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704 SELTON, Robert W Arren. UNITED STATES MILITARY

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704 SELTON, Robert W Arren. UNITED STATES MILITARY MASTER’S THESIS M-704 SELTON, Robert Warren. UNITED STATES MILITARY ASSISTANCE TO GREECE DURING THE ANTI-BANDIT WAR (1947-1949). The American University, M.A., 1964 Political Science, international law and relations University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Copyright by ROBERT WARREN SELTON 1965 UNITED STATES MILITARY ASSISTANCE TO GREECE DURING THE ANTI-BANDIT WAR (19^7 - 19^9) "by Robert W, Selton Submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Signatures of Committee: Chairman: ^ f 4 ^ Date Dean of the^Bcl|f)Ol UNIVERSITY Dat e : i-luk. l i b r a r y AUG 3 11964 I^ASHINGTON. D. c ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to the faculty of the School of International Service, American University, without whose help this thesis would not he possible. In particular. Professor Harry N. Howard contributed of his vast store of knowledge on the Near East and Professor Durw^^d V, Sandifer greatly assisted in the area of United States national security policy. The Office of the Chief of Military History, United States Army, made a significant contribution by permitting me to have access to yet unpublished documents and reports of the United States military agencies in Greece pertaining to the period of the Anti-Bandit War. Mr. Roland Gill of that office was extremely helpful in locating and making available these reports. In addition, two officers currently serving on the Army General Staff, Colonel Warren K. Bennett and Colonel George L. Eckert, who served as advisers to the Greek Army during the Anti- Bandit War, provided valuable assistance in the form of first hand accounts of the battle action. Colonel Eckert also read and commented on the manuscript. I owe a particular debt of gratitude to General James Van Fleet who took time from his current pursuits to correspond with the author and provide information necessary to approach some of the more cogent problems uncovered in iii the research. Finally, I thank my wife for the cheerful contri­ bution of her busy time which she spent proofing and typing the draft manuscript as well as for her patience over the loss of a husband for the summer. In the final analysis, however, the opinions expressed in this thesis are the sole responsibility of the author. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................... vii LIST OF FREQUENTLY USED ABBREVIATIONS.................. xii CHAPTER PAGE I. WORLD WAR II - CONVENTIONAL COMBAT.............. 1 General Considerations , , 1 The Greek-Italian War . 3 (October 19^0 - April 19^1) The German Invasion ............................ 7 (April - May 19^1) II, THE OCCUPATION AND AFTERMATH - GUERRILLA COMBAT ................................. 17 The Occupation.............. 17 (May 19^1 - October 19^%) The Greek-British Dilemma ..................... 30 (October 19^k - Spring 19^7) III. THE TRUMAN D O C T R I N E ............................... k8 Recent Greek-American Relations ....... U8 The Truman Doctrine .................... 52 Military Implications ............ 57 IV. THE EASY WAY - THE ANTI-BANDIT WA R ............... 63 (May 19^7 - December 19^7) Communist Operations ............................ 63 Greek National Situation ....................... 69 United States Military Assistance - The Easy W a y ............ ...................... 7^ V., TRIAL AND ERROR - THE ANTI-BANDIT W A R .......... 8l (January 19^8 - December 19^8) V CHAPTER PAGE United States Military Assistance ............ 82 Operations ................................... 8 3 S u p p y .......................................... 8U Two Typical Problems , 88 T r a i n i n g ...................................... 90 Greek National Operations ..................... 96 On the Communist S i d e .......................... 100 Military Operations . 100 The Macedonian Question and The Fall of M a r k o s ....................... 103 VI. VICTORY - THE ANTI-BANDIT W A R ................... 112 (January 19^9 - August 19^9) Greek National Operations ..................... 112 The Communist Dilemma .......................... 120 United States Military Influence . 126 Operations and Training ..................... 126 Logistics...................................... 130 VII. TRANSITION........................................ 135 Security Situation ............................ 135 Economic Transition ................... .... 138 VIII. CONCLUSIONS....................... 1^5 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................... 156 MAP WITH G A Z E T E E R ........................................ 162 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I. ESTIMATED STRENGTH AND LOCATION OF GREEK BANDIT RESERVES .............. ..... 6? II. STRENGTH OF GREEK ARMED FORCES MAY 19^7.... 73 III. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES OF MILITARY EQUIPMENT DELIVERIES........................ 131 IV, STRENGTH OF AMERICAN MISSION FOR AID TO GREECE..................................132 V. REPORTED DESTRUCTION AND DAMAGE ................ 139 VI. APPROPRIATIONS UNDER PL 271 AND 793 BOTH CONGRESS FOR ASSISTANCE TO GREECE . , lU2 INTRODUCTION Today the "Cold War" is some fifteen years old. Perhaps it is drawing to a close, perhaps not. But the fact remains that the United States today is deeply committed to costly military assistance programs which include the maintenance of American military advisers in numerous foreign countries. American officers and enlisted men are being killed in the course of foreign military operations against indigenous guerrillas in what euphemistically are called counterinsurgency operations. This thesis looks back to the first armed conflict between the "Free World" and the "Communist Camp"; to the place and time where today's military assistance program, the use of U. S. military advisers, and the current con­ cepts of counterinsurgency originated; to United States military assistance to Greece during the Anti-Bandit War, 19^7-^9« a review of the events of that little known war reveals that. Just as the Truman Doctrine served as a turning point in U. S. foreign policy, so military assistance to Greece served as the precursor of United States military strategy for the cold war era. A study of the actions and errors of the Communist guerrilla forces, the Greek National Armed Forces and the United States military missions in Greece during the period of the Anti-Bandit War holds many lessons that are applicable to today’s politico-military viii environment. The purpose of this thesis is to examine United States military assistance to Greece during this period. It is hoped that this examination highlights the lessons which have applicability to today's international situation. The first two chapters provide background on the Greek military operations of World War II and the political, economic and military situation of Greece brought about by World War II and its aftermath. The background information is oriented primarily to establish the conditions prevail­ ing in Greece in the Spring of 19^7 at the time of United States involvement. The third chapter shifts perspective to the United States point of view and briefly discusses the events leading to the Truman Doctrine. Primary emphasis is on the military implications of this abrupt reversal of United States peacetime isolationism. The next four chapters examine United States military assistance to Greece during the Anti-Bandit War. As a consequence, of the inter­ action of military, political and economic factors, the Anti-Bandit War is presented in chronological sequence. Within each period Communist activities and the correspond­ ing Greek National reactions are discussed. Where United States influence came to bear an attempt is made to weigh the impact of this influence and to analyze the subsequent results. Conclusions are stated in the last chapter. IX The first two chapters on World War II are essential to the thorough understanding of the Anti-Bandit War, From the point of view of research and source material, however. World War II and the Anti-Bandit War have little in common. World War II and its immediate aftermath have become a part of history and are exhaustively documented. One would have to look far to find a British Officer who had parachuted in­ to Greece in World War II who has not written a book on one or another of the Greek resistance movements. Greek writers of all political hues including Communist ELAS leaders have published books in English on World War II Greece. The Office of the Chief of Military History U.S. Army, and the Special Operations Research Office of American University have made exhaustive studies of the guerrilla operations of the period. The Anti-Bandit War, on the other hand, is shrouded in the uncertainty of contemporary Cold War relationships. Virtually nothing has been written on it. Primary source material in English is limited to three now unclassified reports of the U. S. military agencies in Greece, several studies published by the Greek Army, and the President's reports to Congress on assistance to Greece and Turkey. Secondary source material is also limited both in scope and quantity. Four or five articles in Service Journals written by military officers on specific aspects of the War, one general article by Marshall Papagos In Foreign Affairs. and selected chapters of books directed primarily at the later economic reconstruction of Greece comprise the secon­ dary sources. No. U. S. government agency has published an unclassified history of these military operations.
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