ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846 Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 8(23), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i23/75246, September 2015 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645 Mathematical Model for Evaluating of Sediment Transport (Case Study: in )

Farhang Azarang1*, Abdol Rasoul Telvari2, Hossein Sedghi1 and Mahmoud Shafai Bajestan3 1Department of Water Science and Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran - 1477893855, Iran; [email protected], [email protected] 2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ahwaz, Iran; [email protected] 3Department of Water Science and Engineering, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran; [email protected]

Abstract Reservoir dams are the most important hydraulic structures built on rivers and have a great impact on the river conditions. In this study, MIKE 11 mathematical model in Karkheh river is used in Iran. Karkheh River is one of the most important rivers of

Iran on which Karkheh Reservoir Dam is built. MIKE 11 Model is used for simulation of flow and sediment in rivers. The studied Kriavrekr hfelohw R idvoerw annsdtr ceoammp ouft aKtiaornkahle rhe sRueltsse wrveorier cDoammp aarnedd eancdo emvaplausasteesd gweiotmh oebtrsiecr, vhaytdiornaual idc aatan.d C rsoesdsim seecnttios nianlf ogremomateiotrnic oafl cKhaarnkghesh oRfi vKearr kinh Aehb dRoivlkehr aunp asntrde aHmam (Aidbidyeohlk hhyadnr hoymdertormic esttraitci osntast. iMona)n wnienrge’ sc raolcuuglhanteeds sa cnode tfhfiec ibeenst t0 w.0a2y5s wtoa sp rceodniscitd cehreadn gfoesr

shape. Longitudinal bed level changes of Karkheh River was estimated from upstream to downstream. Elevation changes of Kwaerrkeh ienhtr roidvuerc ebde. dE nwgaesl uonbdta-Hinaends eant tahned h Aycdkreorms-eWtrhicit est eaqtiuoantsio onfs A obffdeorlekdh abne t(tuerp sptrreedaimct)i oannsd o Hf cahmaindgiehs i(nd othwen Kstarrekahmeh) uRsivinegr MIKE 11 Model. According to the results of the study, it can be understood that Karkheh River has changed changes in its river bed shape and MIKE 11 Model can be an appropriate software for predicting sediment conditions of the rivers in Iran.

Keywords:

Karkheh River, MIKE 11, Sediment Transport, Total Sediment Load 1. Introduction water released from reservoir dam is so clear and possesses high sediment transport capacity, which causes the river Rivers are the most important water supplies and studying erosion at downstream the dam. The use of hydraulic and their hydraulic and sediment conditions are great matter. sediment simulation models in rivers can be very impor- One of the most important studies in this field is erosion tant for planning and studies of the watershed. Karkheh and sediment transport. Estimating of sediment transport Basin is one of the most important watersheds of Iran capacity in rivers is very important component in plan- which belongs to Karkheh River (the third biggest river ning and designing of soil conservation and watershed of Iran). Karkheh river is very important for Khouzestan treatment, river training, flood control and hydraulic province, because various agricultural projects is designed structures. In fluvial rivers and open channels, stream in this province. Our aims in this study have evaluated channel confluences produce significant changes in flow the sediment conditions of Karkheh River downstream regime, sediment transport and water quality. The study Karkheh Reservoir Dam and to predict changes in the of river bed changes is the issues which has attracted river geometry of the river. engineers. Attention to investigate the rate of scour and Keskin et al. simulated by MIKE 11 in Yuvacik Dam sedimentation is significant in studies of rivers and chan- Basin, simulation period in between the years 2001 and nels. With construction of reservoir dams, a large amount 2006, they calibrated the MIKE 11 Model with snowmelt of sediment are accumulated behind them. Therefore, and rain on snow events and verified with the daily event2.

*Author for correspondence Mathematical Model for Evaluating of Sediment Transport (Case Study: Karkheh River in Iran)

Attention to investigate the rate of scour and sedimentation is significant in studies of rivers and channels.Neary With et al. construction studied the of sediment reservoir transport dams, a process large amount of 2.2 of sedimentKarkheh are River accumulated Napa River using MIKE 11 Model. They used hydrody- behind them. Therefore, water released from reservoir dam is Karkheh so clear River and possesses is one of thehigh largest river in Iran that sedimentnamics transport and sediment capacity, transport which causes parts ofthe the river model erosion and at downstream the dam. The use of ­originated of the and in the downstream hydraulicstudied and the sediment river bed simulationelevation changes models between in rivers 1989 can and be very important for planning and of Karkheh basin falls into Hooralazim. Main branches studies1997 of 3the. Shvidchenko watershed. etKarkheh al. carried Basin out is theone simulation of the most of important watersheds of Iran which of Karkheh river in upstream of Karkheh Catchment is: belongsflood to Karkhehand sediment River transport (the third in biggest Coachella river Valley of Iran). using Karkheh river is very important for Gamasiab, Gharehsoo, Seymareh and Kashkan. KhouzestanMIKE 21province, model and because evaluated various sediment agricultural transport projects speci is- designed in this province. Our aims in thisfications study haveof the evaluated river4. Timbadiya the sediment et al. have conditions used MIKE of Karkheh River downstream Karkheh Reservoir11 Model Dam forand Tapi to predict Basin inchanges 2003 to in 2006, the geometry they calibrated of the river.2.3 Karkheh Reservoir Dam Attention to investigate the rate of scourKeskin andthe et MIKEsedi al. mentationsimulated 11 Model isby for significant MIKE Tapi River 11 in inand studies Yuv computedacik of Damrivers hydrau Basin, and- simulationKarkheh periodReservoir in betweenDam is thethe biggest earth dam on the channels. With construction of reservoiryears lic 2001 dams, parameters, and a large 2006, also, amount they they calibrated believed of sediment the the simulation MIKEare accumulated 11 results Model withMiddle snowmelt East andand rainhas influenced on snow positively on its district behind them. Therefore, water releasedevents based fromand onverified reservoir the hydrodynamics with dam the is daily so modeling clearevent 2 and. Neary can possesses be et improvedal. studied high thein sediment terms of transportplantation process area and of in addition has controlled sediment transport capacity, which causesNapa byRiver the using river using a two-dimensional erosion MIKE at 11 downstream Model. model They1 . the useddam. hydrodynamics The use of anddevastating sediment floods. transport The parts dam of was built at 2000. Figure 2 hydraulic and sediment simulation the models model in and rivers studied can the be river very bed important elevation for changes planning between and 1989show and Karkheh 19973. ReservoirShvidchenko Dam. et studies of the watershed. Karkheh Basinal. carried is one out of thethe simulation most important of flood watersheds and sediment of Iran transport which in Coachella Valley using MIKE 21 2. Material and Methods 4 belongs to Karkheh River (the thirdmodel biggest and river evaluated of Iran). sediment Karkheh transport river is specificationsvery important of forthe river2.4. Timbadiya Studied et River al. have Reach used of Karkheh Khouzestan province, because variousMIKE agricultural 11 Model projects for Tapi is designed Basin in in 2003 this province.to 2006, theyOur aimscalibrated the MIKE 11 Model for Tapi in this study have evaluated the sedimentRiver2.1 and conditions computedKarkheh of hydraulic Catchment Karkheh parameters, River downstream also, they Karkheh believed the simulationThis study results focused based on on the the downstream of Karkheh Reservoir Dam and to predict changeshydrodynamics in theIran geometry is located modeling of the in river. can Southwest be improved of Asia by using and Karkheha two-dimensional Reservoir model Dam;1. the length of Karkheh River is approx- ­catchment area is located in south-western of Iran. imately 100 kilometers between the Abdolkhan Keskin et al. simulated by MIKE 112. in MaterialYuvacik Damand Methods Basin, simulation period in between the Downsteram of Karkheh River Catchment is located in hydrometric station and hydrometric ­station. years 2001 and 2006, they calibrated the MIKE 11 Model with snowmelt and rain on snow 2.1 Karkheh Catchment The study period of this research is exactly ten years, events and verified with the daily eventIran 2is.Khouzestan Neary located et inal. ProvinceSouthwest studied andthe of itsediment Asia has an and area transport Karkheh of ​​about process catchment 50 thou of- area is located in south-western of between 2001 and 2010. Napa River using MIKE 11 Model.Iran. They sandDownsteram used square hydrodynamics kilometers. of Karkheh Theand River sedimentaverage Catchment annual transport rainfallis located parts of the ofin Khouzestan Province and it has an the model and studied the river bed areaelevation Karkheh of about changes Catchment 50 between thousand is 5001989 square mm and and kilometers.1997 rainfall3. Shvidchenko and The precipita average et- annual rainfall of the Karkheh al. carried out the simulation of floodCatchment and tionsediment is isin 500 autumn,transport mm winterand in Coachella rainfall and spring. and Valley precipitatio Figure using 1 showsMIKEn is in the21 autumn, 2.5 winter Mathematical and spring. Figure Model 1 used in Research study area. 4 model and evaluated sediment transportshows specifications the study area. of the river . Timbadiya2.2 Karkheh et al. have River used MIKE 11 Model is a professional, one-dimensional MIKE 11 Model for Tapi Basin in 2003 to 2006, they calibrated the MIKE 11 Model for Tapi and dynamic engineering software of the DHI (Danish River and computed hydraulic parameters, also, they believed the simulationKarkheh results River based ison onethe of the largest river in Iran that originated of the Zagros Mountains and in Hydraulic Institute) produced in 1992. This software is hydrodynamics modeling can be improved by using a two-dimensional themodel downstream1. of Karkheh basin falls into Hooralazim. Main branches of Karkheh river in upstream of Karkheh Catchmentused to simulate is: Gamasiab, flow regime, Gharehsoo, sediment transport Seymareh and water and Kashkan. 2. Material and Methods quality in rivers and channel networks of catchments, as 2.1 Karkheh Catchment well as the management of rivers and the irrigation and Iran is located in Southwest of Asia and Karkheh catchment area is located2.3 Karkhehin south-western Reservoir of Damdrainage networks. MIKE 11 Model simulates the flow Iran. Downsteram of Karkheh River Catchment is located in KhouzestanKarkheh Province Reservoirand it has an Dam and is sediment the biggest transport earth of rivers dam and on channels the Middlein one-di - East and has influenced area of about 50 thousand square kilometers. The average annual positively rainfall of the on Karkheh its district inmensional terms condition. of plantati Thison software area and is now in additionwidely used hain s controlled devastating Catchment is 500 mm and rainfall and precipitation is in autumn, winterfloods. and Thespring. dam Figure was 1 built at 2000. Figure 2 show Karkheh Reservoir Dam. shows the study area. (a) (a) (b) Figure 1. (a) Location of Iran. (b) Karkheh River (Google Map).

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(b) (a) (b) Figure 1. (a) Location of Iran. (b) Karkheh River (Google Map). Figure 1. (a) Location of Iran. (b) Karkheh River (Google Figure 2. Reservoir. Map). Figure 2. Karkheh Dam Reservoir. 2  2.4 Studied River Reach of Karkheh

2 Vol 8 (23) | September 2015 | www.indjst.orgThis study focused on the downstream of KarkheIndian hJournal Reservoir of Science andDam; Technology the length of Karkheh River is approximately 100 kilometers between the Abdolkhan hydrometric station and Hamidiyeh hydrometric station. The study period of this research is exactly ten years, between 2001 and 2010.

2.5 Mathematical Model used in Research MIKE 11 Model is a professional, one-dimensional and dynamic engineering software of the DHI (Danish Hydraulic Institute) produced in 1992. This software is used to simulate flow regime, sediment transport and water quality in rivers and channel networks of catchments, as well as the management of rivers and the irrigation and drainage networks. MIKE 11 Model simulates the flow and sediment transport of rivers and channels in one-dimensional condition. This software is now widely used in the world.The following abbreviations of module names are used: x Hydrodynamic. x Advection-Dispersion. x Sediment Transport. x Rainfall-Runoff. x Flood Forecast. x Data Assimilation. x River Ice Modelling.

3  Farhang Azarang, Abdol Rasoul Telvari, Hossein Sedghi and Mahmoud Shafai Bajestan the world. The following abbreviations of module names • Meyer-Peter and Muller. are used: • Kikkawa and Ashida. • Smart and Jaeggi. • Hydrodynamic. • Van Rijn. • Advection-Dispersion. • Sediment Transport. The following Figure 3 shows a view of the MIKE 11 • Rainfall-Runoff. Model. • Flood Forecast. The length of Karkheh River which this research has • Data Assimilation. been is located in downstream of Karkheh Reservoir • River Ice Modelling. Dam. This river reach is approximately 100km starts from Abdolkhan hydrometric station at upsteram to In this research, Hydrodynamic and Sediment Transport the Hamidiyeh hydrometric station at downstream. In of MIKE 11 Model are used for simulating of Karkheh this research, the information has been gathered from River. The following information of river is required in two different hydrometric stations, named Abdolkhan order to simulate by MIKE 11 software: and Hamidiyeh. The location of the Abdolkhan and Hamidiyeh stations on MIKE 11 Model is showed at • Geometry Data of River. Figure 4. • Hydraulic Data of River. • Sediment Data of River. 3. Results and Discussion MIKE 11 software uses of the equations of dynamic wave model to routing the flow regime in the rivers. Equation 3.1 Hydrodynamic Model of continuity and momentum in this method is known as The hydrodynamic model of the MIKE 11 Model is the Sant Venant equation, which includes: basis of all this model equations including diffusion, transmit, water quality, sediment transport and etc. ∂Q ∂(/αQA2 )  δh gQ Q  + ++gA  = 0 (1) ∂t δx  δx CA2 R  Figure 3. Views of MIKE 11 Model.

∂Q ∂A + = q The length of(2) Karkheh River which this research has been is located in downstream of Karkheh ∂x δt Reservoir Dam. This river reach is approximately 100km starts from Abdolkhan hydrometric Where, station at upsteram to the Hamidiyeh hydrometric station at downstream. In this research, the

Q = Discharge. information has been gathered from two different hydrometric stations, named Abdolkhan and Figure 3. Views ofFigure MIKE 3. Views 11 of MIKEModel. 11 Model. A = Area of Cross Section. Hamidiyeh. The location of the Abdolkhan and Hamidiyeh stations on MIKE 11 Model is showed at Figure 4.The length of Karkheh River which this research has been is located in downstream of Karkheh C = Chezy Coefficient. Reservoir Dam. This river reach is approximately 100km starts from Abdolkhan hydrometric R = Hydraulic Radius. station at upsteram to the Hamidiyeh hydrometric station at downstream. In this research, the h = Water Level. information has been gathered from two different hydrometric stations, named Abdolkhan and Hamidiyeh. The location of the Abdolkhan and Hamidiyeh stations on MIKE 11 Model is q = Lateral Discharge. showed at Figure 4. α = Momentum Correction Factor. Also, the MIKE 11 Model uses nine equations to ­calculate total sediment load of the river. These equations include:

• Ackers and White. • Ashida and Michiue Ashida. • Takahashi and Mizuyama. • Engelund and Fredsoe. Figure 4. PlanFigure of Karkheh 4. Plan River of Karkhehat the interval River distance at the ofinterval study on distance MIKE 11 of Model. Figure 4. Plan of Karkheh River at the interval distance of study on MIKE 11 Model. • Lane and Kalinske. study on MIKE 11 Model. 3. Results and Discussion3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Hydrodynamic Model 3 Vol 8 (23) | September 2015 | www.indjst.org 3.1 HydrodynamicThe Model hydrodynamic model of the MIKE 11Indian Model Journal is the of basis Science of all and this Technology model equations The hydrodynamicincluding model diffusion, of transmit, the MIKE water quality, 11 sediment Model transport is the and basisetc. of all this model equations including diffusion, transmit, water quality, sediment transport and etc. 3.2 Cross-Section Data In this research, approximately 200 cross sections with an average distance of about 500 meter 3.2 Cross-Sectionfrom Data each other along the Karkheh River (From Abdolkhan station to Hamidiyeh station) were In this research, approximatelyused. Figure 5 shows 200an example cross of a sectionscross-section with in MIKE an 11 averageModel. distance of about 500 meter from each other along the Karkheh River (From Abdolkhan station to Hamidiyeh station) were

used. Figure 5 shows an example of a cross-section in MIKE 11 Model. 5 

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Figure 5. Cross section view of Karkheh River in MIKE 11 Model.

3.3 Boundary and Initial Conditions The numerical method was used at MIKE 11 software, requires determination of the initial quantities of water level and flow discharge of river at all computing nodes to start the computations. For determining the upstream and downstream boundary conditions of river to the hydrodynamic model, the time series of daily flow discharge of the river at Abdolkhan station (at upstream) and the water level- discharge curve of Hamidiyeh station (at downstram) were used, Mathematical Model for Evaluating of Sediment Transport (Case Study:respectively Karkheh River(Figure in Iran) 6). Figure 5. Cross section view of Karkheh River in MIKE 11 Model. 3.2 Cross-Section Data 3.3 Boundary and Initial Conditions In this research, approximately 200 cross sections with The numerical method was used at MIKE 11 software, requires determination of the initial an average distance of about 500 meter from each other quantities of water level and flow discharge of river at all computing nodes to start the along the Karkheh River (From Abdolkhan station to computations. For determining the upstream and downstream boundary conditions of river to the Hamidiyeh station) were used. Figure 5 shows an example hydrodynamic model, the time series of daily flow discharge of the river at Abdolkhan station (at of a cross-section in MIKE 11 Model. upstream) and the water level- discharge curve of Hamidiyeh station (at downstram) were used, 3.3 Boundaryrespectively and Initial (Figure Conditions 6). (a) The numerical method was used at MIKE 11 software, (a) (b) Figure 6. (a) Time series of daily discharge at Abdolkhan Station (upstream of the studied river reach). (b) Water requires determination of the initial quantities of water level-discharge curve of Hamidiyeh Station (downstream of the studied river reach). level and flow discharge of river at all computing nodes to start the computations. For determining the upstream The sediment rating curve (discharge of river vs. total sediment load) of Abdolkhan hydrometric and downstream boundary conditions of river to the station is shown at the Figure 7. hydrodynamic model, the time series of daily flow dis- charge of the river at Abdolkhan station (at upstream) and the water level- discharge curve of Hamidiyeh station (at downstram) were used, respectively (Figure 6). (b) The sediment rating curve (discharge of river vs. total (a) (b) sediment load) ofFigure Abdolkhan 6. (a) Time hydrometric series of daily stationdischarge isat AbdolkhanFigure St ation6. (a)(upstream Time seriesof the studiedof daily river discharge reach). (b)at AbdolkhanWater shown at the Figure 7. level-discharge curve of Hamidiyeh StationStation (downstream (upstream of ofthe the studied studied river reach). river reach). (b) Water level-discharge curve of Hamidiyeh Station (downstream of 3.4 River RoughnessThe sediment Coefficient rating curve (dischargeEstimation of riverthe vs. studied total sediment river reach). load) of Abdolkhan hydrometric One of the parametersstation is thatshown should at the beFigure calibrated 7. in 6 mathematical models of hydrodynamic simulations is  the resistance coefficient of river’s bed which defined as Manning roughness coefficient or Chezy coefficient. Experimental methods used to determine the Manning roughness coefficient (Table 1). 0.025 value for the Manning roughness coefficient were considered. To run the sediment transport model in MIKE 11 software, the grain size distribution curves were consid- Figure 7. Sediment rating curves of Abdolkhan Station. Figure 7. Sediment rating curves of Abdolkhan Station. ered at the Karkheh River. Also, the specific weight of sediments based on measurements at hydrometric3.4 River sta- RoughnessTable6 Coefficient 1. Experimental Estimation methods for manning tions was assumed equal to 2.65 ton per cubicOne meter. of the parametersroughness that coefficient should be calibrated in mathematical models of hydrodynamic Figure show grain size distribution curves of Abdolkhansimulations is the resistance coefficient of river’s bed which defined as Manning roughness Method Name Formula and Hamidiyeh Stations (Figure 8). coefficient or Chezy coefficient. Experimental methods used to determine the Manning (1/6) roughness coefficient (TableStrickler 1). 0.025 1923 value for the Manning0.019D 50 roughness coefficient were considered. (1/6) Keulegan 1938 0.039D50 (1/6) Meyer, Peter & Muller 1948 0.038D90 To run the sediment transport model in MIKE 11 software, the grain size distribution curves Carlon 1953 0.026D (1/6) were considered at the Karkheh River. Also, the specific weight75 of sediments based on Henderson 1966 0.041D (1/6) measurements at hydrometric stations was assumed equal to 2.65 50 ton per cubic meter. Figure (1/6) showgrain size distribution Raudkivicurves of 1976Abdolkhan and Hamidiyeh0.042D Stations50 (Figure 8).

3.5 Hydraulic Results of the River FigureFigure 5. 5. CrossCross section section view viewof Karkheh of Karkheh River in MIKE River 11 in Model. MIKE Table 2 indicates to hydraulic parameters of the Karkheh 11 Model. River at Abdolkhan and Hamidiyeh hydrometric stations 3.3 Boundary and Initial Conditions The numerical method was used at MIKE 11 software, requires determination of the initial quantities of water level and flow discharge of river at all computing nodes to start the 4 Vol 8 (23) | September 2015 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology computations. For determining the upstream and downstream boundary conditions of river to the (a) (b) hydrodynamic model, the time series of daily flow discharge of the riverFigure at 8.Abdolkhan Grain size distribution station (at curves at two hydrometric stations of the interval distance of study. (a) Abdolkhan. (b) Hamidiyeh. upstream) and the water level- discharge curve of Hamidiyeh station (at downstram) were used, 3.5 Hydraulic Results of the River respectively (Figure 6). Table 2 indicates to hydraulic parameters of the Karkheh River at Abdolkhan and Hamidiyeh

hydrometric stations which calculated on the basis of different water discharges by hydrodynamic part of MIKE 11 Model.

3.6 Morphological Results of the River

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(a) (b) Figure 6. (a) Time series of daily discharge at Abdolkhan Station (upstream of the studied river reach). (b) Water level-discharge curve of Hamidiyeh Station (downstream of the studied river reach).

The sediment rating curve (discharge of river vs. total sediment load) of Abdolkhan hydrometric station is shown at the Figure 7.

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Figure 7. Sediment rating curves of Abdolkhan Station.

3.4 River Roughness Coefficient Estimation One of the parameters that should be calibrated in mathematical models of hydrodynamic simulations is the resistance coefficient of river’s bed which defined as Manning roughness In the simulation process, all methods of MIKE 11 Model that was mentioned at model coefficient or Chezy coefficient. Experimental methods used to determine the Manning roughness coefficient (Table 1). 0.025 value for theintroduction Manning roughness part were coefficient used and their were results were compared. Refer to this model computation considered. and compared results with the field observations, the methods of Engelund-Hansen and Ackers- Figure 7. Sediment rating curves of Abdolkhan Station. White had the most correlation at the morphological model. Predicted changes at the shape of To run the sediment transport model in MIKE 11 software,river cross the grain section size versus distribution observed curves data values by the two methods of Engelund-Hansen and 3.4 River Roughness Coefficient Estimationwere considered at the Karkheh River. Also, the specificAckers-White weight at of the sediments Abdolkhan based Hydrometri on c Station is shown at Figure 9. One of the parameters that shouldmeasurements be calibrated at in hydrometric mathematical stations models was of assumed hydrodynamic equal to 2.65 ton per cubic meter. Figure Farhang Azarang, Abdol Rasoul Telvari, Hossein Sedghi and Mahmoud Shafai Bajestan simulations is the resistance coefficientshow grain of river’s size distribution bed which curves defined of Abdolkha as Manningn and roughness Hamidiyeh Stations (Figure 8). In the simulation process, all methods of MIKE 11 Model that was mentioned at model coefficient or Chezy coefficient. Experimental methods used to determine the Manning roughness coefficient (Table 1). 0.025 value forintroduction the Manning part roughness were used coefficient and their were results wereTo indicate compared. the longitudinal Refer to this profile model of the computation river bed considered. and compared results with the fieldIn the observati simulationassessmentsons, process, the allmethods the methods Engelund-Hansen of of Engelund-Hansen MIKE 11 Model method that and was was Ackers- mentioned used at model introduction part were used and their results were compared. Refer to this model computation (Figure 10). White had the most correlationand at comparedthe morphological results with the model. field observati Predictedons, the changesmethods of atEngelund-Hansen the shape of and Ackers- To run the sediment transport model in MIKE 11 software, the grain size distribution curves The Figure 11 exhibited the Karkheh River bed eleva- river cross section versus observedWhiteIn had data the the simulation values most correlation process, by the all at two methodsthe morphological methods of MIKE of 11 model. Engelund-Hansen Model Predicted that was changes mentioned and at atthe model shape of tion changes versus time at the Abdolkhan and Hamidiyeh were considered at the Karkheh River. Also, theAckers-White specific weight at the of Abdolkhan sediments riverHydrometri based introduction cross on section c part Station versus were used observedis shownand their data resultsat values Figure were by compared.9. the two methodsRefer to this of Engelund-Hansenmodel computation and measurements at hydrometric stations was assumed equal to 2.65 ton per cubic meterAckers-White.andFigure compared atHydrometric the results Abdolkhan with the Stations Hydrometri field observati whichc Stationons, can the beis methods shown interpreted ofat Engelund-HansenFigure as 9.­follows: and Ackers- White had the mostFigure correlation 11(a), at which the morphological is related model. to Abdolkhan Predicted changes station, at the shape of showgrain size distribution curves of Abdolkhan and Hamidiyeh Stations (Figure 8). river cross section versus observed data values by the two methods of Engelund-Hansen and (a)(a) shows (b) a sinusoidal trend is changing. In general, bed Ackers-White at the Abdolkhan Hydrometric Station is shown at Figure 9. Figure 8. Grain size distribution curves at two hydrometric stations of the interval distance of study.Figure (a) Abdolkhan. 9. Predicted changes of Abdolkhan Cross Section. (b) Hamidiyeh. 3.5 Hydraulic Results of the River To indicate the longitudinal profile of the river bed assessments the Engelund-Hansen method Table 2 indicates to hydraulic parameters of the Karkhehwas Riverused (Figureat Abdolkhan 10). and Hamidiyeh hydrometric stations which calculated on the basis of different water discharges by hydrodynamic part of MIKE 11 Model. Figure 9. Predicted changes of Abdolkhan Cross Section. (a) 3.6 Morphological Results of(b) (b)the River Figure 9. Predicted changes of Abdolkhan Cross Section. Figure 8. Grain size distribution curves at two hydrometric stations of the interval distance of study. (a)To Abdolkhan. indicate the longitudinal profile of the river bed assessments the Engelund-Hansen method Figure 8. Grain size distribution curves atFigure two hydrometric 9.was Predicted used (Figure changesFigure 10). of 9. Abdolkhan Predicted Cross changes Section. of Abdolkhan Cross Section. (b) Hamidiyeh. To indicate the longitudinal profile of the river bed assessments the Engelund-Hansen method stations of the interval distance of study. (a) Abdolkhan. 3.5 Hydraulic Results of the River was used (Figure 10). (b) Hamidiyeh.To indicate the longitudinal profile of the river bed assessments the Engelund-Hansen method Table 2 indicates to hydraulic parameters of the Karkheh River at Abdolkhan and7 Hamidiyeh  was used (Figure 10). hydrometric stations which calculated on the basis of different water discharges by Table 2. Hydraulic parameters results hydrodynamic part of MIKE 11 Model. Hydrometric Discharge of Cross Section Velocity of Station River (m3/s) Area (m2) River (m/s) 3.6 Morphological Results of the River 100 157 0.44 Figure 10. Longitudinal profile of Karkheh River bed by Engelund-Hansen method compared to observed values. 200 398 0.56 Abdolkhan The Figure 11 exhibited the Karkheh River bed el evation changes versus time at the Abdolkhan 500 722 0.67Figure 10. LongitudinalFigure profile 10. of KarkhehLongitudinal River bed profile by Engelund-Hansen of Karkheh method River compared bed toby observed values. andFigure Hamidiyeh10. Longitudinal profile Hydrometric of Karkheh River bedStations by Engelund-Hansen which method can becompared interpreted to observed values. as follows: 7 1000 1287 0.73 Engelund-Hansen method compared to observed values. The Figure 11 exhibited the Karkheh River bed elevation changes versus time at the Abdolkhan  100 205 0.37 The Figure 11 exhibited the Karkheh River bed elevation changes versus time at the Abdolkhan and Hamidiyehand Hamidiyeh Hydrometric Hydrometric Stations Stations wh whichich can can bebe interpretedinterpreted as as follows: follows: 200 413 0.47 Hamidiyeh 500 743 0.56 1000 1343 0.63 Figure 10. Longitudinal profile of Karkheh River bed by Engelund-Hansen method compared to observed values.

which calculatedThe onFigure the basis 11 ofexhibited different thewater Karkheh discharges River bed elevation changes versus time at the Abdolkhan by hydrodynamic part of MIKE 11 Model. and Hamidiyeh Hydrometric Stations wh ich can be interpreted(a) as follows: (b) (a) (a)(a) (b) (b) 3.6 Morphological Results of the River 8  8 In the simulation process, all methods of MIKE 11 8 Model that was mentioned at model introduction part were used and their results were compared. Refer to this model computation and compared results with the field observations, the methods of Engelund-Hansen and Ackers-White had the most correlation at the morpholog- ical model. Predicted changes at the shape of river cross section versus observed data values by the two (a) methods (b)(b) of Engelund-Hansen and Ackers-White at the Abdolkhan Figure 11. Changes of bed elevation by passing the time at Hydrometric Station is shown at Figure 9. the stations.8 (a) Abdolkhan. (b) Hamidiyeh. 

Vol 8 (23) | September 2015 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 5 Mathematical Model for Evaluating of Sediment Transport (Case Study: Karkheh River in Iran)

Table 3. Total sediment load results • The results show that Karkheh River in Hamidiyeh Station has more sediment transport capacity. Hydrometric Discharge Total Sediment Load (ton/day) Station (m3/s) • Karkheh River is a alluvial river and sedimentation Measured Ackers - Engelund - area in Khouzestan Province. White Hansen • Engelund-Hansen and Ackers-White methods are Abdolkhan 100 2532 2771 1487 suitable in Karkheh River Catchment. • Another methods of sediment transport are not valid 200 9156 11702 6922 for downstream of Karkheh River. 500 67791 53826 45129 1000 291854 197264 227961 4. Conclusion

Hamidiyeh 100 2923 2843 1754 We studied hydraulic and sediment transport of Karkheh 200 13675 16843 8693 River Downsteram in aritifical flow. In this research, MIKE 11 Model is used for hydro- 500 92501 73910 59211 dynamic and sedimentary simulations of the river. 1000 317492 256842 277451 Processing the out puts of MIKE 11 Model suggests that the Engelund-Hansen and Ackers-White methods are very suitable in downstream of Karkheh Reservoir Dam. Our elevation value is increased due to the sedimentation. results can be appropriate research for river ­engineers. Figure 11(b) also represents the variation of the bed eleva- tion at Hamidiyeh station which this value is reduced and erosion occurred during the period of study. 5. References

1. Timbadiya PV, Patel PL, Porey PD. One-dimensional 3.7 Total Sediment Load ­hydrodynamic modelling of flooding and stage­hydrographs Assessment in the lower Tapi river in India. Current Science Journal. 2014; 106(5):708–16. The total sediment load of the river versus the different 2. Keskin F, Sensoy AA, Sorman A, Unal SA. Application of river flow discharges is obtained by the MIKE 11 Model. MIKE 11 model for the simulation of snow melt runoff in By study of model out puts, it is recommended to use the Yuvacik Dam Basin. Turkey: International Congress on River Basin Management; 2007. p. 472–84. Engelund-Hansen and Ackers-White methods to simulate 3. Neary VS, Wright SA, Bereciartua P. Case study: Sediment the total sediment load of the Karkheh River. Table 3 dis- transport in proposed geomorphic channel for Napa river. plays total sediment load assessment using two mentioned Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2001; 127(11):901–10. methods and the results were compared with the measured 4. Shvidchenko A, Hall B, Howard J, Vermeeren R, Ly C. values of the field at Abdolkhan and Hamidiyeh Stations. Simulation of flood flow and sediment transport on­alluvial fans of Coachella Valley, California. Reno, USA: Proceedings • Flow velocity of Karkheh River is low so sediment of the Eighth Federal Inter Agency Sedimentation deposits in river. Conference; 2006 Apr 2-6. p. 49–56. • The Ackers-White values are usually predicted to be 5. DHI. MIKE 11 user and reference manual. Denmark: more than Engelund-Hansen values. Danish Hydraulic Institute; 2004.

6 Vol 8 (23) | September 2015 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology