READS 81 1,742 1 author: Kaveh Madani Imperial College London 163 PUBLICATIONS 2,275 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: System of Systems Analysis of Electricity Technologies in the European Union View project CHANSE: Coupled Human And Natural Systems Environment for water management under uncertainty in the Indo-Gangetic Plain View project All content following this page was uploaded by Kaveh Madani on 22 August 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. J Environ Stud Sci DOI 10.1007/s13412-014-0182-z Water management in Iran: what is causing the looming crisis? Kaveh Madani # AESS 2014 Abstract Despite having a more advanced water manage- Introduction ment system than most Middle Eastern countries, similar to the other countries in the region, Iran is experiencing a serious Located in West Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea in the north, water crisis. The government blames the current crisis on the and the Persian Gulf and Sea of Oman in the south, Iran is the changing climate, frequent droughts, and international sanc- second largest country in the Middle East (after Saudi Arabia) tions, believing that water shortages are periodic. However, and the 18th largest country in the world with an area of the dramatic water security issues of Iran are rooted in decades 1,648,195 km2.
    [Show full text]
  • Fuzzy Clustering and Distributed Model for Streamflow Estimation In
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Fuzzy clustering and distributed model for streamfow estimation in ungauged watersheds Amirhosein Mosavi1,2, Mohammad Golshan3, Bahram Choubin4*, Alan D. Ziegler5, Shahram Khalighi Sigaroodi6, Fan Zhang7 & Adrienn A. Dineva8,9* This paper proposes a regionalization method for streamfow prediction in ungauged watersheds in the 7461 km2 area above the Gharehsoo Hydrometry Station in the Ardabil Province, in the north of Iran. First, the Fuzzy c-means clustering method (FCM) was used to divide 46 gauged (19) and ungauged (27) watersheds into homogenous groups based on a variety of topographical and climatic factors. After identifying the homogenous watersheds, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was calibrated and validated using data from the gauged watersheds in each group. The calibrated parameters were then tested in another gauged watershed that we considered as a pseudo ungauged watershed in each group. Values of R-Squared and Nash–Sutclife efciency (NSE) were both ≥ 0.70 during the calibration and validation phases; and ≥ 0.80 and ≥ 0.74, respectively, during the testing in the pseudo ungauged watersheds. Based on these metrics, the validated regional models demonstrated a satisfactory result for predicting streamfow in the ungauged watersheds within each group. These models are important for managing stream quantity and quality in the intensive agriculture study area. Ungauged watersheds are prevalent throughout the world1, particularly in small watersheds where a strong understanding of local stream response to rainfall inputs is critical to specifc management issues 2. While a prediction of streamfow and value of output in a specifc time is essential for engineering practices and having sustainable watershed management.
    [Show full text]
  • Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
    Iran. J. Ichthyol. (June 2015), 2(2): 71–78 Received: March 01, 2015 © 2015 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: May 29, 2015 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: http://www.ijichthyol.org Geographic distribution of the genus Chondrostoma Agassiz, 1832 in Iran (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) Arash JOULADEH ROUDBAR1, Hamid Reza ESMAEILI2*, Ali GHOLAMIFARD2, Rasoul ZAMANIAN2, Saber VATANDOUST3 1Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran. 2Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454–Iran. 3Department of Fisheries, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran. * Email: [email protected] Abstract: Distribution of the genus Chondrostoma in Iran, which is mostly known from the Caspian Sea, Tigris River, Kor River and Esfahan basins was mapped. The Kura nase, Chondrostoma cyri is reported from Armenia, Georgia and Iran and it is found in the streams and rivers draining to the western coast of the Caspian Sea from the Kuma River in the north southward to the Kura and Aras River basins in the south. The king or Mesopotamian nase, C. regium is widely distributed in Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria. It is found in the Qweik and Orontes River basins (Mediterranean Sea basin), the endorheic Esfahan basin and exorheic Tigris- Euphrates and Zohreh River basins (Persian Gulf basin). The Kor nase, C. orientale is distributed only in the endorheic Kor River basin of Iran and prefers medium to large streams and also large rivers. Keywords: Distribution pattern, Fish diversity, Middle East, Iran. Introduction muzzle well arched, with very hard oral lips and a The nases, genus Chondrostoma Agassiz, 1832 sharp border” (Durand et al.
    [Show full text]
  • ICHE 2014 | Book of Abstracts | Keynotes
    11th International Conference on Hydroscience & Engineering (ICHE2014) Book of Abstracts Hamburg, Germany, 28 September to 2 October 2014 Table of Contents Keynotes ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Oral Presentations ................................................................................................................... 15 Water Resources Planning and Management ...................................................................... 15 Experimental and Computational Hydraulics ...................................................................... 34 Groundwater Hydrology, Irrigation ..................................................................................... 77 Urban Water Management ................................................................................................... 90 River, Estuarine and Coastal Dynamics ............................................................................... 96 Sediment Transport and Morphodynamics......................................................................... 128 Interaction between Offshore Utilisation and the Environment ......................................... 174 Climate Change, Adaptation and Long-Term Predictions ................................................. 183 Eco-Hydraulics and Eco-Hydrology .................................................................................. 211 Integrated Modeling of Hydro-Systems .............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Multivariate and Cluster Analysis of Hydrologic Indices: a Case Study of Karun Watershed, Khuzestan Province, Iran
    International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology Volume 5, Issue 2, 2018, PP 4-13 ISSN : 2349-476X Multivariate and Cluster Analysis of Hydrologic Indices: A Case Study of Karun Watershed, Khuzestan Province, Iran Elham Karimian1, Reza Modares1, Saeid Soltani1, Saeid Eslamian2, Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari3*, Vijay P. Singh4, Nicolas R. Dalezios5 1Department of Natural Resources Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. 2Department of Water Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. 3*Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. (Corresponding Author) 4Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering & Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A and M University, 321 Scoates Hall, 2117 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-2117, U.S.A. 5Laboratory of Hydrology, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece & Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece. *Corresponding Author: Dr. Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari, Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Hydrological droughts usually affect large areas and minimum river flow is an appropriate index for the study of hydrological droughts. are commonly used for analyzing multivariate data? This study considered 35 hydrological indicators which were divided into 5 groups, including amplitude, duration, frequency, timing, variability, that characterized the various flow regime characteristics. Factor analysis and principal component analysis were used to calculate the hydrological indices for 14 stations of Karun watershed, Iran, and analyze the main components (PCAs). Then, the main components, the most important parameters of the Karun domain, which included A2, A4, D3, D5, V1, F and T, were determined and based on these indices, they were grouped by cluster analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Portraying the Water Crisis in Iranian Newspapers: an Approach Using Structure Query Language (SQL)
    water Article Portraying the Water Crisis in Iranian Newspapers: An Approach Using Structure Query Language (SQL) Farshad Amiraslani 1,* and Deirdre Dragovich 2 1 School of Geography & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life & Health Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK 2 School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-(0)792-892-4090 Abstract: Water is a valuable resource for which demand often exceeds supply in dry climates. Man- aging limited water resources becomes increasingly difficult in circumstances of recurring drought, rising populations, rapid urbanisation, industrial development, and financial constraints, such as oc- cur in Iran. Newspapers both report on and influence people’s understanding of water-related issues. An analysis was undertaken of two major Iranian daily newspapers over a 7-year period. Structure Query Language (SQL) was employed to identify relationships among a total of 1275 records/fields which were extracted from 84 water-related news items. They were analysed for message, contributor, spatiality and allocated space. Of the water-related items, wetlands comprised 33% (class), public awareness 54% (message), local level 56% (spatiality), and authorities 53% (contributor). Space allo- cation on each page was mostly <40% (94% of items). Four examples were highlighted of ambitious engineering projects adopted in response to water distribution issues. It is concluded that the general lack of educating messages about water use efficiency in rural areas and water consumption in cities does not assist in developing positive water-saving local behaviours. Newspapers could be a useful tool in a broader strategy for addressing and managing the demand side of the water crisis in Iran.
    [Show full text]
  • Contributionstoa292fiel.Pdf
    Field Museum OF > Natural History o. rvrr^ CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAN BY HENRY FIELD CURATOR OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 29, NUMBER 2 DECEMBER 15, 1939 PUBLICATION 459 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES 1. Basic Mediterranean types. 2. Atlanto- Mediterranean types. 3. 4. Convex-nosed dolichocephals. 5. Brachycephals. 6. Mixed-eyed Mediterranean types. 7. Mixed-eyed types. 8. Alpinoid types. 9. Hamitic and Armenoid types. 10. North European and Jewish types. 11. Mongoloid types. 12. Negroid types. 13. Polo field, Maidan, Isfahan. 14. Isfahan. Fig. 1. Alliance Israelite. Fig. 2. Mirza Muhammad Ali Khan. 15-39. Jews of Isfahan. 40. Isfahan to Shiraz. Fig. 1. Main road to Shiraz. Fig. 2. Shiljaston. 41. Isfahan to Shiraz. Fig. 1. Building decorated with ibex horns at Mahyar. Fig. 2. Mosque at Shahreza. 42. Yezd-i-Khast village. Fig. 1. Old town with modern caravanserai. Fig. 2. Northern battlements. 43. Yezd-i-Khast village. Fig. 1. Eastern end forming a "prow." Fig. 2. Modern village from southern escarpment. 44. Imamzadeh of Sayyid Ali, Yezd-i-Khast. 45. Yezd-i-Khast. Fig. 1. Entrance to Imamzadeh of Sayyid Ali. Fig. 2. Main gate and drawbridge of old town. 46. Safavid caravanserai at Yezd-i-Khast. Fig. 1. Inscription on left wall. Fig. 2. Inscription on right wall. 47. Inscribed portal of Safavid caravanserai, Yezd-i-Khast. 48. Safavid caravanserai, Yezd-i-Khast. Fig. 1. General view. Fig. 2. South- west corner of interior. 49-65. Yezd-i-Khast villagers. 66. Kinareh village near Persepolis. 67. Kinareh village.
    [Show full text]