BECHUANALAND 'PROTECTORATE

BECHUANALAND 'PROTECTORATE MINUTES OF THE THIRTY - SECOND SESSION OF THE' AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL HELD UNDER THE PRESIDENcY OF His Honour, W. FORBES MACKENZIE, Esquire, C.B.E. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER OF THE BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE AT MAFEKING 14th to 21st OCTOBER, 1952 E.,P.&C.P. DON. 7W4.$.53

(i) M I NUTES of the THIRTY -SECOND SESSION of the BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL held at MAF EKING 14th - 21st October, 1952. PRESIDENT HIS HONOUR, W. FORBES MACKENZIE, ESQUIRE, C.B.E., Acting Resident Commissioner. MEMBERS BAMALETE: BAROLONG: BATLOKWA: BAKGATLA: BANGWAKETSE: BAKWENA: FRANC ISTOWN: BATAWANA: CHOBE: KGALAGADI: Kgosi Mokgosi III, Councillors K. Ikaneng and M.K. Moagi. Kgosi L. Montshioa, Councillors S.M. Phetlhu and R. Gopane. Kgosi Kgosi Councillors Keema Gaborone and Sakaio Bogatsu. Kgosi Molefi K. Pilane, Councillors Muthi Pilane and Thari Pilane. Kgosi Bathoen II, Councillors K.R. Bome, M.L. Kgasa and N. Moditswane. Kgosi Kgari Sechele II, Councillors Tshekedi Khama, Matlhabaphiri Sankololo, Letlole Mosielele and Martinius Seboni. Councillors Pelaelo Ramokate and Moroka. Mohumagadi E.P. Moremi III, Councillors Montsho Mogalakwe, Combo Saudu, and Tsheko Tsheko. Simvula Nkonkweni. Moapare Mosiiwa (Hukuntsi) and Seetelo Totoe (Tshabong).

(ii) THE FOLLOWING HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS AND ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS WERE ALSO PRESENT. C.R. Latimer, Esq., O.B.E. Dr. M.L. Freedman, O.BE. H.V. Davies, Esq. S.V. Lawrenson, Esq. J.D.A. Germond, Esq., C.B.E. J.E.R. Roe, Esq. F.H. Bosman, Esq. Lt.Col. M.R.D. Langley, O.B.E., M.V.O. J. Gardiner, Esq. G.A.L. Rutledge, Esq. J.H. Pryer, Esq. N.H. Boardman, Esq. Acting Government Secretary. Director of Medical Services. Director of Public Works. Administrative Officer, Staff Grade. - do Director of Veterinary Services. Director of Agriculture. Commissioner of Police. Principal Education Officer. Treasurer. Controller of Stores. Senior Veterinary Officer. 67398S

(iii) AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL - 32ND SESSION. 14th October, 1952. AGENDA Item. Subj ect 1. Bridge across the Notwani River. (6066/5) 2. Ammunition: Increasing the Ouota. (8077/i) 3. Increase of African Advisory Council Subsistence Allowances.(4125 II) 4, Index to the Minutes of the African Advisory Council. 5. Institutions and Colleges in the Territory. f5365/5) 6. That more boreholes are required in the Batlokwa Reserve, and the construction of another dam for the cattle posts. (6841/8) 7. That a dispensary be built at Goodhope and a regular attendant provided. 8. That provision be made for more intensive water development in the Barolong farms by the sinking of more Government boreholes. (6841/12 II) 9. The formation of a Legislative Council in the Bechuanaland Protectorate. 10. Licence fees charged for game hunting. (3449/4) 11. The provision of second class train accommodation in mixed trains. (9478) 12. Colonial Development Corporation and Colonial Development Fund. (C. 1837/5 & 9167 VI) 13. Inoculation of cattle for more common diseases. (6652/1) 14. Establishment of a moving dispensary. (5706/6-) 15. Establishment of a Central College. (5365/5) Proposed by Bakgat la. Bakgatla. Batawana. Batawana. Batawana. Batlokwa. Barolong. Barolong. Bakwena. Bakwena. Bakwena. Bakwena. Bakwena. Bakwena. Bakwena. 16./

It em. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. (iv) Subject. Repairs to privately owned pumping machines. (1108/1) Sale of Licences. (2751 II) Grocery Licences. (8069/13 II) Telephone. (7533 III) That inoculation of cattle be suspended for a year. (6652/1) The price of mealies. (3386/3 VII) Eradication of tsetse fly. (3378/1 XI) Shooting of game by Africans. (3946/2) Cattle buying by "touts" on behalf of traders. (1990) Grain storage and grain supplies. (3386/3 & /4) Collection of tax by coupons. (5480/18) Salaries of teachers. (1500/1 III) Medical examination of school children. (4241) Memorial to deceased soldiers. (1480/4) Native Treasuries - Accounting and Auditing Regulations. (8499/22) Road Transportation Board. (9901) Arms Licensing. (5228/2 III) Control of grazing. Restricted importation of Equines. ( 7791/2 ) Bursaries. (3404/2 II) Moeng College (Bamangwato). 6893/1 VIII Telephonic Communications: Kanye Lobatsi. (3370) Standardization of salary scales. (5411) Proposed by. Bakwena. Bakwena. Bakwena. Bakwena. Chobe Dist. Chobe Dist. Chobe Dist. Chobe Dist. Government. Government. Government. Government. Government. Government, Government & Bangwaketse. Government. Government. Government. Bangwaketse. Bangwaketse. Bangwak etae. Bangwaketse. Bangwaketse.

(v) 12ND SESSION OF THE AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL. October, 1952. SUPPLEMENTARY AGENDA. Subject Zonal Branding. (8074) Additional revenue measures. (8215/1) Proposed by Government. Government. SUPPLEMENTARY AGENDA (No. 2). Subject Member of Council for District. (4145 II) Promoted by Government. Item 39. 40. Item 41.

(8910/3) (vi) tAnnexure i1 NOTE FOR THE INFORMATION OF THE AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL. COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (i) Bechuanaland Cattle Ranch. This is a large-scale cattle ranching scheme in the Matetsi and Mababe areas of the Chobe district, and its purpose is to develop 9 000 square miles with possibly a further 7,000 square miles at a later date. At full development of the whole of this area 360,000 cattle could be carried which would provide 69 000 cattle for slaughter annually. It is proposed that 76,000 head of cattle will be purchased and established on the land during the first five years and that, in addition, 300,000 acres will untimately be developed agriculturally for fodder and food crops. 8,000 head have been purchased, and 5,946 acres have been planted, chiefly with maize and kaffir corn. Delays in delivery of machinery were mainly responsible for this rather disappointing acreage. It is not expected that there will be any revenue from surplus grain in 1952. 101 bore-holes have been drilled, of which 67 are effective, and eight wells have been sunk. Seven dipping tanks have been constructed. The total capital sanctioned for this project is £1,229,000 of which £574,020 has already been advanced. (ii) Lobatsi Abattoir and Molopo Holding Ranch. The Corporation is erecting an Abattoir at Lobatsi, which is nearly complete, and will have a slaughter capacity of 70,000 head per annum. The Holding ground consists of 600,000 acres of the Molopo Grown Lands and this will regulate supplies and allow fattening of immature or impoverished animals before they are slaughtered. There are approximately 20,000 head of cattle on the holding ranch. The total capital sanctioned for this scheme is £910,000 of which £457,838 has so far been advanced. 7th October. 1952. * . ° t J - l

(Annexure ii) NOTES FOR AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL. Notes by Bakwena. Item 9. Legislative Council. We understand that the three High Commission Territories in South Africa are the only remaining Protectorates and Crown Colony still without a Legislative Council. It is submitted that time is long overdue for the creation of a Legislative Council for the Bechuanaland Protectorate. Item 10. Game Licences. 3449/4. It is about 13 years since the Native Treasuries were established in the Bechuanaland Protectorate. Up to now these Treasuries have very little money to spend that, practically, they merely pay the salaries of their staff. It is felt that the time is ripe when the Native Administrations should be taking more administrative responsibility. This step is impossible unless and until more sources of revenue other than the Hut Tax are opened to Native Treasuries. It is submitted that Licence Fees charged for game should be revenue collected for Native Treasuries. Item 11. Second Class Train Accommodation. (9478) Third class coaches in mixed trains have become very dirty principally owing to their being used by mining recruits from the Northern Territories. Government is asked to request the Railway Authorities to provide second class accommodation for African people in the mixed trains or Native trains. Also, very often these trains do not stop at the usual stopping places used by passenger train at stations and sidings, they habitually stop at same points as goods trains do. Item 12. Colonial Development Corporation and Colonial Development Fund. (C.1837/5 and 9167 VI) It is observed that the African public is not sufficiently aware of the big development projects undertaken in the Bechuanaland Protectorate. The Administration is requested to prepare a statement to be read at the next meeting of the Council to give details of the big ranching scheme carried on in the Northern Crown Lands and the Abattoir at Lobatsi. Item 13. Inoculation of cattle. (6652/1) The Veterinary Staff be requested that the services of the cattle guards be more readily made available to inoculate the cattle of individuals who purchase vaccines to protect their stock. Item 14./ (vii)

(Annexure ii) Item 14. Moving Dispensary. (5706/6) That in view of the fact that the Doctor's visits to the outside villages are very irregular to meet the occurrence of any contagious cases in time, and help the prevention of diseases spread by people to the capital villages, a moving dispensary be established foe this purpose. Item 15. Central College. (5365/5) That a central college be established in the centre of the Territory to which all the tribes should contribute either equally or basically on their numerical and financial strength. Item 16. Repairs to pumping machines, (llO8/1) That the Government be requested to appoint Mechanics to help fix private engines, hand and windmill machines for wells and boreholes at a fixed price in the Territory. Item 17. Sale of Licences. (2751 II) That in order to control the selling of business licences by European residents to other Europeans (the practice which has now become common in the Territory and which has evidently been turned into business) the Government be requested to inform all concerned to get permissior first from the Chief and his Tribe before sale of such business could be effected. Item 18. Grocery Licences. (8069/13 II) That the Government be reminded of item 25 of the discussion dealt with in the African Advisory Council Meeting - 1948. Item 19. Telephones. (7533 III) That the Government provide telephones to all important centres as the radio is frequently out of order and cannot be used for private purposes except for telegrams. (viii)

(Annexure iii) NOTES FOR AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL. Notes by Bangwaketse. Item 9. Legislative Council. The African Advisory Council has been working since its establishment in 1921. In the light of experience gained and present developments in the Central Government and Tribal Administrations it is suggested that a Legislative Council should be formed instead. Item 34. Importation of Equines. (7791/2) In the past, the importation of mares and stallions was restricted on account of dourine, and geldings came in under permit. Why should there be prohibition of equines over 4 years? Item 35. Bursaries. (3404/2 II) In order to encourage attendance at the Teacher Training Centre, the Education Department gives several bursaries. It is requested that some of these bursaries be made available to students desiring to attend any seccndary school in the Territory. Item 36. Moeng College. (6893/1 VIII) There has been much dissatisfaction at this school and it will be a great pity that such state of affairs should continue. The views of Government and the Tribes are sought in connection with the future management and running of this school. Item 37. Telephonic Communications. (3370) This matter has been discussed in this Council several times with no success. Important developments have since taken place at both these places and others are under consideration. It is felt that time has now come that a telephone be installed between Kanye and Lobatsi in order to facilitate work on these projects. Item 38. Standardization of salary scales. (5411) Owing to the big differences in the revenue of Tribal Treasuries, it is not at all possible to have a standard salary scale without overtaxing the smaller Treasuries and hampering progress of the larger Treasuries which can afford to pay higher salaries; It is therefore suggested that the scales should be of two categories to suit large and small treasuries. (ix)

(1990) (x) (Annexure iv) NOTE FOR AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL. Item 24. CATTLE BUYING THROUGH TOUTS. Africans are allowed to buy cattle in their reserves without licence but some of these are really operating on behalf of Europeans and Indians and are in fact touts. Such actions are offences under Section 9 of the Control of Livestock Industry Proclamation (Cap.86) but are extremely difficult to detect. Chief and headmen can assist by being always on the alert for this type of cattle buying.

(3386/3) (xi) (Annexure v) NOTE FOR AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL. Item 25. GRAIN PRODUCTION AND STORAGE. At the second session of the Joint Advisory Council, the following two motions were debated:"That a central grain elevator be erected at a suitable point on the railway." "That the long term policy as regards this Territory's grain requirements and their necessary provision be considered." These two motions are closely linked and were debated together. The main points advanced in favour of a central granary were that each year very large sums are spent on the importation of grain, chiefly maize meal, and that when a surplus of grain, usually kaffircorn, occurs in any area, export is prohibited. Grain imported from the Union is very expensive as purchasers have to pay the Union levy - at present 4/2d. a bag. Efficient storage, it was stated, would be a strong incentive to greater production and, where it became necessary to import from the Union, bulk purchasing which a central granary would make possible would result in lower prices. The main difficulty was that of capital cost. It was ascertained that in 1948 the cost of constructing an elevator would be 22/- per bag capacity. It was estimated that the minimum capacity which would be required would be 5,000 tons making the construction cost £50,000 to £60,000 perhaps as much as £100,000, today. Mr. England thought, and Chief Bathoen supported him, that mechanical ploughing units available for hire to the tribes would be the best way of securing increased production, the surplus being stored in tribal granaries. It would be moved from "fat" areas to "lean" areas according to demand. Mr. Riley held out hopes that the efforts of the Colonial Development Corporation at Matetse wotld in the not far distant future be producing sufficient grain to make the Territory self-supporting in this respect. The views of Council are invited.

(548O/l) ... NOTE FOR AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL. Item 26. COLLECTION OF TAX BY RAND AGENCIES BY MEANS OF COUPONS. The system briefly is that when a man has £1 or more but not enough money to pay all his tax, he pays £1 and is given a coupon in exchange which bears his name and a printed number. When the payer has acquired sufficient money to pay the balance of tax due, he hands in such balance together with the coupon and is issued with a tax receipt. The question of whether this system should be adopted has been raised on a number of occasions and opinion generally has been against it. The main argument has been that if the taxpayer loses his coupon, he has lost the £1 which it represents and is still liable for the full tax. During the last few years, the cost of living has risen sharply and the amount of the tax payable has been increased. More than ever before, taxpayers find difficulty in producing the whole tax, i.e. native and graded tax, in one instalment. The system has operated satisfactorily on the Rand for Basuto and Swazis for a long time and the Agent and his officers are convinced that the Territory is losing a considerable amount of tax each year through not introducing the system for the Bechuana. (.rjj ( An n invii Y-im -tri I

(Annexure vii) (1500/1 iII) NOTE FOR AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL. Item 27. TEACHERS' SALARIES. Last year a request was received from the Bechuanaland Protectorate African Teachers' Association in which they asked that:(a) The present Union African Teacherst salary scales be adopted in the Bechuanaland Protectorate together with the relevant cost of living allowance. (b) When these salary scales are adopted teachers should be graded according to their length of service. (c) The African Teachers' services should be subject to pension and all other retirement benefits like other public services in this Territory. It has been estimated that the total nett cost of the concessions for which they asked would be over £35,000. No additional expenditure from Government funds can be made and any increases in this connection would have to be at the expense of Native Treasuries. If the Treasuries are unable to afford any increased expenditure or to find funds by additional taxation, the only alternative would be to decrease the number of posts in order that more money should be available for increased salaries of the reduced staff. The views of Council are invited on this subject. (xiii)

(xiv) (Annexure viii) (4241) NOTE FOR AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL. Item 28. MEDICAL INSPECTION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN. The medical and the education authorities are somewhat perturbed by the lack of regular medical inspection of school children. It is the aim of the Director of Medical Services to ensure that pupils undergo a complete medical examination three times during their school career, the first on entry, the second at a convenient time during their period at school and a third on leaving. Although a start has been made to achieve this object particularly at Maun, Lobatsi and Moeng, the preoccupation of medical officers with their more ordinary routine duties in hospital and dispensary has meant that the inspection work has fallen very far short of what is desired. The Director of Medical Services considers that the best method of tackling this problem would be to appoint a medical officer of health with experience of school medical inspections whose duties would entail a combination of public health work and school inspections. It is estimated that two-thirds of such an officeri time would be spent on school inspections and one third on normal public health work. On this basis it would be equitable for the native treasuries to bear two-thirds of the cost. The total cost is estimated as follows:Capital (equipment and quarters) £3,730. Recurrent (salary and allowances) £1,640. Two-thirds of this is:Capital £2,487. Recurrent £1,093 a year. The Director of Medical Services concluded his report on this subject as follows: "the need for such an appointment is a vital one. It would pay handsome dividends in helping to ensure a healthy rising generation." The views of Council on this matter are invited. (xiv)

(1480/4) NOTE FOR AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL. Item 29. MEMORIAL TO DECEASED SOLDIERS. Members will recollect that at the 31st Session, Council decided that they wished the form of the memorial to be something that is conspicuous and that could be seen from far and that it should bear the names of the deceased soldiers. Council further wished that the memorial should be erected at Gaberones station. With regard to the cost of the memorial, the High Commissioner's Office has been in communication with the War Graves' Commission, a body which assists financially towards the cost of maintaining war graves and erecting war memorials, and has ascertained that the Commission would be prepared to contribute towards the cost of a Bechuanaland Protectorate war memorial. Their contribution would be £595 or 36 per cent of the cost of the memorial whichever is the less. It is thought that the cost of our memorial would amount to approximately £500 or perhaps a little more which means that the contribution from the War Graves' Commission would be in the region of £180. That would leave £300 or a little more to be found. There is a balance of approximately £350 in the Territory's Gifts and Comforts Fund, which was instituted during the war, and it is suggested that this sum might be applied towards the cost of the memorial, The views of Council on this suggestion are invited, (xv) (Annexare ix)

'-....-a' (8499/22). *Xv.lj tAnnexure x) NOTE FOR AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL. Item 30. FINANCIAL AND ACCOUNTING REGULATIONS FOR NATIVE TREASURIES. In June, 1950, the Auditor Mr. Rundle was invited po attend a District Commissioners' Conference in Mafeking when he was requested to prepare instructions in respect of Native Treasury accounting procedure. The Financial and Accounting Instructions which were issued under cover of Government Secretary's Circular Instruction No.16 of 1952, and which were laid down under the provisions of High Commissioner's Notice No. 28 of 1952, are the outcome of this requests The purpose of these Regulations is to provide guidance and detailed instructions for all who are concerned with the financial aspects of Native Administration and to ensure that a standard system of accounting is in operation throughout the Territory. A system common to all Territories will enable Administrative Officers responsible, in whatever District they may be stationed, to undertake supervision without having first to ascertain the system in operation in any particular District. This will also apply to Native Treasury personnel who may move from one Treasury to another. The Financial and Accounting Regulations as a singlo booklet obviates the necessity to refer to various separate instructions relating to the financial aspect of Native Treasuries which previously existed. All such instructions have been embodied in the new Regulations which are indexed. The new Regulations are designed to meet the requirements of all Native Treasuries and it is impracticable to have different basic regulations for each individual Treasury. However, Government realise that some Native Administrations are much more advanced than others, and consideration is being given to the delegation to Native Authorities of certain functions at present performed under the Regulations by District Commissioners; dependent entirely upon the individual state of advancement of Native Administrations.

(Annexure xi) (9901) NOTE FOR AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL. Item 31. ROAD TRANSPORTATION BOARD. At the last session of the European Advisory Council a motion was carried that a road transportation board should be introduced. It was stated that road transport had now increased to the point where a board should be established to control certain lines of communication and that persons and firms who had been operating transport services for a considerable time should not be subject to competition by anybody who chose to operate a lorry over those rotates. The Board would have power to issue licences to operate road transport services over certain routes and only licence holders would be permitted to run services over those routes. It was pointed out that in some areas reliance was placed on regular motor services to obtain the necessities of life in the form of foodstuffs and merchandise and it was considered necessary to protect those who were established in the transport business. Some who had had special buses built and ran scheduled services had found that opposition vehicles ran just in front of their buses and collected most of the passengers. A system such as that proposed is in force in the Union and it not only protects established transport services but enables the licensed operators to obtain sufficient remuneration to enable them to employ qualified drivers and staff and to maintain their vehicles in a roadworthy state. A further point which was put forward in the European Advisory Council was that if lorries were confined to certain motor roads it would assist in keeping down illicit produce buying and illicit produce removal. Moreover it was stated that during the season lorries from the Union come into the Territory and take away a considerable amount of business in transporting the bean and kaffir corn crops from productive points to the railway line. A good many of the transport services in the territory are owned by Africans and Council's views on the proposal are sought. (Xvii)

(Annexure xii) (5228/2 III) NOTE FOR EUROPEAN AND AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCILS. Item 32. ARMS LICENSING. At present an arms the licensee has the weapon. for a European and no fee is licence lasts as long as The fee for licensing is 5/payable by an African. It is suggested that the owner of a weapon should be required to take out a licence annually and that the following fees should be charged:- European resident European non-resident African - for a h.v.rifle African - for any type of arm 10/- a year. £1 a year. 5/- a year. 2/6 a year. In the first place, this would bring in increased revenue. Secondly, it would enable an annual check to be made of all arms and District Commissioners would thus always have up-to-date information regarding the arms licensed in his district. Thirdly, there is at present no statutory provision for cancelling a licence; under the proposed new system, this could be achieved by refusing to renew a licence. In most African territories, Africans are required to pay for arms licences. (xviii)

(xixl ( Anovilvlc, Vji i (63074/4 11). NOTE FOR AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL. Item 33., CONTROL OF GRAZING. The stock population of the territory has nearly doubled in the last ten years. Available water has usually determined the number of animals concentrated at water points without regard to the carrying capacities of the areas and it is not uncommon to find two, three and four times as many head of stock as there should be at single water points under which conditions the vegetation is denuded and damage to the soils are unavoidable. In certain reserves damage is widespread and conditions are aggravated by steadily declining carrying capacity, in others this is not as widespread but nevertheless a serious and growing menace to the prosperity of the country. Unfavourable conditions which are becoming all too prevalent are usually attributed to lack of rain whereas the real cause is the practice of taking from the soil more than it can give under prevailing conditions. It is obvious that disaster can be avoided only by removing the principal cause of the trouble namely overgrazing. Improved methods of utilisation of grazing are important, e.g. the introduction of rotational grazing systems, but these can effect little improvement while overloading continues. At this stage much can be done to improve conditions by simply removing the main cause of deterioration. Immediate steps must be taken to conserve the natural resources of Bechuanaland and tribal authorities are urged to give this problem their immediate and serious attention for unless the increasing deterioration can be overcome by voluntary means it will necessitate legislative action. The potential of the soil is much higher than the general conditions of grazing would indicate and sound utilisation of the land would result in more remunerative returns than are being realised today. (Y Yl

(8074) NOTE FOR AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL. Item 39. ZONAL BRANDING. At the last session of Council the question of district branding was debated and members were asked to discuss the subject with their people in kgotla. In case the matter is not quite clear in the minds of members, the Director of Veterinary Services has prepared the following memorandum. The country is about to be divided into ten permit zones. The reasons for reducing the number of zones is to make it possible, in practice to effect control of the movements of cattle more easily and make it considerably easier for the cattle owners to obtain permits for legal movement. The proposed zones are:(1 ) Ngamiland. (21 Chobe District. M C.D.C. Northern ranches. (4I Tati district. Tuli Block. (6) The part of the Bamangwato Reserve to the west of the cordon fence (this fence runs from Gungwe on Southern Rhodesian border through Mahatla into the desert). (7) The part of the Bamangwato reserve lying to the east of this fence. (8) C.D.C. Ranches south. (9) Ghanzi and Kgalagadi districts combined. (10) The remainder of the Southern Protectorate, i.e. the Bakgatla, Bakwena, Bamalete, Batlokwa, Bangwaketse reserves and the Lobatsi block, Gaberones block, and the crown lands on the R.Molopo. Cattle may not move from one of these zones to another without a permit, which quite obviously will not be withheld except in cases where disease is present in the zone of origin, or in the mone of destination. These zones are the minimum number that I can allow and at the same time have a reasonable chance to prevent the wholesale spread of disease. In certain areas movement will b controlled through quarantines. These quarantines must be established to prevent the spread of disease by animals in the incubation stage of any of the scheduled diseases, particularly Foot and Mouth. Quarantines will be set up at Makalamabedi and Kuki Government farm, so that at long last Ngamiland cattle can/ ( Annexure xiv ) (xx)

(Annexure xiv) can move to other parts of the Protectorate; at Mahatla and between Nata and and at Debeeti. We all know that Foot and Mouth usually breaks out in Ngamiland or along the Botletle river. We have not enough staff to visit all cattle every month and thus we cannot say at any one time whether Foot and Mouth is present. Owners who wished to move from Ngamiland to R~kops or Ghanzi would take their cattle to Makalamabedi or Kuki quarantine on the day it opened. The brands on these cattle would be cancelled. They would remain in quarantine for 14-21 days, all grazing and watering being free and if healthy after the quarantine period, on leaving, the brand of the zne they were entering would be put on the animals. I know that this means that owners would be delayed in their journey, but how much better to be delayed to make certain that a scheduled disease was not being carried by the stock than to move fast and spread some disease amongst many hundreds of cattle over a vast distance. By the use of quarantines we can prevent cattle spreading disease and can quickly find out the place of origin of the disease and therefore confine its spread to a small area, which will allow the remainder of the country to carry on its normal activities in the livestock industry. In the past, when we got Foot and Mouth everything was stopped, and in consequence owners lost a great deal of money; we do not want this repeated time and time again. So far I have not mentioned the value of brands. Their value is in making it possible to detect quickly illegal movements. There is always the fool who thinks he can flout the law, and the dangers of disease, such people always forget the grave discomfort that they can bring to other people. Each zone would have a brand. All owners, African and European, would have to have their cattle branded. It does not matter who the owner is, the animal can still get the disease and spread it. You will notice that the zones are large and thus the normal day to day exchange of cattle between owners will not be impeded. Mention should be made of the disease control fences. *One is to run down the Bamangwato boundary from Makalamabedi to a point 70 miles south, i.e. about opposite . A second fence is to run from Gungwe through Mahatla into the desert. The third fence is already erected and runs from Lwale Pan to Lokale Drift and thence up the back line of the Notwani Estate to Staatforth and thence down to the South African border. No cattle can move across these fences without a permit and without going into quarantine. As you will see these fences divide various zones. Where there are no quarantines between zones, i.e. between the Kgalagadi and the Bangwaketsi reserve, we will set up check points and at these points the brands will be cancelled and the new brand put on. The whole system is designed to stop people unwillingly spreading disease and to make movement of livestock possible for the Batawana. It will also enable us to discover quickly the/ (xxi)

(xxii) (Annexure xiv) the criminal who moves cattle illegally. I say this because I am quite certain that if cattle with the wrong brand arrived in an area the cattle owners in that area would be sensible enough to report the fact in order that my departmental officers could determine as quickly as possible if the imported cattle were healthy and therefore did not constitute a danger to the local cattle. Zonal branding will be applied to everyone and would be carried out at a convenient time such as Anthrax vaccinati6ns.

I1 *4 4 4 Item 40 xA..L. I %LII1eAure xvi NOTES REGARDING EXTRA REVENUE. In Mr. Beetham's opening address he referred to the financial position of the Territory and the need to find extra revenue. Government expenditure excluding Colonial Development and Welfare expenditure has risen from £475,000 in 1947/48 to £620,000 in 1951/52 and to almost £769,000 in the current year. The developments which are taking place, sane of which Mr. Beetham mentioned, will produce a return in due course but in the meanwhile we have to meet the heavy expenditure which those developments themselves initially entail. For example while the stock disease fencing programme, the patrolling of the fences and maintenance of quarantines, are measures which will have a very beneficial effect on future marketing of livestock products and make for stability, the interim expenditure is high. Similarly when the Colonial Development Corporation abattoir opens at Lobatsi, Government will have to provide graders, detention officers and meat inspectors, together with housing for them but it will be some time before Government gets a direct return from these activities. Revenue in the same period has increased from £483,000 to its present figure of nearly £700,000 but this seems to be roughly its ceiling under present conditions and under existing rates of taxation. That it has increased by £220,000 per annum in the five year period is due to (a) the general increase in cattle exports as a result of good prices in the Union of South Africa and in Northern Rhodesia and (b) to measures already taken to provide more revenue. These measures include the following: (i) Increased rates of income tax for public companies. (ii) Increased fees for game licences, motor vehicle licences and other miscellaneous licences. (iii) Increased duties on liquor. (iv) Higher stamp duty on native labour contracts. (v) Higher postage rates. In addition we are now getting a higher subvention from the Rhodesia Railways but this will remain static for the next six years. A revised business and trades proclamation which is now being drafted will bring in a little extra revenue because of higher licence fees but any extra revenue expected from this or other sources will not balance our budget. There is too a constant demand for increased services. We now have to examine other sources from which to derive revenue. It/ I ^ ..... * .... .

(Annexure xv) It has been suggested that the rate of native tax should be increased. The basic rate is already 28/- and in addition there is a minimum payment of 5/- under the Graded Tax Proclamation and Government feels that any increase would bear hard on the poorer members of the community. A proposal to introduce a purchase tax, i.e. a tax on articles which are bought in the shops has also been put forward but this would increase an already high cost of living and moreover the imposition of such a tax would require a large staff for its collection. Another suggestion that has been made is the levying of a tax on cycles. The Joint Advisory Council in 1950 recommended a 2/6 tax on bicycles but this was not pursued as the small extra amount of revenue- perhaps £750 would hardly pay for the labour and trouble of collection. In March this year the European Advisory Council'thought that the cycle tax might be imposed at 5/-. This would bring in about £1,500 but this is a small contribution towards the gap we seek to bridge. I should however like to know the views of Council on this suggestion. There are probably a number of other means of raising revenue, e.g. a dog tax but the amounts would be small and in some cases difficult to collect. It is necessary therefore to seek a source from which a substantial increase can be derived without great expense being involved in collection. Now the Livestock Industry is undoubtedly the biggest, the most important and the most profitable in the Territory. It is also one on which considerable sums of Government money have been and are being spent. Moreover the future prospects for the industry are rosy. There are meat shortages in the countries North and South of the Bechuanaland Protectorate, in fact in nearly every country in the world and there is no reason to suppose that for many years to come we shall not be able to dispose of all livestock at satisfactory prices. It will be remembered that the Colonial Development Corporation are bound to pay a price in the Territory related to the realisation price in the major market to which they send their beef. In Government's view therefore we should look to the Livestock Industry for the extra revenue required. The increase of 10/- a head in the cattle export tax will be no hardship to producers at the present prices received by them for their stock but will provide approximately extra revenue of £35,000 in a full year and approximately £11,000 in the remainder of this year, 1.11,52 to 31.3.53. This will not close the gap between revenue and expenditure but will it is hoped reduce the rate at which we run down our surplus balances and give time for current developments to bring in a return. (xxiv)

(Annexure xvi) (4145 II) (xxv) NOTE FOR AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL. Item 41. MEMBER OF COUNCIL FOR GHANZI DISTICT. It has been suggested that a member for the Ghanzi District should be appointed to Council. This would bring the total membership to 39. If Council approves this proposal the best plan would be for Headman in that district to attend in turn as is the case for the Chobe District.

No.8910 V 9167 VI ) 1837/1 IX N 0 T E. Prepared in answer to requests by African Advisory Council for information about Colonial Development Corporation projects in the Protectorate. The Colonial Development Corporation projects in the Protectorate consist of a ranching and agricultural project in the North, and an abattoir and cold store, with a holding ground to serve the abattoir, in the South. The projects were explained to the African Advisory Council by the Corporation's representative Mr. Robinson at a special meetirg on 27th September, 1950, and were welcomed by the Council. The two schemes are separate, though the northern ranch might serve to provide supplies to the abattoir. They have been the subject of prolonged negotiations, now nearly complete, and subject to the settlement of some details, Government and the Corporation are prepared to enter into agreements by which Govern ment will lease to the Corporation certain portions of land for a period of 99 years, bVt may resume possession of land not used by the Corporation for the purpose intended after 25 years. For the northern areas, there will be a nominal rental 350 per annum) and for the holding ground in the south, the Corporation will pay rental calculated (after making allowance for Government income from the Corporation) to compensate Government for the sum of £8,000 normally received in grazing fees for this area. Government and the Corporation have begun to act in the spirit of the draft agreements, and the Corporation has taken on staff and started work on both projects. Crops have been planted in the north and cattle have been bought. An abattoir using the most modern methods has been erected on the site of the old creamery in Lobatsi and is nearly complete; it may open early in 1953. Mr. Dreyer is in charge of the ranching project, Mr. McGregor of the abattoir and Mr. Challis is in charge of the holding ground. The livestock industry is the most important industry in the Bechuanaland Protectorate and has depended largely on the export of live cattle to the Union of South Africa, the Rhodesias and the Belgian Congo. To the Union, cattle exports have in the past been restricted by quota, and this was als6 liable to restrict exports to periods when conditions were poor and the cattle had lost weight. In the three northern territories, a buying commission composed of officials and cattle traders has determined the prices to be offered and allocates supply between the Territories. The object of the abattoir, operated in conjunction with the holding ground, is to provide a secure market for Bechuanaland Protectorate cattle throughout the year, and enable cattle to be slaughtered at maximum weight. Also, with the help of the stock disease control scheme, the abattoir may in part overcome the export difficulties which occur during outbreaks of foot and mouth disease, since cattle from disease-free areas could be slaughtered and exported as frozen carcases. The object of the holding ground is to ensure a constant flow of cattle to the abattoir, and cattle purchased from the producer will according to prevailing circumstances and the fitness of the cattle either be sent direct to the abattoir or held until ready for slaughterThe Corporation could not contemplate the necessary expenditure (C910,00O) on the abattoir project without being ( xxvi ) (Annexure xvii )

(Annexure xvii) assured of sufficient supplies of cattle. The abattoir management therefore will undertake to buy all saleable cattle offered by registered suppliers to the abattoir (anyone eligible to be a registered exporter or producer may become a registered supplier to the abattoir) and only if the abattoir is unable to buy, will Government normally allow cattle to be exported otherwise than through the abattoir. If follows from this that producers of castle in the Protectorate must be assured that from the abattoir they will receive prices at least as good as the nett prices which they could have obtained by exporting themselves under the present system. The abattoir agreement will provide that prices shall be paid accordingly; and in practice, better prices may eventually be obtained. Meanwhile there is not likely to be very much other alteration in the marketing arrangements. The Corporation will buy at the abattoir or at other places to be fixed by the Corporation. In the northern ranching scheme, the Corporation will carry out joint ranching and agricultural undertakings in the Matetse and Mababe areas and will it is hoped increase the supply of grain in the Territory; mechanical methods of agriculture will be employed. Further south will be a project for ranchig. only, and the Corporation also intends to carry on livestock improvement and to establish a herd or herds of native types of cattle to provide improved breeding stock. The following are extracts from the Colonial Development Corporation Report and Accounts for 1951:"Lobatsi Abattoir: (1) (a) Corporation, having bought buildings at Lobatsi in Southern Bechuanaland, is converting them into an abattoir with cold storage facilities; this will handle entire output of both African and European cattle owners in Southern, Western and Eastern parts of the Territory; (b) 600,000 acres of Molopo Crown Lands have been leased as a holding ranch; this will regulate supplies and allow fattening of immature or impoverished animals prior to slaughter. (2) Abattoir should have begun operations in July 1952, but outlook for plant deliveries is uncertain; all depends on boilers and engines. (3) (a) As to holding ranch there were initial delays in defining boundaries and so agreement on leases was held up; water at first was difficult to find; (b) workshops and buildings are generally up to schedule; costs slightly exceed estimate; completion date is 30th June, 1952; (c) adequate facilities such as boreholes and fencing will be ready by 30th June, 1952, for cattle stocks planned for that date. (4) (a) Cattle purchase prices have almost doubled since estimates; but meat prices have risen correspondingl, (b) to avoid exceeding capital estimates, planned size of herd has been reduced; supplies for abattoit will be secured by forward arrangements with local cattle owners; (xxvii)

(Annexure xvii) (a) at 31st December, 1951, 10,472 cattle and 151 calves were on the'ranch; revised plan is for 17,000 by 30th June, 1952. (5) (a) Abattoir total assets at 31st December, 1951, were £145 712; fixed assets cost £120,303; development £11,185. (b) Holding ranch total assets at 31st December, 1951 were £256,663; fixed assets cost £56 065; development £16,224; value of livestock E156,678." "Bechuanaland Cattle Ranch: (1) (a) This is a large scale cattle ranching scheme in Chobe area of Northern Protectorate; (b) 9,000 square miles of Crown Land have been leased; will be developed in sections progressively over the years, beginning at Matetsi on Southern Rhodesian border; (c) 70,000 head of cattle will be established in first five years with agricultural development 300,000 acres for fodder banks and food crops. (2) (a) Development work in 1951 made a bad start, manager and several senior staff had to be replaced; much money and effort wasted; later abnormal rains impeded all work; (b) cattle purchases had therefore to be slowed down; at 31st December, 1951 there were 5,759 instead of 7,000 planned for June, 1951; these are in good ccndition; (c) provision of watering points is ahead of schedule; 101 boreholes drilled of which 67 are effective (some still to be equipped); eight wells sunk. (3) (a) 1951 programme was for 40,000 acres under crops in time for 1952 harvest; delays in delivery of machinery reduced this estimate to 10,000 acres, but rains stopped ploughing; at 31st December, 1951, there were only 5,946 acres planted (chiefly maize and sorghum); (b) although this is normally a region of little rain this season's rainfall was abnormally heavy and prolonged; (c) it waterlogged the grodnd after planting; about 1,000 acres failed; harvest prospects are bad; (d) so there will be no revenue from surplus grain in 1952 and extra working capital will be needed largely for purchase of cattle - at least £200,000. (e) receipts from sale of cattle will not become substantial for four years. (f) total assets at 31st December, 1951, were £614 358; fixed assets cost £288,735; development £124,917; value of livestock £68,678." As will be seen from the Corporation's reports there have been certain initial difficulties which are inevitable in any projects of such magnitude; but it is hoped that the efforts of the Corporation with its vast resources will be successful in developing ar.eas which hitherto have been put to comparatively little use, and will thus be of benefit to the Protectorate. ( xxviii )

AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL OPENING ADDRESS BY HIS HONQUR THE RESIDENT COMMISSIONER, E. B. BEETHAM, ESQUIRE, C.MIG., C.V.O,, O.B.E. 14TH OCTOBER, 1952 O-- - -00-----.... ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Chiefs and Councillors, I welcome you to the 32nd session of the Council. Owing to the fact that the Chief Secretary to the High Commissioner has had to go on leave to the' United Kingdom, the Resident Commissioner; Mr. Beetham,' has taken over the duties of Chief Secretary. Mr. Beetham has asked me to express his sincere regret that he is unable'to'be present today and to say "au revoir" to you in person. It is however his own address to you which I shall now read: "You are all aware of the circumstances that precluded the calling of the Council in 1951. I trust that there will not again be so long a gap between meetings, but even an annual contact does not provide the constancy of contact between the Administration and this Council which I should like to see. In the intervals between meetings of the Councils I do of course have frequent discussions with the Chiefs and some of their Councillors and my District Commissioners keep me regularly informed of tribal opinion, but it is with the Council itself that I would like to 'see more constant' 'contact. Meetings of the full Council are difficult to arrange and are frequently prolonged so that to 'call' 'the whole body together more often would' be impracticable. But it has occurred to me that there might be distinct advantage in establishing in the Protectorate a' standing Committee of this Council, such as has already been found useful in both Swaziland and Basutoland. I have taken no steps for its creation and offer it now only as a suggestion for the consideration of Council. If the idea appeals to you, I suggest that the Committee should in fact not be more than six persons nominated by the Council itself who would meet together with representatives of the 'Administration at regular and frequent intervals. Such meetings would be relatively informal and easy to arrange, and they would enable discussion of the current affairs of the Protectorate so that the Council itself when it meets would be more closely informed about recent developments. 'I would suggest that the persons nominated should not be regarded as representatives of particular tribal areas, but that, together, they should represent only the Council. They might serve on the Committee from one meeting of the Council until the next when they might be eligible for renomination. I repeat that' this'is only a suggestion but I commend it to your consideration. " ,,Since we last met in 1950, the Commonwealth, and indeed the world, has suffered a grievous loss by the death of/

-2 - of His late Majesty King George the Sixth. It is not necessary for me to add to the tributes to his qualities or the expressions of sorrow at his passing which were heard in all parts of the world. Let us stand in silence in memory of our late King." "A message of loyalty was sent to Queen Elizabeth II on her accession on behalf of all the people of the Protectorate and I know that you will give to Her person and to the Crown the same devotion which you gave to her Father and her Grandfather." "In August 1950, only two months after he had presided over this 6ouncil for the first time, the late Mr. G.E. Nettelton, C.B.E., passed away after a very short illness. By his death the Protectorate lost the services of an outstanding officer who, during his 36 years' loyal and devoted service, gained the confidence and respect of every section of the people. " "All members of Council will have heard with distress and abhorrence of the outbreak of public violence at on the 1st June resulting in the deaths of three African members of the Police." "I have also to record with deep regret the deaths of Kesebonye Seitshiro of the B atlokwa, who was for many years a valued member of this Council; of T.W. Moeti, a valued member of the Education Department, who had given many years loyal and capable service as a teacher and as, acting Headmaster of the Teacher Training Centre, of SubChief Masunga of Francistown; of Phethu Mphoeng of Madinare and of Lentwetse Kgamane of . " "As a mark of respect to the memories of these men I would ask Council to stand." "The. disturbers of peace in Serowe on the 1st of' June have been duly brought to trial. Seven have been 'convicted by the High Court of assault with intent to do grevious bodily harm and each sentenced to seven years imprisonment with hard labour. Thirty one persons were convicted of public violence and of these two were bound over to keep the peace and the others received prison sentences varying from one to three years. Five Royal Headmen were amongst those sentenced to 3 years imprisonment. " "The behaviour of the Administrative Officers and of all ranks in the Police during the disturbances is deserving of the greatest praise. In circumstances of the greatest danger they showed forbearance, courage and calmness of a very high order. Her Majesty the Queen was graciously pleased to confer the following Honours for outstanding services during these disturbances:George Medal Mr. Dennis Arthur Treves Atkins, Assistant District Officer, Bechuanaland Protectorate. To be an Officer of the Civil ,Division of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Mr. Philip Gordon Batho, Dis trict' Offiner Bechuianaland frotestorate.

-3- Colonial Police Medal for Gallantry No. 2985 SUb-Inspector Michael Smuts, Bechuanaland Protectorate Police. No. 217 the late Sergeant Eugene Moeketsi, Basutoland Mounted Police. No. 415 the late Corporal Ne6 Horoto, B.E.M., Basutoland Mounted Police. British Empire Medal No. 696 Constable Radio Oabile, Bechuanaland Protectorate Police. No. 710 Constable Osemile Resheng, Bechuanaland Protectorate Police. Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct. No. 2991 Sub-Inspectbr Donald Kingsley Green, Bechuanaland Protectorate Police. No. 219 Lance-Corporal Emanuel Ncheke, Basutoland Mounted Police. No. 515 Trooper Nathaniel Ntsiele, Basutoland Mounted Police. No. 583 Trooper Sergeant Pitso, Basutoland Mounted Police. it "Another award of the Colonial Police Medal for Gallantry was made in August, 1951, to Sub-Inspector Whitsitt for his outstandin& leadership and courage during disturbances which had taken place in the Bamangwato Reserve the previous month." "It is also my pleasant duty to record the awards of the following Honours since Council last met:- Mr. V.F. Ellenberger I.S.O. Mr. J.D.A. Germond O.B.E. Mr O.B. Miller Dr. M.L. Freedman Lt.Col. M.R.D. Langley M.V.0. Mr. P. Cardross Grant Mr. A.S. MacLeod Sgt. Major J. Dinku Capt. R.O. Hassall Senior Inspector C.A. Webb) Sgt. A.M. Nchindo Sgt. R. Noke Mr. Kietseng Kgakole Mr. Moapare Mosiiwa ) Mr. Coocoo Gaashugelwe Kgosidintsi C.B.E. C.B.E. I.S.O. 0.B.E. O.B.E. M.B.E. M.B.E. - B.E.M. Colonial Police Medal for Meritorious' Service. The Certificate of Honour and Badge. "It has been the custom in the past for the Resident Commissioner, in his opening address, to give a resume of the principal departmental activities since the previous meeting of/

-4 - of Council. In ordei- to avoid an unduly long address, I have decided to confine my remarks to matters of general interest and to circulate to members an 'annexire to this address containing reports on departmental activities. This annexure can be studied at more leisure by members of Council." "Sir Evelyn Baring relinquished his appointment as High CbmmidsioDer in July, 1951, when he went to the United Kingdom. He has since been designated as Governor of Kenya. *His Excellency and Lady Mary Baring paid a' short farewell visit to the Territory in June, 1951 His place as High Commissioner has been takgn by Sir John 'le Rougetel, K.C.M.G., M.C., who assumed duty in September, 1951. Unfortunately, through illness, I .was unable t6'be present at His Excellency's installation but the Protectorate was represented by the Acting Resident Commissioner, Mr. MaCkenzie, who welcomed His Excellency and Lady le Rougetel on behalf of all the peoples of the Territory. A copy of the address of welcome and of His Excellency's reply are attached to the annexure to this address." "His Excellency and Lady le Rougetel paid their first visit to the PrOtectorate in December. This was only a short informal visit but the High Commissioner managed to,- go to Gaberones, where he met the Chiefs and some of thoir Councillors, , , Serowe, Mochuci and Mafeking." "After'Mr. Nettelton's death,. Mr. V.F. Ellenberger was appointed Deputy Resident ommissioner and Government Secretary. He left last year on retirement and was 'suCCededed by Mr, W.F. Mackenzie. Mr. Ellenberger joined the service in 1915; his career was marked by loyal and able service and unremitting application to duty and his retirement is a great loss to the service. The vacancy for First Assistant Secretary which occurred when Mr. Ellenberg er was promoted has been filledby the appointment of Mr. C.R. Latimer"from Swatiland. Mr. Jowitt, the Director of Education, 'ietired last year and opportunity was taken to change the title -' of the post to Principal Education Officer. This post has been filled by the promotion of Mr. J. Gardiner. " "The former Director of Veterinary Services, Mr. E.C.S. Dawe, left on transfer to Tanganyika in August last year and has been succeeded by Mr. J.E.R. Roe from Uganda." " A reorganisation has taken place in the District Administration by the creation of two new senior administrative posts. These posts are those of Officer-in- Charge Northern Protectorate and Officer-in-Charge Southern Protectorate. Normally they will be stationed at Francistown and Lobatsi. They are my direct representatives in the two halves of the Protectorate and certain powers have been delegated to them, a measure of decentralisation which will speed up public business." "There has also been a small re-orgdnisation in the Treasury. In 1950, Mr. Walters, the Financial Secretary, was transferred to the High Commissioner's Office and Mr. Quigley, the Accountant, was transferred on promotion to Swaziland. Opportunity was then taken to replace these two posts with the posts of Treasurer and Assistant 'Treasurer respectively. Mr. G.A.L. Rutledge was transferred from Basutoland to fill the office of Treasurer and Mr. C.J. Nelson was promoted to/

-5- to the post of Assistant Treasurer." "I do not think that Council will Wish me to recount in any detail the happenings in the Bamangwato Reserve during the two years since the last session. The salient events are common knowledge but what is perhaps not generally realised is the enormous cost in time, energy, money and man-power which the Protectorate has had to bear through the non-cooper4tion and recalcitrant attitude of certain members of the tribe which culminated recently in bloodshed and loss Of life. I need hardly say that their actions will not affect in the slightest degree Government's determination to carry out its policy, which is, as you know, the designation of a chief acceptable both to the tribe and to Government. There can be few persons in the Protectorate who do not suffer directly or indirectly, from Government's preoccupation witA this unfortunate affair." I think it is appropriate to say here that since this speech was drafted by Mr. Beetham, the High Commissioner has asked me to convey to the Chiefs of the Territory his sincere appreciation of the assistance they rendered at the recent' meeting held at Serowe to discuss the Bamangwato chieftainship. Their patience, tack and understanding contributed considerably to the success of the meeting and to the decision by the Bamangwato leaders that the time has now come to designate a new chief. After the disputes of the past three years this is a great step forward and Mr. Beetham. Wishes to associate himself with His Excellency's message and to add his own thanks to the Chiefs for the valuable part which they played, which will be of great benefit not only to the Bamangwato but also to the whole Territory. "The abattoir which is being built by the Colonial Development Corporation at Lobatsi is nearing completion and it is hoped that it will begin operating within the next 'month or two. The Corporation has made much progress in stocking their holding ground on the Molopo and their ranch at Matetsi. They have approximately 20,000 bead of cattle on the holding ground and 8,000 at Matetsi. " "The opening of the abattoir, coupled with a scheme for the better control of stock diseases, must inevitably have a stabilising effect on the livestock industry and help Protectorate cattle owners to take fuller advantage of the high prices for meat which are being paid by our neighbours to the north and to the south. The estimates for the current year make provision for revenue amounting to £699,352 and expenditure amounting to £768,889; in other words we are proposing to spend £69,537 roughly more than we earn. At first glance, this financial position of the Territory looks most unhealthy, but a closer study of the position revealo that during the current financial year large items of capital expeAditure, most of which are not necessarily of a recurrent nature, are involved. Also included in the current year's expenditure is an additional £24,000 for further services for the benefit of the livestock industry., "These figures would nevertheless give cause for anxiety were' it not for the fact that increasing interest is being shown in the Territory as a field for investmefit by persons outside the Protectorate. A recent issue of a Crown Grant to Messrs. Marble Lime and Associated Industries to exploit/

-6- exploit the asbestos deposits at Moshaneng near Kanye is, I hope, only a forerunner of several other ventures into the exploitation of the mineral resources of the Territory. In addition, interest is being shown in the establishment of organisations to manufacture bone meal and to undertake the purchase and export of hides on a proper basis. These, and other ventures should, if successful, increase the national income of the Territory and result in higher returns of revenue." "This increase in revenue, may, however, take some years to become an established fact and we are faced with the problem of maintaining minimum essential services over the next few years. I shall therefore ask the Council to consider ways and means whereby additional revenue can be obtained, since it is certainly my own personal desire, as I believe it to be the desire of all of us, to avoid asking Her Majesty's Government to finance this Territory, which, I believe, can well afford to stand financially without such help. I have my own ideas as to where additional revenue can be found without any undue hardship, and I have asked Mr. Mackenzie to-explain these ideas to you with a view to discovering some just and fair method of increased taxation." "The Joint Advisory Council, which was discussed at the last Session has now been formed and the inaugural meeting, at which a Constitution was drafted, was held in 1950. The second meeting was held last year. The standing committee of that Council now carries out the functions of the former Livestock Industry Advisory Board and the Cattle Export Levy Fund Advisory Committee." "Finally, I would ask all members of this Council to give of their knowledge honestly and without fear or favour so that it may please Almighty God to direct our deliberations for the benefit of the Territory as a whole and of all the various communities which make up its population." Gentlemen that is the end of Mr. Beetham's address. There are two announcements I would like to make which are not attached to the copies of the speech and which are not on the Agenda but what really does matter is for Council to nominate eight of its members to serve on the Joint Advisory Council, and secondly a note on the activities of the Colonial Development Corporation will be issued. Mr. Chairman I presume that Council will adjourn. Council adjourned at 10.30 a.m.

ANNEXURE TO HIS HONOUR'S ADDRESS TO THE AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL - OCTOBER, 1952. AGRICULTURE. This year unfavourable conditions have been experienced, and the people the stock and the country itself are suffering severeiy. It is true that in many areas the rainfall has been low but the losses that have been suffered and will be suffered before the next summer rains come are not all to be attributed tonatural conditions. Considerable overstocking occurs in many parts of the reserves, particularly in the smaller reserves) and this results not only in excessive stock losses but also in extensive damage to the vegetation and to the soil itself. This is a very serious matter because the damage done to the soil is cumulative and even if it is stopped nowi recovery will not take place in this generation or the next. Stock losses must inevitably become more frequent and more extensive, and the standard of living of the people must decline unless immediate steps are taken to stop deterioration of the vegetation and the soils. Better animal husbandry must take the place of the present way of stock rearing and better use must be made of the land, but before any progress can be effected the prime eause of most of the trouble, namely unrestricted and uncontrolled use of grazing at available water points, must be removed. Stock limitation is something new to the people of this territory. As in .most other countries of the world, it has assumed importance here as the growth of the human and stock populations demand new and more efficient land utilisation. Economic ruin is the only alternative. No records of stock losses are available, but it is known that in recent years they have been very heavy. This is largely due to man's mismanagement of his animals and abuse of the natural resources of the country. To turn to thi other main branch of agriculture, namely grain food production, the shortage of foodhas cost the consumers in this country over half a million pounds during the last five years. At the present rate of importation, supplies required to meet the food shortfall will cost over a quarter of a million pounds this year. Here again one is prone to blame the lack of rain for crop failure, yet those who have seen the success achieved by those individuals who are co-operating with the Department of Agriculture in the Bakgatla and Bamalete reserves and elsewhere, or those who saw the excellent crops produced last season at Mahalapye under very dry conditions will admit that there is room for much improvement in methods of crop production. If the average yield of the territory could be improved by half a bag per acre, the food deficit would be wiped out and there would be a saving of over £100,000 per annum. These/

These matters should be given very serious thought, for it is obvious that this territory cannot continue on its present course without dire results. EDUCATION. Primary Education: The number of primary schools varied between 151 and 139, the latter being the 1951 end-of-year figure. The reduction in numbers is explained by the closing of certain schools in the Bamangwato and Batawana Reserves. Most of these have subsequently re-opened in improved buildings. Enrolment dropped from 17,709 in 1949 to 16,439 in 1950 but increased in 1951 to 17,463. The 1952 figure will be still higher. 'In 1950, 358 candidates sat for the Protectorate Standard VI examinations and 157 passed, while in 1951 152 out of 339 entrants were successful. Performance in this test at the end of the primary period continues to improve and the present standard compares favourably with that of neighbouring territories. Post Primary Education: Enrolment at the Bam angwato College has dropped from 148 in 1950 to 47 in July, 1952. Of 16 candidates from this school for the Junior Certificate examination in 1951 only 4 passed. St. Joseph's College present 23 candidates for the Junior Certificate examination in 1950 and 1951, of whom 19 were successful, proof of the outstandingly good work being carried on at Khale. Junior secondary day schools have been established at Kanye and . These will provide cheaper secondary education than in boarding schools, will encourage more pupils to proceed beyond the primary stage and will help to relieve the pressure on boarding schools if the Union bans extra-territorial pupils'. At the end of 1951, 159 pupils were attending secondary schools in the Protectorate. In addition, a sum 1 of £2,171 was spent on bursaries to allow 70 Bechuana students to follow secondary, vocational and university courses in the Union of South Africa. This generous provision for bursaries is one of the most satisfactory features in our educational system. Teacher Training: 38 candidates out of 42 passed in the final examinations in 1950 and 1951. The standard, especially in teaching practice,.is surprisingly good as the training is still carried out under very primitive conditions. For this reason the enrolment has been limited to 50 until a new college has been erected. For the new College an application for additional funds from Colonial Development and Welfare Fund sources has been submitted, and plans for the building have been completed. Homec raft's/ -8 -

-. 9 - Homecrafts: The Homecrafts Centre at Mochudi continues to develop, and a course for the training in Homecrafts of qualified teachers has been introduced. It is hoped to train approximately six selected teachers annually and so in time to overcome the present shortage of Homecrafts teachers. Finance: During the financial year 1949/50 a total of £74 061 was spent on African Education, in 1950 £75,569 and in 1951 £81,952. Extra-territorial Students: A decision as to whether extra-territorial African students will continue to be admitted to Union educational institutions has been postponed until the end of 1953. Students admitted before the end of 1953 will be permitted to complete their courses. Meantime plans are being developed to meet the results of a possible ban on Protectorate students. Youth Movement s: Census figures for 1952 will not be availabl e until the end of October. Indications are that numbers have been maintained at approximately 1,500 Scouts and 2,000 Guides. Hitherto Scouts and Guides have been barred from the Bamangwato and Batawana Reserves in accordance with an old agreement between the London Missionary Society and Government, and conversely, the Boys? Brigade and Girls' Life Brigade have been excluded from other parts. It has now been agreed between the Mission and Government that the people of the Bechuanaland Protectorate should be free to choose whichever pair of movements they desire, provided that where one pair of movements is active, the other pair may not set up in opposition in the same village. Some sixty Guide officers attended a most successful Training Week at Molepolole in June. It was organised by the Bechuanaland Protectorate Association and run by Miss Grant, Chief of Guide Training in the Union and Mrs.Cowan Douglas who was for many years Chief of Brownie 4raining in Great Britain. In June/July, twenty eight Scouts and Scouters of the Bechuanaland Protectorate Association attended the Central African Jamboree at Nkana in Northern Rhodesia, where some 1,500 Scouts from practically every British Territory in Central and Southern Africa and from the Belgian Congo, camped together for two weeks. General Sir John Shea flew out from England to represent the Chief Scout1 and the Governor of Northern Rhodesia spent two days in camp. Since its formation, the Bechuanaland Protectorate Scout's Association has been a Division of the Union Association. It has been decided, however, that the Bechuanaland Protectorate should secede from the Union Association and become a separate organisation. Negotiations are in progress with Intornational Scout Headquarters in London, and when they are/

- 10 - are completed the Bechuanaland Protectorate Association will be an equal partner with all the other national Scouts Associations throughout the world. Bechuanalad Soldiers' Benefit Fund: A hundred and eighty three applications for assistance have been considered by the Executive Committee since last the Council met. The Welfare Officer has personally investigated a large number of Ngwato applications and has interviewed many applicants at the request of the District Administration. As a result, 52 urgent cases were dealt,, with by the Committee. It is considered that when the. remaining Ngwato applications have been considered, the Fund might be closed to further applications. Mobile Cinema: The two-monthly programme of the Cinema has been curtailed to some extent by repairs of defects caused by excessive vibration. By remedying faults as they arose, 'it has,however, been possible to keep the unit in service. It is worthy of note that of the three units presented to the High Commission Territories this is the only one still operating. FORESTS. The usual control was exercised over the activities of Chobe Concessions. A forest survey on the Southern Rhodesian border south of Deka was carried out and as a result "It is expected that forest revenue will be increased. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Since the last meeting of Council in June, 1950, considerable progress has been made with Geological Survey work. The end is nowhere in sight, but it is apparent that the old view that there are no mineral resources in the Protectorate is likely to be proved false. Contrary again to popular opinion, economic discoveries of by no means negligible worth have already been made as a result of investigations carried out by the Survey and revenues thence accrue to Government and whichever tribe is concerned when development has taken place. The reopening of the Moshaneng Asbestos mine as a full scale enterprise in the hands of a Company may be cited as an example. Mineral development in the Bamangwato Reserve is unfortunately impeded by the present political situation, but it is there that the old Bushman Copper Mine is to be found, some 75 miles north-west of Francistown, a mine orit;nally closed owing to a fall in the price of copper about 1917 but by no means'Worked out". A recent geophysical survey of the mine has attracted considerable fresh interest from several commercial concerns, but sanction to proceed with further examination, requiring de-watering of the mine workings, is still awaited. Continued work on the geology of the Karroo System in the Bechuanaland Protectorate has brought increasing realisation/

- 11 - realisation that coal is likely to prove one, if not the major, economic mIneral asset of the Protectorate. It has now been estimated that about a third of the area of this Territory is likely to be underlain by Karroo strata, and within this area, with certain limitations, coalfields may be looked for. Three potential ones are indeed already known. A reconnaissance of some'two thousand square miles of country forming roughly a rectangle in the south-western corner between the Mahalapye and Limpopo Rivers has demonstrated a strong possibility of an 'extensive continuation into this country of the Waterberg Coalfield of the Transvaal. In the area, drilling has disclosed coals suitable for mining for local use. It is further expected that northward towards Wankie, higher quality coals will be found, and in this expectation attention is being devoted to a coal bearing area west of the railway at Foley Siding. In the Lobatsi area nearly a year's detailed and fundamental geological mapping has been carried out. -Some eighty square miles of country have now been surveyed during this work, which fru its very nature cannot be other than ,slow and painstaking. The final map will be of the greatest value in, for example, water supply and agricultural matters.Such a map embodies the ultimate detail of geological information on the area concerned and its usefulness is not limited to the two considerations suggested. Laboratory work has increased in scope and, in addition to providing a service to the public in regard to the identification of samples sent in by drillers and others, has given further pointers to the existence of base-material resources in the Protectorate. Limestones and glass-sands may be cited as examplds. Work on the latter is still proceeding. New ideas on asbestos minerals have accrued and further investigations are to be carried out. A great deal of chemical analytical work has been and is being carried out and particular notemay be taken of the determinations made on material from the Sua salt occurrence near Nata.. Reports on Geological Survey work,, that is, concerning areas geologically surveyed, can be provided to interested persons. MEDICAL. Staff: The number of Medical Officers has remained comparatively stable. There are ten Medical Officers in addition to the Director of Medical Services. Dr. J. Oliver was appointed from the United Kingdom and posted to Mahalapye. The nursing staff became fairly stabilised during the latter half of 1951, but owing to the absence of relieving staff, considerable difficulty.is always encountered when nurses go on leave or become ill. Wastage amongst the African nursing staff continues to be high, mainly on account of pregnancy. An effort has been made to increase the minimum standard of educationqualification for appointment for nurse training, but it has not always been possible to obtain/

- 12 - obtain suitable local candidates. The importation of outsiders often introduces the additional problem of language. Examination results continue to be of a high standard and reflect great credit on those responsible for the teaching of probationer nurses. Hospitals: New maternity sections, both for Europeans and Africans, have been completed at Lobatsi. Extensions to the hospital and a house for the second.doctor have been built at Maun. At Francistown extensions to the out-patients' department and a new annexe for the Matron were completed. A new maternity block for African patients at Serowe Hospital has been provided, also new Matron's quarters and quarters for a night sister. The installation of new electric lighting plants to replace the old battery sets at Lobatsi, Serowe and Maun hospitals has effected a great improvement. A new Health Centre at Kanye, the Moffat Hospital, built with funds made available from a Colonial Development and Welfare grant has been completed and handed over to the United Free Church of Scotland Mission. The-mission will staff and maintain this hospital and the Medical Officer posted there will act as District Surgeon to Government. A new maternity unit at the Scottish Livingstone Hospital, Molepolole, was opened by the Director of Medical Services on 3rd October, 1951. As the result of an approach to the Governor General's National War Fund for financial assistance for mission hospitals throughout the Territory,-an amount of £12,600 has been allocated as follows:Seventh Day Adventist Hospital, Kanye £2,300 United Free Church of Scotland Mission Kanye Health Centre 3,650 Dutch Reformed Church Mission, Mochudi 2,150 London Missionary Society Maternity Centre, Maun 700 United Free Church of Scotland Mission Hospital, Molepolole 3,800 The purposes for which the funds are being used wer agreed upon by the missions and the Director of Medical Services', and approved by the Fund. This grant was made in appreciation of the services rendered by the African population of the Territory during World War II. As the result of new buildings and extentions to hospitals, there are now 49 beds available in the Territory for European patients and 372 beds for Africans.. Of these totals 41 European beds and 216-African beds are provided by Government institutions, the remainder being provided by mission hospitals. Dispensaries:

- 13 - Dispensaries: Dispensaries have recently been established at in the Gaberonds district, Goodhope in the Lobatsi district and in the Ngwato Reserve. These are visited weekly by the nearest Medical Officer and attendances have been good. Attendances are also good at Rakops Dispensary opened in 1951. Dispensaries are at present under construction at Tshane and Kalkfontein. These are expected to be ready for use before the end of the currwnt-financial year. Medical Inspection of Schools: Rerilar monthly examinations of thi pupils and staff at the Bamangwato Tribal College at Moeng were carried out. Medical examinations of both European and African school children were carried out at Maun and a start has been made with routine school medical inspections at Lobatsi. The following figures reflect some of the work of the department:Total number of outpatients 327,208 361,117 361,074 Total number of inpatients 6,251 7,444 7,525 Revenue - Hospital and dispensary fees £4,612 £4,657 £6,876 From January 1951 the outpatients' fees for Africans were raised from 1/- to 2/-. Inpatients' fees for Europeans were also raised from that date. Increased inpatients' fees for Government European officers and their families came into force on 1st August, 1950. EPIDEMIC AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES. Yellow Fever: Following representations made to the World Health Organisation the inclusion of portions of this Territory within the African yellow fever zone was withdrawin and all legislation and restrictions were therefore repealed. Meanwhile, surveys continued and the yellow fever position in this Territory is now well known. In September, 1951, came an approach from the Witwatersrand Native Labour Association to be allowed to transport by air, to Francistown, recruits from in the north-west Protectorate and from Lilongwe in Nyasaland. The former would consist of labour recruited from Angola and South West Africa in addition to this Territory, and the latter, Tanganyikans and natives from Portuguese gast Africa. The yellow fever position in those territories where it is less known and the lack of information in others, made it imperative to take every precaution to safeguard the position at Francistown. Consultations were subsequently held between the Union Health Department, the Chamb;)r of Mines and the Director of Medical Services, and agreement was reached regarding the inoculation of recruito and their detention for the requisite/ - 14 - requisite quarantine period before being flown to Francistown. Mosquito surveys are now being carried out at Francistown. InoJanuary/February, 1951, 53 cases of plague, with 51 deaths occurred on Tubu Island and in its vicinity, almost all of the pneumonic variety. Intensive quarantine measures were adopted and an additional Medical Officer was posted to the area. The last case was reported on 4th February, 1951, and all restrictions were lifted a month later. Normal plague precautionary measures which are adopted regularly as a routine in Ngamiland and elsewhere cannot be applied to the numerous small islands in the swamps, or at least only with considerable difficulty and at great expense. In February, 1951, the Director of Medical Services was invited to a conference at Johannesburg on plague, attended by the Union Health Department, the Chamber of Mines, the Union Military Organisation, the Plague Research team of the South African Institute for Medical Research and three visiting American specialists. Considerable useful information was exchanged. Bilharzia: In February, 1951, a bilharzia survey was carried out in the southern Protectorate under the auspices of the Union Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, by an eminent bilharzia authority previously attached to the Rockfeller Foundation in Egypt. In March, the Director of Medical Services attended a meeting in Pretoria, arranged by the above Council, where special problems concerning bilharzia were discussed. Sleeping Sickness: In 1950, 22 cases, resulting in three deaths were admitted to the Maun Hospital. In 1951 there were ten cases admitted, with one death. All personnel attached to the Tsetse Fly Control have routine blood examinations carried out twice monthly. Prophylactic inoculations have been given at three monthly intervals, but it has been decided to shorten the interval between injections to two months in future, and to assess the results. Smallpox: During 1950 fairly widespread outbreaks of this disease occurred with varying mortality. 237 cases with 20 deaths were reported by Medical Officers and Health Staff, but it is believed that the actual incidence was higher, as many cases are kept hidden. The incidence in 1951 was approximately the same. There is evidence that even after successful vaccination, immunity does not last nearly as long as was once believed. It seems likely that regular vaccination campaigns will need to be arranged far more frequently than has been the case in the past. Malaria/

- 15 - Malaria: Anti-malaria measures continue to be carried out by members of the Health staff. The total incidence in 1951 was less than in 1950. By arrangement with the Union Health Department control measures are carried out along the Molopo river and the Limpopo and Crocodile rivers on both sides of the border. Tuberculosis: The number of tuberculosis cases continues to increase each year. To some extent this is considered due to the larger number of persons to whom medical services are now being brougb+, but the true nature of this increase cannot be determined until the results of the tuberculosis survey now being undertaken are known. This survey is expected to last three to four months, and will x-ray approximately 40,000 people. Towards the end of 1951 the Director of Medical Services, with th3 Directors of Medical Services for Basutoland and Swaziland, visited the Friends of the Sick Association TuberculosIs Settlement in Durban, the Springfield Hospital for tuberculosis and the site of the proposed Settlement for Africans suffering from this disease at Botha's! Hill. These visits provided much useful information. Diphtheria: Early in 1951 a comparatively virulent form of diphtheria manifested itself amongst the children at Lobatsi, There was one death. Subsequently one Medical Officer and one European Nursing Sister also became affected by direct contact. Suspected cases of diphtheria were also reported from the Molopo on both sides of the border and in February, 1951, a Medical Officer, accompanied by a dispenser and subsidiary staff, was sent to investigate and deal with the situation. Altogether 265 case-s with 25 known deaths were reported during the year 1951, the highest incidence since 1948. The disease was widespread throughout the Territory and a virulent form of diphtheria was also rife in neighbouring territories. Rabies: 'Considerable concern was felt at the widespread outbreak of animal rabies which later resulted in two human deaths in the Francistown area. 84 courses of anti- rabic vaccine were distributed in 1950 and 168 courses in 1951. These were administered to contacts of suspected rabid animals but it was not possible to confirm suspicion in many cases as, despite advice to the contrary, animals were often destroyed by a shot through the head at the slightest suspicion. Consultations were held with the Director of Veterinary Services a3 the result of which a report was submitted for Government's consideration. The purpose is to introduce new legislation to effect stricter veteriinary control. Infantile/

- 16 - Infantile Paralysis: This disease appeared in sporadic form in different districts of the Territory, but cases were usually seen when paralysis was already present. There were two deaths. A careful watch was kept when a report of an outbreak of this disease was received from Angola, as this was of some concern to the Protectorate, because of possible contacts through mine recruits coming from Angola, but no cases eventuated. Leprosy: Nineteen cases were seen during 1951 of which some were sent to the Botsabelo Leper Institute in Basutoland for institutional treatment. Deficiency Diseases: It is interesting to note that a report from Kanye reveals the striking fact that as the result of the schoolfeeding scheme very few cases of malnutrition amongst children of school-goirg age are seen. The cases that are seen are almost entirely from the district. A combined dental and nutrition survey in the Kgalagadi was undertaken by a Medical Officer of this Administration with a team of Union personnel as a result of which much interesting and valuable information was obtained. In July, 1952, the Director of Medical Services attended the third Commonwealth and Empire Health and Tuberculosis Conference in London. He represented the High Commission Territories of Basutoland and Swaziland in addition to the Bechuanaland Protectorate and was invited to take part in the discussion on "Tuberculosis in British Colonial Territories". The Director of Medical Services also attended the inter-colonial Conference of Heads of Medical Departments held in Oxford during July. Arrangements are now being made for Dr. B.T. Squires to attend a Nutrition Conference to be held in Gambia, West Africa, during November of this year. POLICE. Early in 1951, with the abatement of the emergencies caused by foot and mouth disease campaigns and by the political situation at Serowe, it became possible for the Force to concentrate fully on normal work for the first time since June, 1948. Plans were made for the creation of a small criminal investigation section whose function was to deal with serious crime throughout the Territory. The Police Training School was re-opened and it was hoped to better the number of men (48) who attended courses in 1950, but owing to further disturbances in the Ngwato Reserve in July, training was again interrupted and only 20 men attended courses during the year. 2,511 criminal cases were investigated during the year 1950 - an increase of 180 over the figure for 1949, and/

- 17 - and 2,919 in 1951. Special attention was paid to offences under the customs and control of import laws, 21 firms.or individuals having been convicted and fined sums aggregating more than £1,000 between September, 1950, and April, 1951. On the 6th July, 1951, a security force was sent to the Ngwato Reserve to deal with disturbances which occurred in Serowe, Palapye, Mahalapye, Shoshong and Shashane. Assistance was obtained from the B.S.A. Police, Southern Rhodesia and police activities resulted in the prosecution and conviction of a number of people. A security force has been maintained in the Reserve without a break since July last year; assistance having been obtained from the Basutoland and Swaziland Police Forces in March this year. On the 1st June last an outbreak of violence occurred in Serowe as a result of which three African policemen were killed and a number of Administrative Officers and members of the Police Force injured. The B.S.A. Police again came to the assistance of the Bechuanaland Protectorate Police and, save for a minor disturbance at Palapye, order was restored. In addition to the 38 people who were convicted at the last session of the High Court, 17 were convicted by a Subordinate Court at Serowe last month - all for crimes committed during the disturbance on the 1st June. Special arrangements are now being made to restore to full strength the depleted police establishments throughout the Territory and it is hoped that it will be possible to start intensive training at the Police Depot in the near future, Statistics of stock theft cases are as follows:1950 1951 Stock thefts investigated 161 184 Number of convictions 129 145 Losses reported:Bovines 563 400 Sheep 27 15. Goats 9 46. Horses - 4 Donkeys 10 14 Poultry 6 7 Animals recovered:Bovines 477 247 Sheep 24 14 Goats 7 45 Horses - 3 Donkeys 9 12 Poultry 6 .7 PUBLIC WORKS. Progress in the activities of the Pubiic Works has increased since the last session of Council in spite of considerable staff and transport difficulties.

- 18 - Water Supplies: Under the Colonial Development and Welfare Fund Scheme D. 990 for Surface Water Conservation, construction was completed of:- 11 Stoc' Dams 21 Stock Dams in the Bangwaketse Reserve, potentially developing a grazing area of 187 square miles, and watering 3,400 cattle. in the Bakwena Reserve, potentially developing a grazing area of 1 050 square miles and watering 16,610 cattle. 7 Stock Dams in the Bakgatla.Reserve, potentially developing a grazing area of 420 square miles and watering 6,300 cattle. In addition, work on the Mahalapye Water Works is being carried out and is making good progress. To assist Railways in obtaining water supplies a Private Contractor was engaged, and supervised by the department. Boreholes drilled numbered 21, these being at Lobatsi, Artesia, Molotoana, Palapye and Palla Road. Total quantities of water developed per hour - 24,080 gals. Drilling - Colonial Development & Welfare Fund Scheme No. D.678: Boring branch operations for the period under review were as follows:Bangwaketse Reserve: Boreholes completed Productive Uncompleted Blank Footage drilled Yield developed in gallons per hour Bamalete Reserve' Boreholes completed Productive Blank Footage drilled Yield developed in gallons per hour Ngwato Reserve: Boreholes completed Productive Blank Uncompleted Footage drilled Yield developed in gallons per hour 23 12 1 11 4,327ft. 6 ins. 4,205 12 9 3 2,955 8,520 ft. 6 ins. 29 17 12 .1 5,954 ft. 14,710 Bakwena

- 19 - Bakwena Reserve: Boreholes completed Productive Blank Footage drilled Yield developed in gallons per hour Tati Native Reserve: Boreholes completed Productive Blank Footage drilled Yield developed in gallons per ,'hour Molopo Crown Lands: Boreholes completed Productive Blank Uncompleted Footage drilled Yield developed in gallons per hour Government Requirements: Boreholes completed Productive Blank Uncompleted Footage drilled Yield developed Railway Drilling: Boreholes completed Productive Footage drilled Yield developed in gallons per hour 34 18 16 7,477 ft. 11,660 9 3 6 704 ft. 1,986 4 2 2 1 1,613 ft. 3,748 2 1 1 1 333 ft. Not tested 5 5 1,538 ft. 10,100 During the period under review the tofal holes drilled numbered 118. Of this number, 67 bores were productive, and 51 blank. 4 are uncompleted. Total footage drilled was 24,902 feet. Water developed in gallons per hour - 54,929 gallons. Six drilling rigs were in operation) one being out of action for repairs and awaiting a driller from June to September, 1950. The seventh rig commenced operations in January, 1951. - Every assistance has been given by African Chiefs and Headmen when necessary in the provision of guides and movements of rigs by tractor or oxen when mechanical transport was not available. A little more attention by the Headmen of villages to raising of the platform where Bezuidenhout animal gear ptmps/

- 20 - pumps are installed would do much to assist the oxen in driving the pump properly. The addition of stockades around the pumps would also prevent erosion. Buildings: Since the last meeting of Council the following buildings have been completed:2 Houses at Maun. 2 Houses at Gaberones. 1 House at Shakawe. 1 House at Machaneng. 1 House at Kanye. Additions to House at Machaneng. Additions to House at Mahalapye. Matron's Quarters, Hospital - Serowe. Maternity Block, Hospital - Serowe. Night Sister's Room, Hospital - Serowe. Post Office - Kanye. Additions to Post Office - Lobatsi. Additional Hospital Wards - Lobatsi. Health Centre - Kanye. Water-borne Sanitation for Government Buildings - Lobatsi. X-Ray rooms for Mission Hospital - Kanye. Classrooms for School - Ghanzi. Police Quarters - Shakawe. Work has commenced on the following:African Housing Scheme - Francistown. Abattoir - Francistown. 4 Houses - Lobatsi. Hostel for School - Ghanzi. Schemes are prepared for:New Central Prison - Gaberones. Teacher Training Centre- Kanye. Roads: Under Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 1036, Erection of Bridges, low level bridges have been completed over:2 Dikabi spruits. Seruli River. Macloutsie River Todd's Creek. The subsidiary stream south of the Shashi River has also been bridged, and work is in progress on cement and stone causeways over smaller streams in the Francistown Seruli area. Complete reconstruction and gravelling of the main road from Francistown, working south, was commenced in May, 1952, and good progress is being made. Work has been completed on the road through Molepolole Village, and a short distance towards , with the assistance of the Tribe. The/

- 21 - The main road south of Gaberones, to Mafeking, is under repair and work is proceeding. Most of the bush dragging gangs in the south have been temporarily withdrawn due to lack of grazing. Mechanical Workshops: Shortage of skilled and experienced artisans has constituted a serious problem since the last meeting, but the maintenance of established and essential services generally was kept at a reasonably satisfactory level. The Government garage in Maun, temporarily shut down due to staff shortage, was re-opened during the month of August, 1951. In addition to the 150 Government transport vehicles which have to be kept serviceable, the following have to be installed, serviced and maintained by the workshops at Gaberones: water drills, power graders, tractors, sundry road-making plant and equipment, pumping plants, water supply installations and electricity generating plants and distribution systems. During the past 12 months 37 new boreholes have been completed and installed with either Bezuidenhout animal gear or Lister power plants and Steyn's pump heads, one windmill and four hand pumps. A new Maintenance Unit was also put into operation, and is at present serving in the Bamalete area. Demarcation of Boundaries: At the last meeting of Council the position in regard to the demarcation and beaconing of Tribal boundaries was as follows:- (1) From beacon midway between Lwale Pan and Tsitle to beacon . (2) From beacon Lephephe to beacon Ramoselwana - 8 miles. - 18 miles. Since that date the following boundaries have been demarcated: - (3) From beacon Ramoselwana to beacon Lakalas (on Notwani River) (4) From beacon Lakalas to beacon Massamma Kop (5) From beacon Massamma Kop to South Western corner beacon of Tuli Block (6) From South Western corner beacon of Tuli Block along South Western boundary of Tuli Block to where the said boundary meets the Notwani River. - 51 miles. - 10 miles. - 12 miles. - 7.4 miles. (7) The whole boundary from beacon midway between Lwale Pan and Tsitle to corner beacon of Tuli Block has now been beaconed. Wireless/

- 22 - WireleSs: Servicing of the 21 Government stations has been carried out by the Public Works Department, and work is proceeding on the conversion of the Police Department M.17 wireless transmitting sets to more modern and powerful sets incorporating an additional frequency. An old Collins 45A transmitter was modified and installed at Z.N.B. Headquarters, This transmitter radiates on 5.9 mega cycles simultaneously with the 8.2 m.c. transmitter- This arrangement has helped considerably in maintaining communications under adverse conditions which have set in on the 8.2 m.c. frequency. Aerodromes: Work on the maintenance of existing aerodromes and landing grounds has proceeded as heretofore. A new landing strip has been established at Nokanen by the Witwatersrand Native Labour Association and the runways of their landing ground at Shakawe have been improved and lengthened. Waterways: The following progress is reported on the Okovango Waterways Survey Colonial Development & Welfare Fund Scheme D. 1412:Work is proceeding satisfactorily; field work is slightly in advance of expectations and up to the present some 390 miles of levelling has been completed, including a line of checked levels from Maun to Mohembo via Lake Ngami and the Taoghe River. River gauging at critical points has been continued through the recent flood season. Soil samples continue to be taken in appropriate areas. Soundings have been taken along the main Okovango and Ngokha rivers across perennial swamps and down the Taoghe to the northern end of the blockage on that river, a total distance of approximately 140 miles. An important feature of the work so far undertaken has been the preparation of the design of machinery for the removal of papyrus blockages in the principal waterways. The manufacture of the machine is nearing completion and it is hoped to bring it into operation towards the end of this year. TREASURY. In spite of the lengthy illness of the Assistant Treasurer at the end of 1950 and the fact that 60% of the clerical staff resigned during the period up to January, 1952, several minor accounting improvements have been introduced and the Non- pensionable Employees' Provident Fund has been wound up. The Bechuanaland Protectorate Widow's and Orphans' Pension Fund has been opened and there are now 54 contributors to it. In November, 1951, the duties of Registrar/

- 23 - Registrar of Deeds and Master of the High Court, which had previously been undertaken by the Treasury, were taken over by the newly appointed Legal Assistant in the Secretariat, which relieved the department of a substantial amount of executive and clerical work. The Treasurer proceeded on overseas leave early in February, 1952, and was relieved by Mr. E. C. Allen, 0.B3.E. Financial Secretary, Basutoland, who remained until June, 1952. During this period the Principal Auditor kindly agreed to lend the two Audit Clerks to the Treasury to bring. the checking of vouchers up to date, as the accounts were several months in arrear, owing to the resignations of clerical staff. This move proved e great success and the accounts are now right up to date, i.e., the monthly Balance Sheet is produced within two- and-a-half months of the end of the month to which it refers. Attention is now being concentrated on the issue of a new edition of Financial and Accounting Instructions and a draft of this will shortly be ready. A financial statement follows:FINANCIAL STATEMENT. 1951 - 1952. £ General RevenueBalanceon1.4.51 247,986 Estimated Actual Z ---mExpenditure 559,120 620,087 Revenue 505,293 770,043 Deficit 53,827 149,956 Surplus 149,956 397,942 Excess of C.D. & W. Revenue over Expenditure 13,640 411,582 Depreciation of investments 576 General Revenue Balance on 31.3.52. 411,006 1952 - 1953. Approved Revised Estimates Estimates Expenditure 768,889 830,050 Revenue 699,352 748,810 Deficit 69,537 81,240 Revised Deficit 81,240 329,766 Revised estimate of excess of C.D. & W. Revenue over expenditure 234 Revised estimate of General Revenue Balance on 31.3.53. £330,000 =z The/

- 24 - The excess (264,750) of the actual revenue in 1951/52 over the estimated figure was primarily due to an ihcrease of £120,756 in the Subvention paid by Rhodesia Railways, due to their very favourable out-turn in 1950/51. Income Tax receipts showed an excess of £69,912, and Customs revenue was up by £21,099. Native Tax, Posts and Telephones, Licences and Cattle Export Tax also accounted for a cnmbined increase of £42,931. The excess expenditure of £60,967 in 1951/52 was mainly due to payment of increased Ordinary Native Tax rebate tn Tribal Treasuries; exceptional payments of retiring gratuities and payment of cost of living allowance to pensioners; increased travelling expenses under Resident Commissioner and Police; expenditure on foot and mouth disease cordons; unforeseen expenditure on Motor Vehicle Subsidies, which were increased during the year; -and a loan to the Imperial Reserve Sports Club, Mafeking, for the construction of a swimming bath. Rising prices caused excessive expenditure on stationery and printing; and, indeed, created a eneral demand for supplementary provision under departmental eads for the purchase of stores and running of Motor Vehicles, etc. The revised estimate of revenue for 1952/53 exceeds the approved estimate by £49,458, but falls short of the actual figure for 1951/52 by £21,233, as the Rhodesia Railways Subvention will by mutual agreement only amount to £140,000 instead of £195,756. This decrease of £55 756 will, however, be partially offset by increased Customscollections, Forest Revenue, Cattle Export Tax (it is proposed to increase this to £1 per head with effect from 1st November, 1952), and rent from the Colonial Development Corporation, who will be paying their 1951/52 and 1952/53 instalments in the current financial year. The revised estimate of expenditure for 1952/53 exceeds the approved estimate by £61,161, mainly on account of expenditure of £34,000 for the Bamangwato Affair (this includes additional Police expenditure as an indirect result of the political crisis in the Serowe District) and £15,000 for the purchase of additional stocks of Unallocated Stores. It is hoped that approval for further expenditure, which has not been included in the above analysis, amounting to £88,000 will be given during the current financial year for the provision of new wireless equipment for the Police (E26,000), new Motor Vehicles to replace worn out ones, which are no longer economical to run (40,000), and for the purchase of a block of flats in Mafeking (E22,000) to house European staff, who are at present without accommodation. Since the last meeting of Council the following additional Colonial Development and Welfare grants have been approved:D.1539 & 1539A Aerial Survey £35,150 D.1679 Scholarship: S. Modisi 500 D.1805 Foot and Mouth Disease Control 59,600 D.1045A Ghanzi European School 8,450 All/

- 25 - All Schemes at present in operation are in the process of being reviewed, and several new applications are in the course of preparation with the object of integrating the various schemes into a co-ordinated Development Plan which will best serve the economic needs of the Protectorate. VETERINARY. 1950: The year 1950 was not a satisfactory one for stock. Rnins were, in general, poor and ill distributed, but good rains fell in the early part of the year in Ngamiland and the Chobe district, where unusual floods of the Zambesi delayed the export of cattle to Northern Rhodesia by that route. Overstocking caused severe mortality particularly in the Batawana, Bakgatla and Bamalete Reserves. Very little rain fell in the Ngwato Reserve and Tuli Block during the first six months of 1950 and by April water supplies were failing and losses began occurring in September, especially in the overstocked areas. The position was similar, though less acute, in the southern and western areas of the territory. Good general-rains fell in November and December to relieve the situation in most areas, but the position in the Eastern Ngwato Reserve and Tuli Block remained unsatisfactory. Cattle exports reached 70,169 head although only 770 head were exported to the Union in December owing to the advent of rains and the prospects of increasing prices. The export of sheep and goats was 26,595 head. The total estimated value of exports under veterinary certificate rose to £1 442,625, This included an estimated value of £1,232,606 in respect of livestock and £126,618 in respect of hides. These exports were made possible only by the highly successful control of the foot and mouth disease outbreak that occurred in May, and which interfered with exports less than any previous outbreak of this disease, although it was discovered at a major exporting centre (Francistown) and two subsidiary outbreaks occurred in neighbouring areas. In less than two months after its discovery no active disease remained, following control by Police cordons and veterinary quarantines and inspections and the inoculation of the quarantined animals; and within five months of its discovery export was permitted from the whole territory. Never before have such satisfactory results been achieved, although the efforts of the department were hampered by the lack of co-operation of sections of the Bamangwato consequent on the tribal unrest following the disputed chieftainship. For the first time a cattle census of over a million head was recorded. It is interesting to note that as recently as 1939 the cattle census was little over 670,000 head. Increases/

- 26 - Increases in the numbers of sheep, goats, pigs and horses were also recorded. No cases of dourine or of lumpy skin disease were reported. Sporadic outbreaks of quarter evil occurred in all stocked areas. Annual prophylactic immunisation is practised by most European owners and is becoming increasingly popular with some African owners. 76,510 doses of vaccine were issued. During 1949 only two further suspected cases of rabies occurred in Ngamiland, but in April, 1950, a recrudescence of the disease occurred in this area. Spread of the disease eastward from Ngamiland was arrested at Lotlekane but in September reports of the presence of rabies in the eastern part of the Ngwato Reserve near the Southern Rhodesia border were received. These coincided with reports of confirmed outbreaks in adjacent areas of the Union and Southern Rhodesia. The disease spread westward to Palapye and Serowe, but the control measures adopted appear to have arrested its further extension. A total of 290 dogs were destroyed. Sporadic outbreaks of sheep scab occurred in all stocked areas. A simultaneous dipping campaign with the Union authorities along the Molopo River was conducted. A total of 166,278 sheep and goats were dipped. Encroachment of tsetse fly occurred through the clearing east of Nokanen and the incidence of Ngana reached a high level in that area. Cattle straying or driven into the Ngaragha Valley were struck and the Maun and Toteng Ngana Treatment Centres were treating 30 to 40 cases each month. There was little change in the trypanosomiasis position in the Shorobe area. Losses from horse-sickness were unusually severe due to the use of ineffective vaccine. '826 horses were inoculated against horse-sickness. Mortality occurred from bovine botulism in the sand veld areas of the Southern Protectorate and 7,843 doses of vaccine were issued. Sporadic outbreaks of heartwater, gallsickness, and redwater occurred especially among stock introduced into infected areas from clean areas. Losses from fowl typhoid were sustained in the Southern Protectorate. 700 doses of vaccine were issued, 502,737 African owned cattle were inoculated against anthrax, despite lack of co- operation by certain Bamangwato owners due to tribal unrest. This figure represents some 52% of African owned cattle. Contagious bovine abortion is widespread and probably causes most of the abortions for which the annual anthrax inoculation campaigns are blamed. 1,330 doses of vaccine were issued.

- 27 - 1951: The staff position continued to cause anxiety due to resignations and the fact that vacancies could not be filled. Examination of cattle on the line for export, and the supervision of entrucking such livestock, continued to occupy a great deal of the staff time and prevented them making frequent toqrs in their districts. It is hoped that this will not be so when the Lobatsi Abattoir opens. The year was not satisfactory as regards livestock, as the rains were poorly distributed in the latter part of the year and drought-like conditions prevailed. Exports of livestock and their products continued to increase in quantity and value, particularly in the last two months of the year when the value of cattle increased 17/- per 100 lbs. dead weight. This price increase was brought about through the grave shortage of meat in the Union, making it necessary for the Government of that country markedly to increase the prices paid to the producer in order to attract cattle to the consuming centres. Since this price increase took place at a time when grazing was poor traders were anxious to market greater numbers of cattle and thus the country benefitted quite considerably financially. The price of cattle is not likely to fall to previous levels for some years, since it is fairly certain that the Union will suffer from a meat shortage for some time to come. Other neighbouring countries,, such as Northern Rhodesia, suffer from similar shortages and it seems likely that the territory will continue for the next few years to enjoy the position of having export markets, which are most eager to accept all the meat this country can export. The Northern territories continued to import the greater number of cattle although the Union remains the greatest single importer. It is of interest to note that fifty per cent of the meat requirements of Northern Rhodesia are imported from Bechuanaland. Cattle exports to the Union numbered 33,880 head of cattle; to Southern Rhodesia 1,509 head of cattle; to Northern Rhodesia 30,545 head of cattle; to Belgian Congo 12,061 head of cattle: totalling 77,995 head of cattle, which is an increase of 7 826 cattle exported over the previous year's figure. This is a record and represents approximately 7% of the total cattle population, and thus it would not be wise to greatly increase upon this number. The value of cattle exported to the Union averaged £21 per head for the year. The Northern market purchased on the hoof on a liveweight basis, the price for the greater part of the year was 32s. 6d. per 100 lbs. liveweight. Towards the end of the year these prices had risen in sympathy with those in the Union, to 43s.6d. per 100 lbs. liveweight for cattle weighing over 1,000 lbs. and 37s. 6d. for cattle under that weight. The number of small stock exported also shows a rise of just over 13,000 upon the 1950 figure, being 39,736 sheep and goats exported to all markets. Similar increases have taken place for bones and hides and skins. The price of hides during the year averaged

- 28 - at 2/6d. per lb., and for skins 5/6d. per skin paid by importers in neighbouring territories. There was a marked increase in the quantity of hides and skins exported. The value of livestock and their products exported (excluding dairy produce, for which no figures are available at the present') during 1951 was £1,898,486 which is an increase of £450,704 over 1950. The values were obtained through figures supplied from importing countries. Apart from the continued presence of rabies in the Tati Concession, Palapye area and in Ngamiland, no major epizootics occurred during the year. A pilot trial using 200 doses of Avianised Rabies vaccine made in the United States of America was carried out in all areas where rabies exists. An outbreak of anthrax in the Ghanzi district, near the South West Africa border, caused deaths amongst the human population, but was quickly brought under control by the vaccination of all cattle and normal control measures. Territorial wide anthrax vaccinations continue as the disease is widespread. There was a considerable increase in the number of vaccinations given for various other diseases. The number of cattle remains over one million head, but there has been a noticeable drop in the number of calves recorded during the 1951 census. The Colonial Development Corporation started operations in the north on their ranches and bought 3,795 breeding stock fromSouthern Rhodesia, 2,837 cattle were purchased in the territory, being young bullocks and some breeding stock. In the south, for the holding grounds along the river Molopo, the Corporation bought 3,075 store cattle from South Africa and 10,358 store cattle in the territory. These cattle on the holding grounds are to act as stabilising pool for the Lobatsi Abattoir, so that in the short season the abattoir can call upon these cattle and so maintain full production. A start has been made on the construction of permanent disease control measures. These consist of wire fences and quarantines to be placed on strategic lines across the territory, which will be patrolled daily by the Police. There will be eventually two fences running approximately north to south, one being on the eastern border of the Batawana Reserve and one down the centre of the Ngwato Reserve. A thrd fence is now being constructed east to west to divide the Northern Protectorate from the Southern Protectorate. Movements of livestock from west to east will be controlled and livestock will be quarantined at each fence prior toobrossing the line of the fence. These fences, in conjunction with the Railway fencing and the quarantines, should do much to prevent foot and mouth disease spreading from the Batawana Reserve to the heavily stocked areas. 1952 (up.to July): The year has, on the whole, not been a good one for stock and latterly the grazing and watering conditions have deteriorated alaribingly. Resultant upon this, traders have b een/

- 29 - been anxious to offload livestock to importing countries in greater numbers than usual. Unfortunately, the position in South Africa is as bad and thus the Meat Board were compelled to place a restrictive quota of'4,000 head of cattle per month and to bun all imports of small stock as from 1st July. Difficulties regarding railway trucks have been experienced with north bound exports. Thus, although the number of stock offering has been greater thqn normal, the actual numbers exported are not as great as last year; being about 5,000 cattle and 2,000 small stock less than for-the corresponding period of 1951. On the whole, the anthrax vaccination campaign has been satisfactory. In certain areas the people did not give the help required to carry out the campaign quicklyIn the Bangwaketse Reserve a pilot trial in vaccinating all suitable stock against blackwater and contagious abortion was successfully carried out and it is hoped to extend this free service gradually to cover the whole country Exploratory work to enable mass treatment of cattle against trypanosomiasis has been started. The progress in constructing fences to combat foot and mouth disease has gone forward and one fence is complete. All materials are on order and much has been received. The object is to obtain greater control of the livestock population, particularly their movements, and so prevent the wholesale spread of disease. Cordon fences (properly constructed wire fencing) will be erected: (a) From Makalamabedi down the Bamangwato boundary for 70 miles; (b) An approximate line from the Southern Rhodesia territorial boundary at Gungwe to a point about 10 miles east of Tlale Mabedi continuing to Manana Vlei and thence into the Tdesert'. The fence will be about 170 miles long; (c) From a point on the Bamangwato boundary about 36 miles north-west of Lwala Pan and following the boundary eastwards to Lokaka Drift and thence following the back line of the Notwani Estates to Staatforth, thence down the southern boundary of that farm to the Transvaal border. Quarantines will be erected at:(a) Kuki Government farm on the southern boundary of Ngamiland. (b) Approximately MananaVlei. (c) Approximately the place where the fence described in (b) in previous paragraph, meets the W.N.L.A. Francistown - Nata Road. (d) At Debeeti. This will be of considerable size. The/

- 30 - The Colonial Development Corporation will be fencing the southern boundary of the Chobe ranches and in addition will be fencing the line Makalamabedi north along the Ngamiland boundary to where the W.N.L.A. road crosses the boundary. They will also construct a quarantine camp alongside this fence.- This quarantine will be available for use by any person whether delivering cattle to the Colonial Development 6orporation or wishing to proceed down the cattle route to Palapye. Cattle leaving Ngamiland will have to undergo a fortnight's quarantine either at Kuki or Makalamabedi depending on the route of exit. Cattle proceeding to Palapye will undergo a further period of quarantine at Manana Vlei. Cattle originating in the Nata area will undergo a quarantine period before proceeding beyond the cordon fence eastwards. Cattle originating in the Northern Protectorate and proceeding to the Southern Protectorate will have to undergo a period of quarantine at Debeeti. This condition, however, will not apply to cattle for immediate slaughter proceeding to Lobatsi or Johannesburg, by rail. Movement permits, therefore, will be given to owners authorising movement to the nearest quarantine and not to the place of eventual destination. In order to prevent the quarantine becoming infested with ticks cattle will be sprayed on entry and examined for disease. The zonal brand would be cancelled on entry. Cattle will be resprayed 7 days after entry and again on the day they leave the quarantine. Cordon fences will be patrolled daily, either by day or by'night by an Inspector of Police travelling in a Land Rover supported by a Trooper and a Constable Driver. His duty will be to repair minor breaks in the fence, and to round up any livestock that may have passed through the fence. He will also patrol the area beyond the limits of the fence to discover whether livestock are passing round the end of the fence and to round up such livestock. These conditions will produce no hardship to livestock owners and will to a large extent prevent the spread of disease over great distances. They should prevent foot and mouth disease being spread from Ngamtland or the River Botletle eastwards to Francistown or Palapye, and confine any outbreaks that occur to reasonable limits; and because permanent fencing exists, allow much freer movements for exports from the adjoining zones, than would be allowed if no permanent cordons existed. Progress at the Colonial Development Corporation Abattoir has been steady and the abattoir building is complete. Machinery has yet to be installed, but it is hoped that by January? 1953, the abattoir will be operating. There will be little difference in the method of marketing cattle, from the system already in force. Only registered suppliers to the abattoir will be allowed to send cattle to the abattoir. This new term 'suppliers' actually covers the old qualifications of 'producer and exporter'. Since the abattoir will only require 300 cattle per day, the present system of granting quotas, for Johannesburg, will continue and/

- 31 - and the Veterinary Department will allocate quotas to applicants to send cattle to the abattoir. Applications will, therefore, ccntinue to be sent one month in advance, Prices will be as in Johannesburg and suppliers will receive the same amount for carcases as they do at present. As regards unslaughterable cattle', these will now be able to be sold. In the past this could not be done. Prices for this type of stock will probably be based on a standard of age and weight; the exact formula has not been finally worked out. Unslaughterable cattle will be taken by the Colonial Development Corporation to their holding grounds. Naturally there will be difficulties initially, but all concerned will have to grow into the new system together, profiting by experience. Hides and Skins: Producers in the past have been paid by weight only. Hides are bought by traders for as little as 3d. per pound. This does not encourage people to take troublen * producing good hides, which is a very simple matter. New rules have been drawn up to make buying of hides by grade and weight compulsory. Thus instead of producers being paid a lo price for all hides irrespective of quality, buyers will have to differentiate and pay according to quality. For suspension-dried hides, at the moment, as much as 2/6 per pound is being paid in other African countries for grade I hides, which is a great deal more than 3d. or 6d. being obtained by the seller in Bechuanaland at the moment. An education campaign will be started to help producers to learn the proper method of preparing hides and the legislation will come into force to make buying according to grade as well as weight compulsory, and thus enable the producer to obtain the proper price for his hides. There is no need to be alarmed at the legislation, it is all very simple in practice, and the rules will be brought into force gradually as progress is made. It has worked most satisfactorily for ten years in East Africa and the producer has gained a great deal. Grazing Control: Steps must be taken by the various Native Administrations to effect control of grazing and to prevent the destruction of grassland that is occurring at the present time through lack of planning, Systems to provide for the closure of over-grazed areas, and/or restriction on the number of cattle on a single watering point, must be introduced. It might be thought that nothing of this nature has been required in the past and therefore nothing is wanted nowl This is quite wrong. The cattle population is increasing andl grasslands must be conserved. Greater attention to herding of stock must be given; grazing control without herdsmen is impossible. Owners must realise that without grass there wilA be no cattle and without cattle there will virtually be no Bechuanaland Protectorate. Copy/

- 32 - COPY OF ADDRESS OF WELCOME TO HIS EXCELLENCY THE HIGH COMMISSIONER & LADY LE ROUGETEL, AND OF HIS EXCELLENCY'S REPLY. TO HIS EXCELLENCY SIR JOHN LE ROUGETEL, Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George, High Commissioner for Basutoland, the Bechuanaland Protectorate and Swaziland. Your Excellency, On behalf of the people of the Bechuanaland Protectorate - Europeans, African Chiefs, Sub-Chiefs and Tribes, the Indian Community and all members of the Government Service - I extend to Your Excellency and to Lady le Rougetel a most cordial welcome. Your Excellency assumes office at a difficult period in the Protectorate's history, but its peoples and its Public Service have complete confidence that they will receive sympathy and understanding in their problems and encouragement in the tasks which lie ahead in their endeavours to further the economic development of'the Territory. They look forward to the day when Your Excellency's duties will allow you to visit the Territory so that they may welcome you and Lady le Rougetel in person, and reaffirm to you, as His Majesty's representative, their deep loyalty and humble duty to the King. HIS EXCELLENCY THE HIGH COMMISSIONER'S'REPLY TO THE ADDRESSES OF WELCOME FRCM THE HIGH COMMISSION TERRITORIES. Gentlemen, The assumption of such new responsibilities as I have now undertaken is always difficult and anxious. But the kindly messages brought to me from the peoples of the three High Commission Territories have already mAde my task lighter. In taking up my duties as High Commissioner it will be my purpose to get to know as soon as possible these countries and peoples of which, as yet, I know little and I hope that I shall always do what I believe to be right for all without fear, favour or prejudice for any. I extend to the people of all three Territories my hearty good wishes and look forward to seeing them and learning at first hand about their affairs before the year is out. It will be my particular concern to continue to plan for their economic development and for their welfare. Gentlemen, on behalf of my wife and myself I wish to thank you for your kind welcome.

- 33 - HBOHUANALAMD PROTEOTORATE ImRTIES 1951 U. from Union of South Africa S. From Southern Rhodesia N. Prom Northern Rhodesia 0. Prom other countries. 1950 1951 Comodity Prom Quantity Value Quantity Value £ Z Sorghum U 2,552 4,524 64.2 1,161 S 73 140 Total 2,625 L,664 642 1,161 Maise and, Maize Meal (Bags) U 37,906 63,256 52,651 109,102 S 41 166 Total 37,947 63,422 52,651 109,102 Wheat and Wheat meal (Bags). U 10,057 19,145 22,003 39,035 S 2,768 8,537 768 4,145 N 49 90 0 15 59 Total 12,889 27,831 22,771 43,180 Horses Mules and Donkeys U 1,026 17,328 134 1,737 s 33 90 0 565 9,077 Total 1,624 26,495 134- 1,737 Cattle U 2,085 25,790 Figures not 0 16 420 Total 2,101 26,210 available Sheep and Goats U 1,588 4,772 Figures not 0 1 50 available Total 1,589 5,822 Pigs U 26 260 Figures not 0 8 80 Total 34 340 available Dogs U 70 105 Figuresnot S 2 3 available 0 3 3 Total 75 ill 'Poultry U 400 50 9,972 2,693 s 26 3 Total 426 53 9,972 2,693 Vehicles U 4.0 29,147 77 71,222 S 4 12,538 7 15,395 0 12 18,054 2 1,101 Total 56 59,739 86 87,718 /General Merchandise

-34- 1950 1951 Ceimnodity To Quantity Value Quantity Value Skins (sheep and goats) U - 34,406 20,235 5,059 S - 32,562 78,923 21,204 N - 813 1,781 490 o - - 7,420 2,040 Total - 47,781 108,359 28,793 Skins and Carosses (wild animals) U - 5,416 59,466 37,170 S - 2,236 55 35 N - 813 614 385 0 - - 225 150 Total - 8,465 60,360 37,740 Miscellaneous animal Products U - 12,970 - 18,370 S - 5,4-18 - 980 N - 7,184 - 8,761+ 0 - 2,610 - 100 Total - 28,182 - 28,214 Bones and Bonemealtos U 792 6,256 1,278 8,953 Total 792 6,256 1,278 8,953 Gold oz. U - - S 261 3,228 493.3 6,123 Total 261 3,228 493.3 6,123 Silver oz. U - - s 24 7 79.7 25 Total 24. 7 79.7 25 Fi.rewood tons S 10 8 - Other articles U - 63,260 - 4,281 S - 9,235 - 1,310 N - 425 - 3,727 0 - 2,401 - Total - 75,321 - 9,318 Kyanite tons 0 - - 2,056 19,355 Total - - 2,056 19,355 GRAND TOTAL A1,626,014 Z2,153,365 (Total exports of livestock and animal products 1,967,841. )

- '35 - BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE 0PORTS 1951. U. To Union of South Africa S. To Southern Rhodesia N. To Northern Rhodesia 0. To other countries. 1950 1951 Commodity To Quantity Value Quantity Value 10 a Sorghum U 1,850 2,945 12,506 21,395 S 18,422 50,977 N 450 1,028 Total 1,850 2,945 31,378 73,400 Maize and Maize Meal 5 1,000 2,500 Total 1,000 2,500 Beans and Pulses U 3,735 9,323 3,802 9,013 S 1,200 3,118 23,001 64,434 N 325 995 Total 4,935 12,441 27,128 74,442 Wheat and Wheat meal U 92 160 - (bags) Total 92 160 - Tobaoco bags U 7,600 422 - 361 Total 7,600 422 - 361 Butterlbs. U 262,618 30,670 276,858 39,114 0 15,000 2,120 Total 262,618 30,670 291,858 41,234 Cream ibs. U 155,765 16,474 241,279 25,111 Total 155,765 16,474 241,279 25,111 Eggs dos. U 2,325 153 1,988 250 Total 2,325 153 1,988 250 Cattle U 29,870452,855 33,880711,480 S 3,056 50,424 1,509 25,653 N 25,242 456,493 30,545497,169 0 12,001 198,016 12,061 205,037 Total 70,169 1,57,788 77,995 3439,339 Sheep and Goats' U 14,437 36,092 26,629 67,903 S 5,798 14,495 4,540 13,630 N 6,360 15,900 7,630 22,890 0 937 2,389 Total 26,595 66,487 39,736 106,812 Pigs U 491 3,487 521 1,459 8 208 1,456 197 788 N 4 28 47 188 Total 703 4,971 765 2,435 Poultry U 11,368 3,410 9,972 2,693 Total 11,368 3,4i0 9,972 2,693 Hides lbs. U 196,958 17,024 1,162 85 S 1,204,990 112,762 1,787,653 223,445 N 83,725 9,612 139,083 17,386 0 214,470 21,447 74,680 5,351 Total 1,700,143 160,845 2,002,578 246,267

- 36 - 1950 From Quantity Value Comodity 1951 Quantity Value General Merohandise U 446,585 494,658 8 199,423 211,423 N 4.,103 6,026 0 3,888 6,628 Total 653,999 718,735 Other Foodstuffs U 60,7i9 169,382 8 29,890 42,327 N 84 752 0 4,802 67 Total 95,495 212,528 Textiles U 215,370 422,259 S 261,54.9 147,332 N 28,4-67 11,24.7 0 7,724. 7,410 Total 513,110 588,248 Pertilisers tons U 460 283 171 1,732 S 21 230 Total 460 283 192 1,962 GRMAD TOTAL 1,469,093 £1,767,065

- 37 - Council resumed at 10.30 a.m. on WEDNESDAY, the 17th OCTOBER, 1952. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Yes Mr. Chairman, what item would you like to take first? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): No. 1, Your Honour. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: If you can give us an idea of which you will take after that, we will get the Head of the Department here. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): It will be items, 2, 10 and 32 which will be taken as one. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Is there any other item which concerns the Public Works Department? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Yes, 6, 8 and 16 are the Public Works Department. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: And item 1 is also to a certain extent? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Yes, we could take items, 2, 10 and 32 in the meantime. Item 2 has been amended to "Arms and Ammunition: Increasing the quota". ARMS & AMMUNITION - INCREASING THE QUOTA. MUTHI PILANE (BAKGATLA): Your Honour this matter comes as a complaint in connection with ammunition as well as arms. With regard to arms, our request is that the quota allowed for the various tribes should be increased because we reckon that it is not adequate. That is the request brought forward by the tribes for Government to consider. With regard to ammunition, it is not only a complaint, it is also a request. There are many people who possess rifles in the Bakgatla Reserve for which ammunition cannot be obtained. The 7 m.m. rifle we have not got enough ammunition for it. Little ammunition is brought into the shops and that is not enough for the tribe. There is a Portuguese rifle, 6.5, and ammunition for that type of rifle is not obtainable at all in our stores and many people possess rifles of this type. We only obtain ammunition for such rifles at places like Mafeking, there is ammunition at Mafeking. When we ask the shop owners at our reserve they state they know nothing about such ammunition. During this year/ year I asked them to order this ammunition and I showed them a sample of it and they did get the ammunition from Mafeking but they only got about 200 rounds of this ammunition. We put this before Government that shop owners should be encouraged to order this type of ammunition so that they should buy it; there are other rifles like 8 mm. and 9 mm. and ammunition is difficult to obtain. That is the request we put before Government, because we just own these rifles for nothing if we cannot use them. KGOSI KGARI SECHELE II CBAKWENA): Your Honour and Council, I have not very much to say: I endorse what has been said by the last speaker. We live mainly in the veld looking after our cattle in the cattle posts where there are vermin and lions, etc. There is no doubt every herdboy should possess a rifle and should have ammunition to protect his stock. As the last speaker has said, the quota of rifles is not enough. Ammunition also is short in our reserves. Lions and other vermin destroy our stock and we have no way in which to protect our stock. I wanted to corroborate what the last speaker said. ACTING RESIDENT CONMISSIONER: The position with ammunition is this: I think it was at the last session of the European Advisory Council that representations were made 'on behalf of licensed ammunition dealers for a modification of the rule which requires that from a trader's annual quota should be deducted the ammunition on hand at the 31st December each year. It is strange but true that nearly every ammunition dealer at the end of the year has a fairly large stock of ammunition on hand which is deducted from his permitted quota for the following year. One of the reasons they advanced when making this request, was that if they c@id not have to allow for stock on hand at the end of the year they would be able to have a wider variety of ammunition than was at present possible. That suggestion has been agreed to and the effect of it really will be felt at the beginning of next year. I think that covers the point.' It will make quite a substantial difference to the amount which will be available in the Territory. So far as high velocity rifles are concerned, there is an annual quota for the Territory which is divided amongst the districts: I don't remember off-hand what the district quota is but we will look into the matter and even if no increase is possible, it might be desirable to reallocate the quota so that more high velocity rifles are available in those districts where they are .most needed. I think that is all I can say on that. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): The next will be items 10 and 32. We would like to take those as one. ACTING RESIDENT CONMISSIONER: Yes. LICENO E/ - 38 -

- 39 - LICENOE FEES CHARGED FOR GAME HUNTING ARMS LICENSING. TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA): Item 10 has been put in by the Bakwena. Wh~ist we discussed this matter in our Council before we met in Committee, we found that the words which the Resident Commissioner has just given a reply to must be considered, together with item 10 and 32, which has been put in by Government. I shall start with item 32. Arms Licensing: Government asks if we may consider whether licences Should be paid for yearly as follows:EUropean resident 10/- a year European non-resident £i a year African - for a h.v. rifle 5/- a year African - for any type or arm 2/6d.a year This has been put forward with a view to increasing revenue. -The second reason is that the District Commissioner in charge of that particular district should have a check on what rifles there are in that zone. The third reason is that it will enable the District Commissioner to refuse the owner of that rifle to renew his licence. Firstly, we would like to say that we are not afraid of taxation as it is our desire that progress should take place in this country. Some of us in our Committee felt that licence fees for rifles should be the same, irrespective of whether one is an European or an African that they should pay £1, 10/- or 2/6d. - whatever it might be. We say this after what the Bakgatla people have said. We feel we are short of ammunition in the Territory: at present an African is allowed 100 rounds for each arm he possesses and as there will be a flat rate for each possessor of an arm we maintain that the privileges of having more than 100 rounds of ammunition should be the same. I mean, if the Europeans are entitled to more ammunition, the residents of the reserve should have the same amount of ammunition irrespective of whether they are African or European, and the licence fee which they pay should also be the same. As to how the District Commissioner should have a check on the number of rifles in that reserve, we agree. The third instance, in which the District C6mmission er will refuse the owner of arms to renew the licence, to that we do not agree. We say that if there is any reason for which this man be refused renewal of this arm, such arm should be taken away from him at any time during the year before he goes to take a licence for it and reasons should be given for so doing. We do not agree with the idea that when one goes to renew his arm, he is only told then that he cannot renew his arm: This does not please us. Other instances which we wish to give to Government are in item 10. Licence fees charged for game hunting: As the possessor of chan arm, with regard to the money that he pays, we agree that/

- 40 - that it will go to the Government. What we ask for again and again is that the fees being paid by hunters who come to hunt in various reserves should be paid into the various tribal treasuries of-the reserves in which such hunters hunt. We have two suggestions - licence fees charged for game hunting and arms licensing. The first money raised should be paid into the Tribal Treasury; the second we say should go to Government. That is what we would wish to put to Government. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Well over the question of the arms licensing, the question of revenue increase was quite a secondary consideration. At the moment the District Officer knows how many rifles or guns there are in his district but they change hands without being registered in the name of the new owner and it is difficult for him to know at anyone time who has got and who has not got a gun. As regards the differentiation in the fees payable by Africans and Europeans: it was really only put that way because at the moment an African pays nothing to register an arm whereas a European does. I note Council's objection to the District Commissioner having the power to refuse renewal of a licence at the end of the year and that you would prefer that he be given the power to cancel the licence at any time during the year for sufficient cause. We will consider the point which has been made about having a flat fee for Europeans and Africans and we will let Council know in due course what has been decided. As far as the payment of game licence fees into the Native Treasury is concerned, this has been raised before and it has been the Government's view that they could not forego the revenue which they at present derive from that source. I think that is still true. Apart from that, I think it is general that the Native Authorities do make charges to people who come to shoot in their reserves, in addition to the fees which are paid by the hunter to Government. I know in some Treasuries it is quite a substantial source of revenue. This year, no treasury took more than half of what the Government game licence was going to be, but I see no objection in, principle to Native Authorities raising that fee to the same as the hunter pays to the Government. That is all on what, Mr. Chairman. Now would you like to take item 1? KGOSI BATHOEN iI (BANGWAIETSE): Yes Sir: 1, 6, 8 and 16. BRIDGE ACROSS THE NOTWANI RIVER. MUTHI PILANE (BAKGATLA): I stand up again before this Council to reiterate a complaint which has been put by the Bakgatla Tribe to this Council many years ago. This ccmplaint has been brought/

- 41 - brought before several Resident Commissioners since the time of Colonel Rey. Although we are about to give up hope, we have not done so entirely as we have not had a reply to the effe6t that Government is refusing to comply with out request and that is why we repeat this to Council today. At a certain time we were given certain promises which have not be fulfilled. Our complaint is about the Notwani River which obstructs the Bakgatla Tribe from crossing, especially during the plouging season. At times it is in flood when our people have to go across to plough and there is no way in which we can cross it. A number of people have been killed or swept away by the floods attempting to cross. For this reason we ask for the construction of a bridge. At present there is a hospital which has been built at Sekwane, where we think it will, during the rainy season, be difficult to take a patient to Sekwane Hospital or a dead body from the Sekwane back to the other side. Our request is that Government should furnish us with an explanation as to whether it is difficult for Government to make a bridge so that we, should give up hope, THARI PILANE (BALGATLA): Your Honour, it seems as if our request is one for which it would appear we have no reason; in connection with this river there are two bridges: one at Ramoutsa and another at . which empties its water into the Notwani there are two bridges and where the river is stronger it would appear our request has been refused. During the rainy seasons it is indeed very sorrowful where people cross to see women and children going across the river, having taken off their clothing. At this particular place for which we are asking there is a lorry that goes to Sekwane three times a week.' This is the lorry which the Bakgatla and others take to go to the Transvaal and if the river is in flood it means that people cannot go. The bridge which we use when the river is in flood is at Gaberones and that is something which puts us to great expense. Last time when the Resident Commissioner spoke about certain developments by Government he mentioned roads. We are surprised that at Seruli three bridges have been put up and at places near Seruli and over other rivers smaller than the Notwani the Government are building up bridges. We are surprised and we are not ashamed to ask and repeat asking for the same thing, and we Tould like the Government to explain that: our request is a genuine request. That is our request. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour and Council$ I am one of the old members of this Council and I know very well what the Bakgatlas speak about. There are new roads which have been made after their request, in which small and large bridges were put up. I can give as an instance the road between Palapye and Serowe: there are two bridges in that road and that road I am sure was made after the request of the Bakgatla people. There is a certain request that was once made by the Bakwena; they asked for a bridge in the small river called the Mokgopoetsana and another called the , and after these requests similar bridges were put/

- 42 - put up at Lobatsi - this side before one gets to Lobatsi and near Mr. Going's farm. We say these things to show that where we have asked for bridges to be built this is not being done and bridges are being put up elsewhere where Government thinks it is proper that such bridges should be put up. We also think that where we ask that bridges should be built at certain places the request is a legitimate one. I endorse the Bakgatla's request with these words. M.L. KGASA (BANGWAKETSE): I wish to corroborate by just saying one other word: that bridge over the Notwani is not used by the Bakgatla alone and even though the Bakwena are nearer to the Bakgatla one would not say that they the Bakgatla are the only ones who use it, even those of us who are in the backveldt will use that bridge. We are people who travel a lot, visiting our relatives, and we would like to endorse that it is not only the request of the Bakgatla, but we are one with them, being residents of the Protectorate. DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS: Your Honour, this request foi' a bridge across the Notwani at Mochudi was investigated veiy carefully early in 1949. I sent out a surveyor to Mochudi to survey the site where the bzidge was asked for and we considered the whole matter very carefully. We found that it is quite impossible to build a bridge that will be safe and sound. The site is not suitable for the construction of a bridge. The river has no banks and the rock is not satisfactory for the building of a big heavy structure such as a bridge. We tried very hard to help by investigating many alternatives and we found that the only possible type, that could be constructed there would be a suspension type of bridge which would cost approximately £30,000. I think it is obvious to members of Council that one must have a suitable site before you can build a bridge and that bridge cannot just be built anywhere across a river. It is for this reason that the railway is in its present position, because where it crosses the Metsimotlhabe River today there is a place where a bridge could be safely built. I do not know of any site close to Mochudi where the Notwani can be safely bridged. If we can be told of some site which would be suitable to bridge I will be very pleased to send out and survey and investigate that site in the same way in which we investigated the site in 1949. KGOSI MOKGOSI III (BAMALETE): Your Honour, I heard the explanation given by the Director of Public Works. I ask, as it appears he has sent some people to investigate, did you not send them further north or south to see if they could find a suitable spot? I heard your explanation. I want to ask about the Mmanoko River, as to whether you did not find it suitable to build a bridge, and the Mokgopoetsana River as well, as to whether it was suitable to put up a bridge or whether there were no banks on the river? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: I understood Mr. Davies to say that investigation showed/

- 43 showed that there was no suitable site for a bridge anywhere in the immediate vicinity of Mochudi. Now as far as the other bridges which the last speaker has mentioned are concerned, they are quite small, for quite narrow streams, and what is more, they were on a main trunk road from one of the biggest villages in the Territory and I would say that the provision of bridges on the Molepolole Road must have priority over the one which the Bakgatla want. However, if the Chiefs and Councillors can have a look around further away from Mochudi and see what alternative site will suit them, Mr. Davies has promised to send them an engineer to see where a bridge can be built. I think you want a bridge to carry lorries and wagons, but certainly lorries. It would not be so difficult if you only wanted a bridge for pedestrian traffic. KGOSI MOLEFI K. PILANE (BAKGATLA): Your Honour, I heard you say we should go and select a site where a bridge could be put up. I was with Mr. Sillery and we selected a spot and we saw a spot where such a bridge could be put up, but it would appear that Mr. Davies does not want to think of this one. Mr. Forsyth- Thompson has been there too. I have been with these two officials whose names I have mentioned but these inspections of which Mr. Davies speaks, they never called us to be with them when the place was surveyed. I therefore say that the Government should say that they do not wish to do anything for the Bakgatla and we will see what we can do for ourselves. I should think that the reply is "Just see what you can do yourselves". THARI PILANE (BAKGATLA): I agree with the words of the last speaker when he says that Government is refusing, he gets that from the Director of kublic Works. In his words he said "You go and seek a place again". That shows us that those people who. were sent to survey did not try to seek or select a spot: when an intention has been made to try and select a spot, people leave their place and put up tents to select whilst they are there and from what we can see our deduction about it is that the Director wants us to select a spot and for him to come and say it is no good and then go back. There is a large space of land between Mochudi and the railway bridge at Morwa where they could go and specially select aspot and not do it hurriedly, and even below Mochudi there are certain places where such a bridge could be built and it would be a great help to people by obviating the necessity of going to Gaberones which is a long way away. We are not satisfied that the surveyors have done their work as they should have done, ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: The site which Chief Molefi referred to, which was chosen, he said, by Mr. Sillery and Mr. Forsyth-Thompson, is the one which was investigated by the Publir Works Department. Mr. Sillery and Mr. Forsyth-Thompson were neither of them qualified engineers and they could only be guided by what they saw on the spot and their own impressions. As I say, that site has been investigated and found to be unsuitable except at tremendous cost. I have always understood/ - 44 - understood that the request in connection with this bridge has been for a bridge at Mochudi and that is why I said just now that if the Bakgatla would indicate in which direction they would now like a bridge, since one cannot be built at Mochudi, then Mr. Davies will send out somebody to find out where such a bridge can be built. MUTHI PILANE (BAKGATLA): I agree with your Honour. If you like us to do so we will try and select a spot. KGOSI MOLEFI K. PILANE (BAKGATLA): I am not in agreement with the last speaker. It is now 21 years since we asked for this bridge. It now lies with the Government to send out Mr. Davies as the Government representative to select a spot himself, and not ourselves. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Well, despite what the last speaker has said, I informed Council what Government would be prepared to do in the matter and we will leave it at that. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Items Nos. 6 and 8 - Boreholes and dams. BOREHOLES AND DAMS. SAKAIO BOGATSU (BATLOKWA): Your Honour, the request that is brought by us of the Batlokwa Tribe is that we request that Government should find water for us, we mean boreholes and dams, because in our reserves at the cattle posts there is no water for our cattle, there is no water for domestic consumption at our homes, in particular during this year. It is our wish that Government should listen to our request and consider it carefully and that Government should help us in the present days which are cursed by lack of water. That is our request. S.M. PHETLHU (BAROLONG): Your Honour, our request is similar to that one brought forward by the Batlokwa: in the Barolong farms there is no water. At the present time I think there are four wells - there is one at Goodhope, one at Logagane, one at Ramathlabama and at Papatlo. All these boreholes are on one side only, there is water in the Barolong farms on the western side. This makes us bring forward this request that boreholes should be sunk for the Barolong. We have also heard that if it can be done it will discuss the soil erosion that Government complains about, if boreholes could be sunk all over the Barolong farms. I corroborate the Batlokwa request and I add the Barolong's request as well. DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS: Your Honour, Mr. Chairman: at various times since 1935/

- 4~5 - 1935 or 1936, Government drillers have tried to drill for successful water supplies in the Batlokwa Reserve. I am sorry to say it is not easy to find water by drilling in the Batlokwa. A rough check shows that of nine holes drilled, six were blank and three were successful. The present plan is that when the drill which is drilling for a supply for Government at Gaberones has completed its task, it will carry on drilling in the Batlokwa Reserve to try and find water where the people need it most. It is also planned for the gang which is building earthdams to move into the Batlokwa Reserve after it has built a dam in the Bamalete Reserve. The surveyors willbe going into the Batlokwa Reserve to select sites for dams within the next two to three weeks. ACTING RESIDENT CODMISSIONER: That will give the Batlokwa Councillors an idea of what is on foot. Now as regards the question of water development on the Barolong farms, the Chief and the pecple have been informed that whilst Government wishes to help them, it is on the understanding that the whole tribe will benefit and that the development will not be for the benefit of the private farm owners - in other words, until. it is accepted by the people that the Barolong farms are tribal land, you cannot look forward to much assistance in developing further water supplies. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Item 16. REPAIRS TO PRIVATELY OWNED PUMPING MACHINES. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour, this request for repairs to pumping plant is put in by the Bakwena and this affects all other tribes. I have been requested by the Council to put this as a matter from us all. Government has very well sunk further boreholes for us in the reserves and some of us are making individual efforts to put down private boreholes and they have installed machines out of their own private means. Government has provided maintenance to go from one borehole to another doing repairs and the instructions given to such people is that they should repair machinery only at tribal boreholes. We have succeeded in installing such machinery but we are unable to repair them ourselves. We request Government that when these mechanics go to repair machinery belonging to the tribes they should effect such repairs to machinery owned by individual people. I am not suggesting that they should effect such repairs without payment; the owner will pay. We heard from the Bakgatla who started this sort of thing first that they have an arrangement such as that and there is a body of people or syndicate who owns a well in their reserve. This practice does not exist in other reserves except where a person has made an individual effort. It is pointless for a single person to go and look for somebody to repair his machinery if it is not in order., when there is a Government mechanic who could do such repairs during his inspection. We ask Government that such an arrangement be made that these mechanics should repair privately owned machines. By/ - 4 .6 - By agreeing to this Government will be encouraging tribes to make individual efforts who would not then be entirely dependent on the Public Works Department to put down boreholes for them. MUTHI PILANE (BAKGATLA): Your Honour, this matter which has been put forward to this Council, would appear to be nothing very difficult but I stand up to give an instance of what is being done at Mochudi. It happened that wells owned by individual people interfered with those which belong to the tribe, those wells of the syndicate firstly belonged to the tribe. The point is people who put down wells or boreholes of their Qwn in the Bakgatla Reserve have been told to deposit £20 with the tribe in suspense. The reason for this is that the owner of the well, should be in a position to call in a mechanic if anything goes wrong or if any part goes wrong he should be able to send it away for replacement or repairs, knowledge being had that he has money in suspense, lest he sends out a part to be repaired when he has no money at all. Apparently this is what is being done in the Bakgatla Reserve and I feel that if these people ask that they should be so helped, they should be so helped, because one cannot obtain a mechanic. DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS: Your Honour, Mr. Chairman, the present system whereby Government maintains tribal plant is based on the fact that all the machines on the boreholes are of the same kind and the same make and therefore we only have to buy and keep a small range of spare parts. Another point is that the maintenance units visit each plant regularly and go around approximately once every three months. They are fully occupied with those duties. If such an arrangement as has been put forward by Council is brought into operation it will mean that extra mechanics will have to be appointed and they will have to be provided with transport and tools, the same as the present Government maintenance units are. It will be necessary for us to know how many plants will have to be repaired and maintained before we can decide how many mechanics will be necessary and also before we can work out how much the scheme will cost. I must point out that the success of the present Government scheme is based on the fact that the units visit each plant regularly for maintenance, and are very often able to repair the plant before it actually breaks down and stops working. The same thing would have to apply to the scheme suggested by Council and it would not be successful if the units were sent for by perhaps ten or twenty different people all at the same time to come and repair plant that has broken down, because it would be quite impossible for the units to go out in different directions and possibly for long distances. It is essential for the success of the scheme for them to work to plan and pay regular visits to all plant. As I have said before, it will be necessary for us to know the number of plants in the various reserves which will require attention and we must also know the makes of the plants or the windmills or pumps, so that the necessary' spare parts can be held available for use when required. It/ - 4.7- It is only after we have all that information that it will be possible to work out a standard charge for each plant. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Mr. Chairman, it is perhaps an unusual departure for government departments to undertake the repairing of private plant, but the regular provision of water is such a vital matter in this Territory that we will go further into this on the basis which Mr. Davies has described. We will send out a circular to the District Commissioners and ask them to get in touch with the Chiefs who will be asked to find out how many people would be taking advantage of this scheme and when we have all that, we will let you know that on a regular maintenance basis the cost of the plant will be so much and it is for you to decide, or the individual owners and to let us know whether they will take advantage of that service if we provide it. KGOSI BATHOEN Ii (BANGWAKETSE): We will be pleased, Your Honour, if that is done. May we take items 21 and 25? It appears that Council would like to go into Committee over item 25. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Yes certainly. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): We are ready to take No. 21 now. PRICE OF MEALIES. SIMVULA NKCNKWENI (CHOBE): Your Honour, at Chobe we are surprised at the price of mealies. We do not fix prices for our mealies, it is the storekeepers and the District Commissioner who fix prices for our mealies. When we sell mealies we are told that the storekeeper has fixed a price for the mealies and he has been told to do so by the District Commissioner, and we are surprised that a price could be fixed for our mealies when it should be fixed by us. That gives us a great deal of doubt and we have brought it to Council so that it may hear whether the Government Crown Lands are treated like that. It is a complaint in connection with the price of mealies; that is all. I wish to say something also, the price of our mealies is £1 a bag .... ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Selling or buying? SIMVULA NKONKWENI (CHOBE): It would be bought for £1. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: By the stores? SIMVULA/

SIMVULA NKONKWENI (CHOBE): Yes. At one time we had a complaint to our District Commissioner and we said our mealies should not be bought for £1 or 15/- and we agreed that we should sell a bag for 25/- and this year the District Commissioner has charged and says a bag of mealies should be sold for £1 and tfiis has surprised us. Does Government ever do this anywhere, fix a price for somebody else's food when the price should be fixed by the owner? DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE: Your Honour and Members of Council; in the absence of the District Commissicaer, Chobe, who is the controller of grain in that district, I wish to explain that the object of fixing the price is primarily to ensure a fair return for the producer. There must necessarily be a very considerable difference between the price of the maize when it is sold locally and when it has to be imported. When production exceeds the local requirements, the surplus grain requires to be exported from the Chobe at considerable cost and needless to say the producer cannot expect to get outside market prices: for his produce in other words, the cost of transport has got to be deducted from the price of the maize ruling on the principal markets. When there is a shortage of maize in the area, maize must be bought on the outside markets and the cost of transport must then be added to that price, which explains the very considerable difference in the prices of grain which may range from year to year. The District Commissioner therefore bases his proposed prices on supply and demand and I feel sure that he would be able to explain satisfactorily his decision to any of the producers or consumers who may feel that the price should be different from what he has decided on. Some of the maize which was produced in the Chobe was transported to Maun, some of it even went as far as Ghanzi this year. Obviously a purchaser in Maun is not going to pay a higher price for that grain than what he can get grain for from Francistown. These are the factors that the District Commissioner has taken into consideration in establishing the price of grain from year to year and I can assure members that the District Commissioner has the interests of the producers at heart and has fixed that maximum price in the interest of the producer and consumer. KGOSI MOKGOSI III (BAMALETE): I understood the speaker to say that zhe price is fixed by the shopkeepers and the District Commissioner, not having consulted the producers. DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE: The price is not fixed by the shopkeepers - I am referring specifically to the Chobe. The price is fixed by the District Commissioner to best advantage. K. IKANENG (BAMALETE): Your Honour and Council, I do not know if Government does not understand what the speaker says. The speakers say that/ - 48 - - 49 - that they are the producers of these mealies and they are not pleased that the price should be fixed when they have not been consulted about it at all, for whoever fixes the price of these mealies does not know how much the owner of these mealies would accept for his bag of mealies. I wish Government and Council to understand these men properly. When prices are being fixed people who own such things should be consulted and an explanation should be made to them why these things are being done. What the speaker has said is true, the Bamalete people are also complaining. There are tribal lands which are being irrigated by Mogobane dam. When the Mogobane scheme was started we were told that the produce of Mogobane would not be sold without the Bamalete Tribe being consulted and that the price would be discussed with the tribe but today it is not so. We just hear that produce has been sold. When we ask we. are told that the price has been fixed by Mr. Bosman and the Chief and the Tribe know nothing. ACTING RESIDENT COMISSIONER: Excuse me interrupting: this is rather a different matter from the price of mealies in the Chobe. K. IKANENG (BAMALETE): Yes Your Honour, but it is the same as when we produce something and.the price is fixed without the owner being asked. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: I entirely agree that the seller of the product should be consulted and as far as the Chobe is concerned we will see that the price is fixed by the District Commissioner in consultation with the producers and the buyers. K. IKANENG (BAMALETE): I do understand Your Honour, I was merely giving this as an instance. You may hear there is some misunderstanding in the Bamalete because the promise to fix prices for this grain has not been fulfilled. KGOSI KGARI SECHELE II (BAKWENA): I speak briefly regarding what the Chobe people have said. When I hear their complaint I am surprised how it happens that this District Commissioner should fix prices for their property, because if the cows or mealies are mine I can speak to anybody who wishes to buy them without the District Commissioner being in it and I do not know how it happens that a District Commissioner should fix a price of property belonging to an individual. I would like to ask Your Honour how it happens that a District Commissioner's name has been mentioned while individual property is concerned, such as mealies? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: I have told Council what we will do in future but I am surprised that Chief Kgari is surprised, because I know of many Chiefs in the Protectorate who fix the prices for the sale of grain. KGOSI/ - 50 - KGOSI KGARI SECHELE II (BAKWtNA): I will explain how we fix prices. I know that in the past year people sold corn without the wish of the Native Authority. We made up our mind that we would increase the buying price of the grain to the people to £l.i0.0 and we said when we sell it back to the tribe we will only put a little profit on. We knew that if they sold to the shopkeepers a bag for £i or 15/- when they buy it again from the shopkeeper they will pay £3 for the same bag. We said to the people those who want to sell to us we will pay so much for a bag: when starvation comes and they are bound to buy from us we will only make a profit of 3/- on every bag bought from us. We fixed our price but we did not force them to sell to us if they did not want to do so. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: The District Commissioner in the Chobe also fixes the selling price and I admit in most years it is a matter of academic interest because the Chobe grows more mealies than it needs, but if he has fixed the price to the producer at £1 then I don't know what the actual figure is. He will probably have fixed it with the storekeeper that if the people buy back that grain they would only pay 25/- andnot£3. AndIam perfectly certain that the District Com-' missioner's efforts have been far more on behalf of the producer than on behalf of the purchasers, but as I have said I think it would be better for everybody concerned if* any question of price was fixed by the District Commissioner at a meeting with the producers and the buyers and that is what we will do. TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA): Is the District Commissioner empowered by regulation to fix the price in the Territory? I speak like that because things in our Reserve, when we sell corn the shopkeeper fixes the buying price and when we buy it from them again they sell it to us at a very high price. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: I think I am correct in saying that the District Commissioner in Crown Lands and the Native Authority in a reserve can fix the price at which his people can sell their grain. The Native Authorities can fix the price of grain to their own producers but they cannot'do it as far as the European traders and Indian storekeepers are concerned. MR. LAWRENSON: Your Honour and Council, I don't think Mr. Tshekedi Khama is clear on this. I think the Native Authorities fix the price of the purchase of grain, i.e., if the storekeeper wishes to purchase this grain it is at a price fixed: then the storekeeper's price is fixed by Statute, i.e. handling charges 3/- a bag, profit 2/- a bag. The District Commissioner does not fix it, it is fixed by the law. TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA): I can see the law beaten: in theory it may be so, but in practice the shopkeepers fix their own charge. DIRECTOR/ . 51 - DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE: Your Honour and Council1 I would like to explain that the main difficulty I have in controlling the price of grain in the Territory is due to the fact that different prices are fixed in different reserves and control of internal prices is completely lost. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: And there is a still more important reason, and we will deal with it when we come to item 25, that is that you cannot confine and identify particular grain and a person can buy grain at 45/- and nobody knows which is which and tkiere is nothing to prevent him charging it all out at the higher price. I have said what we will do, in the meantime will Council be prepared to leave it at that? I think a lot of these difficulties will disappear if we get a grain storage scheme such as is envisaged in the note on item 25. Would you like to break off now and go on at half past two? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): It will suit us, Sir. Council adjourned at 12.35 p.m. Council resumed at 2.30 p.m. ACTING RESIDENT COYMISSIONER: You want to take No. 33? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): No. 25, Sir. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSICNER: Oh you have had your committee meeting? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Yes Sir. GRAIN STORAGE AND GRAIN SUPPLIES. DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE: Your Honour and members of Council: the matter of grain storage, I think that the notes dealing with grain storage are very clear. The advantages of this scheme must be obvious to everybody. I would like to add that in addition to the storage scheme it is proposed to add a mill, for a storage scheme without any mill would only serve half our/

- 52 - our requirements. One of the reasons why we have to allow a certain amount of grain out of the Territory periodically is due to the fact that we have not got a mill. Then there is something else I wish to point out: in a paragraph halfway down the notes, it reads:"Grain imported from the Union is very expensive as purchasers have to pay the Union levy - at present 4'12d. a bag." The 4/2d. should read '7/4d.' The Union Government recently made arrangements to import one million bags of maize from overseas and whether the subsidy was fixed at 7/4d. in anticipation of this importation or not I am unable to say, there is just the possibility that the import duty may be increased still further. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Would you explain one or two things which Council might like to know? If we have a central elevator or grain scheme, will it cater for maize, corn and beans or only one type and would the elevator be the only importer and exporter of maize? I think details as to how it would actually be run would be welcome. DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE: The storage scheme necessitates complete control of the grain imported and produced in this country. It is proposed to provide storage for both maize and corn at a central elevator. Grain will be collected at various centres from where it will be railed to the central granary where it will be stored and later milled for distribution as required. It is proposed to make use of the existing granaries where they are suitably located today because it is likely that we will be required to dispose of a certain amount of whole grain at those centres. The scheme has been investigated very carefully and it is considered that a single storage centre or elevator would be more profitable than two or three because of overhead costs. You will have noticed that in the last paragraph of the notes it states that the cost of constructing an elevator would be 22/- per bag capacity - later investigations undertaken indicate that it will be possible to reduce this cost quite considerably by modifying the standard type of silo, although provision will have to be made for the cost of the mill which will probably cost in the neighbourhoodof £15,000. At the moment we are very largely dependent on the Union for our supplies and it is possible, in the event of a serious drought there, that we may not be -ble to get out supplies from that centre. On the other hand, it is possible that we may in future get our requirements from the Matetse Agricultural Scheme in the Chobe. In either case, it would be advisable to provide bulk storage for good, apart from the fact.that the storage scheme would reduce the. cost of food to the consumer in this country. Now while the initial outlay would be fairly heavy, depreciation on the storage buildings and on the mill itself would be very low and the authorities whom we have consulted/

- 53 - consulted in the Union maintain that the normal charges made for milling would provide sufficient surplus to cover the cost of operating the whole scheme as well. KGOSI BATHCEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour, there are none of us who cannot be pleased with what Mr. Bosman has said in connection with the construction of an elevator, because food is one of our big troubles in the Protectorate. When we looked at the Government note regarding that elevator, we saw that the money required to put it up is too big, because it is said that it is in the vicinity of £100,000, and now we understand that there is another big sum of money, being £15,000 for building a mill. Our question is how does Government intend this money should be raised, because it is not explained in this note. That is my first question. The second question: I thought Mr. Bosman would touch on it when he talked about the buying of the corn that would be put in that elevator. We would like him to explain how this grain would be sold because this morning Mr. Lawrenson told us there Is a law governing the sale of kaffir corn and maize, whether this law applies to the storekeepers only or to the Government or to us who have put the corn there, or does it affect the Government selling this kaffir corn to us, because it speaks about the profit and handling charges for the corn? The third question is when does Government propose to put up such an elevator? We are eager that it be put up so that should rain fall we will know where we are going to store our grain. DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE: The matter of the funds for the construction of the granary and a mill will have to be considered by Government and the money will most likely be obtained as a loan - that is something which will have to be gone into by Government. With regard to the second point as to how will the grain be sold the grain will be sold to anybody who wishes to buy and wil be available through the traders as well. The third question dealt with the price: well the whole matter of price will have to be reviewed. The prices will have to be uniform for the whole Territory, taking into account the cost of transport and it will of course be based on the cost of the grain. With regard to the last question, when the scheme is to come into operation, that is difficult to say, as you know a large undertaking of this kind is going to take some time. The construction of the granary itself will probably take six or nine months or more, and I think I am right in saying that it probably won't come into operation for at least two years. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: I hope before that. KGOSI/

- 54 - KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): We implore Your Honour that we, having stored the grain it should not be given to the storekeepers to sell to us. Why we ask that this granary be constructed is because we are afraid of them. They never consider what price they bought the corn for and at what price they sell it but if Government has bought corn from us say for £1, they will put on a little more money which is to cover reasonable expenses. We say that if this granary will be under Government, it should be under Government only and I think Government should not hand it over to the storekeepers to sell the grain to us. Another question: I was not satisfied with the explanation given. We don't ask Mr. Bosman to give us an exact price of such corn, we know it is too early to say the price now, we were asking whether there will be any profit and cost of handling with regard to this corn, knowing very well that our Government must have something for the trouble they have taken. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSICNER: Mr. Bosman explained: corn ar grain from the elevator will be available to anybody who wants to purchase it. The only qualification to that is that the elevator would not want to deal in small quantities of say1, 2, 5 or 10 bags. Any grain which is taken out of the elevator for re-sale will have to be for re-sale at a price to be fixed by Government. That of course will vary according to where it is sold, you must take into consideration transport costs, but however much you may dislike the traders handling grain, you must admit that they do serve a purpose. It is all very well for the Native Administration to handle grain in big lots or more but when it comes down to small quantities such as 2/- worth or 5/- worth, it is not really the business of the Native Administration, it is a fiddling sort of thing but it is one which the trader is equipped to take. I see no reason why, if a Native Administration wants to buy one thousand bags to re-dispose of it to the tribe, it should not be able to do so. Does that answer your point? KGOSI BATHUEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Yes Your Honour, that is my personal opinion and not of the Council. I do not think if, for example, the Ngwato buy corn from the elevator and then sell it at a small profit there will be any complaint. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: I can take it then that Council is in favour of Government pressing on with some scheme of this sort? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Yes Your Honour. ACTING RESIDENT CONMISSIONER: The first thing we will have to consider is the finance of it and when we have secured that we will have to go/

- 55 - go into details as to how it is to be run. At that stage th actual way of running the thing and the prices of buying and selling will be worked out and will be put before you for your consideration. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Thank you Your Honour. Item 33, Sir. CONTROL OF GRAZING. DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE: Your Honour and members of Council: this item iz placed on the agenda because of the serious regression of grazing, followed by soil erosion, which is taking place in the Territory. Anyone who has observed the trend of conditions in the Territory in general, and of conditions in many specific areas in particular, must agree that immediate measures must be taken to overcome the growing deterioration if the natural resources of the country and the future of the inhabitants are to be safeguarded. The cattle population is stated to have doubled during the last ten years and we know that development of grazing has not taken place to any appreciable extent. The result is that the intensity of grazlig has increased almost everywhere to an extent which is responsible for the increasing destruction of vegetation and soil. It is obvious that the main cause of the trouble must be removed before the grazing problem facing us can be overcome, either by extending the grazing areas or by better management, or probably by both. The difficulties associated with any measures to improve conditions are fully appreciated and success must necessarily depend to a large extent on the efforts of the tribal authorities and of the people themselves. In many places where no other form of alleviation ca be found stock limitations must be introduced to save the soil. This is a drastic,measure but drastic conditions necessitate drastic measures. It is comparatively easy to take evasive action, e.g. by developing general grazing but putting too many head of stock on this general grazing, or by, simply blaming the drought, would necessitate facing a still more serious problem at a later date. Government has made provision for assisting the tribal authorities in the different reserves by establishing soil conservation committees, but I wish to emphasise again the Government can do very little without the full support of the people themselves. I have emphasised the need for stock limitations under certain circumzstances: I realise that it would be an unpopular solution, but I fear that in many cases it would be the only remedy6 This procedure would not necessarily be a permanent measure because with careful handling much of the grazing in the Territory can be raised to a considerably higher level than exists today. TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA): Your Honour and the Director of Agriculture, we do not refuse these words anywhere. What we would say is to give/

- 56- give something to show something. In large reserves there is grazing land which has not yet been used, but smaller reserves we realise have not got sufficient grazing grounds. In large reserves we realise Government does help from time to time by sinking wells and building dams, but however in my opinion how these dams are built and how these boreholes are sunk I personally am not pleased about. It seems that this is being done without people having sat down to discuss and make propositions as to how many boreholes or dams will be put in such and such a place and how many will be put up in another place. This work is being done without consideration being had to grazing areas which have already been over-stocked and denuded and those that have not yet been used. On paper in such and such a reserve so many boreholes have been put down but if you travel in the country you do not see these boreholes. I do not say that this is not important work but I say that it has not been considered properly before it is done. When I was in my village at Rametsana a few months ago I saw a large Government truck passing through the village, and I saw there was a lorry in the village which sells goods there and it stopped. I went to him and I asked him where he came from and where he was going. He told me he had come from Mahalapye and was going to Lephephe seeking dam sites. I asked him if he-was going to stop at Lephephe, he said he might stop and he might not stop at all. I said to him, "Please, if you want places where dams can be put, up, can you see such places by just running on the road without stopping and speaking to the residents of the place to ask where suitable places could be found?" I told him that we have not got the technical knowledge which he has but we have the knowledge of the grazing areas which he did not know. This is how dams and boreholes are being put up today. There has never been an occasion or an opportunity whereby selected people could sit to consider how these boreholes and dams could be made in the Territory and how over-stocked areas which have been denuded could be helped by removing cattle from such areas to other places. The way this work is being done it would appear to me no matter for what length of time it is done, it will not bear fruit. If I am not clear, I may be questioned further. MONTSHO MOGALAKWE (BATAWANA): Your Honour and Council: the Director of Agriculture and the Director of Veterinary Services, in other words a man who ploughs and the one who looks after the cattle, are not usually in agreement. A man who ploughs usually tells one who looks after cattle to remove these cattle from his land because these cattle will eat his corn. When I heard the Director of Agriculture thinking of decreasing the stock, I agree with him because he knows that his land will be eaten by cattle. I wish to say to the Director of Agriculture that he should not limit our cattle but should sink wells where we can take our cattle. In all countries, even at our place in the Batawana, we have a lake where cattle graze and drink and it is a lake near which ploughing can be done. When the Director of Agriculture sees it he wishes that he-could make lands there and when the Director of Veterinary Services sees it he wishes he could water his cattle there. We have a certain place, Gaena, at the boundaries separating the Bamangwato from the Batawana and there is no place where our cattle can graze. It would appear/ - 57- appear that the Director of Agriculture will think we are overcrowding him, whereas we have no place to which we can take our stock. Before the Director of Agriculture can act, could boreholes be sunk for us at Gaena or, such other place in the Batawana Reserve where there are no boreholes? Some people say there is water in the Batawana - yes there is, but the water that we have is natural water and the tsetse fly has taken control of that water. That is where we can take our cattle and if anyone wants to plough at that place he cannot plough there. My request, and to endorse the last speaker, is that our cattle should not be killed before it is shown that the country is so overstocked that there is no need to move cattle to other places. I may not have water in my country in the Batawana but I may have a relative in the Bamangwato to whom I may take my cattle there and he may take them because a hole has been sunk for him. We will not be pleased at our cattle being reduced, whereas there is the land there and our father should develop it for us. I would rather have my field smaller than that my cattle should be reduced. THARI PILANE (BAKGATLA): Your Honour, this matter of decreasing stock is a very sorrowful one to us. It is thought that some of our people are rich in cattle, but if you see their relatives and their children who are being maintained by these cattle you will be surprised. Many of the children who are in school and who have no parents and are being maintained by those who have these cattle. When mention is made of a decrease of stock, everybody gets frightened, whether they are rich or poor. Passing that point, we are asking for water. During the last session of Council some people mentioned that there are several places which have no waters and which have got virgin pasture lands. I mean that this was said by those who said that the stock should be decreased and that some cattle owners could afford to sink boreholes for themselves if Government would allow them. It was remarked that those who could do that would ease the situation in that cattle would not be decreased because certain crowded places would le relieved by cattle being removed from there. In the morning this matter was put up as to whether Governmentwould help those people who could not afford repairs to their private machinery, and if Government agreed t6 that we thought that would be an encouragement to those who could afford to sink wells for themselves to do so. As for the man who constructs dams, as Chief Tshekedi has said, I am sorry that the work does not satisfy us. They go about the country, they don't ask what suitable places there are, they have completed certain dams and they say so many hundreds of cattle will water there. I can give an instance of one of their large dams. In our river called the Monametsana, we went there with our District Commissioner to see a dam being built. We still complain and We do not agree.to the decrease of stock because we know that the fault lies with scarcity of water and we say that if Government could help to bring about many scraper. to build many dams it would help towards the stock not being decreased. We ask that Government should look more particularly into the question of water. We do not say that Government has not much before it but do not let our livelihood be reduced. MUTHI/

MUTHI PILANE (BAKGATLA): Your Honour, the suggestions that are put before us seriously affect our feelings. They aim at decreasing our stock, they remind us of what has happened to our relatives in the Transvaal when their stock was decreased and they have all become poor, even those who were rich. The statement has been made in a wise manner so that we should not think that the trouble comes from land, I think that is not a proper statement, it is put in a clever way so as to stop us from giving our things. Even if I can take you round my reserve where fire burned, you will find it is bad, the grass has not grown up again. The Marico River and the Limpopo River used to help at such times as this, we used to water our cattle in these rivers. As a result of having no rain for many years all those. rivers have dried up and even these sandy river beds where we could easily make up wells to water our cattle, we have rock at the bottom and dynamite is required to blast the rock and that is a new thing that we see during the course of this year. Therefore we complain and say that the trouble is caused by lack of rain. There is a drought Your Honour, I think you have already heard that in the course of last year there was no rain and the Bakgatla never went out to plant. According to our practice, we have grazing areas which our cattle graze on in summer and others in winter. In winter we go near pans where there is water and all those things have dried up because there is no rain. We cannot complain about grazing; all our cattle have been congregated on one side where there are boreholes and that is where they trample the soil. We Bakgatla started to sink our own boreholes before Government tried to sink holes and we saw how helpful this was. We thought that when Government took over this from us that this would be of great benefit to us. We are told of farms which have. profited by welfare schemes from overseas to come and make dams. During the last Council which was presided over by Mr. Sillery, we mentioned that these dams are of no benefit to us and he took the trouble to visit the Bakgatla reserve and we took him to the place where the dams were constructed and he also agreed that they were constructed at wrong places. Today the Government is constructing dams for us. The other day we went with our District Commissioner on a road towards the Bamangwato Reserve to sell a dam which was constructed' to the west of the road. It cost a lot of money. I wish that any of you who would not believe what I say when they go to the Bamangwato Reserve to look at that dam they will see that that is not a dam at all, that is one of the new dams that have been built. Now we have complained about the old ones and we said that they were useless. We request Government not to start to decrease our stock. I think that you heard that last year many cattle died in the Bakgatla Reserve and this must be put again to Government that stock should be marketed on account of scarcity of grazing - what killed those cattle was disease. If you compare what took place last year and this year, you will notice that not many cattle died in the course of this year. I am of opinion that it is the intention of Government to make us poor. I do not know by what percentage the/ - 58 -

- 59 - the Government will decrease our cattle. We are aware of the fact that most of the people are poor people and they only own about 20 or 30 head of cattle. In my reserve there are no rich people. We don't know whose cattle are going to be decreased. I shall be glad if an explanation could be given. If the cattle are to be decreased what number will be left for the owner? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Let me just reply to some of the points that have been raised so far and say one or two words which will perhaps provoke further discussion. Now in the first place there have been a number of references to Government's desire to rob the people of their cattle and destroy their cattle. Government's intention is exactly the opposite. If nothing is done, in a great many districts the cattle will dwindle in numbers and in quality until they are a lot of runts, without any help from the Government. That is just nature - as the supply of food goes down, apart from the losses you have each year, the animals don't grow up and eventually you have a breed of cattle which are about the height of this table. Now Mr. Tshekedi Khama raised the point about the programme on which the provision of water supplies had been carried out. He regarded it as rather haphazard, without any consultations with the people concerned. Now I admit that might appear to be the case but I think in most districts it is some years ago now that plans were made by the Administrative Officer with the Native Authority, I think with the assistance of the Veterinary people, as to which areas would be developed in succession, but I will admit that conditions probably in a lot of areas have changed since those plans were made in the districts where they were made and that it is now time to take stock again and go into the development programme of each district in conjunction with the technical officers concerned and the people who live in the area. We shall shortly be issuing an instruction that no further water supplies are to be developed except on a programme which has been agreed upon between the department concerned and the District Commissioner and the Native Authority. It is just a year ago. that we sent out a circular about soil erosion under which there was constituted in each district a committee, consisting of the District Commissioner, the Chief, the member of the European Advisory Council, a veterinary official, an agricultural official and any member whom the committee wanted to adopt. I would like you to listen while I read the last paragraph of that circular. The first part of it deals with the effects of over-grazing and over-stocking and how to avoid it, but I would like to read you this last paragraph because it seems to me to be the crux of this matter. It reads:"It appears that an essential part of the preliminary investigation is the preparation of a large- scale map on which permanent and seasonal water points are shown together with the particulars of stock, large and smail, which are concentrated round those points; such a map which would indicate in general terms the nature of the veldt/

- 60 - veldt, i.e., whether it is sweet .veldt or sour veldt or heavy sand veldt. Such a map will provide a valuable guide for future water development and it is only when accurate information is available on these matters that the Public Works Department and the Geological Survey Department can be brought into the picture to devise and determine in which stock areas and in what portions of those areas development of future supplies is practical and possible." The response to this so far has been rather disappointing. Apart from what we asked the committee to do in preparing a map, it was intended that they should take what 6pportunities provided themselves for informing people and discussing this question of soil erosion. In many cases it is not an evil of which people are aware, and it has to be brought to their notice and they have to be warned of the-danger before they appreciate it. Now it is a general cry that local over-stocking is due to shortage of water supplies, but I think it is proper to say that in nearly every case where an alternative water supply is developed, you get over-stocking round that. Those dams which are constructed and which hold water are regarded by the people round about as natural pans and as water supplies to which anybody has access and I think the"ksame is largely true of boreholes which are equipped with engines, where water is pumped into a tank. I admit that the provision of other water points will alleviate over-grazing where you have alternative grazing but I really think that the stage.has been reached now where the Government should not provide further water supplies whether they be dams or boreholes unless there is an undertaking by the Native Authority to control the number of cattle which use that new supply and that number can only be determined by the nature of the veldt in the vicinity of the new supply and also by its distance from any pre- existing supply. Let us go on from there. TSHEKEDI KHAMiA (BAKWENA): Your Honour, I say some of us are supposed to discuss this matter and it seems we discussed this matter with understanding. Firstly I reply to what Your Honour has reminded me that it was said that Government offidials should be in consultation with the native authorities as to where such boreholes should be sunk. I do remember that also. Recently there was a meeting in the Bakwena and this matter was discussed and I was not talking about that. What I know is that we all know that this Government has not got sufficient money. This money which is being used to put down boreholes is money that has been given from overseas. What I really say is that there are none of us, even our Government officials here, who can say how many boreholes and how many dams are required in.the Bakwena Reserve and at what cost nobody can say. It is not sufficient to send the District Commissioner to put the matter to the tribe in kgotla as to how many wells they want and as to where they will be. More than that is required. Specialists on that particular job are required to go about the country discussing these matters with the Chiefs and tribes, seeing such denuded countries, seeing countries that have not been denuded, the tribes showing them where they want these boreholes sunk and showing them existing wells. Before anything is done, the discussions should be put down on paper that such and such a country has been gone into and we have found that so many dams and so many holes are required and so much money/

- 61 - money is to used. It is well known that such an amount can only be raised in one year and we know that all the reserves in the Protectorate require such monies. What is required is that these preliminaries should be gone into in all the reserves in the Protectorate. Everything will be before you, the estimate of money required will be put down before you, then it can be worked out whether the money that is estimated will be sufficient to provide boreholes only, or we will require so much for this year and so much for another year, and we will do this in such and such a reserve and that in another reserve. Discussions between the tribes and Government should take place before work is commenced and such discussions should be written down saying that this and that will be done. I have long said that until and unless we do this, this Protectorate will take a hundred years to develop. It does not apply mainly to water, the same applies to schools as well and the Veterinary Department as well. Anything that we think of, if we just do it haphazardly we can get nowhere. To conclude this matter, I give this as an instance when I say we should consider water. As I speak there is a fence being erected between the Bakwena and the Bakgatla to prevent foot and mouth disease: this fence went through Lephepe Pan. It was found that Lephepe Pan was dead. This meant that it has no grass at all, nothing grazes either on the Bamangwato or the Bakwena side of it. The idea was that the fence was put in to keep in these wells and that consideration should be made as to how other wells should be sunk to remove cattle away from these old wells. This work is necessary because the country is denuded and the cattle population has gone down and on account of the foot and mouth disease cattle should not come in contact with others. What I say is this: our Government officials here and the inhabitants of that place should go to that place and sit and discuss the matter with those people on the spot to take stock of cattle which water in this pan. If I am not mistaken on the Bamangwato side I was told there were 4,000, and I have heard that it is intended to put down two boreholes for them so that they should not drink at these old wells. What your Honour has said is correct, that as soon as a new borehole is put down cattle will go and congregate there, under the present existing conditions, if you sink two boreholes at one place to water 4,000 head of cattle it will just mean that the cattle will congregate there. Some people who have cattle can afford to put down wells for themselves, what they need is advice. What is required is certain people who have cattle can be told that there is a drilling machine for hire and they can hire it to sink a borehole where they want it down and you can arrange money yourselves as to how you will pay. Government will help you to get pumping equipment to draw out water. Government will help you (as it was mentioned this morning) to repair this equipment as the maintenance units go round. That is what is required, it is not only the money that is required from the Government, but also advice and help. These people can hurry up to do this work if they are told that if they don't do this work it will only retard their progress. These/

- 62 - These are instances which I would like to give in that way contrary to what Government is doing, but that it has not so far considered the matter properly before the work was done. One word I said to Mr. Bosman yesterday and I say this for record purposes, is that it is not the man who owns four or five hundred cattle whose cattle will be decreased. If such a man hears that his cattle will be killed he will move them from there to go and sink another well elsewhere, it is the man owning less cattle, such as 10, 20 or 30, whose cattle will be killed. It is the small man who congregate in one place. There may be ten or there may be twenty who require assistance from Government that wells be sunk for them and to be advised that they should not congregate at a new water hole. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): I am not speaking at length your Honour, it is to touch on two words which the last speaker has said and which Your Honour has said. You mentioned meetings to be held at home to consider soil erosion. I say in my country I have seen District Commissioners coming and going one after another, and the work was not proceeded with because one would say the other one coming after me will do it and so on and so on. The second matter is one in connection with Chiefs. Government says they will not sink boreholes until the Chiefs have undertaken to control the number of cattle which will water at a certain water point. In that connection I say that the Resident Commissioner has given a reply, because he has said that if, say, two boreholes are sunk you get overstocking round them. In reality such wells are meant to decrease the number of cattle that water at certain holes. The Chief may do that merely trying to please Government that this new borehole will carry four or five hundred cattle.' This limited number will still leave cattle behind in great numbers, crowded together. I have considered this matter very deeply and it is very difficult to me. t uite recently I went round with the District Commissioner, the Agricultural Officer and Mr. Boardman to go and see the dams. We saw that on paper the number of completed dams mentioned is many and ives one the impression that cattle will be spread out. t will hardly be that in practice because no cattle will go to some of those dams because they never hold water. We saw about two dams only which might be of some use. Your Honour, I will say that it is not our fault for not taking cattle to where these dams are but the fact is that the dams do not keep water. The only thing the District Commissioner discussed with us was to find where dams could be put: We give him just the areas but when sites for dams were selected we were left behind. This is why we are complaining that these dams were wrongly sited and will not be of any use but money has been spent already. Our request is that when boreholes and dams are being selected, those of us who inhabit the area should be there to help in the siting of dams to provide for problems which will be upon our shoulders when we try to control the number of cattle round each water point. We will be cautious in selecting dam sites accordin& to the cattle population we believe to be in that area. ACTING/

- 63 - ACTING RESIDENT CCMMISSIONER: Thank you very much Chief. I will assure you that if you can control~the number of cattle round any new water supplies there will be the fullest consultation. I have already indicated that we were taking steps to see that' no new supplies were put down without consultation with the people concerned. May I take it that the other Chiefs share your view? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): I don't know Your Honour. KGOSI MOKGOSI III (BAMALETE): I share the same views as Chief Bathoen but I would like to add to what you said when you said the time was ripe now that the water development should be stopped. I corroborate the views expressed by Chief Bathoen when he replied to your remarks about the time being past when water development should be discontinued. I request you, using the same words as we used to the King in 1947, we said to him that our land is a thirsty land and that we expected that when he or his descendants came again in the future they would find this land of ours running with milk and honey. I was very much pleased when a programme was made of constructing dams here and there and I was aware that such a policy was being followed. My request is that this programme of dam construction should be continued and borehole sinking should not be stopped. What disappoints us most is that sometimes we are promised that something is being considered but nothing comes out of the promises made. We request that it is really time that an effort should be made as we are getting rather dubious. I cannot contradict you when you talk about soil erosion because it is well advanced in my reserve and I know that the first steps that will be taken will be taken there. That is why I request your Honour to provide me with water before stock limitation is done, especially on the western side of the Bamalete Reserve. We have heard all that you have said and those are the remarks I wish to make. I am trying my best to fight against soil erosion. ACTING RESIDENT COPIISSI(XER: May I ask the Chief just one question arising out of his last remark? lf we provide some water on the western side, can we rely on his limiting the stock in his reserve? KGOSI MOKGOSI III (BAMALETE): When we are provided with water we shall start to consider whether we can limit our stock. MR. BOARDMAN: Your Honour, Mr. Chairman and members of Council: there is one point that strikes me fairly forcibly in this discussion: Everybody has talked at length about boreholes and about dams - only Mr. Tshekedi Khama has talked about wells, i.e., people digging their own wells. Now aside from/

- 64 - from improving the situation by the limitation of stock, I personally think that the development of water by well digging is extremely important. I think it would be amazing what the people themselves could do to develop new areas if they made an effort in this direction. That of course won't solve this problem that Mr. Bosman particularly has put to you, most certainly not immediately. But, as I see it, boreholes can be supplied by Government and the -dams, while the wells can be supplied by the people themselves, if necessary with technical help in the matter of the location of the wells. As suggested by Mr. Khama the possibility is that the amount of stock reduction which might otherwise be necessary, could thus be reduced. The essential point I want to make is this,' that the people must do something to help in this matter, something ctive, such as well digging. I feel that I should stress this matter and the danger of boreholes and dams. This has already been dealt with but I feel that I should say that my view very much coincides with what has already been said, namely that uncontrolled grazing at boreholes or at dams is ruining large parts of this country. I wish to make 'the point too, that with a well you cannot overgraze that area because you cannot get enough water out of the well to water thousands of cattle. So I think personally for every ordinary purpose, wells are far safer than boreholes. It is difficult to abuse the country when wells are being used, it is easy when boreholes and dams are being used and, generally speaking, my view is that dams and boreholes should be reserved for the worst circumstances only. ACTING RESIDENT COMISSIONER: I think we might adjourn for a quarter of an hour. Council adjourned at 4.28 p.m. Council resumed at 4.50 p.m. DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE: Your Honour, several of the recent speakers have changed my words with regard to stock delimitation to convey that Government intends to step in and kill their animals and I want to emphasise that I never used the words and Government has no intention of killing their animals. I pointed out the overstocking that was prevalent in many parts and that where other methods of alleviation were not possible it would probably be necessary to reduce the stock, but I emphasised that this problem was one essentially for the people in this territory, and the method of overcoming the grazing problem and whether it is necessary to reduce stock is one for them to solve. I do not in any way wish to minimise the value of extending the grazing by development of water points, but this solution has its limitations, it is going to take many years and a considerable amount of money to provide sufficient water/

- 65 - water points to alleviate the overgrazing which is so prevalent today. Furthermore, some of the reserves have no grazing to extend today. It has struck me that praotically all the speakers have made much of the lack of water in their reserves - not one of them has referred to shortage of feed for their stock. The animals that are dying today are dying more from lack of food than from lack of water and I feel that an entirely new approach to this problem of grazing is necessary; very much more attention must be given to the question of vegetation. Chief Mokgosi has said that his area is badly eroded and he admits that his reserve is over-grazed but he feels that the problem can be overcome by the provision of further water points. I give this as an example: there are many more that can be given to show that in many cases too much importance is being attached to the provision of water and too little to the provision of food. ACTING RESIDENT CU:±MIS8IONER: There are two sides to this problem, as Mr. Bosman has pointed out - the water side and the food side - hut there are also two types of problems that are encountered, that in the larger areas which have still got grazing and that in the smaller areas where every scrap of grazing is bei over-used, even at present. As regards the first group, the bigger reserves, I think it is generally agreed by members of Council that the provision of new water sites should be subject to undertakings from the Native Authority that they will control the number of stock which use those new water supplies, whether they be dams or boreholes, and I suggest that it is not going too far to ask them to impose similar restrictions in the use of the veldt round wells which may be constructed in the future. Now as regards the second group of areas, i.e., the smaller tribal areas, extra water supplies are not going to help at all and there is no alternative even now except to reduce the number of stock unless you are going to accept the fact that nature itself will reduce the number of stock and in doing so ruin the country for good and all. What I am going to say now is often said in a rather sententious sort of way, but it is true that the country does not belong to us, it does not belong to the present generation, it belongs to those generations unborn in the future and I don't think any Government can stand by and see the country ruined when steps can be taken now to safeguard it for the future. I know any question of stock reduction in any community is an unpopular one but the Native Authorities who are concerned with this immediate aspect of the problem have the powers to do it and Government does not want to assume those powers to itself, but I must say in all seriousness that if the local authorities, the Native Authorities, will not face up to the position and take the steps which are necessary to safeguard their own areas, then that power will have to be assumed by the Government. Now I hope that when you go home, particularly in the smaller areas which are mostly over-grazed, you will discuss this very seriously with your people and that you will attempt to make some start on reduction right away. A lot can/

- 66 - can be done in the first place without any great hardship old animals, those with broken down mouths, unproductive animals, eat just as much as animals which are growing up but they give lower returns and they should be the first to go. Well I have not any more to say on this but I would ask you all to bear in mind what I have said and keep the matter in the forefront of your minds and in the minds of your people. What would you like to take now Mr. Chairman? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Since Mr. Boardman is here Sir, I think we should take No. 13. INOCULATION OF CATTLE FOR MORE COMMON DISEASES. MARTINIUS SEBONI (BAKWEN I): Your Honour, we wish to talk about inoculation of cows and castration of calves. Our cattle do not breed like cattle belonging to European residents, cattle owned by Europeans breed at the smae time. With ours, usually six calves may be born this month and the next month eight. It is our practice to request the cattle guards to go and castrate these calves or to go and inoculate them. We usually make these requests about March or April, and the cattle guards promise that they will do what we ask them to do but they never carry out their promises. This does not please us. In most cases they inoculate in June during the general inoculation campaign. We always see these cattle guards at home doing nothing, walking about in our midst. We do not know of what value cattle guards are to the tribes. Some of us have gone to the extent of buying syringes and buying Burdizzos and asking those ex cattle guards to help in the inoculation and castration of our calves. It is also evident that some of the cattle guards are not trained insofar as inoculation is concerned. Some cattle guards boil water to sterilise the needle but others do not do that, they inoculate over ten head of cattle with one needle, which is then just put into luke warm water, as a result our stock die and this does not please us. We request that the Veterinary Department should see that the cattle guards have got the necessary training. Some people lose tollies by castrating them with knives through the failure of the cattle guards to come and castrate them with Burdizzo pincers. That is the gist of the complaint we put before the authorities. What is the use of cattle guards when they will not agree to go when they are called, especially at the time they are doing no work. We are not bringing a case against them, we are merely repeating complaints already made to agricultural and livestock officers that these cattle guards are not very helpful. KGOSI hGARI SECHELE II (BAKWENA): Your Honour, with reference to the words spoken by the last speaker, i endorse that it is a complaint prevalent in the Bakwena Reserve. When this complaint arose we did bring/

- 67 - bring it to the notice of the District Commissioner as well as to the Veterinary Officer at Molepolole. The cattle guards were also present at a kgotla meeting in which the Bakwena Tribe complained at the manner in uhich the inoculation was being carried out, which was never done in the past. Evidence was led of many occasions in which they were requested to go to certain places and they did not agreE to go there. On certain occasions some told tribesmen that they would visit such and such a place on such and such a date, and tribesmen collected their cattle as instructed, .Z but they did not turn up. One instance was given of a place where a cattle ' guard turned up at midday and left in the afternoon, whereas work there required him to remain at that place for a week. This complaint arose chiefly during this year. There was inoculation of mature cattle and of calves. Of these two inoculations one had to be paid for, i.e., the inoculation of calves. At one time people were told that vaccines were not available and that when available cattle guards would visit cattle posts at those times to inoculate the calves. People paid money in advance and they hold receipts, but their calves have not been inoculated up to now. These receipts were produced at the kgotla meeting to the District Commissioner and the Veterinary Officer at Molepolole. Another thing I want to point out, the last speaker said it would appear that the cattle guards have not got the necessary training. At times the oattle guards are careless, they don't let the needle go through the skin and the flesh, they just push it in between the skin of the animal. This complaint was put before the District Commissioner and I'r. de Wet who is in charge of the cattle guards in our reserve. It was pointed out that cattle died as a result of this method of inoculation, when the needle had gone in through the skin and lodged the vaccine in the flesh. Three of my stock also died that way; a big abscess was discovered just on the ribs. On that account I endorse what the last speaker said; cattle guards should be trained properly and they should inoculate our cattle properly because that may cause our stock to die. ACTING RESIDENT COW'ISSIONER: May I ask Chief Kgari when was this meeting to which you refer? KGOSI KGARI SECHELE II (BAKWENA): I do not remember the month very well but it was during this year, about June or July or thereabouts. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Both speakers have been from the Bakwena Reserve, are the complaints confined to that reserve or have other people got complaints as well? K.R. BOME (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour, we have a complaint such as the Bakwena have. Yesterday in committee when we were discussing this matter, I agreed with them and urged them. The refusal by the cattle guards is a common occurrence. If you have ordered from the Livestock Cfficer to inoculate your calves, you/ you will experience great difficulty in arranging with him for your cattle to be inoculated at a cattle post which may not be far. Tribes complain that their cattle which die because of an abscess as a result of vaccine put into the flesh. A certain man who has a cattle post at Segen said all his cattle had died through the inoculation and before they died it wts noticed that they could not walk properly, they limped. He called the A.L.O. who took blood smears of two of these cattle and I do not know what the microsco~ic examination revealed of these blood smears. Although the Bangwaketse have not dealt with the complaints against the catte guards in kgotla as did the Bakwena, nevertheless their complaints are not dissimilar. M.K. MOAGI (BAMALETE): I have not much to say Your Honour. The complaint is there at my home in regard to the application of the needle. What I think is that perhaps in other larger reserves cattle guards cannot do their work properly because of the size of the country, they being too few in number to work in that large area. What perhaps makes them lazy is that some of them have been provided with bicycles to travel in country where it is impossible to do so on bicycles. This is a lamentable state of affairs; I have been in bull camps where I inoculated cattle and this complaint never arose. This is not the first time Council has complained about these inoculations and the swelling that takes place thereafter, even at my own home this complaint is there. After I left the bull camp my assistant remained and he continued inoculating these cattle and I have not heard this complaint. KGOSI KGOSI GABERONE (BATLOKWAI: Your Honour, we are all complaining about the inoculation. There is not anywhere where cattle are all right with regard to inoculation. We Batlokwa have been inoculating in the second month of the year and we did not have cattle die. This time we inoculated in July and our cattle died. We know that winter is not the time to inoculate. MONTSHO MOGALAKWE (BATAWANA): This matter of inoculation is everywhere. What really takes place in the Batawana is that people advance money to buy vaccines but it is the authorities at headquarters who delay supplying. I know instances of people who gave me money and vaccines were ordered from here but they were not sent at the proper time and I am a witness to the fact that the delay is here. We all agree that inoculation is the cause of death when undertaken during the dry season when there is no grass. To our knowledge if inoculation could be undertaken during the rainy season no deaths occur. Another thing is that there are many inoculations and we hear some time that our cattle are being inoculated for paratyphoid before they have recovered from another inoculation. They are inoculated for quarter evil and before they have recovered they are inoculated for abortion. Even - 68 -

- 69 - a human beirig if he is given various medicines at the same time, he cannot do well. We therefore ask that inoculation should be done during the proper time when there is green grass. Inoculation has killing effects but another inoculation like paratyphoid has great use. I I agree with those who say that people who inoculate are not properly trained to do it Government at one time trained boys to inoculate at Goodhope for the different tribes. That lot of people did well but since that course ended there have been these complaints about the incompetence of cattle guards. KGOSI MOKGOSI III (BAMALETE): I want to contradict my friend, the last speaker. We do not say inoculation kills it does not kill. Many people lost cattle before inoculation started. Since the tribes asked Government to provide inoculation and Government did so, our stock increased. The cattle guards are not able to go round the country because it is wide. When they have to inspect the cattle and count them people bring them to where they want them brought, it is not necessary for them to ride all ov-er the sandy dunes for this purpose. We know that there are occasions where they have to go to remote cattle posts for purposes other than cattle inoculations. What we say is this: that there are some of these cattle guards who do not inoculate properly. We say that some of the cattle guards, even when idling at home, are frequently unwilling to go and carry out what you ask them to do. I can give evidence of some cattle guards who when they come from Molepolole and they ought to go to inspect at Gabane, just go to Ramoutsa to have a good time there. That is the gist of what we are complaining about. The inoculation does not kill, my friend, that is all I wanted to remind my friend, but the country is wide and the cattle guards don't tour it all round. At the time we ask them to go and help us when they are not on duty they refuse. We refer to those cattle guards who spend most of the time at home doing nothing. There are some cattle guards who are conscientious in their work. MARTINIUS SEBONI (BAKWENA): In February of every year I order medicine for quarter evil and when this medicine arrives at my home and I request the cattle guards to help me, the medicifie is kept until the end of June when they are on their tour of duty. At times I make provision and go to the extent of saying I will pay their lorry expenses to my cattle post which is a long way and they refuse and then I give up hope. Mr. Maytham can bear me out. I once told him about some of them and these cattle guards at that time were at home doing nothing. We agree that inoculations for paratyphoid and anthrax are good, they don't kill cattle. We say His Honour can help us if a person orders quarter evil vaccine in March, the cattle guards make us keep it until June when they are on their tour of duty. SIMVULA NKONKWENI (CHOBE): Your Honour, we all complain about inoculation. We also have the same complaint in Chobe with reference to cattle guards/

- 70 - cattle guards. They do not inoculate properly. At times they inoculate in winter whilst it is still cold, at other times they always inoculate when the sun is very hot and it renders the vaccines ineffective. R. GOPANE (BAROLONG): Your Honour, I heard what the rest of the speakers have said about inoculation. At our place we inoculate calves and cattle and I think that inoculation is very useful. The trouble is that the cattle guards are not well trained in inoculation. It is said that if a beast is inoculated properly and the needle has gone into it properly it should not be worked until 14 days after it has been inoculated but if it has been correctly inoculated it can be worked a week afterwards and it will suffer no ill effects. If the needle is put into the beast in your presence and you see blood coming out of the hole, you find the needle has gone right into the flesh. Four months after that inoculation it will die and you will find that there is a swelling which is rotten inside. The owner is not able to call the veterinary officers to come and examine the beast and might not think that it is the inoculation that has caused its death. This will be apparent when you skin it and at that time we have no time to leave off skinning to call the veterinary officer to come and examine it. My request is that the veterinary officers should be asked to train the cattle guards and to co-operate with the stock owners. Some stock owners know very well how to inoculate. If they can agree with the advice given I think all will be well. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSEI: I am not speaking Your Honour, it is merely a question which previous speakers have not asked. We would like an explanation to be given to us by the veterinary officers, whether it is true that our officials are averse to our ordering vaccines elsewhere, other than from our Government. MR. BOARDMAN: Your Honour, Mr. Chairman and members of Council, I appear to have a formidable number of questions to answer. I will do the best I can on behalf of the Director of Veterinary Services. One point made by most speakers is the inefficiency of cattle guards in the matter of technique and method of inoculating stock. The Veterinary Department - and for that matter Government - is acutely aware of this matter. We,as a department, have had very considerable difficulties in past years in the matter of short staffing and staff which has only stayed with us a short time and which has had to be replaced at frequent intervals. Under these circumstances it has been extremely difficult to train the African staff adequately and not only to train them adequately but to see that they remember what they were trained in and what they were told. One/

- 71 - One speaker mentioned that some considerable number of years ago courses of instruction for cattle guards were held at Ramathlabama. We appreciate that it is most unfortunate that these could not be continued, but the circumstances made it completely unavoidable. Now that the position shows every appearance of improving, it is again proposed to, shall we say, re-open these courses of instruction at Ramathlabama for cattle guards. A scheme is being considered by Government at the present time under the Colonial Development and Welfare Fund. In the meantime, in respect of the inefficiency of the cattle guards, I can say this that I personally in the field as a veterinary officer have done what I could to keep their efficiency as high as possible. My Livestock Officers have the strictest instructions in this matter to do similarly and I have no doubt that other veterinary officers have taken similar action. I elaborate on this point because I do want members of Council to remember that we have done what we possibly could under extremely difficult circumstances. The first complaints made were from the Bakwena, while I was still in charge of the Gaberones veterinary district, in addition to my own veterinary district that is until recently, I found the time to gather all the Bakwena cattle guards together and personally instruct them in the matter of inoculation. The people can help us a great deal in this matter by reporting what to them seems to be incorrect methods of inoculation. They will appreciate that it is impossible for us to get everywhere and to keep adequate check on what the cattle guards are doing and reports therefore will be welcomed, particularly such things as not boiling needles properly, as was mentioned by one speaker. A number of speakers mentioned inoculation by means of going through the skin into the flesh. They may be amazed to hear that this is the standard method of inoculation in some countries. It is entirely optional when using certain vaccines whether you put the vaccine in under the skin or whether you put it into the flesh. My personal preference, for what it is worth, is that it should be put in under the skin and that is what I require my staff to adhere to. Now, the next big point is the matter of the cattle guard staff not being available very often for inoculations and castrations. Again we appreciate how unsatisfactory things have been and the redsons are those that I have already mentioned - lack of trained staff and frequent turnover of staff. Everything possible is being done to see that the cattle guards work efficiently and are on the job when they should be on the job. These cattle guards have their salaries paid partly out of the taxes paid by the African people and I suggest that legitimate complaints about the cattle guards not being on the job be taken to the local veterinary officer for his information. Cattle guards, except when they are on leave, should in fact constantly be absent in the field, inspecting from one place to the next place. When they have finished inspecting round the area allocated to them, then they are immediately to be returned to the European veterinary official in charge, to start another round of inspection and so they should go on from January to December in each year. Sometimes/ - 72 - Sometimes, instead of doing inspections, they will be doing inoculations, either for anthrax or for quarter evil or for something else. We will be glad to hear if they are occu pying themselves otherwise. In the matter of cattle being killed by vaccination, no vaccine is sold that will kill stock. That I think is very obvious. The speakers are quite correct that if there is any trouble following inoculation it is due to the method of inoculation, and not due to the vaccine, The trouble at Segen and Segwagwa in the Bangwaketse is not due to the inoculation but is a disease called "stiff sickness", a disease caused by lack of phosphorus in the diet which is fairly frequent in sand veldt areas particularly under bad conditions such as we have at thie present time, more particularly when the owner does not provide bonemeal for his animals or provide additional feeding by cutting hay. At Mmathethe people complained that cattle were dying after inoculation. I investigated it and the one case they were able to show me had died of quarter evil. The inoculation programme of the Veterinary Department for the Bechuanaland Protectorate as a whole is this: each year to inoculate all the cattle against anthrax - very necessary both for human health and because we cannot export our animal produce unless we can certify that anthrax is not prevalent - this year quarter evil and contagious abortion vaccines were provided free for an inoculation campaign in the Ngwaketse, primarily because not much money was available, but also in order to see how the job could be done, carried out and organised. It is hoped that, as the years go by one by one or two by two these inoculations can be introduced into the other areas, i.e. contagious abortion and quarter evil. We hope therefore that in not too many years from now all vaccines required for these major diseases will be supplied free. There remain many smaller points but I have already spoken so long on the major points that I think I should stop at this stage. KGOSI MOKGOSI III (BAMALETE): My'question to Mr. Boardman is whether vaccines of which the time has expired, can heal an animal or whether it can kill an animal? MR. BOARDMAN: Your Honour, the answer to the question is that within reason an expired vaccine is not dangerous, it won't kill but it won't protect either, that is that the immunity that it will give the animal will be nil or very poor. THARI PILANE (BAKGATLA): Your Honour, there are two questions I want to ask. The first question is, if one buys a vaccine other tham that provided by the Government, does that constitute an offence? Does Government not allow people to buy other types of vaccines? The second question will come in the nature of a request for advice: We stock owners are in great difficulty through lack of knowledge and it is time we should all/

- 73 all know how to inoculate our cattle. It is surprising that when a person is able to use a syringe he should wait for a cattle guard to come to inoculate his cattle. At the same time there are things to help, Burdizzo pincers, and I think that is not desirable that a stock owner who is interested in his stock should not be able to use these. I would advise that in addition to training the cattle guards, stock owners should also be trained as to how to inoculate their cattle. It may be that the scheme of training courses at Ramathlabama will take a long time before it is put into practice. I do not know whether stock owners 'in our village could not in a period of a week meet Veterinary Officers once a week to acquire the necessary knowledge of inoculating their stock. I say that the mistakes we find with the cattle guards are due to our own ignorance also. I move that perhaps it might be better if the Veterinary Officers could inform the Chiefs that on a certain day during the month they will meet any of the stock owners who would want to be trained in inoculation. This date which is then agreed upon should be taken as fixed. If the 14th is agreed upon to be the day on which classes should be held, we would know that the Government will have them on that day. We know that Government has not got enough cattle guards, and we should also be enlightened as to cattle management and most of our difficulties will be decreased. I Jas thinking that vocational courses could be instituted for grown- ups, where,atcattle centreslike Masama, people could be trained in cattle management for a period of a month. I refer to grown-up people so that we stock owners could make use of this knowledge on our own stock. We do not know how to inoculate, to castrate, to choose a bull of a good breed. We do not know all these things; we lack the knowledge. MARTINIUS SEBONI (BAKWENA): Your Honour, I do not agree with the views expressed by the last speaker. It is better that when a person is trained he should be trained by a Veterinary surgeon. Some cattle owners are old people who cannot hold down a beast well and cattle management and inoculation should be taught to young men who have still got the power to hold cattle. A person who has attended school and one who has obtained knowledge at the compound in Johannesburg, cannot have the same knowledge. I am of the opinion that the cattle guards should be trained. MR. BOARDMAN: Your Honour, Mr. Chairman and members of Council: in the matter of importing vaccines from adjoining territories, that is direct by cattle owners from some firm or other in the Union or Southern Rhodesia, I understand from my Director that he would like to consider this matter further before giving a definite answer to that question. I should, however, say this, that Onderstepoort is a worldrenouned institute and any vaccines made there are generally as good as or better than we get from other countries. Onderstepoort does not make fantastic claims about their vaccines which some commercial firms are inclined to make for their vaccines. In/ - 74 - In the matter of stock owners being taught to carry out inoculations, castrations and cattle management: I personally very strongly advocate owners learning to inoculate their stock themselves, but unfortunately I cannot say what Mr. Roe thinks on this matter. But I should think that he does agree because the people must learn to stand on their own feet. As a practical matter, certain vaccines for instance, paratyphoid and lamsiekte have to be used as a double inoculation. When i say a double inoculation I mean that the animal has to be inoculated now and in a week or ten days again the same animal has again to be inoculated. It is impossible for a cattle guard to be at a cattle post today and then ten days later again, therefore the owners sho ld,in my opinion, learn how to inoculate and carry out such inoculations particularly themselves. Special national inoculations such as those for anthrax, quarter evil and contagious abortion would still have to be carried out by the department. In conclusion, I think I can say that now that the staffing of the Veterinary Department is improving, we will have the opportunity - veterinary officers and livestock Officers will have the opportunity of training stock owners in such matters ap they are interested in, such as inoculations, castrations and stock management. It is largely a question of the stock owners displaying the necessary interest and coming to us and saying we would like to learn - we shall be only too glad to teach when we have the time. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: . We have discussed tha.t item fairly fully - there have been'a lot of questions. Mr. Boardman has dealt with all the important ones and the supplementary ones. It is late now and I think we might resume at half past nine tomorrow morning. Council adjourned at 6.15 p.m. Council resumed at 9.40 a.m. on SATURDAY, the 18th OCTOBER, 1952. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: No. 39? ZONAL BRANDING. MR. BOARDMAN: Your Honour, Mr. Chairman and Members of Council, to explain this matter properly I feel that a short review of the history of stock diseases in this Territory may be helpful. When I refer to stock disease, I of course am specifically thinking of foot and mouth disease. Everybody knows the disease entered this country in 1932 and that it remain ed/

- 75 - remained with us for some years and very greviously affected the economic situation in the Territory at that time. Subsequently, until recently, we have been .a bit more lucky. In 1937 there was a very small outbreak which disrupted affairs for a short time but fortunately did not go any further. In 1944 there was quite an extensive outbreak in Ngamiland, but fortunately it did not involve the rest of the Territory. But despite the remoteness of this outbreak, exports from the Territory were totally prohibited for a time and were very difficult for a further period after that. Now we come to the more recent sad history of what this disease has done to this country. In 1947 it again broke out in Ngamiland and before it could be stopped, we have every reason to believe due to an illegal removal - it was far east along the Botletle River into the Ngwato country. Again the country suffered the usual economic dislocation. No sooner had the position returned to approximately normal than the disease broke out further east in the Ngwato on the Makarikari, and this outbreak was the most grevious outbreak because the next thing we knew was that the disease was at Serowe and then shortly after that it was across the railway line. Terrific efforts were made to stop the disease spreading further east towards the Union and Southern Rhodesia, and many people will remember that the Union themselves gave us a great deal of help within this country and so did Southern Rhodesia. On this point I wish to mention that I understand that the Union spent £200,000, that is to help us and to protect their own borders, and Southern Rhodesia also spent a considerable sum of money. It will thus be very clear how afraid our neighbours are of getting this disease into their territories. In 1950 the disease occurred again and this time it was found at Francistown. Extremely fortunately, this outbreak did not spread. Now, in- the matter of direct expenditure on foot and mouth control, this country in 1947, 1948 and 1950 and 1951 spent in the region of £160,000 and there is precisely nothing to show for the expenditure of this money, except that the disease was stopped. You can now judge how serious this disease is to ourselves and to our neighbours by thinking of these figures I have given you. Following on these recent outbreaks of the disease which I have just referred to, a meeting was called of the Interterritorial Standing Committee for considering foot and mouth disease problems. On this committee is represented, of course, this country, the Union and Southern Rhodesia and also Northern Rhodesia - those are the countries which are intimately concerned with these outbreaks that have been occurring in the Bechuanaland Protectorate. Now this committee considered this whole question of our foot and mouth problem very very thoroughly indeed. They considered it from our Bechuanaland Protectorate point of view and from the point of view of the Union and Southern Rhodesia and to some extent of Northern Rhodesia, and the main recommendations that followed from this meeting were as follows:In the first place that zones should be established in this country for controlling the removals of stock. It is well known to us and also to our neighbours that a man can start with cattle in Ngamiland and end up with the cattle in the Southern Protectorate and he won't be caught: that is due

- 76 - to the fact that there is no present barrier to prevent him getting through, such as a fence shall we say. So the next recommendation was that the boundaries of these big zones should, where necessary, be fenced. When I say "where necessary" we know that there are certain parts of the country that are extremely difficult to get through and therefore the boundary would not be fenced in those regions, at least for the time being. To prevent disease then going from one zone to another zone, it would be necessary to have a certain procedure and from this arises the third recommendation namely, that quarantine camps would be established to enabie cattle, particularly, to move from one zone to the other with complete safety, that is particularly without ,any possibility of taking foot and mouth disease along with them. The fourth recommendation was that zonal branding should be instituted. These four recommendations are of extreme importance if we are to deal successfully with foot and mouth disease in this country. To emphasise how important these four recommendations are, I would like to tell you this: application was made to the Colonial Development and Welfare Fund for money to help in carrying out the scheme. The papers concerning the whole scheme were referred to the Adviser on Animal Health to the Secretary of State for the Colonies. Now you will appreciate that the Adviser to the Secretary of State for the Colonies concerning animal health - i.e. veterinary matters, is a man of extreme experience. The comments of the Adviser in his advice to the Secretary of State for the Colonies were as follows:"In the first place, that the projects proposed must be carried out if this country is to prevent the heavy and frequent curtailment or complete stoppage of exports, and possibly if the situation deteriorated permanent exclusion of exports from certain areas." Further, he stated that to prevent such things happening, it is obvious that all the measures proposed must be introduced. The words that I must emphasise are that the Adviser said that "it is obvious" and a further word of great significance is that he said that "all the recommendations" must be carried out. He went further and said that all the recommendations must be carried out "with equal and fervent endeavour". That is how the proposal comes to stand on the agenda about zonal branding. Now, I think, to refresh the minds of members of Council, I would like to describe the zones that have been proposed. I think we will start in the south of this country. Indica- There will be an area down here along the Molopo tang on River. That is Colonial Development Corporation ground, so &Map). for practical purposes I don't think it will interest the members of Council. The next z6ne will be the whole of the Southern Protectorate. To make it specific and clear it will be the Molopo Crown Lands, the Barolong, the Lobatsi Block, the Bangwaketse, the Gaberones Block, the Batlokwa, the Bakgatla, the Bamalete and the Bakwena. That will all constitute one zone. The/

- 77 - The next zone we come to going further north would be the Tuli Block - that does not interest members of Council. Another, to jump up here to Tati, will be a zone on its own. Then we have this big eastern section of the Ngwato country which will be a further zone cut out of the Ngwato country. Then another zone, which will comprise the Nata, Makarikari and the Botletle areas. Thenwe have a zone up here which comprises the Chobe, then Ngamiland, and then we might say the rest of the country, namely, Ghanzi and the Kgalagadi. Members will see that from the practical aspect as it concerns the African people particularly there will really be only four zones of significance, namely, the Southern Protectorate, what you might call the Eastern Ngwato, the Western Ngwato, Makarikari and Ngamiland." Now I have talked about the fences which will be put up where necessary to divide one zone from another. Chiefly, this will consist of the present fence that has already been erected along the boundary between the Southern Protectorate and the Ngwato as indicated by this blue line across there. The next wire will be this one through the middle of the Ngwato. It is unfortunate that a fence has to be put through the middle of a Reserve, but it is absolutely essential to isolate the Makarikari and the Botletle akeas. Then there will be a wire down a portion of the Ngamiland-Ngwato boundary here, where stock can with ease be moved eastward. The Colonial Development Corporation themselves will erect this wire which is shown across here to isolate their ground from the Botletle River and the Makarikari. Specifically now in respect of zonal branding, a brand will be allocated to each one of these zones. If a man wishes, as an example, to move cattle from Ngamiland into, say, the Botletle River country, the cattle will enter that blue block that I have shown there which is a quarantine camp. The brand, the Ngamiland zonal brand will be cancelled after they have done the necessary period of quarantine to make quite sure that they will not take foot and mouth disease, particularly, through with them. The brand of this zone, the Western Ngwato will then be put on these cattle and so the thing will work in respect of removals from any one zone to any other zone. I must just explain one other point though in the operation of the brands. A man may want to move from Ngamiland not to stay in this next zone in the Botletle River country, but to go down to, shall we say, Serowe. He will enter that quarantine camp (the one on the Ngamiland-Ngwato boundary) and the brand will be cancelled. No new brand will be put on those cattle though when they leave that quarantine to go to the next quarantine. They go through this quarantine (the one on the Central Ngwato fence) in the fashion I have described and then the brand of this zone they are going to will be put on. I describe this because some members might imagine that many brands would be put on cattle if they move from one zone to another zone through an intervening zone. KGOSI MOKGOSI III (BAMALETE): Your Honour and Government officials, I will not speak/ speak at length in this matter but I will touch here and there. I am sure even though you will not agree with what I say, the one fact that I shall have spoken will remain with you. Even if it is hidden but the hut will shake.. One thing, Sir, is that we do'not wish to be taught foreign things. It seems to me that you are introducing into this country something that has already been in existence in the Union. In previous Councils we raised our objection to this, saying that we did not like this zonal branding and we at one time said that this brand which it was wished to introduce, it is intended to differentiate the cattle of Africans from those belonging to Europ~eans. Last time when we asked the Veterinary Officers, here, even today, we were told this zonal branding is intended to prevent theft and the spread of disease. These two things I personally do not see. I do not see how theft can be prevented by means of a brand or if disease can be stopped by means of a brand. However, if cattle come from Ghanzi into another place and disease occurs in that place we might say that the disease was brought by those cattle and yet it was not, perhaps they contracted the disease on the way. I will say the truth and that will remain and for this I ask for pardon. I can see in this branding that it is intended to compel us to sell our stock to the Colonial Development Corporation and not to the adjoining territories. This is merely shutting us out of the adjoining territories. The second thing I will say is this: in the Union, zonal branding is there and they differentiate between those belonging to Africans and those that belong to Europeans. Your Honour, I beg that what I say may not provoke Your Honour the branding of European cattle will not be similar with tAose of the Africans in this country, even though zonal brandings as explained will cover the whole territory. I say this because in the previous Council this question was raised and your predecessor was unable to answer the question Whether the zonal branding will be the same as for Europeans. I can see what the intention really is and I am not in favour of this branding. I have been following, as Mr. Boardman showed us; the map and although I may not be able to explain myself very well I feel very uneasy about it. I now sit down and I beg to say that please Your Honour I am not in favour of this branding. X say this as my own personal feeling I do not wish anybody to say this is not my own feeling and I do not wish to involve any of my people in my feelings. I sit down Your Honour and I beg Your Honour to answer me in a very nice way. terhaps I have gone out of my way to speak in a manner that is not proper. MATLHABAPHIRI SANKOLOLO (BAKWENA): Your Honour, Chiefs and members of Council: this matter as it was being explained to us is difficult to understand even though it is not the first time that it has been brought forward, and I expect that when it was previously put forward it was put forward in the same way as it has been this time. It was not so long ago that we were told of a means by which disease could be prevented in the Protectorate. We were told that it could be done by means of fencing which is being put up and that it has not reached completion. Before this fencing is complete for us to realise its benefits, something else is being introduced. Was it not intended that this fencing would serve as a deterrent to free cattle movement/ - 78 -

- 79 - movement from one area to another? If two points of very great importance are raised for anybody to solve at one time, it is difficult for anyone to do so. I am of opinion that the fencing system could be continued with and if it is not bereficial then something else could be introduced. The last thing that I wish to say is when our Government considers making a law regarding stock diseases, it must be borne in mind that cattle are animals, they are just like wild animals, they move and roam freely in the veldt. If disease emanates from cattle it can also be said that disease might also emanate from wild animals and they might carry disease to cattle. I request that the previous proposition should be continued until such time as it is felt that no benefit has been derived from it and then something else could be introduced. S.M. PHETLHU (BAROLONG): Your Honour, I stand up to ask a question from Mr. Boardman in connection with quarantine. He showed us on the map that if cattle had been in the first quarantine they would go through another area and then go to another quarantine: my question is, is it not considered that cattle which have been in the first quarantine camp were immune from the disease? Why is it necessary to put them in the second quarantine? Is it not to delay them in their way? R. GOPANE (BAROLONG): Your Honour, Chiefs and the tribe, I can see what brings about fear in our minds. I do not know if our officials see it. There are numerous diseases all over the country. We hear this from Government Veterinary Officers; they leave certain houses dark and go and make light in other houses. We live next to Europeans, they drive goats from Pitsani, others from Lohurutshe, and mix them in one truck. Their sheep are dipped and so are their cattle. A European living in the same place has cattle which have not been branded and he is not being worried about branding. I expect that if cattle in the same areas were not branded by the owner or by the Government, this matter would not be as big as it is now. If dipping is being done on a farm, we also expect to send our cattle to be dipped there, and because Government is onesided that is why when we look at our neighbour who is one of the railway officials then our fear becomes very strong. We have a saying amongst us that a certain child receives better treatment because he is like his father and we say that a son who is not like his father does not get very good treatment. That is why we have fears, as we are indeed very much afraid. The black people are gathered here today in the presence of our father and the Europeans are not here, we have left them behind. We would be pleased if there could be a meeting common to Europeans and Africans and a law concerning us all could be announced to us. It would appear that one section of the people is given its laws in camera. Our father feels one son has better understanding and he intends to lead the blind son, whose understanding of this problem is little. The view of the father is that the clever son should remain dormant while the son with less understanding gropes in the dark leading his brother. When a child grows it is given to the nurse to take care of it. I/

- 80 - I believe if we are led by our officials, Africans and Europeans together, we will co-operate very well indeed. My view is that although the Government wishes to lead us we are indeed afraidof this branding. Let this branding start in the farms, and cattle moving from the farms will bear the brand of their origin, and we will be guided by what we, see. Cattle in the Lobatsi Block should also have a zonal brand so that when they go straying they can be identified by the brand of that particular area. After the owner has seen them, then we should be told that the cattle have been identified by their owner, if your cattle go astray bearing a zonal brand they can be recovered. If something on this line is adopted I think we can very easily agree and we can be fully convinced that our father is with us. I request Your Honour to withhold among the Africans this zonal branding and make a start in the European farms. ACTING RESIDENT CO 10ISSIONER: I think I should clear up one or two misapprehensions. To begin with, the zonal branding regulations will apply to everybody in the territory, all cattle by whoever owned will have to bear the brand of the zone in which they are and each year's crop of calves will be branded as they come along. The branding scheme has got nothing to do with the marketing of cattle, it is part of an overall scheme of disease control which we have had to introduce because the present system, which some speaker suggested should be carried on, has not been effective. If you create an organization or a system to control disease and in doing so to control movement, it is no good having it unless you can be sure that your control is effective and the object of the zonal branding is to be able to detect at once if somebody has defeated, or attempted to defeat the quarantine regulations by taking cattle from one area to another, where they may bring in disease. There is another point too. Mr. Boardman told you that the whole scheme was the recommendation of the Committee on which the neighbouring territories to which we sell cattle are represented. I think it is perhaps as well that I sh6uld tell you some of those territories were insistent on this scheme being introduced and said that if we did not introduce these measures they would regard large parts of the Protectorate as endemic foot and mouth areas from which they would never, never take any cattle. I can assure you that the whole scheme is designed for the benefit of the livestock industry, to try and stop the spread of disease, and if disease occurs, to isolate it in one area and prevent the effect of the disease being felt in the rest of the territory. I hope that may have removed some of the fears of the Council. TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA): Your Honour, is the debate closed? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: No, I was just trying to reply to some of the questions that had been raised. TSHEKEDI/

TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA): Your Honour, I have two small points to raise; the first is, there are no Bamangwato representatives here and I know the Bamangwato territory well. I have in mind one zone which it is intended to be made which divides the Bamangwato Reserve from the west to the east. It would appear that when this zone goes through Bakalaka area, it will divide the villages. The quarantine area is far from the villages and it will cause hardship and stock owners will have to walk long distances to move their cattle from one side of the zone to the other side. My request is that this fence should be considered and means be found in which it could be improved rather than leave it in the present position. ACTING RESIDENT COMISSIONER: I can reply to that straight away. The line shown on that map is not fixed yet: for various reasons, of which you are aware, it has not been possible to have consultation with the people, but the line will not be straight and we will try to put it through areas which are cattle free. TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA): Thank you Your Honour. The second point I want to raise is this: if a person owns cattle in say three or four zones, sometimes he moves some cattle from one cattle post to another, not with the intention of selling them but for better grazing. I, as a stock owner, fear this among others, having to move cattle from one zone to another zone with different brands. I can give an instance of myself. As the Bamangwato Reserve is divided into two zones, I have some cattle in the two zones. I have cattle in the Southern zone. I have some cattle also in the Ngamiland zone. If I want to take some of my cattle from one zone to another zone these brands will worry me. I am in favour of zones and I am also in favour of the fencing which it is intended to be made to stop the spread of disease but I am not in favou, of the zonal branding. The last question is that as the Tati and the Tuli Block are small lands, why is it that they are not included in with the Bamangwato Reserve as one branding zone, which is on the eastern 'side of the Bamangwato Reserve? KGOSI KGARI SECHELE II (BAKWENA): Your Honour and members of Council, we have discussed this matter at some little length. It is not the first time that it has been raised in this Council. Your Honour heard us at the last Council when this matter was raised that we do not see what help these zonal brandings would do us. It would appear Government is anxious that these zonal brandings should be carried on despite the fact that they are aware we are not in favour of their introduction. The Government compels us to accept these brandings. One speaker said if these zonal brandings are of some use let them start with the Europeans so that we can see the benefit derived from them by the Europeans. - 81 -

It is very important if we do not understand anything we should first see it from those who understand it and see what benefit it will give to us. Perhaps Your Honour has had meetings with the Europeans and come to some agreement in connection with this matter, but on our part it is still very difficult. Perhaps the Europeans have had a meeting with the Resident Commissioner and have seen that it is of some benefit. This matter was put to us about two years ago and even now we have not quite realised its benefit. THARI PILANE (BAKGATLA): Your Honour this matter that is before us is difficult as it has in effect been concluded. It has been explained to us that the authorities overseas have recommended.that this should be carried out and it is apparent that we are discussing somethingthat has already been concluded, and for that reason I would say could this Council give certain advice that we might wish to give? When I look at this map I see cattle from zone H to F and G to F, they have one quarantine camp. ACTING RESIDENT COJMISSIONER: Could we have what these represent? ]MR. BOARDMAN : This could be given as removals from Ngamiland to the Colonial Development Corporation northern ranches or to the western Ngwato zone. THARI PILANE (BAKGATLA): What I can say is that if my cattle leave the Ngamiland-Makarikari, and stay there for some days and before the period of quarantine is over, some cattle with disease may come from the Crown Lands and mix with them, and yet it has been said that those that come from the Batawana did. not have any disease. If my cattle continued to remain in quarantine, who is going to be responsible for any loss, because I shall maintain that my cattle came from the Batawana where there has been no disease and as they are now mixed with other cattle they will also have contracted the disease? The second question: How wide are the quarantine camps? ACTING RESIDENT CODMISSIONER: The holding capacity? THARI PILANE (BAKGATLA): I have nothing against branding. Council adjourned at 10.50 a.m. Council/ - 82 -

Council resumed at 11.10 a.m. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour and Council, when discussions on this matter started this morning, they touched on something which worries our minds and not only our minds but also our livelihood and that is foot and mouth disease. Mr. Boardman, who spoke on this matter, showed us the history of how this question arose. There are two things that affect us, namely, disease and zonal branding. I personally do not attach much importance to the arguments against zonal branding because my fellow people say this branding will differentiate between cattle owned by Africans and Europeans. That might be said of districts such as the Tuli Block which has a brand of its own. We have been told that all tribes in the south will have one brand to include Lobatsi and Gaberones Blocks. This will do away with the argument that the zorkal brand will differentiate between African owned cattle with European owned cattle on the farms. I say that I do not find any fault with this branding. The most important thing to consider is foot and mouth disease. Measures of prevention of this disease were carried on for many years and it does not seem that any progress has been achieved. I am sure, and I am one of those people who always say so, why is it that when this disease is in the Batawana Reserve our cattle in the Southern Protectorate are stopped from being sent to the Union for marketing purposes? The fight which will now be put up by our Government with the Union Government is to tell them that there are fences separating the Territory into zones and we think the people on the other side of the fence or zone should not be stopped fro,:i sending their cattle to the Union. I personally feel that this Government has taken the right step to convince the Union Government. At last a step has been taken to try and prevent this disease. We would be pleased if we in the south could sell our cattle because the disease is in the north, or vice versa. After all these troubles I hope the entire export of our cattle will never occur; those people who are not affected by the disease will be allowed to sell their cattle. The Protectorate will be divided; some will be in the position to dispose of their stock outside while others will not. If this zonal branding differentiated between cattle owned by Africans and Europeans I would fully support other speakers. At the Joint Advisory Council this matter was discussed at very great length and it was agreed that the money raised by the levies imposed on the export of cattle should be spent in erecting this fencing. The original intention of this fund was to help towards the improvement of cattle industry. When the matter of zonal branding was discussed, there was some argument about it and it was agreed that it was one of the things that could help in connection with this disease as to from whence it emanates. There was nothing regarding theft, and there is nothing regarding theft, the matter was confined to a discussion on the spread of foot and mouth disease. KGOSI KGARI SECHELE II (BAKWENA): Your Honour: In regard to this zonal branding as it is/ - 83 - is called here,"is it desired to know from us whether we are in favour of it br not? ACTING RESIDENT COMM4ISSIONER: Yes, we would like to get your views on it. KGOSI KGARI SECHELE II (BAKWENA): I still repeat what I said after movements back that this is not the first Council at which this matter was discussed. The Government has heard our views in the past and has heard our feelings now. I still say what I said, we are afraid that it is dangerous to us. Our feelings were heard in the previous Council and our feelings have been heard in this Council that the majority of us are not in favour. MONTSHO MOGALAKWE (BATAWANA): When these zonal brandings are introduced shall we still be compelled to send our cattle to Rhodesia and shall we enjoy similar freedom as other people if this system is applied to on our cattle, will they move to Serowe and other places? My complaint is if we are not given the same privileges as other people we will not be treated as other people are being treated. We have relatives in the Bamangwato still and as far as this zonal branding is concerned we will not be free to give one another cattle as we have been doing. If my father Tshekedi gives me an animal I must be free to sell it in Rhodesia and be able to buy another one in its place. This fenceif it divides the country, it looks as If it will reduce free movement in the country. I refer particularly to the Bamangwato country because it will divide the Bamangwato country in two. What I mean is there are no wells in that country and cattle water from pans. Some pans are big and others are small and cattle may water in the smaller pans and some may move to larger pans. If rain has fallen in smaller pans one would be compelled to take his cattle to such pant where they will be branded with the zonal brand of that area. When these water pans dry up cattle will move to the larger pans 'and there again they will have a zonal brand for that particular place put on them. Then th3y will go to the water hole and still another brand will be put on them. The Government Officers used to show us certain booklets dealing with the care of skins and hides because of so many brandings. It seems as if the authorities forget that they told us that if a hide has several brands on it they reduce its value as it spoils the velour of the hide. Undoubtedly these many brands will affect the value of the hides when they are sold - that is what I feel about these several brands. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: I would like to reply to the question about Ngamiland cattle. When this scheme of disease control is in force there will be nothing that will prevent cattle coming down to the Southern Protectorate. KGOSI/ - 84 -

KGOSI KGOSI GABORONE (BATLOKWA): Your Honour, we are afraid of zonal branding; it reminds us of what is taking place in the Transvaal. People there do not have much stock and we think that that will take place here as well. When this was introduced in the Transvaal they were told that this was nothing dangerous. I think we will eventually be in the same position as the people in the Transvaal. That is all I have to say. TSHEKO TSHEKO (BATAWANA): Your Honour this zonal branding was once discussed at Ngamiland by the Veterinary Officers and the Tribal authorities; people of Ngamiland were not in favour of the zonal branding, fearing that they would be forced to send their stock only to Lobatsi, as is the case at present. They fear that if an animal with Ngamiland brand was found in the Ng- ato Res-erve it would be returned back to Ngamiland. The other day the Director of Veterinary Services was invited to talk to Council in committee and when he explained about this zonal branding he said that within about two or three weeks' time the abattoir at Lobatsi would be completed and he said when the abattoir was completed it will be necessary that all cattle in the Protectorate would be sold to the Protectorate only and that the producers would be changed into suppliers to the Colonial Development Corporation. Now that our cattle will only be sold to the Colonial Development Corporation and not exported to Johannesburg as in the past; what is being said now I feel is in agreement with the doubt expressed by the Batawana because I am of opinion that the Director of Veterinary Services wants to introduce this zonal branding so as to detect any cattle that can be taken into the Transvaal and sold there. If I don't forget, some Veterinary Officer said that foot and mouth disease could be found even in game and I do not think game will also be branded with zonal branding. Cattle have herd boys and they do not move about like game, game move about in the veldt where there are no people. In most cases game can leave Ngamiland and go into the Ngwato Reserve and into the Chobe as well and if they also suffer from foot and mouth disease they can also spread it. I do not know whether it will be of any benefit if cattle are branded with the zonal brand and the game from Ngamiland are not branded. I think the aim of all this is to stop producers from sending their stock into the Union as they have been doing. MUTHI PILANE (BAKGATLA): Your Honour, we are not able to discuss the matter at length and it is not a new matter that has been discussed: this has been discussed in the past and no agreement has been reached. When Government divided the country by means of fencing we thought that Government was taking a step to prevent cattle from one area to mix with others in the other area, as is the case between the Transvaal and the Bakgatla Reserve. We thought that Government was starting erecting boundary fences between the Bamangwato and the Bakgatla as well/ - 85 - well as the Bakwena. We reply on behalf of the tribes that have sent us here, as their representatives. I heard His Honour say that he was notifying the tribe before he acts, but I am unable to say that I agree on behalf of the Bakgatla as I know they are not in favour of the zonal branding. S.M. PHETLHU (BAROLONG): Your Honour, may I ask the Director of Veterinary Services two questions? Livestock moving from area to area will entail considerable expense, particularly in quarantine areas: by whom will the expense be borne, will it be borne by Government or the individual owner? The second question is this: It is quite evident to me that a number of cattle might possibly move from one quarantine area to another within quick succession and in that way consume much grass, and yesterday we discussed how concerned we are, particularly Government, about grazing. Is it not possible then Your Honour that cattle as they move into quarantine areas might overgraze the area and in that way possibly bring about some damage to the soil and to the grasses? MR. BOARDMAN: Your Honour, Mr. Chairman and members of Council, the expense of maintaining and running the quarantine camps will be borne by Government. Any person wishing to move cattle from the camps will tell them at the camp and after the necessary period of quarantine will take delivery from the camp, again without any expense being involved, but it will naturally be understood that owners will continue to take an interest in their cattle while they are in quarantine. In the matter of over-grazing at quarantine camps, it is quite clear that camps of the necessary size, or alternatively sufficient camps to prevent this occurring, must be established. It will obviously not be satisfactory to require people to quarantine their cattle if the cattle had nothing to eat and if damage is done to the areas of these quarantine camps, we will be allowing to happen under our control what we are telling the African people not to do themselves. S.M. PHETLHU (BAROLONG): I asked a question and I have had no reply to it. MR. BOARDMAN: Your Honour: I have the question of the speaker noted. I can explain this best by giving an example. An owner wishes to move cattle from Ngamiland to, we will say for example, Serowe. He therefore has to cross two quarantine fences. Now he is coming from an extremely dangerous area in Ngamiland. To make quite sure that he does not bring the disease through, he goes through the quarantine camp near Makalamabedi. Unfortunately though he has not entered an area which is regarded as being entirely safe, namely, the Botletle River and the Makarikari and therefore there/ - 86 - there is no question of allowing him to come straight through to Serowe without quarantine. He will have to come through the other quarantine camp in the fence divIding the western Mangwato zone from the eastern Mangwato zone. I appreciate that it seems involved and that considerable time will be occupied in doing so, but I put it to ll members of Council that it would be a considerably great r disaster and a considerably greater calamity if foot and mouth disease were brought straight down to Serowe. There is perhaps one important point which I have notl spoken on. The people have been asked to agree to zonal branding and they have been told that zones will be established in the country. What has not been mentioned is that many of the existing permit areas will be abolished. Much of the trouble that people are put to today in getting permits and in having their stock inspected possibly and reporting the arrival of the stock when they get to the other end, to a large extent this will fall away, and I think on balance that actually the amount of trouble that people will be put to in moving stock will be reduced. Today for example if you wish to move cattle from the Barolong Farms to the Lobatsi Block, you must get a permit. Between any of these areas that I am going to mention now a permit is also required: Bangwaketse, Bakwena, Bakgatla, Gaberones Block and Batlokwa together, and the Bamalete and Lobatsi Block. For stock removal from any one of those areas to any other you have to get a permit. Under the present scheme this all falls away. You can start with cattle in Mochudi, IM.olepolole or Kudumalapshwe and you can end up here in Ramathlabama without getting a permit, but on the other hand, when the removal is from one zone to another it must be extremely carefully controlled. KGOSI KGARI SECHELE II (BAKWENA): What I wanted to ask has been asked by a member who stood at the same time as I. People have asked that these zonal brandings be introduc.ed if I heard correctly, my question is who has asked for the introduction of these zonal brandings, does it refer to Africans or does it refer to Europeans or does it refer to European residents who probably had a meeting with you requesting that these zonal brandings be introduced? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Chief Kgari could not have listened to the explanation which I gave earlier and which was also given by Mr. Boardman. This whole scheme of disease control which includes zonal branding is a scheme which-is being carried out by Government as a result of advice received from the Inter-territoria] Standing Committee on Foot and Mouth Disease, and which Government thinks is necessary in the interests of the livestock industry in the Territory. The idea has not emanated from the European residents of the Territory, but it has been discussed by them and it has been discussed by the Joint Advisory Council, on which there are eight members of this Council. Your/ - 87 -

Your Honour, Chairman and members of Council, we have heard that the couhtry should be divided into zones in order to prevent the spread of disease. As I have been listening it appears that there will be no difficulty in the scheme, but what makes me stand up are the last words spoken by Mr. Boardman. He says the permits which are at present in vogue will be discontinued. I want to ask whether we are going to prevent disease and take no notice of stock theft, that is what I would like to ask. MR. BOARDMAN: Your Honour, in answer to the last speaker, I am not aware that the present stock removal permit system has helped very much with the control of stock thefts. The speaker must understand, however, that I am talking about the veterinary stock removal permits for disease control, which has nothing to do with the Teseletso permit for the sale of cattle. From my knowledge, the very first thing that a man does when he steals cattle is to remove them, without a permit. In the other matter about the control of disease suffering within the zones by the removal or abandonment of the present permit system, we are perfectly willing to run that risk provided we are able to prevent disease spreading from one zone to another zone. That is what counts. It means relatively nothing if foot and mouth disease spreads from the Bakwena to the Bakgatla, but it means a lot if it spreads from Ngamiland to Serowe. We must see about the big things first and worry about the little things later. LETLOLE MOSIELELE (BAKWENA): I said in my remarks if I did not explain well that I accept the zoning. I am of the opinion that these veterinary zones will be of help to us as the disease in Ngamiland could be isolated there and the rest of the Protectorate would be allowed to market their stock. There are two types of permits; there is the permit for sale and a permit to remove stock. Sometimes stock is stolen to be sold to Europeans. Sometimes they are stolen by Africans with a view to selling them to another African. It is in this case where the permit for removing stock from the Bakwena territory to the Bakgatla reserve helps us. We, as Africans, know earmarks which are prevalent in the Bakwena reserve. That helps when you see soLebody driving cattle in the reserve where such an earmark is not common and investigations are made. In most cases we have caught stolen cattle in that manner. I hear that that is regarded as a small matter. I accept the first explanation given about zonal branding. Although this is a small matter I think that it should not be left to fall away. K. IKANENG (BAMALETE): Your Honour, Mr. Chairman and Members of Council: We have heard the explanation given about the scheme concerning quarantine areas which are going to be put into practise. I take that to be a good thing if it will be done. - 88 -

N It wilA not be the first thing to be done. There were such quarantine areas; one at Sikwane and another at Ramatldbama. There were no difficulties experienced. Cattle were taken to these camps and kept there for the necessary period and afterwards returned to their stock owners without much inconvenience. The difficulty I had in mind is that if cattle are removed from Ngamiland to the Bakgatla reserve the cattle will be stopped at a certain quarantine and when the period of quarantine is about to expire another stock owner will bring his stock into that quarantine area. If they mix in the quarantine area the first stock owner's cattle will have to remain for a period equivalent to the other cattle that are in the quarantihe area which still has to expire. It may be probable that the cattle will come in later on having a disease. Now what steps are going to be taken? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: The answer is quite easy. The quarantine camp will be open, say, onthe first of the month and cattle will come in to it and no more cattle will come into it until these go out. K. IKANENG (BAMALETE): I understand very well that if cattle are allowed into the quarantine area and no other cattle are allowed in there whilst those are still in there, that will be quite in order. When we speak about the present system in relation to stock theft I am of the opinion that it was useful. I am not of the same opinion as the Veterinary Officer who thinks he has not found it of any value. Our request is that it should not be allowed to fall off because it is a deterrent. There are instances where it inconveniences. I request Government that the inconvenience should be removed where the Bamalete are in the same position as Gaberones. I have to take a permit if I move my stock from Ramoutsa to Gaberones, a distance of about 20 miles. If I move from Ramoutsa to my cattle post at Khale I have to move for a distance of about 14 miles. These are the things that Government should consider and remove. From Ntlhantehe to Mogobane I am expected to take a permit to move cattle to the two places. I will have to get a permit in order to move my stock a little distance of eighti miles. That is the last request I make. ACTING RESIDENT COMISSIONER: I think we have had a good discussion on this matter. As I pointed 4ut before, the zonal branding scheme is only one part of the whole stock disease control scheme. There is general agreement that such a stock disease control schemE is necessary but quite a number of members of Council do not favour this part of it - this zonal branding. I know it may be a nuisance to some people to begin with, but taken on balance a lot of people will be less inconvenienced in the future than they were in the past and, as I said several times this morning, the whole scheme is for the benefit of the Livestock Industry of the Bechuanaland Protectorate as a whole. One or tuo points have been raised today which we will/ - 89 -

- 90 - will consider when we come to draft the legislation for the imposition of the zonal branding and there might be some small adjustments to what is set out in the note here. But you cannot sort of jeopardise the success of the whole scheme just for the sake of leaving out this one part of it which is not popular with a large portion of the population. Now what would you like to take next, Mr. Chairman? Item 11? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Yes, Your Honour. PROVISION OF SECOND CLASS TRAIN ACCOMMODATION IN MIXED TRAINS KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour this matter before us is not new. We discussed this matter in this council in 1944. It came as a reminder to Government that this, our request to Government, has not been put into action since the time this was discussed until now. There is no doubt that Government is aware of the fact that at present our people travel a lot on the railway and we travel being people of different classes and going on different journeys. The first thing that we ask is that as goods trains travel every day there should be a second class coach attached to every goods train so that people who have not been able to catch the mail train should be able to go on goods trains. There is quite a lot of trouble attached to the mail trains. There is a second class coach on the mail train. If an African wishes to catch a mail train he is told he should book and if one could do so in many cases there will not be a seat because the whole coach as it is is divided into two; one side is used by bedding boys and the other side is reserved for those of us who travel second class. Should a seat be reserved the owner will sometimes find people there who have probably not booked, and if he or she could say "I have booked this seat", the reply would be, where did you want these people to be taken to? I can give as an instance something that I saw in Lobatsi. Certain children on the lst December went to book. On January 1st they went to take the train and they were told they never booked, despite the fact that they showed that it was for the whole month that they had been waiting for their booking, but it never availed them anything. The fault lies here with the railway officials who issue tickets at the stations. One will sometimes meet a gentleman, but at other times there will be founa a different official who has no time at all for an African. We therefore ask that there should be second class accommodation on every goods train. We find a whole coach with one or two Europeans in it and if you explain that you are not going far, you are merely going, say, from Gaberones to Lobabsi and ask if you could just occupy one compartment only,. you are told "That can't happen, you wait for the goods train or you should travel third class". Our dislike with regard to third class accommodation is that there are some of us Africans who are not very well refined/

- 91 - refined in manners on the trains; one finds that these coaches are filthy, especially because of mine recruits. The second request is there should be special coaches for mine recruits and there should be third class saloons for people other than recruits. This should not present any difficulty because they travel regularly between Francistown and Johannesburg. Third class coaches from Mafeking to Kimberley or to Johannesburg are clean. The complaint lies between Mafeking and Francistown. We ask that there should be third class saloons for ordinary passengers and third class saloons for recruits only. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: You mean recruits from Francistown? Those are the only ones you are referring to? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): I speak about all recruits, Sir, that there should be special coaches for them. They are sometimes in such large numbers that they occupy one or more coach. The Railway are often informed that on such and such a day so many recruits require accommodation, and accordingly special arrangements are made for them. Similarly, when a man wants to truck cattle he will order a truck specially to take his cattle. I don't mean that these people are like cattle, I mean that when they have to travel by train, prior arrangements are made when they leave those stations. Your Honour, these are our fellow brothers; we don't look down upon them in any way but where they are going on contract their behaviour becomes intolerable altogether. When they are in the same coaches with women they give them a lot of trouble and also men. That is why we ask that these people should have their own coaches. Sometimes in these third class trains there are certain Africans who do not keep them clean and we ask that these coaches should always be cleaned and fumigated at their destination in the same way as first and second saloons are swept and made clean when they get to their destination. It would appear that the Railway Department forget that third class coaches require to be cleaned. Lastly Your Honour, please speak on our behalf to the Railway authorities; when we go for tickets. Mail trains leave us behind because when we go to the front entrance for a second class ticket we are told to go behind, and at the back there if you knock or peep in to ask for a ticket he knows you are an African and he just takes his time. When a goods train comes before the mail train, he will attend to it first and after it is gone he will tell you that another train is coming after this one,and he will give you your ticket later. When he gets to his office he shuts himself in. When he opens and you ask for a second class ticket he tells you there is no second class accommodation, only a third class which is also full. This is the whole trouble. Please speak to them on our behalf and tell them that we are engaged in different urgent duties. Some members

- 92 - of Council say although they have been given second class warrants they travelled third class because there was no second class accommodation on the goods trains that travelled on the day on which they came. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIC[ER: 4 Thank you Chief Bathoen. We will certainly take up with the Railways the question of the provision of second class coaches on goods trains. I don't know whether it will be possible to put them on all goods trains but we will do what we can and once they are provided their retention will no doubt depend on the use which is made of them. We shall take up with the Railways this question of provision for the allocation of special coaches for recruits, but I do foresee more difficulty about that because although the recruiting agencies may know what day they are sending people away, I don't know if the Railways do. However, we will go into that matter with them. Now regarding the last point made by Chief Bathoen, and that is the treatment of intending passengers at stations and ticket offices; we do from time to time have correspondence with the Railways and make complaints in respect of particular incidents and the only way in which we can really achieve anything for this is for passengers who have reason to complain of their treatment at any station to go to the District Commissioner or to the Policle and give information as to what has happened at the time, and then we can take it up on the basis of a specific complaint. I don't mean necessarily that the man should delay his journey to make the complaini but he may make it when he returns. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE):. I suggest we take No. 19 and 37, Your Honour. TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATIONS : KANYE LOBATSI. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour, this matter of Telephones has been discussed on previous occasions far more than any of these matters that have been discussed. It appears that we worry Government about the repILes they usually give us. What I want to speak about again is this: we were once told that there were no people to instal telephone poles between Lobatsi and Kanye and that the telephone posts were not available. It appears that at that time we were sqtisfied and we kept quiet because at that time it was during the war and soon after the war and therefore there were many difficulties. I again raise this matter because of two reasons. There is an abattoir at Lobatsi and there is a smal. mine starting at Kanye. There are no means of communicating With these two developments quickly other than by telephone, and in His Honour's address he mentioned that there were manj developments which are under consideration. . These things cannot be carried out quickly if telegrams are carried from Lobatsi/

- 93 - Lobatsi to Kanye by lorry which is the case at present. I know that the reply will be that there is a wireless at Kanye.. This only transmits messages from Kanye to Mafeking but the public is not able to contact Lobatsi by wireless. Our request is for a telephone to be installed between Lobatsi and Kanye. The second point is this; when.I look at the country surrounding Mafeking towards the west I see new telephone lines being put up and along the road towards Ramatlabama, and from Lobatsi station to the site where the King was seen when he visited us in 1947. I wonder whether these people who put up these telephone lines cannot do so between Lobatsi and Kanye and whether these posts were only enough for Mafeking and Lobatsi areas? Are there none available for the distance from Lobatsi to Kanye? Because of the price of treated poles it is possible that the Department will use wooden posts rather than iron posts. At one time there was some money voted from the Government Treasury for the construction of a line from Lobatsi to Kanye. I still expect that Government has still got that money set aside for that project. I do not doubt that His Honour and Council are aware that now-a-days all things are carried out quickly. Wagons are no longer used because lorries move faster between two points. Should a lorry be at Lobatsi fetching goods it is impossible to send a quick message to ask for certain things to be done or brought from there. Recently I had a journey which was an unfortunate one on account of having no telephone telling me not to come here. -Policemen instead were stationed at all the possible roads to stop me but I passed before they got there. I therefore travelled such an unnecessary journey. KGOSI KGARI SECHELE II (BAKWENA): Your Honour, this matter mentioned by Chief Bathoen affects our feelings very much. For many years we have made this request to our Government and expressed the difficulties which Chief Bathoen has expressed. I would say it was before I went on active service. I spent many years at home before I joined the army and I spent many years in the army. Your Honour we wish to remind you that times have changed. Take the instance which Chief Bathoen gave that on account of lack of telephonic communications Policemen were put to stop him on the road but they did not see him. I remember one time he sent me a telegram when he was at Serowe suggesting to meet me three days later. He arrived before the telegram reached me. Many chiefs here can also give evidence that they usually send me urgent telegrams to meet me on urgent matters but they usually get to Molepolole before these telegrams arrive there. I am sorry to say that it has been for many years that we have been discussing this matter. It would appear that Government considers it to be a small matter because we have discussed it many times and nothing has been done about it. It is one of the important things which should be attended to during these days of civilisation. I put this matter before Council and I will continue reminding this Council about this matter as we were promised/

- 94 - promised that it would be considered and nothing has been done about it. I once wrote a letter to the District Commissioner to the effect that we were prepared to provide poles and labour if there were difficulties to provide such materials for the line from Gaberones to Molepolole - a distance of 32 miles. He still has the letter I wrote to him and I mentioned to him I understand that the Bakwena have a lot of money, more than the other tribes. Would it not be better for Government to pay one half of the expense to be incurred and the other half to be paid by the Bakwena Treasury? During the visit of Mr. Gordon Walker when he visited Molepolole, in the address I made I mentioned telephones. At that time I said all what I have said here today, and it would appear that some promise was made which we entertained at that time. Lack of telephonic communications does not inconvenience Chief Bathoen alone or myself, it inconveniences all of us in the Territory in the same way when a speaker mentioned yesterday that if a bridge is made at Mochudi it would serve all people and not the Bakgatla only. If the agenda is scrutinised it will be obsrved that quite a number of items which are included there have bei brought up on previous occasions. Are we going to continually repeat these items and not make room for new items? I am aware, and Government is also aware, that when we finish discussing an item we go on to others which we introduce. Chief Bathoen and I are promising to provide labour and poles from our Reserves if necessaryThank you, Sir. K.R. BOME (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour, I am not speaking at length, I just want to endorse the necessity for the erection of telephones at Kanye, and as the Chairman has mentioned, we have a hope because of the money that was voted and that Government took names of people who wanted telephones in their homes at Kanye, it appeared that the number of intending subscribers was a reasonable one and the only thing that remained was the construction of the line. KGOSI MOKGOSI III (BAMALETE): e Your Honour, I have nothing to say except that this matter has been discussed by two people corroborated by the third man and there is no point in continuing it further. I also realise the necessity for the erection of these telephones. Anything which has been put up to Government should be attended to lest we become discouraged to bring any matters to Government because we know t will not be attended to especially when such a matter has been discussed for many years back. Before I sit down, Your Honour, I wish to say that the distance from the railway to Ramoutsa village is very short, it is about 22 miles; with me it would not present much difficulties. THARI/

- 95 - THARI PILANE (BAKGATIA): Your Honour and Mr. Chairman, I do not think we will be satisfied if the matter is regarded as closed and with your permission could I be allowed to say something? I do not intend to prejudice Chief Mokgosi's request but I think it is proper to make a similar request for a line between Mochudi and Sikwane. ACTING GOVERNMENT SECRETARY: Your Honour and Council, Government is in complete sympathy with the various requests that have been made for the extension of telephone or telegraph services. We note with much appreciation the renewal of offers to help by means of labour and materials. The difficulty is that the matter is not within the control of the Government. There is of course the task of raising sufficient funds. For instance we have been informed by the Postmaster General, Pretoria, that the cost of the line between Lobatsi and Kanye would be about £7,500. This is quite a considerable amount and the cost of other extensions in the territory will also be fairly heavy. This means that when we are able to start extensions, they will have to be spread out over a fairly long time, but the main trouble is not so much the money as the present arrangement for control. I think the oldest lines in the territory are those which run from north to south along the Railway line. They are owned either by the Southern Rhodesia Government or by Rhodesia Railways and they are the people who have control over the lines. Then there are other smaller sections of line, mostly in the south for example from Lobatsi towards Mafeking and towards Zeerust. Now in 1928 when the last of those lines, the Zeerust extension, was constructed, the work was done at our request by the Union Postmaster General, and at the same time a Proclamation was passed which gave the Postmaster General of the Union the right to construct and operate any future telephone or telegraph lines in the territory. The only proviso was that his right should not affect the existing lines which were owned and operated by the Rhodesian Government. You can see this caused a confused situation and what makes it worse is that it is connected with the arrangements for Post Office services. The various parties who are involved are our own Government the Union Government, the Southern Rhodesian Government, Ahodesian Railways and the South African Railways because they operate the railway on behalf of Rhodesia Railways. We have had discussions mainly with the Union Postal authorities and with the Rhodesian authorities to try and see how extensions to various lines could be carried out. The Rhodesian Government 'have informed us that they are not prepared to consider any future extensions in the area in the northern part of the Protectorate which is under their operating control, unless a satisfactory basis of future operations can be reached; and the Postmaster General of the Union has told us that his construction gangs are so busy that he does not know when he will be able to do any major work/

- 96 - work such as the Kanye to Lobatsi line for us. We have been trying and we are still trying to get that Kanye line done but there does not seem to be very much hope of its being started in the near future. Naturally we are not content to leave the matter as it stands. We are discussing with the High Commissioner's office various ways by which this Government could obtain the control which seems necessary to undertake any farther development. We have suggested that if it is necessary to amend the law7 the law should be amended. We are trying to see whether, if the Union postal authorities cannot do the work for us, we can get it done by contract. That enquiry is only just starting. Now there is another important and relatively easy development: the lines which run down the Railway are used almost entirely for telegraphic work alone and not for telephones. We are told that technically there is probably not much trouble in adapting those lines for use by telephones as well. This would obviously improve our communications very greatly, for instance you could telephone from Mafeking right through to Francistown, but here again we are in the hands of the railway authorities and so far we have not been able to obtain their agreement, in fact we have not even been able to obtain a reply. That explains the difficulties and what we are trying to do to meet them but I would repeat that Government is, I think, just as keen as anyone else that these developments should take place. There is one other point to mention and that is that arrangements could be made for better radio communication between places which are not linked by telephone and cannot be so linked for some time. We have recently submitted a plan for the improvement of our radio network. We cannot say whether our proposals will be approved, but if they are, we hope that in time there should be a noticeable improvement. We would not put radio sets in places where they do not exist already but where they do exist, as at Molepolole and Kanye, we hope they will be in operation more frequently and efficiently. KGOSI KGARI SECHELE II (BAKWENA): Will this radio network which Mr. Latimer states will operate much more' efficiently be used by the public like a public telephone? The radio network service does exist but it does not belong to the Tribe but to the Government and the tribe has no proper access to them. We want a public telephone, which will be accessible to anybody to telephone Gaberones. I would like Government to understand me properly. A few minutes ago when I spoke I said we have been told that the Bakwena had sufficient money. Could our Government pay the major portion of the expenses and we pay the small balance? We should repay our Government by instalments. We ask for these telephonic communications because it is a necessary development. This radio system is something that has nothing to do with the tribe, it is not a thing that will be installed in/

- 97 - in the Chief's office or anywhere where the Chief may have private access to it. The telephone service will be a means of linking the tribal office with the District Commissioner's office and other local stores etc., as it is in Mochudi. Work is growing and civilization is also growing. ACTING GOVERNMENT SECRETARY: I wish to add a word to explain about the radio; it would be open to use by members of the public just to the same extent as it is now, that is only for telegrams. It could not serve the purpose of the telephone and I mentioned it only as a temporary measure which may improve the situation a little. I think Government would agree that eventually it should be the aim to extend the telephones to the main centres but that would inevitably be a slow process. I think Government would also be very glad to accept the offer of help in the extension of the telephone, especially in the form of labour and materials but whether it would be proper to accept more than that might need further consideration, because primarily this appears to be a function of Government. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Well Mr. Latimer has given the position as it is today from the Government's'point of view and, as he says, it is not very satisfactory, but we are doing what we can as quickly as we can to improve the position. We will adjourn now until half past nine tomorrow. Council adjourned at 1.10 p.m. ( Council resumed at 9.50 a.m. on MONDAY, the 20th OCTOBER, 1952. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Members of Council, I have heard with the deepest regret of the accident on Saturday night to a lorry conveying a football team from Ramoutsa to Molepolole, in which three young men of the Bamalete Tribe as well as Chief Mokgosits brother were killed. I am sure you will agree that Council would like me to send a message on behalf of Council to Chief Mokgosi expressing our sympathy and condolences and to the Bamalete Tribe for the loss of some of its members. Before we proceed with the business of Council, I will ask you to stand a moment as a mark of respect. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Do you want to take the medical item first, i.e. No. 7 first? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE)L s Yes Your Honour. BUILDING/

BUILDING OF A DISPENSARY AT GOODHOPE AND PROVISION OF A REGULAR ATTENDANT. S .M. PHETLHU (BAROLONG): Your Honour and Members of Council our request is in the programme which is befor& us. We request that a dispensary be built at Goodhope and that a permanent dispenser be provided to attend there all the time, by issuing medicines to any who will require them before the Doctor visits the place. There are some medical supplies at Goodhope at the present time. The doctor visits Goodhope weekly to see our patients and to give them medicines if necessary. We say that is not enough; our request is that a proper dispensary should be built and that an attendant should be there all the time to give people medicines whenever they come. I am sure that the fact that we are far from Lobatsi is appreciated, and that round about Goodhope people are scattered and they cannot come and see the doctor at the specified time. There are people who live away from Goodhope a distance of over ten miles. It i's for such people that we request that this dispensary be built. People do not have similar complaints, some patients require to be examined by the doctor regularly, whereas other patients only require fresh supply of medicines without being examined by the doctor. Such patients would be attended to by the attendant in the dispensary before the doctor's visit. When the doctor has failed to come on his visit to Goodhope it is on such occasions then that the attendant would be very very useful. The explanation given to me by the Chief's representative warrants that a dispensary should be built: That is the request we put before Council. DIRECTOR OF MEDICAL SERVICES: Your Honour and Members of Council, while I sympathise very deeply with the request for the establishment of a dispensary and an attendant at Goodhope, I am afraid that at the moment it would be utterly impossible. During the past 16 months during the establishment of regular weekly visits to Goodhope the average attendance per week has been between 25 and 30. There are, I can assure members of Council, many other places in the Protectorate where the attendances are very much higher and where, with the present staff available to us, we can do no more than we are at the moment doing at Goodhope. As some sort of recompense, however, I would inform members of Council that we are going to establish a dispensary at Pitsani-Molopo. This is going to be provided from funds made available to us from a war levy paid by the tax payers on the Crown Lands. The prefabricated structure has been ordered and we have concluded arrangements for a doctor from Kanye to go out regularly. I think that the provision of that additional dispensary Will add to the facilities for most of the people in that area. As for the statement made that on occasions the Medical Officer does not come out on the day on which he is due, I can only say that at a big hospital like Lobatsi there are days when emergencies suddenly arise and the Medical Officer is then bound to treat those emergencies with priority. I am assured, however, that those occasions have been but rare, at any rate on Fridays, which is the day on which/ - 98 -

- 99 - which the doctor does 'go out to Goodhope. At present, with the staff available, I can do no more at Goodhope than what we are already doing. However, I do not think it will be out of place if I make a request here for a little more assistance from tribal treasuries for the additional facilities which the different tribes want in their areas. Over the past few years, we have been extending medical services tremendously and we are aiming at decentralisation: in other words, instead of the people coming to the centres already established, which may be ve'y far from where they live, we are trying to get out to the people by the establishment of a network of dispensaries at different places in the Territory, some of which will be permanently staffed by a dispenser or health assistant, others only visited by the nearest medical officer but all at some time visited by medical officers either at short or at long intervals. Government is spending a large amount of money on medical services and our expenses are much higher because of' the long distances that medical staff have to travel. They have often to be away for a long time from their stations. If councillors would refer to tribal estimates they would see that the department for which I am responsible probably gets less financial support from Treasuries than any other government department.' I see Chief Bathoen laughs.- I think that is an admission of guilt and I would, with Your Honour's permission, make a plea for a little more assistance from Treasuries only to give you the assistance you are all clamouring for. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Are there any other speakers? ESTABLISHMENT OF A MOVING DISPENSARY. MATLHABAPHIRI SANKOLOLO (BAKWENA): Your Honour, officials and members of Council: as the last subject discussed is the same as the subject which we have put in, i.e., item 14, it is a very sorrowful one. We have been suffering from shortage of medical attention in the Reserves but the position became worse during 1951-52, sickness has spread in the outlying districts. In 1952 it happened in Molepolole, where the village is more congested. From the beginning of this year up to now, the death rate has culminated to an extent which I have never experienced. One is surprised at the death rate of children from the suckling babes to grown upsas well and people who die the same day are at times'put in one grave. I believe Government has already got a report from the Chief reporting this sort of thing and I think I ought to say that despite the report the Chief has made to Government, I personally have not seen anything done. What I have seen done is that the dispensary has been moved from the hospital to the camp so that it will be near the patients. A great complaint is that'both the hospital and the dispensary are far from the tribe. What we have noticed is that the Bakwena Tribe is too many to be served by one medical officer. When one looks at the outside villages, Lephephe, Ntsweletan and Letlhaken and various places, it is these places that are so distant/ - 100 _ distant from Molepolole which the doctor is unable to visit. A doctor does visit Letlhaken once a week but people are many and come from all directios, especially in the Kalahari where one would not be wrong to say that various diseases emanate from that place. I repeat that although the doctor at Molepolole may be doing his best, there are too many people for one doctor. I think I won't be wrong to say that nowhere where there is a population of about 038,000 people it can be treated by one doctor. The second thing is that Government is aware that our doctor has two functions to do-, he is a missionary on one part and a doctor on the other, and he cannot serve two masters and succeed. I beg you not to misunderstand me., I do not mean to imply that he does not do his best as a doctor, but our greatest request is that although he is doing his best our Government should do its best to give him an assistant. The item of a mobile dispensary has been put on the agenda owing to the fact that we have several villages at very long distances from one another. This has been suggested in view of the fact that Government has told us that there is a shortage of staff and such a mobile dispensary would be useful. The death rate that has taken place in the Bakwena Reserve one wonders if the doctors really know what the cause of it is. At one time we thought it was particularly with the younger people but it would appear now that even grown-ups die in the same way as the young. My last word is that Government has taken a long time to try and make us leave the practice to which we were accustomed. What I mean is long ago when we grew up there were African herbalists who treated us and as time went on we were told that those were not true doctors but that they were witch doctors. As a result of the advice that we have received from the Government we have entirely forgotten about these witch doctors. Now we have left our witch doctors and they are now out of use and when one is sick one does not know what to do. When we speak about medical treatment it is a very pathetic point as far as we are concerned and it is very likely one can be seen weeping when he speaks about this subject. If proper records were kept it will be easily seen that most of the children who were born in 1951 and 1952 have died. DIRECTOR OF MEDICAL SERVICES: Your Honour and Members of Council, let me at the outset give you my knowledge of the position in the Bakwena Reserve at the moment, and correct a few statements that have been made. As you are aware, Government has allowed the United Free Church of Scotland Mission to provide medical services in the Bakwena Reserve. The Government aids the Mission by supplying drugs for the treatment of certain diseases particularly venereal disease. We also provide, free, the drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases. We do that because we wish to control infectious diseases and prevent their spread from one reserve into another. We do not interfere with staff arrangements in the Reserve because the Mission has been allowed to provide medical services but I go there as often as I can and we receive full reports of what actually is happening. Whenever necessary we offer advice. Now/

- 101 - Now for the last two years at any rate, there have been two medical officers at Molepolole, not one, as stated. One is a lady doctor - perhaps the last speaker does not count lady doctors and she has been devoting, as I well know,, a considerable amount of her time to maternity and child welfare services. I can assure members of Council that she has done very good work and thereby allowbd the male doctor to carry on with the other services. In the last few months there have been very serious outbreaks of whooping cough, dysentery and measles throughout the Reserve and the death rate has been abnormally high. We are certain that the reason for that is the present very low state of nutrition. As a result of the long drought the people have not been getting the essential foodstuffs, with the result that their resistance to disease has been extremely low. The medical staff in Molepolole are convinced that there is no other reason, Let me now digress for a moment and with His Honour's permission give members of Council some idea of the medical services rendered to the people of the Protectorate. There are ten Government doctors and there are four Missionary doctors and those fourteen doctors control an area of 275,000 sq. miles with a population of approximately 300.000. Distances, as you all know, are enormous, and if you work that out it will mean that each doctor controls about 20/25,000 people. In actual fact in most instances the proportion is very much higher because of the large areas where medical services are irregular. Lobatsi, for example, has '104 beds and is the intake for European patients as well as a large number of African patients from all over the Territory In addition, the Medical Officer visits outlying places like Goodhope and Mogabane. At Gaberones the Medical Officer visits Gabane, he visits Ramoutsa and he has his work in Gaberones itself. He also sees railway employees, Europeans and Africans, on the railway line as far as Mahalapye. From Mahalapye the Medical Officer visits Shoshong, Kalamare, Machaneng, Sefhare, Palla Road and the Tuli Block and he sees railway patients as far north as Serule. At Serowe at the moment, owing to the transfer of one medical officer, there is only one doctor, and he visits Palapye twice a week, he goes to Moeng, he has calls from the districts as far as Bobonon and he has his own hospital to attend to. From Francistown, medical officers visit Tonoto weekly. They do not pay other regular visits but they are on call all the time and they do go out into the districts quite frequently. They see nearly 2,500 patients a month at the out-patients department and they have over 50 beds at the hospital. From Maun, medical officers go as far south as Ghanzi, Olifantskloof, Kalkfontein, Makundi, Kuli, Nojane, and they go as far as , Kachikau, Serondela and Matetsi. They also go to Tsau, to Sehitwa, Nokanen and Shakawe. That briefly gives you some idea of what we are trying to do. There is far more to it than that. There is the night work, the medico-legal and public health work and there are lots of added responsibilities when medical staff go on leave or become ill. So the responsibilities fall on the reduced staff and surprisingly enough medical staff become ill just as much as anybody else. Now all this is a digression, but I thought it would be advisable to give Council a brief resum6 of what is being done. W6!

- 102 - We have just completed a dispensary at Tshane, we are building one at Kalkfontein and my next object is the Bokalaka area. The mobile dispensary is a very good thing in itself but I would say here, having had some personal experience of it, that in this Territory at any rate it probably is the most expensive method of providing medical facilities. My o' idea is to post fully qualified district nurses at convenient centres. These nurses would do maternity and child welfare work, but they would also have had considerable experience in the diagnosing of simple diseases and the treatment of those diseases. I have already pleaded for some financial assistance from tribal treasuries for the work of this department, and when I made that plea, that is what I had in mind. I am most reluctant to advise Government to put more money into buildings other than the simple dispensaries where the people live, and I would plead once again for financial assistance from treasuries in fulfilling our aims. Government has been very liberal in providing finance for medical services, but there is a limit to the amount that it can provide. I am due to go up to Molepolole to see the District Commissioner and Missionary as soon as Council has completed its session. As has been stated, the dispensary as an emergency measure has been moved from the hospital to the camp That has been done to enable people to be nearer their medical services. I shall go into the question when I get to Molepolole and see whether more can be done to provide general medical facilities in the district but I would repeat that I am not in favour of a mobile dispensary because it is the most expensive way of providing medical services and it 3s not provide adequate services either. It is on the rising generation that we have to concentrate and we therefore have to tie up the curative with the preventive services, such as maternity and child welfare. K. IKANENG (BAMALETE): Your Honour and Chiefs, I am not going to speak at length. I stand to corroborate the words which have been spoken by the last Bakwena councillor. It is clear to us what the Director of Medical Services says. I request that the Government give a full hearing to the cry that is being voiced by the Bakwena, and that something be done to help. The visits of a doctor to a dispensary is a very important thing because people give complaints to him and he advises the dispenser what to do. I say this because I once had a dispenser at my home and the complaint is that the doctor does not visit them so that they can report to him what complaints they have and the difficulties they encounter in the work they are doing. That person told me that it is a long time since the doctor visited them and that caused them to doubt a great deal. I beg to point out that sickness has been a great menace to us and the complaints which have been put forward should be considered. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: The Director of Medical Services has explained the position in regard to the request from the Barolong to have

- 103 - a regular attendant at the dispensary. It is not that the Government does not want to provide somebody there but there are many other centres in the Territory where weekly attendances exceed 60, 80 or 90 people, where no attendant is provided, and naturally those places with larger attendances would have to have priority when the time comes to supply extra staff. Now as regards the travelling dispensary, the Director of Medical Services has reviewed the services which are at present provided and has indicated what he has in mind for the future. In the last few years, there has been considerable Government expenditure on the provision of extra beds at the Government hospitals all over the country and that has necessitated considerable extra expenditure in the provision of staff to maintain and look after the patients in those beds. We feel that we have probably gone as far as we can at the moment in the provision of hospital services and any additional expenditure in future will be devoted to the provision of services outside the main area - i.e. in the districts, that is with the exception of Gaberones where a new dispensary or clinic is required. In other words, in future the stress is to be more on the prevention of disease rather than on its cure - a lot is being done in that direction already, There is another matter which the Director of Medical Services has not mentioned: He has a large staff engaged in anti-rodent work to detect in its early stages any outbreak of rodent plague and that and other preventive work is going to be increased as and when funds become available. But I do support his plea that the Native Authorities consider whether they might not provide to begin with quite small items of expenditure in their estimates for the engagement of district nurses that will be taking the medical services to the people. And, as I said before, we feel that the hospital accommodation we have provided compares favourably with that provided in many, if not in most, other Colonies. In the. Protectorate we have one bed per 650 of the population and the average throughout the Colonial Empire is ond bed per 1,000 head of population. I do want to stress that if we are not able to do anything in any particular Reserve, it is not because we don't want to, but the development must take place slowly on an overall plan and in the furtherance of the plan which the Director of Medical Services has outlined we feel that the Native Authorities themselves might be able to give some assistance. Any assistance they could give would be doubly appreciated today when the cost of medical services, and particularly of drugs, instruments and dressings has gone up, in some cases to seven or eight times what it was before the war. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour I want to ask three questions, because I hear Government say the Tribes should help by providing for district nurses. I want to know whether Government requests that we should employ a district nurse and put up her house, and who will provide the drugs? The second question is this, in the Bangwaketse Reserve there are two doctors of two different missions, they both visit the outlying villages on different dates. Should a/

- 104 - a district nurse be engaged with these medical officers stop visiting the outside villages and when they visit her from which one of them will the district nurse take instructions? DIRECTOR OF MEDICAL SERVICES: Your Honour and members of Council what I had in mind when I suggested the provision of district nurses and the financial support from Tribal Treasuries was a figure of about £400 per year per district nurse, which would probably provide all that would be required. Any small shortfall I am sure we ourselves could provide departmentally. There is one difficulty and that is for sich a person to get round her district but I am sure that we can overcome that difficulty by discussion with the Chiefs and District Officers. As regards the question which Chief Bathoen II has raised as to which medical officer the district nurse would owe allegiance in the Bangwaketse Reserve, I am not prepared to answer that. The Chief knoWs, and Mr. Lawrenson here will support me, that I have endeavoured to prevent the duplication of medical services in the Bangwaketse Reserve. To what extent that has succeeded the Chief and Mr. Lawrenson, know as much as I do. We have got so far as to divide up some of the district visits and the United Free Church of Scotland Free Mission will visit Pitsani, Molopo, and further west down the Molopo, while the Seventh Day Adventist Missionary will visit the dispensary at Tshane which has just been completed and be responsible for visits to the Tshane, Lehututu-Lokwake and Hukuntsi area as well as the villages between Kanye and Tshane. I would say let the Tribal Treasuries first agree to the principle that I have suggested, the details I am sure we will be able to work out amongst ourselves. Chief Bathoen, you stated you had three questions, but I have answered only two. What was the third question? CHIEF BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): You have answered all my questions, thank you. TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA): I want to ask a question. Did I hear properly that the request before Council is that the Tribal Treasuries able to help should provide £400, that this amount should be paid by the Tribal Treasury to the Central Government Treasury? Is that the intention? DIRECTOR OF MEDICAL SERVICES: Your Honour and Members of Council, when I said £400 per annum I meant £400 per annum per district nurse. I want to reiterate what I said earlier that I foresee difficulties about transport and that is the only thing that I am a bit worried about. You do not want to give a district nurse too large a district so that she travels about all the time and does no work, and it is for discussion as to how many district nurses would be able to cope with certain reserves. Does that answer your first question? TSHEKEDI/'

- 105 - TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA): No, I will explain myself why I ask the question. Let me give an example: suppose the Tribal Treasury in the Bakwena is able to provide funds for two district nurses, is the suggestion that the Bakwena Tribal Treasury should provide £O0 to be paid into the Central Treasury from its Tribal Treasury? DIRECTOR OF MEDICAL SERVICES: I was coming to that; what I wanted to know was did it answer the first part of your question? I will say that it can be done in two ways: the appointment can be made by Government and the payment can be made by the Tribal Treasuries into the Government Treasury; or the Tribal Treasury can make the appointments itself and pay the salaries and the expenses of the district nurses but I must reserve unto the Medical Department the right to sanction the appointment, merely to satisfy ourselvqs that the person appointed has the necessary qualifications and the experience to enable her to carry out the work. The advantages of an appointment by Government and a repayment from Tribal Treasuries to Government would be that the nurses appointed would get all the advantages of a Government appointment such as leave, railway privileges and so on. Does that answer your question? TSHEKEDI KHAMA IBAKWENA): Yes, that is the principle I am concerned with. I shall deal with this together with some of the other things we have in mind and I Will give a full reply when I speak on those other matters. The principle ..... ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Is it about medical examination of school children? TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA)j: Yes. THARI PILANE (BAKGATLA): My question is if the tribe has raised the money who will put up the dispensary outside where that nurse will be engaged? DIRECTOR OF MEDICAL SERVICES: Well Sir, the answer to that is that in certain instances we have already had the support of the people, where they were determined to have a place of their own: for example, the dispensary at Tsau. The people there contributed a very large proportion of the cost of the dispensary, and I take this opportunity, Sir, of congratulating them on a very excellent effort. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Shall we pass to No. 28? KGOSI/

- 106 - KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE). Yes, No. 28 Sir. MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN DIRECTOR OF MEDICAL SERVICES: Your Honour and members of Council, on item 28 a note which I drew up has I think, been circulated amongst members of Council, and f presume they have had that and have read it. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Yes. DIRECTOR OF MEDICAL SERVICES: I shall not therefore, repeat what I said in that note. However, I would say, Sir, that this statement regarding the division of the work of a Medical Officer of Health between ordinary school inspections and certain public health duties is not ideal. There is more than enough preventive work in this Territory for a Medical Officer of Health and Medical Inspector of Schools and I can guarantee to keep two such appointments fully occupied for 365 days a year. This suggestion has been submitted because of the financial difficu lties at present being experienced. I would stress that this is a measure to protect. the health of the rising generation. Because of circumstances we are rather to concentrate on curative services and because of the amount of curative services which the medical officers are called upon to perform there is scarcely any time to deal with the much more important preventive side. I admit that the two must go together and perhaps the preventive side is not so spectacular in producing immediate results as is the curative side. A man comes to hospital with appendicitis and has his appendix out. He knows that he has had his appendix out and feels much better for it. But as His Honour has pointed out, the work behind the scenes in preventing plague and cutting down the incidence of malaria and various other preventive measures, those are the measures which are going to produce results in the long run, and that must be the long term policy. With those introductory remarks, I would reserve anything more I might wish to say to a statement after the members of Council have made their comments. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: I think this might be a convenient stage to adjourn for ten minutes. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Yes Sir. Council adjourned at 11.5 a.m. Council/

- 107 - Council resumed at 11.20 a.m. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour, what I put before your Honour is a request and not what was said by the Director of Medical Services this morning. When we were here this morning discussion was all about teachers' salaries. Government replied to us that if teachers' salaries were raised, the extra cost would have to be borne by tribal treasuries. We have not made our reply to this statement. We have been told about the inspection of school children and in that it is said that the cost of such inspection be borne mainly by tribal treasuries and partly by Government. While we are still puzzled by this, the Director of Medical Services is telling us a third thing, that the tribal treasuries should provide funds for district nurses. It appears that these three matters affect our treasuries. We ask that we be given an opportunity to discuss this in committee and then give a reply later. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Yes, certainly. To go back to the first thing, the request made by the Director of Medical Services this morning, it was really in a way a counter to the'request by members of Council in two districts for increased medical services by Government. We say in fact that we are carrying almost as much as we can at the moment and if further services are wanted before Government is in a position to provide them, then we suggest that the Native Treasuries might consider contributing towards the price of those services. Regarding the teachers' salaries, as I see from the note, the advice of Council was merely sought on this. I don't think that can be regarded as a request to the Native Treasuries to provide extra funds, it is just a statement of a situation on which the views of Council are sought, but if you would like more time to think about this, alright. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): We ask that it should be so. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: What would you like to take now then? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): The second request, Your Honour, concerns various items on the agenda in regard to education. We would ask that if Mr. Gardiner has the time we would like to meet him in the afternoon and when we have seen him then we can go into this other matter; and then, if it is possible we could meet Your Honour in Council tomorrow morning. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: You would like to go on this morning? KGOSI/

- lo8 - KGOSI BATHOEN I! (BANGWAKESE: Yes, we may go on with as many items as we can. ACTING RESIDENT COMISSIONER: Go on this morning and then go into committee this afternoon: then resume in Council tomorrow morning? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Yes Your Honour. Item 18. GROCERY LICENCES. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour, in these matters affecting this item it is not our intention to discuss but to ask questions, because this item was discussed on many occasions in past years. We do not have in mind Africans only but Europeans also who could bq given these licences. The last time when we left this Council, Government said they were going to give this further consideration. We now ask for a report on this consideration by Government. ACTING RESIDENT CO0MISSIONER: I think the last word on this was that Government would consider it when they were revising and consolidating the various proclamations dealing with business and trading licences. That task which has been delayed is at present being carried out but there are two things: one is the difficulty which has been referred to before and the other is a matter I would like to leave with Council. The first is the difficulty of deciding what should be sold under a restricted licence and I don't think any satisfactory answer to that has yet been found. The second thing is that since this matter was first raised there has been a considerable increase in the number of Africans who have taken out general dealers" licences. I cannot give you the figures off,-hand, bait this year, last year and to a lesser extent the year before, there was a considerable number of general dealers' licences issued to Africans more particularly in the northern part of the Territory. That is a tendency which we like to see and we have been encouraging it and I don't know whether you might like to consider whether perhaps in view of that increase in the number of applicants for a general deales licence as opposed to a restricted one, you might not like to drop the suggestion of having a restricted form of licence. The other point in connection with it is that there is a considerable number of what are called restaurant licences. I am not absolutely certain of this, but I think that the restaurant licence is used today in many places in a manner in which it was never intended that it should be used. The original idea was that it was to provide refreshment for travellers or people who on occasions did not want to/ - 109 - to go and cook their own food but in fact today, whether it is in terms of the law or not, these restaurants have developed into minor general dealers' businesses, selling groceries, they sell mealiemeal, tobacco, sugar and tinned goods and other things like that. I am not certain whether, strictly speaking, they are allowed to sell those things in terms of the law, but if we have any form of grocery licence or restricted licence then we will have to tighten up on those , restricted licencees who would be competing unfairly with the holders of the licences which you wish to have created. MATLHABAPHIRI SANKOLOLO (BAKWENA): Your Honour and members of Council, in regard to the explanation given by Your Honour, if your question is whether there were grocery licences or general dealers' licences, we are thinking of grocery licences because we know in all civilised countries groceries are also allowed. It is our wish that in the Protectorate provision should be made that if a man is unable to be a general dealer but is able to hold a grocery licence, he should be allowed to do so. I heard Your Honour mention that with regard to restaurants, that certain items are sold in them which in the law should not be sold. If there are such contraventions of the law, necessary prosecutions should follow. Our wish is that we should do as in other countries, that is, people should be allowed to hold both general dealers' licences and grocery licences. ACTING RESIDENT C@ISSIONER: I should just explain that certainly in the neighbouring countries of the Union and Southern Rhodesia certainly in England - a licence, whether you are a general dealer or a grocer, is the same, but it is just that a man concentrates on one particular type of business. It is the. same licence whether you sell groceries or whether you are going to sell nails, screws, lamps or hardware of that sort. TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA): I want to reply to something that arose out of Your Honour's-remarks. It is in connection with the remarks made that in the past two years many Africans have been given general dealers' licences, and you mentioned that these licences should be encouraged. There are other dangers which I would like to point out. It is not my intention that the practice should not be encouraged, but I think this danger must be kept in view. Firstly we have noticed that some people who have not got the financial backing are given general dealers' licences. If they are successful all goes well; if bn the other hand they fail, as it will happen that many will fail, this will be a bad mark and may tend to be a discouragement to others who would have liked to take out similar licences both from the point of-view of the trader and the Government. Secondly, if I have been given a licence to put up a store, when I want to bell the business I have the right to sell it to anybody I wish. But there is danger in this connection which has already become apparent. Some businesses given/

- 110 - given to Africans have been sold to Europeans because the latter are the people who have the money to buy and who are able to run such businesses properly. I am of the opinion that later on it will be found that many businesses owned by Africans have passed into the hands of Europeans. We would then be in a worse state than we are at present because once these licences fall into the hands of the Europeans who have money, we shall never be able to regain them - and that applies to some Indians too# These are the dangers that government should take note of. They are actually taking place this very moment. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: I I am grateful for that advice. We were of course aware that applications made by Africans were in some cases only a cloak for a European or an Asian principal and where we suspected that that was the case, a licence was not granted, but we shall certainly bear in mind the advice that has been given us this morning. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE)": Nos. 22 and 23 we would like to take together, Your Honour. SHOOTING OF GAME BY AFRICANS - CATTLE BUYING BY "fTOUTS"t ON BEHALF OF TRADERS. SIMVULA NKONKWENI (CHOBE): Your Honour and Members of Council, this is what we complain about. Tsetse fly has come into the Chobe because of the game: they are in the grazing areas and we wonder how our cattle will be able to live on account of the game. We are forbidden from shooting game in the Chobe even if we have rifles, for we would land ourselves in difficulty and be arrested. That is what we complain about. No one can carry arms in Chobe, whether he goes to the cattle post or some other place. If one goes carrying arms it is said that he is hunting game and he is then arrested and pays a fine of £5 without actually having hunted anything, just because he was found carrying an arm. Chobe people are complaining about this. If a man wants to eat meat he is required to pay £1 to*buy a Steenbuck; he pays £1 for a Steenbuck and £1 for a Duiker. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: For each one? SIMVULA NKONKWENI (CHOBE): For each one, Your Honour. Real hunters would ask for a buffalo and if they ask for a buffalo they are asked to pay £2. It surprises Africans to pay £2 for a buffalo4 it being a tsetsefly carrying animal and a vicious animal and a man pays £2 to fight for his life - a lion would be better because it does not attack unprovoked. A buffalo is more provocative. Once it starts charging you it will never go back. You will have paid £2 for that buffalo and it may take you and kill you and what is going to happen to your/ - ill - your children? Government never considers that this man has died as a result of this buffalo and this £2 should be refunded to his children. This is the complaint of the Chobe people. ACTING RESIDENT COYM!ISSIONER: I take it that the last speaker has been dealing with item 22 and 23: in other words, that there should be no restriction of shooting of game by people up on the Chobe because of the menace of Tsetse, is that it? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAMETSE): Yes, that is the crux of the whole thing. ACTING R3SIDENT COD'1ISSIONER: Well I am surprised to hear what the speaker says is happening up there. We did not know what was going to be brought up under this item. I think I am correct in sayihg that in most places in the Crown Lands - certainly in the Kalahari - the African population are regarded by the Government as living in the Reserves and not in a tribal area, and they are allowed to shoot except things like land and royal game,\without interference. As I say, we did not know what was happening but we will take it up with the District Commissioner and give a reply to you as soon as possible. It is possible - I don't know - that the fact that people are charged licences there now is due to two things. one that all that area was for many years a declared game reserve and that notice has only recently been cancelled: and two that it may be considered that living conditions in the Chobe where there is plenty of water and so on, are such that people can manage without shooting game; as I say, we will go into it and members will be informed of the result. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): 'he next item is No. 24. Touts. ACTING RESIDENT COIfMISSIONER: This is a matter which has been, I think, exercising the minds of many for a long time. It has been discussed in the Joint Advisory Council and I don't think any solution has been found. It is really a matter on which we are seeking guidance and advice from members of Council. Mr. Chairman, can you think of any way to help us? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour, the other day we invited the Director of Veterinary Services to comie and explain to us what this item is about. He told us he did not know and possibly His Honour would know, and we did not discuss this matter further, and we expected His Honour to give us an explanation. ACTING RESIDENT COMUSSIONER: Well, I think that the note explains it briefly-but the point is that certain people, general dealers, licenced cattle/ - 112 - cattle buyers? are permitted to buy cattle but they are employing Africans who are not licensed to buy on their behalf. As you know, under the Livestock Industry Proclamation an African requires no licence to buy livestock in his own tribal area for his own use or for re-sale to any other African, in the same tribal area. Now the complaint is that certain persons employ Africans to buy stock on their behalf; in other words that they have a number of what are equivalent to touts who are not licensed and are not controlled and that this leads in some cases to stock theft and that it is unfair competition with the cattle buyer or dpeculator who sticks to the letter of the law. Do you remember, we discussed this in the Joint Advisory Council? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): It is a long time since then. I don't remember well. This word "touts", I remember we once mentioned it in this Advisory Council. THARI PILANE (BAKGATLA): Your Honour, I want to know what is the difference between a tribesman who has a free buyer's licence and one who has no licence? ACTING RESIDENT COMISSIONER: I am afraid I don't understand the question. THARI PILANE (BAKGATLA): There is a licence given to people who are not speculators, it is called a Free Buyer's Licence. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: What the trader gets, or a farmer or a butcher? THARI PILANE (BAKGATLA): What is the difference between the licence given to a trader and a tribesman? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: They don't pay for it but they have certain obligations under the law, hey can't buy a beast unless they have a permit. They have to render returns of their purchases and sales but a tribesman who can buy without a licence, certainly he does not have to render returns. MUTHI PILANE (BAKGATLA): Your Honour, I want to ask about the African who buys on behalf of a trader. My question is if there is a speculator who buys on behalf of a European and he possesses a licence, will he be run in for buying for that European? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: No, because if you are a speculator you can have an agent who has a licence and his name is endorsed on it. MUTHI/

- 113 - MUTHI ILANE (BAKGATLA): I refer to the person who may be buying illegally. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: A person pretending that he is buying on his own behalf goes out, and without paying licence fees, buys on behalf of a European or an Indian, either storekeeper or speculator. MUTHI PILANE (BAKGATLA): I understand Your Honour's reply to what I have been asking. There is no such thing taking place at my place. MATLHABAPHIRI SANKOLOLO (BAKWENA): Your Honour, I want to ask one question: the word used is the word "African"; in this connection does this word include Coloureds who are amongst us? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Well, it depends on whether they pay Native Tax or Poll Tax. MATLHABAPHIRI SANKOLOLO (BAKWENA): I want to ask whether any members of any tribe have ever been found doing this, taking money from a general dealer and buying cattle for them instead of for themselves? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Yes, that is why we have raised this. MATLHABAPHIRI SANKOLOLO (BAKWENA): We are not aware of this but we think the people who do it mostly are the Coloureds who appear to associate a great deal with the Europeans. We do not know how to speak Africaans and the traders who have money are not able to trust us because we are unable to speak Afrikaans. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour, there is no doubt that this complaint arose from the storekeepers because they buy cattle, but they are all the time in the store, and the speculators buy cattle by travelling about the country. The storekeepers say that the only cattle they get are the cattle %hich are brought to them where they are and it is just by chance or luck that these cattle are brought to them only if the speculator had to see them in the veldt. Some of our children feel that they must buy cattle for the Europeans and it is they who, in my opinion, contravene the law of the sale of cattle. There are some who have licences and buy cattle and who sell them to the market or to whoever they would like to sell them: these I say are within the law as they hold licences.

- 114 - In regard to the people in question, I personally do not want them altogether, whether they buy cattle for Europeans in stealth or having a licence. Most of our children are now interested in stealing-cattle and when they take cattle to an African tout he never asks them for licences and as he wants so many cattle for his master he has to press him for as many cattle in order to get a bigger profit, and therefore does not care whether the cattle have been stolen or not. When the owner becomes aware that his cattle are missing and gets to know where they are later, they are already in the hands of another person, or the farmer who, knowing full well that these cattle were not bought lawfully, trucks them at once. It is not a thing that I suspect but it is a thing that I know does happen at my home. My own opinion is that all these touts should not be issued with licences because the storekeeper, buys only at the store and nowhere else and should himself go about the country buying cattle and not send anybody to do it for him, because if we take cattle to him, being a European, we are asked for a permit, which he will endorse to be sent back to the kgotla and if an African has asked for a licence for himself he should continue to do so as he is doing. That is my opinion Your Honour and members of Council. N. MODITSWANE (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour, I thought the matter was raised in connection with people whom I see buying for Europeans. What I wanted to know is whether the matter is in connection with people who buy for Europeans and whether it covers thieves as well and if it covers thieves as well, in my opinion, thieving is something different from buying. ACTING RESIDENT CCMMISSIONER: No, it is not related specifically to stock theft, but the complaint is that unscrupulous people employ Africans to act for them under this cloak which enables Africans to carry out bona fide transactions. I think really the best way to deal with it is that if members of Council or Chiefs become aware of people who are operating in this way, and if a man continues to do it, that is if he is buying cattle on behalf of a European or Asiatic and not on his own behalf, as it is intended to be, the Veterinary Officer or Police officer can be informed. Shall we leave it at that? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Yes Sir. Item 29, Your Honour? MEMORIAL TO DECEASED SOLDIERS. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): I think there is not much to be discussed as far as this item is concerned. The question Government is asking is in paragraph 3. Government informs us that there is some money left over in the Soldiers' Benefit Fund which is about £350, and the question is whether it might not be spent in a memorial to -deceased soldiers who died in the war. Council has repiied that 'this money should be spent in this manner,

- 115 - it is proper to do so. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Thank you very much. I think that disposes of that item - thank you. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Yes. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: What would you like to take now? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): No. 31 SirROAD TRANSPORTATION BOARD. ACTING GOVERNMENT SECRETARY: Your Honour and Council, a note has been circulated about the Road Transportation Board and there is little to add to it. Briefly, the Territory is developing and activities in it are developing, especially in the way of road transport. It seems at this stage a reasonable and sensible thing to do to appoint a Committee or local committeeswhich would co-ordinate the development of transport. The object of the committees would be to ensure that transport was run in a satisfactory way, that the vehicles were safeand the operators were competent and that when satisfactory services were established they should not be upset by unscrupulous competition. That is the origin of the proposal: perhaps Council would like to comment on it. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour, it is true that motor vehicles in the Protectorate are increasing. All transport from the stations to the villages is being done by lorries. Many people travel by buses and lorries in between villages. This law which has been put forward by.Government, we Chiefs have long had it. In our villages if a man is to ride transport he asks for the Chief's permission and it is still so. In our villages there would be only one or two lorries operating and I am sure it could not exceed that number according to the bulk of the work there. This Road Transportation Board which the Government Secretary has spoken about is, in my opinion, unacceptable because it takes away the power which the Chiefs have of controlling local transport. We Chiefs know where the population is mostly concentrated and we know their requirements in matters like this. In some cases before an application is received from someone to ride transport for a particular village the people themselves go to the Chief and say "We are at a loss, we ask for somebody who can convey us and also carry our goods", and if one man has already been allowed to do so the second man will be refused. Sometimes we refuse flatly/

- 116 - flatly because probably such a place would not benefit by transport running there. I think this Road Transportation Board would merely be taking into account the number and not having in view whether-the people of such a locality required that transport. It is true that certain people have incurred big expense putting up buses for conveying passengers. These persons with open trucks do convey passengers, whereas their purpose was to carry goods. I expect there is a law which says that any people conveying passengers should pay so much extra money, say £3 for passenger carrying, -and in most cases it is people with open trucks who carry passengers illicitly. I say that Government should look into this. These people break the law by carrying passengers at the expense of licenced bus owners. My request therefore is that this matter should be shelved in the meantime and that the Chiefs should continue to exercise the issuing of permits to those people as they have been doing before. I know such a body is in existence in the Union but it has not so far proved that it is going to be good for us. Let a passenger bus be for passengers only and one for conveying goods should only be used for that purpose. Most of the storekeepers have trucks to carry their own goods and they would like to carry goods for whosoever requires it and those people should get it. TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA): Your Honour, may I say that we realise it is the policy of the Government that the power to carry out regulations should be in the hands of the Chiefs. With regard to a Road Transportation Board, my opinion is that Government should advise us as to how a board could be formed to carry on this work, acting on behalf of the Chiefs; the Chiefs maintaining a supervisory authority. If we were only, dealing with Africans I do not think it would be difficult ' to create such a board, but I know people who transport passengers are not only Africans but there are Europeans and Asiatics as well and in practice it may be difficult for Chiefs to maintain control. Personally, I think there should be no difficulties experienced. But it should be the policy that in their own tribal areas the Chiefs should retain control even if the Board was composed of Africans and Europeans. This is the one point which it would appear deters progress in the Protectorate because when an undertaking is on hand we consider whether it should be led by the Chiefs because Europeans and Asiatics are involved. We never keep in mind that the work is being operated in a country ruled by the Chiefs. My opinion is that this Road Transportation Board is a good thing as long as it is a tribal concern and the Government only coming in in an advisory capacity and to help the Chiefs. Any other policy will result in the Gevernment gradually taking control from the Chiefs and this control falling in the hands of the Government and the policy of educating the Chiefs and people to conduct their affairs will be defeated. ACTING GOVERNMENT SECRETARY: 9 Your Honour and Council, we have heard some useful comments/

- 117 - comments. I would like to mention one or two more points. The first is of course that it is not merely the example of the Union which gave rise to this suggestion, it is rather that we may hold our own with Union competitors. For example, if the owner of a lorry which is registered in the Protectorate wants to ply for hire in the Union he probably won't be allowed to do so, at any rate he will have a lot of trouble in getting permission. On the other hand, if a Union registered lorry comes and plies for hire here it does not have much trouble - it may even be plying illegally. The existence of some regular procedure would enable us to check this sort of piracy. The most important point really is how Road Transportation Boards should be constituted. It was not our idea to have one of these big central boards that Government usually like so much and that take so long to do anything. The communications in the Territory are rather slow and so far a good deal of the transport is very local: therefore it is obvious that the JBoards should, at any rate to begin with, be district boards and also the Chief must be on the Board and must have a considerable say. On the other hand it also seems necessary that Government should have some say because this transport question sometimes concerns a number of different areas. There will be people who want to operate perhaps right down the length of the Territory or between one of the Reserves and a European area. Lastly, I would like to repeat that one of the main objects of boards like this would be to protect those people who are already established in transport work, provided that they are doing it well, and apart from protecting the operators of tbe services it is also necessary to protect the public and to see that they get lorries which are in good condition and safely run. Sooner or later you "have to have some kind of control such as is suggested. I happened to be in Swaziland about four years ago when the same problem came up. The Government there had left the matter rather late. They found that there had been no co-ordination between districts and that there were various routes on which the services almost all African run - had become too numerous. Government then had to hold meetings and try and adjust various services, they had to make some people run on different routes and so on. Since, therefore, this must eventually be a matter of co-ordinating transport, not only in individual Reserves but between different reserves, it is much better to tackle the problem early. There will be various details to consider and we would not embark on this without fuller discussion of the details. For the present that is all I can say. M.L. KGASA (BANGWAKETSELI Your Honour, may I ask Mr. Latimer one question: do owners of trucks and things like that, who run them for their business, have what one might call a passenger carrier's licence? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Most of them don't. M.L. KGASA/

- 118 - M.L. KGASA (BANGWAKETSE): In my opinion I think it is very necessary because -in certain circumstances a passenger may get to'his point and the passenger bus may have left and that particular person may be travelling in an emergency case such as an illness or something like that, and if such persons are given passenger licences then it might avoid such awkward' situations. It is of course understood that more work should be done by passenger licencees, but as I say, it is legitimate that there are truck owners and van owners who should be given such licences. TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA): May I ask in which area are the lorries found to be too many and to be in poor and dangerous condition to carry passengers? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: I think that at the moment there are a number of rather derelict vehicles running in the Bamangwato Reserve! As Mr. Latimer said, the problem is not acute yet in some districts it may not be considered necessary to apply any restrictions or to constitute these boards at all. What I suggest is we might draft a proclamation which might be applied district by district as it may be considered necessary. There are of course quite a. number of difficulties that even when you had the law applied to a certain district you probably would not invoke it to prevent people carrying passengers to those distant outside districts and on roads where there is only an occasional lorry. There will be quite a lot of snags and if you agree, I suggest that we might get out a draft. I don't think there is any immediate hurry about this. The Chairman asked if we might shelve it, I think we might in the meantime get out a draft and let Council have a look at it when next they meet. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): That is alright, Your Honour, that a draft should be made and we then consider it. There is one more question from a member. TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWEVA): We, as members of Council, are of opinion that many of these lorries that are run in the Bamangwato Reserve came during the time when there was difficulty over the Chieftainship. What I stress is that in tribal reserves which ha~e Chiefs this has not been the case, the matter has been under control. The policy of the Protectorate Government is that all administration should be done through the Chiefs. My point was this that when the draft is made will the Government keep in view the point I make, that it should be for the Chief to say whether or not an applicant should be accepted in his own tribal area, subject, of course, to the usual safeguards of the Government. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Yes certainly we will keep that in mind. I K. IKANENG/

- 119 - K. IKANENG (BAMALETE): There is something that is not clear to me regarding this Road Transportation Board. My question is chiefly directed to the Chairman to explain to me, to avoid delaying Council, whether Your Honour said this matter would be brought up again for consideration, he meant it would be brought to us in committee this afternoon? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: No, it won't be probably until Council next meets. The law has got to be drafted. K. IKANENG (BAMALETE): I am speaking as Mr. Kgasa spoke: he has already explained the point. My question is what is going to happen to us at Ramoutsa where there are no buses and only open trucks: if they are stopped from carrying passengers what then will happen to us? / ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: I am sure that any board that is constituted would not proceed so hastily so as to rob people of their transport. They will gradually proceed to try and get people running the service to provide better vehicles and facilities for their passengers. Council adjourned at 12.55 p.m. Council resumed at 9.50 a.m. on TUESDAY, the 21st OCTOBER, 1952. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Council might like to know that the condition of the thirteen people who were injured in Saturday's lorry accident is satisfactory. Two of the men who were very gravely hurt are this morning showing considerable improvement. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE1Thank you, Your Honour. Your Honour, there are three items put in by the tribes in connection with education - 5, 15 and 36. Council in Committee decided that these matters might be combined as they all deal with one matter, i.e., seeking higher education. INSTITUTIONS/

- 120 - INSTITUTIONS AND COLLEGES IN THE TERRITORY. E8TABLISHYINT OF A CENTRTAL CLEGE. MU CULLEGE' (BAMANGWATO). The opinion of the Committee was unanimous, i.e. that Government should take over the Moeng School and run it. We had a talk with the Educational Officer in connection with this matter and we felt that different things would lead us nowhere except just to put this matter as we have done. The second point in connection with the Moeng School is one which will be before the Board of Governors connected with education in the future, which will deal with the running of that school. Although we selected a committee to consider this matter, it will be dealt with by that Board. We came to no conclusion because that school was put up by the Bamangwato, it is in their country and it is being run by them. So we decided we should leave it to the Government to decide with the Bamangwato Tribe. I do not know if Your Honour would like to make any reply before we proceed to the other items? ACTING RESIDENT COMISSIONER: Thank you Mr. Chairman, I am interested to know the feelings of Council on this matter. As you have pointed out, it is a matter which cannot be decided unilaterally: the school is in the Bamangwato Reserve and was built with funds raised by the Bamangwato people, so naturally there will have to be consultation with them if anything of the nature of which you suggested is to come into force. I don't think I can say anything more than that at the moment, except that the Board of Advice on African Education was going to be asked to consider a new constitution for the school and at the Board of Advice meeting we may get more information as to how the change over is to be effected. I think it is generally agreed that if we are to have an institution for higher education it should probably at this stage be the only one and there should be no overlapping by other institutions elsewhere, and-that the institution which we do run should be organised on the widest basis to permit of participation in its benefits by all tribes in the Territory. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): That is our feeling Your Honour. Whilst on the matter of education, we can look at No. 27 and 28. We will group them together. SALARIES OF TEACHERS. MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN. TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA). Your Honour and members of Council, dealing first with the matter that has been put before us by the Director of/

- 121 - of Medical Services in connection with the medical inspection of school children, we have nothing against what the Director of9Medical Services has said as to how this doctor would carry out his work, and we do want such a doctor. What has been a puzzle to us so far is how the Tribal Treasuries can finance the maintenance of such a doctor. If you look at the Tribal Treasuries as they stand, you'will find that year by. year the tribe does not have a credit a balance after revenue has been received and the expenditure paid out. Most of the tribes are in that position but there may be one or two tribes which have a credit balance after their expenditure has been paid. Even if you were to examine money put aside for special purposes such as the Special Development Fund, you will notice that there are very few tribes which have what one may call substantial funds and there may be only one which has such money. We have been told that these monies were intended to be used for capital expenditure. If therefore this is agreed to, it will mean that the tribe which has a credit balance will be paying for the other tribes which are unable to meet this expenditure on this doctor, and even if money is taken from the Special Development Reserve some tribes will shoulder the burdens ' of other tribes. It seems as if this is not a proper charge to be debited to the Tribal Treasuries. To put into effect what the Director of Medical Services has put before us, would mean that the tribes would be requested to leave their present undertakings and contribute the money towards the cost of this doctor. I'do not refute the fact that such a doctor is necessary but I am merely pointing out the difficulties which face us. The most important thing is the original intention in constituting these Tribal Treasuries. The purpose was for the Chiefs and tribes to be taught to run their own tribal affairs. The people engaged and paid from Tribal Treasury funds are the employee. of the Chiefs and tribes. With regard to the suggestion put before us, the expense of that doctor will be partly paid by the central government and partly by the tribal government, and I would like to know to whom is the doator really responsible? I merely wish to point out that it is wrong policy that when the central government is unable to finance certain work it should ask tribal treasuries to do it for them. If there are such major works which the central government would like the tribes to do, government should likewise finance the tribes to carry out such work and if there are such things which the tribe are incompetent to handle then the government should take these over. We may be realising a stage when we should reconsider the allocation of duties to central and tribal Governments and to reconsider what proportion of money should go to the tribal treasuries and, what proportion should go to the Government. As it is today, Government gives us 35% to carry on our work for the tribes and if the suggestion is put into effect, Government will be asking for 1% to be paid back to Government. To me this is an unworkable policy. This matter about which I have been speaking, refers also to item 27. Some of us have long discussed that the running of schools is an important and heavy matter and Government should not have given over this duty to tribal treasuries.

- 122 - In discussing this matter we have decided to request Government to take over education beyond Standard VI and education below that should be run by Tribal Treasuries with committees, as is being done at present. That we feel would help towards the progress of education. THARI PILANE (BAKGATLA): Your Honour and Members of Council, the last speaker has expressed the opinions of this Council. We know that the important thing is the Tribal Treasuries. We have not enough funds in the Tribal Treasuries. We are unable to contemplate it not because we don't want a doctor to examine children, but because We have not got the necessary funds. We think that Government may devise a better means of paying for the doctor. With regard to the increase in teachers' salaries, we think if the Government will pay the salaries of teachers who teach above Standard VI, we shall be able to increase the salaries of teachers who teach below Standard VI. We know that there are not enough funds in the Bechuanaland Protectorate Government. We know that most of our children go to the Union where they get better pay for teaching. If you could increase the salaries of our teachers we may be able to get well qualified teachers to teach in our schools. It is not our intention to decrease the number of schools or the number of children in the schools, we request that this should not be done, but that Government should help to pay the salaries of teachers who teach in higher schools. That is our opinion with reference to these two items. PRINCIPAL EDJCATION OFFICER: Your Honour and members of Council: since this agenda was published, the proposal to increase teachers' salaries has been linked up with general standardisation of tribal salaries, i.e., teachers, like other tribal employees, would go on to increased improved scales uniform throughout the Protectorate. It is realised that this would be a burden on some of the smaller tribes. The proposal before Council that Government should take over higher education would not assist the poorer tribal treasuries. Our secondary education now comprises the Bamangwato College, Khale Mission and two small secondary day schools at Kanye and Mochudi. If Government took over higher education it would mean subsidising Moeng more heavily. At the present moment the Bamangwato Treasury pays £3,300 and Government pays £2,000 towards Moeng. It also pays £1,000 towards St. Joseph's at Khale. The proposal would mean, in effect, that Government would pay more to Moeng and more tQ St. Joseph's and that Government would take over the two small secondary day schools at Kanye and Mochudi. This would not help the poorer tribal treasuries at all and the problem of how they are to pay increased teachers' salaries would remain. I think the question of Government taking over secondary education should be kept separate altogether and other ways and means must be found of increasing primary teachers' salaries. TSHEKEDI/

- 123 - TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA): Before His Honour replies, I want to make some comments on Mr. Gardiner's remarks. What made us put forward the view that higher education should be taken over by government was the proposal to increase the cattle export levy tax. We shall tender our advice as to how this cattle export levy tax could be increased and that it should help in financing education. That is why we expressed our view this way. DIRECTOR OF MEDICA SERVICES: Your Honour and members of Council, I am not going to say much more, I am very pleased to hear that Council is unanimous in expressing the need for a medical Inspector of Schools. We come back to the old adage: "Give us the moneyW. and we will finish the job." We on our side will not let this matter drop but will attempt to explore all possible sources' for getting the necessary finance. I am very keen on this aspect of preventive medicine: I consider it probably he most important, as it is by dealing with the children in-their present stage of development that we can ensure a healthy rising generation. As I say, we will go into the matter again. We will not press the matter any fuether at this stage but I must warn Councillors that I am going to come at them again. Thank you. ACTING RESIDENT COMISSIONER: Mr. Chairman and members of Council, you have heard what the Director of Medical Services and'the Principal Education Officer have said. I have nothing to add to the remarks of Dr. Freedman and as far as Mr. Gardiner's remarks are concerned, the question of increased salaries for teachers will be considered when we come to discuss item 38 dealing with the question of standardisation of salaries. What would you like to take now? KGOSI BATHOEN II' (BANGWAKETSE): Item 12, Your Honour. COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION AND COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT FUND. TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA): Your Honour, this item has been put in by the Bakwena. This is not a lengthy matter and is briefly put in the note attached to this agenda, which reads as follows: "It is observed that the African public is not sufficiently aware of the big development projects undertaken in the Bechuanaland Protectorate. The Administration is requested to prepare a statement to be read at the next meeting of the Council to give details of the big ranching scheme carried on in the Northern Crown Lands and the Abattoir at Lobatsi." It seems this is the only request we put before Government. ACTING/

- 124 - ACTING GOVERNMENT SECRETARY: Your Honour and members of Council, it was a little difficult to produce a clear, and, at the same time, sufficiently brief explanation of the two Colonial Development Corporation schemes in time for this Council. A very short statement has been circulated, or at least a few copies are available, but that is admittedly inadequate. The main outline of the two schemes are not very difficult to explain and we will try, before Council finally disperses, to have ready something rather fuller. For the last two or two-and-a-half years Government has been occupied with the drafting of two agreements with the Colonial Development Corporation. These agreements are very long and in part rather. complicated and, although the original drafts were considered two years ago, I think, either by this Council or by representatives of it, there is not very much advantage in circulating them again now. They have not been altered in any material details I think from the original draft and by themselves they don't always convey very much to anyone who has not been concerned with their preparation. I would like to ask whether there are any particular aspects of these two schemes in which Council or members of Council are especially interested, with which the note might deal in more detail. TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA): We may ask with regard to the Motetsi Ranching Scheme, to what market is the meat to be sent? What benefit will these ranches be to this Territory? Such work requires manpower to run the scheme even if the machinery is there. This Motetsi Ranch seems 'to be very remote in the backveldt and round about that part it is unpopulated and where will labour be obtained for that very good work? Is the use of the Crown Lands given free to the Colonial Development Corporation or do they pay any rent for the use of that Crown Land? These are the questions which we would like to ask and to create interest of the people of any country in what is being done in their country, people should see what is being done rather than be told about it. Has Government considered the possibility of assisting anybody wishing to go and see how this work is being done, whether they be tribal representatives and whether they go of their own volition? ACTING GOVERNMENT SECRETARY: Your Honour and Council, we will include the answers to these questions as far as we can in the notes which we are about to prepare and we will also consider the suggestion whether we can arrange with the Corporation to allow people who are interested to visit their ranches and see what is happening there. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: What would you like to take now? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Item No. 26, Your Honour. COLLECTION/

- 125 - COLLECTION OF TAX BY COUPONS. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Unless there is something His Honour would like to say, I would like to give the decision of Committee in Council? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: / No, the position is explained in the note there: I don't think there is anything more to be said on it. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): This Council accepts this matter as it has been put here, that our children should pay tax in Johannesburg and be treated in the same way as the Basuto and Swazi people are treated. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSICNER: Thank you very much: as you see from the note, it is anticipated that the introduction of this system will increase the tax collected there and facilitate the collection. Thank you. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Item 41, Your Honour. ADDITIONAL MEMBER FROM GHANZI. Committee in Council has agreed that any person coming from Ghanzi could come and represent those people there. There is a request that came from Chobe. The representative from there says that he has been told that he can only come alone. He asks if he could be given a man to accompany him even if that man does not participate in the debate, because of the length and the distance which he has to travel, so that he can do his cooking. Committee in Council has accepted that request and the matter is being put to Your Honour. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Yes, certainly we will accept that and I am glad to see that Council has agreed that Ghanzi will be represented. We will arrange for somebody to attend from Ghanzi at the next meeting. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): There is item 40, Your Honour. ADDITIONAL/

- 126 - 1ADDITIONAL REVENUE MEASURES. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: You have had the note about extra revenue, haven't you? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE) : Yes Your Honour. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: I don't think there is anything more to say at this moment. There is a typing error on page 3; where it says'l50,OO0" it should be "£15,000". It really depends on when it is introduced: if it has been introduced on the 1st October I think it would be £15,000 - if it is the 1st December or November, it would be correspondingly less as the year goes by. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): From the 1st November, 1952 to the 1st March it wou'ld be £1,100. ACTING RESIDENT C4MISSIONER: Yes that would be right - £15,000 if it is on the ist October. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour, in opening this Council His Honour said that some money could be raised in this Territory without much difficulty. We asked for an explanation and Your Honour gave us the explanation. The most important point which the Resident Commissioner has mentioned is that the Cattle Export Levy would be raised 10/- per head and we being Africans say that we are not complaining about that Cattle Export Levy if such funds thus raised would help towards the running of tribal matters such as education. It was not very long ago that we told Your Honour that we anticipated great difficulty if money could be raised from the tribal treasuries to go to the Government and such difficulties we say could be overcome by raising the Cattle Export Levy. TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA): I wish to say something else very briefly in connection with the Cattle Export Levy. One would not be wrong in' the Protectorate to say that up to now cattle are the most important source of revenue in the Protectorate. Personally I say that although cattle are the most important things in this country not much attention is being given to them. For example, attention to cattle diseases. There is only one disease in which cattle are being treated free of charge to the farmers: this is anthrax.-, Cattle diseases as far as we can see are increasing and these cattle diseases are a menace to the cattle industry in the Protectorate and I feel that as far as we are utilising the revenue from cattle we should also do something towards helping the industry. AC TIN G/

- 127 - ACTING RESIDENT COMISSIONER: Let me reply to the last point first. The amount provided for the Veterinary Department and therefore the amount provided for services in connection with the Livestock Industry has been increased considerably in each of the last two years and there will probably be a further increase in the coming financial year and Mr. Tshekedi Khama perhaps may not have remembered that when we were discussing inoculation two or three days ago it was pointed out that this year we started) I think it was, in the Bangwaketse Reserve, with free inoculation for quarter evil and contagious abortion, but that that was being extended to another reserve in the coming year and that gradually in the course of the next three or four years we hoped to extend that programme to provide inoculation without- payment for at least those two diseases in the Territory. I say that to make it clear to Council that we have not overlooked the fact that it is our most important industry and we must take steps to protect it. Incidentally, the cost of the stock disease control' scheme is a fairly formidable one, it amounts to about £144,000, which is all money spent for the benefit of the cattle industry. Now I am very grateful to Council for the views they have expressed on the proposal to raise the cattle export levy tax and it will in time provide revenue which will assist Government in the provision of other services such as those which have been referred to, particularly education; but you will remember that in the note which was given you when you were considering this, it was stressed that at the moment we have a deficit and that we needed extra revenue, partly to bridge the gap between revenue and expenditure until the time came when we begin to get a direct return from the developments of the Colonial Development Corporation, and other people who were coming into the Territory, in the form of taxation. Therefore, as I say, your agreement to this extra taxation will make more available to Government, but it will be some little time before we-will be able to spend that money on other services. It is needed in the meanwhile to "plug up the hole" as it were. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, Now what would you like to take now? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE) : Just one question before you close: by one of the members. THARI PILANE (BAKGATLA): Your Honour, I want to ask about the help we receive in connection with stock diseases. We hear His Honour mention that this year the vaccine for anthrax and contageous abortion would be extended to another reserve? ACTING jRESIDENT COM0MISSIONER: Not for anthrax, for quarter evil. THAR!/

- 128 - THARI PILANE (BAKGATLA): What stops that being given to the whole of the Protectorate at the same time? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Money. It is quite an expensive item: tc suddenly provide free vaccine for quarter evil and contageous abortion would cost a very considerable amount and it is our intention to provide those services bit by bit. TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA): is there life immunity? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: I prefer not to answer that question but I think some of those inoculations have to be repeated. You ought to know more about this than I do. For quarter evil I think you only do the young stock in the first year. We have provided the extra money to branch out into another reserve. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): We have items 30 and 38 and we shall need Mr. Germond. ACTING RESIDENT CO4ISSIONER: Shall we adjourn now and then resume when we have these people here? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Yes. Council adjourned at 11 a.m. Council resumed at 11.25 a.m. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): May we take item 30, Sir? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Yes. NATIVE TREASURIES - ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING REGULATIONS. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour, in 1938 when the Native Treasuries were established, there were accounting and auditing regulations made. This year, in 1952, new laws were made, some repealed/

- 129 - repealed - old laws - and there were amendments made to others. We were not told of these new regulations when they were made, we were just given copies of the Regulations. We were not told when the first regulations were made because at that time we did not know what was being done and we did not have any comments to make, we just carried out the necessary things to be done .in the Native Treasuries. We expected that when Government found out that it was time to amend those regulations they would consult us, we who are doing the work. We had suggestions to make as some regulations required repealing and certain amendments. I stand here to express my personal opinion and not the opinion of Council that sime of the old regulations were useful to us because they agreed in the manner in which we conducted our tribal affairs. Some paragraphs which repealed paragraphs in the old regulations took powers from us. I am of opinion that these new laws will not be good in the running of our Native Treasuries. I would like to be furnished with an explanation of a wording which is used often in these paragraphs "District Qommissioner in control of the Treasury". I might be wrong in the meaning I attach to the wording. In the old regulations it read "District Commissioner" and there was no addition to that. I would like to knnw what is meant by "in control of the Treasury". We know that the District Commissioner has control of all we do in the Native Treasuries. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: As regards Chief Bathoen's last point, it is really just an amplification of the previous wording and those words "in control of the Treasury" can be deleted. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETdE): I am pleased Your Honour. I expect that you know all these paragraphs off-hand now and I shall mention the extracts I have made on the various paragraphs. In our collection of taxes we know that that part of the work devolves on the Chief and he shows the tax collectors who do the work on his behalf: if there is any laxity in the work the Chief is responsible: the new regulation reads: "If tax collectors are not carrying out their duties efficiently the Treasurer should report them to the District Commissioner". Now I do not know how it comes about that the Treasurer should report to the District Commissioner and not the Chief. At other places it is mentioned if there are any tribal defects those should be reported to the District Commissioner- There are many instances of that nature which take the power of the Chief and hand it over to the District Commissioner. If we order something for the tribe, I think if it is anything worth more than £10, before we incur such expenditure the order form should be endorsed by the District Commissioner, but the present practice is when the estimates have been approved by His Excellency the High Commissioner, we usually incur all the expenditure we want to if we do not exceed the amount of money we have especially requested or the amount voted for that expenditure. Briefly, the present practice is being stopped. There/

- 130 - There is another word which I do not understand clearly and which gives the District Commissioner power tto fix a maximum cash balance for each Treasurer under his control". It is a Very important power given to the District Commissioner as we are people who do not think alike, and one District Commissioner may fix this amount and another District Commissioner may fix a different amount. The people who do the job will not know exactly how they stand. I know it is a Government instruction and we agree that it is proper that the cash balance should not be much which is' left in the safe and that the money in the safe should be, deposited into a bank but at times when the District Commissioner checks the Looks of the Treasurer he Will find the cash balance quite an appreciable amount: he may come at the end of the month or in the middle of the month when a tax collector has brought in a lot of money and if he is not a considerate man he may get angry and say that his instructions are not carried out and that there is too much money in the safe. In concluding what I am saying, I say all these things are contradicting what has been put before us by the auditor when he started to write these regulations. His words read: "Suarvision and Control. If there is no devolution of resonsibIIty and accounting there can be no progress. It is of greater value that a tribal administration should have the actual custody and spending of a hundred pounds than that in theory it should control ten thcusand pounds which are in fact administered by.central government officers." If we are allowed to keep so much money and we are allowed to spend about £10 only before we ask the District Commissioner, are those not two contradictory statements? Briefly, Your Honour, I say these regulations require to be carefully reconsidered and Government should lay before us the regulations which it is intended to improve and in which we can agree that that is the intention of the regulations and we should express to him the difficulties we are experiencing at the present moment and the difficulties we know. We should give him our views, we should put before him our requests and the suggestion of the regulations to be amended in connection with the Native Treasuries. I will delay Council if I take it chapter by chapter, as it is a long matter. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Well Mr. Chairman, the aim and intention of Government was set out in that paragraph which you read just now about the devolution of responsibility, and I hope you gave us credit for the good intention even if you feel it is negatived in the regulations which follow. Now the first point is that these regulations are for all treasuries and some of those are not in tribal areas: at least one is at the moment and there may be others later. The other thing is that the state of advancement of the various Native Treasuries differs considerably: there are one or two which, despite vigorous efforts in the other direction, still have almost to be regulated by Government officers, and there is an advantage, in having a uniformity of regulations right through so that everybody knows where they stand. But I do appreciate that the new regulations are more restrictive in many ways than the old and what I think - 131 - we should do now is to consider the objections to the regulations which we have received from various Native Authorities in letters and see where we can ease some of those restrictions and then for the rest to provide that where - I don't know whether it should be the District Commissioner or the Auditor or the Resident Commissioner is satisfied about the conduct of a particular Treasury, a lot of functions at present given to the District Commissioner should be handed over to the Native Authority concerned. Naturally any amendments which we propose in the regulations you will be notified of in advance and you will have an opportunity to state your views. How does that appeal? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): If Government will still consider this matter in the manner in which the tribes stand at present we may say that that is in order. What I wanted to bring forward in connection with Tribal Treasury affairs one of these'Your Honour has already mentioned and that is in the Protectorate some tribes advance faster than other tribes. We mentioned this to Government verbally. Our contention is that the progressive tribes should not be stopped from their progress by the less progressive tribes. It rests with Government to try to encourage these tribes to progress, not to make restricted laws for the progressive tribes and stop them from progressing. Your Honour agrees that 'these regulations discourage some of the progressive tribes. I know that it is difficult to frame different regulations for those tribes and other regulations for other tribes but if the regulations are framed in such a way so as to leave an opening for the progressive tribes to continue there would be no difficulty as the backward tribes would wish to improve as the other tribes have done. My view is that these regulations should be framed taking into account the Chief ruling that particular tribe at the time or in regard to the complaint made by that particular Chief. There should not be regulations affecting the whole of the Protectorate. The regulations made in 1938 do not differentiate between the tribes nor between the Chiefs according to their status. We are fully aware that Government had complained about the manner in which certain treasuries were run by certain tribes and we say that Government should deal with such people and other people should not be dealt with on account of mistakes made by other people. Your Honour, in replying, said these regulations were made for the sake of uniformity throughout the Protectorate. Now if certain regulations are made particularly for certain tribes or certain Chiefs it will put the District Commissioner and the Auditor in difficulty. If a DistrictCommissioner of a certain district is used to the regulations pertaining to that district, when he is transferred to another district he will find that the regulations in that district are not the same and then we will begin to disagree with out District Commissioners. It may be possible that the new District Commissioner would like to carry out what has been done by him in the district from which he comes and he may find that the new tribe he comes to" is not willing to leave the old ways they/

- 132 - they are used to and take up these new ideas. There will not be many difficulties for the auditor, because his work is uniform, he does not deal with people, he just deals with the manner in which the books are handled. If the amendments are brought in the manner in which Your Honour suggests, we shall receive them and we shall consider them. Another thing: Your Honour has not said that had been left out: I do not know if Your Honour has N.T. Form 24 "Estimates of expenditure". This arrangement has been in force since 1938 when tribal treasuries were established and some of us might have new ideas which we would like to add to after we have seen how we were accustomed to the handling of our money. I know that Government will not stop it. I say this because this old arrangement even with regard to the new regulations still stands as it did before. There has been nothing in this to add. If we sit down as tribes to consider it,, we will put in certain things which we find are suitable this time.. When the Resident Commissioner puts in these new things that he is going to put in I will also say something in connection with this. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: I think that everything that you have said Mr. Chairman is true and I think the difficulties mentioned about delegating powers in some districts and thereby differentiating between one tribe and another, can be overcome very simply. We would have to put in a new regulation which would read something as follows:"Any functions allotted to District Commissioners under these regulations may be delegated to Native Authorities or withdrawn from them at the discretion of the Resident Commissioner." and then you would provide that the auditor should be informed of any such delegation. What it comes down to really if we follow that line is a classification of treasuries or grading of them and that I think does take place in most other African Colonies where they have treasuries. I have given the lines on which we agree and I don't think there is anything more to say now and if any individual members have comments, or individual Chiefs, they will be able to make them when we send out the draft amendments to the regulations. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): I know that these regulations are in the Gazette: are they in force? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Actually the roneod rules are not put in the Gazette and they can be changed by the Resident Commissioner. I think the Gazette notice says that the Resident Commission- , er may make rules - anyhow there is a change from the old procedure in which the rules were made by the High Commissioner. Now the Resident Commissioner may prescribe rules for the Native Treasuries and they came into effect on the 1st April in the current year. KGOSI/

- 133 - KGOSI BATHOEN IIBANGWAKET: Why I am Asking is because I know that something was started in April of this year. AQTING RESIDENT COMISSIONER: Yes, these regulations actually became effective on the 1st April. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): As Your Honour says that you will look into this, are these regulations in force in the meantime? ACTING RESIDENT COMISSIONER: Yes, we will have to let them be effective because the others were cancelled by the High Commissioner's Notice, but I see no reason uhy there should be any great delay in getting out the amendments and getting your comments on them and then making the alterations to these regulationq. MUTHI PILANE (BAKGATLA): Your Honour, I stand up in connection with the matter which the Chainiian has said in connection with the District Commissioners being in charge of treasuries. We all know that before treasuries were established there was a way things were being run and something cropped up which forced Government to say that tribal treasuries should be run in the way they are being run now and these treasuries are still being run in that way. A complaint arises from some of the tribes that a District Commissioner should have charge over these treasuries. I am glad that the Chairman said there are certain treasuries that mishandle money and their mistakes should not affect those treasuries that are not as careless as they are. To me, as I see it, a law has been made because of the mistakes that happened at a certain treasury but these mistakes have not happened in all the tribes. In my opinion when a law has been made I say it is good. Although a mistake may not have occurred at a certain treasury but it will at one time occur in that treasury, therefore the law will still stand as it has been made and this law will be empowering the District Commissioner to look into what has happened. We are willing to co-operate with the Government and will complain only when necessary and when Government makes a reply it is made in accordance with what we have said. I do not see where there is a mistake in making a law differentiating the law of that district from another district. The law is a law, it does not interfere with anybody who protects himself from making a mistake. I support this law because he who has not made a mistake will at one time make a mistake and the law will still be in force. M.K. MOAGI BAMALETE: Your Honour, I say that we are doing harm to ourselves: when we opened this Council Government showed us that they were trying to show us a way of advancement. There

- 134 - is not any place where there are no mistakes and I do not agree that whilst we are still progressing anything can happen and Government should press us-down. When Government takes powers upon itself which should normally be the powers of the Chiefs, I feel personally it is not the way to show us how to go forward. Mistakes are not common to Africans alone, mistakes are made by everybody. As you see the mistakes that we make, you being our District Commissioners should punish us for our mistakes and.I do not think you should deprive our Chiefs of their powers. It would appear as if it is lack of patience if our powers are thus going to be taken. TSHEKO TSHEKO (BATAWANAJ: Your Honour, I stand up to corroborate what Chief Bathoen has said. I have been Treasurer for the Batawana Tribe for a considerable time. I read all the treasury" regulations for 1938. When the new regulations came in I read them all. I find that the 1938 regulations are better regulations than are the new regulations. What is good about the new regulations is the instructions to the treasurer how to keep his books and the new regulations are so clear that it is just a text book. What I am not happy about and what' I have p' ointed out to the Chieftainess, is, when money is not collected properly or when it has been mishandled, under the new regulations if a tax collector has mishandled the money the treasurer should report this immediately to the District Commissioner. This to me will put the Chief and the Treasurer at loggerheads because the Treasurer is the servant of the Chief and should report to the Chief and the Chief to the District Comnissioner. I do not mean to say that when money has been lost it should just be left; if the Treasurer will adhere to these regulations the Chief may be dissatisfied with the treasurer or, as Chief Bathoen has said, if tax is not being collected properly the treasurer reports to the District Commissioner and when the Chief goes to the District Commissioner to report he finds that the District Commissioner has been told by the Treasurer. There is a clause which says that no order should be made exceeding £10 without the District Commissioner having signed the order form. I find that this can delay tribal matters. For instance, a tribal lorry; ther6 are parts of lorries which get worn and the price of these exceeds £10. A part may get broken when the District Commissioner is away on tour to Mohembo or somewhere else or the District Commissioner may be ill or engaged elsewhere as the District Commissioner has too much work and such a small part may be obtainable at the local garage. The District Commissioner has to sign that order form - yet the treasurer, the Chief and members of the Finance Committee are there. The tribal lorry will be out of use on such a small thing and perhaps there is some very important work that has to be done. That is what I notice with regard to these new regulations. I beg to request that it should be made clear that the treasury is under the Chief and the treasurer cannot go to the District Commissioner before he has seen the Chief. When I look at the Batawana Tribal Treasury, I notice that it is growing to such an extent that it is double what it was in -1938. I therefore feel that certain powers should be delegated to the Chiefs to carry them out rather than that such powers should be withdrawn from them. At/

- 135 - At first District Commissioners attended finance committees but recently they do not attend. We prepare estimates and other things and send them to the District Commissioner. During the last year an annual report was prepared and sent to the District Commissioner and was never returned to us with any mistakes that we had made. This, in my opinion, shows the advancement which should give Chiefs Ppowers instead of taking them away from them. 7i'Ath regard to this point that the treasurers should report to the District Commissioner anything that happens, I pointed out to my Chieftainess if I am responsible for the treasury I would rather leave the job. As I have said, I was ratheropleased with the accounting instructions in the regulations which are very clear and good. K.R. BOME (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour, I am not speaking at length, I just want to thank you for what you have said, that certain powers that are with the District CoLmmissioners will be delegated to the Chiefs and that the tribes should look into this matter and bring their comments with regard to the tribal treasury. There is no doubt that there is an advancement in tribal work. Just now we are considering certain designations which we would like to put in these regulations to suit certain work we are contemplating. We appreciate the fact that you say there should be classifications and in my opinion they must be put into force, there is no other way of working it. For instance, as the mining operations have started at Kanye, I don't know what can interfere with anybody being called "Minister of l1ines" in the Ngwaketse Reserve. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Thank you. We shall bear in mind all these suggestions which have' been made this monring. There is just one point that I would like to make and that is that the regulations carry no penalties for their breach. One or two speakers spoke as though they were laws under a breach of which you could be punished, but they are there merely for guidance and to try and standardise procedure. Thank you. Now you would like to take No. 38, would you? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSEI: Yes No. 28 now Your Honour While we are waiting Your Honour, we might dispose of two minor matters arising out of your Address. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Yes. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): The words expressed by Your Honour in opening Council on!,age 8 at the bottom: Your Honour mentioned a recent issue of a Crown Grant to Marble Lime and Associated Industries/

- 136 - Industries in the Ngwaketse Reserve. Council would like to have an explanation about this: the difference between a Crown Grant and a Mineral Concession, and which is the better of the two and why? ACTING GOVERNMENT SECRETARY: Your Honour and Council, subject to any correction which may prove necessary by reference to the law which we have here, I think the main difference between a Crown Grant and a Mineral Concession is this: the Crown Grant is a modern method of granting to a particular person a carefully defined right; for example, the right to prospect for or to mine stated mineral or minerals in a limited area, and by the law it can be granted on the authority of the High Commissioner. When it is granted in a Native Reserve it' requires the agreement of both the Chief and the High Commissioner and if either of these will not give the necessary permission then I think it is true that a Crown Grant may not be given. A Mineral Concession was the old fashioned way of granting as a rule very much wider rights. It was granted generally over a wide area and permitted the holder to search for any mineral he liked and as a rule the mineral concession extended for many years. It differed from the Crown Grant also in that it required the confirmation of the Secretary of State and not merely the High Commissioner. There were some subsidiary regulations which applied to mineral concessions and governed the method of operation: for instance, no mineral was to be won from any land held under a mineral concession unless the land had been pegged and Claim Licences had been taken out, as prescribed by law. There may be other differences of detail but I think those are the chief ones. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): You did not reply to one point Your Honour, what are the advantages gained by either of those arrangements? ACTING GOVERNMENT SECRETARY: The advantage would be that you can control by means of a Crown Grant very much better than you can by means of a Mineral Concession:°you may say you can only take asbestos, you may only take it in a few square miles, or you may only take it for the next six months or a year and if jou do it you will pay so much. I suppose it would be possible to do all that by a Mineral Concession but it would be very much more cumbersome and would have to go to London. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: You will find chapter and verse on this in Chapter 96 of the Law - page 745 onwards. TSHEKEDI KHAMA (BAKWENA): The advantages given by Mr. Latimer how the Crown Grant is better than a Mineral Concession, can equally be said of a Mineral Concession. I am wondering whether the Crown Grant has no other intention other than what has been said./

- 137 - said. I think we asked this question at short notice and that the authorities might give careful consideration and give us later a fuller reply. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Yes certainly. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSU Just a small question Sir: on page 9 of Your Honour's Address, we ihear that there is a project for the manufacture of bonemeal. We ask this question because it is a thing we like and there is no provision for this at present. Our cattle require bonemeal and we get it with difficulty when ordering from the Union. We want to know where this industry will be established. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: The person who is interested in getting this factory established wants to put it up at Lobatsi and we have ensured that only bonemeal surplus to the Protectorate's requirements can be exported. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE: Your Honour, I don't think there will be any surplus. It may appear that there are very few applications to get bonemeal from the Union but this is due to the restrictions and diffi6ulties at the moment. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Can we ask Dr- Freedman now to give you an idea about this tuberculosis survey? TUBERCULOSIS SURVEY. DIRECTOR OF MEDICAL SERVICES: Your Honour, Mr. Chairman and members of Council: I am very glad of the opportunity of addressing Council on the tuberculosis survey. I want to give Council details of the work that is contemplated and at the same time I want to make an urgent appeal. Some of you may have seen the mobile x-ray unit which is at present touring the Protectorate'. This is a large, rather cumbersome unit, very expensive to run, staffed by four European officers and about 10 or 12 African staff, ranging from Health Assistants to cooks, drivers and so on. The funds for this survey have been provided from a grant from Colonial Development and Welfare and it is through the good offices of the Union Health Department that the mobile x-ray unit and the technical staff have been made available to us. The/

- 138 - The object of the survey is three-fold: firstly, to x-ray the chests of people who come up for examination; secondly, to do what we call a Mantoux test (this is a skin test to determine whether a person has had or has not had tuberculosis); and thirdly to do other investigation such as blood counts and an assessment of the nutritional status of the people of the Bechuanalazd Protectorate. The skin test is also applied in other diseases, e.g.' diphtheria. A certain amount of material is injected into the skin and the results are read 72 hours later. Unless people come up 72 hours later for the reading of that test, the object of that test is completely nullified. The x-ray unit is capable of doing more than 400 x-rays per day. It is not the large size x-ray that most of you have seen, but a small film little bigger than a small snapshot. ' An itinerary was worked out in consultation with District Commissioners who made representations to the Chiefs and the duration of stay at each centre was based on the probable number of people who would come up for examination and x-ray. The Union Health Department allowed me the use of this plant for three-and-a- half months and it was our object to x-ray and Mantoux test as many people as we possibly could in order to get as accurate an idea as possible of the amount of tuberculosis present in the Territory. Until we do know how much tuberculosis we have, we cannot for a moment start planning to deal with the problem. While in London recently, I was successful in obtaining the cooperation of the World Health Organization in dealing with this problem, but before we can put up a scheme we must know what the size of our problem is. At the outset when the x-ray unit first visited one or two centres that have now been co-pleted, the response was excellent as a result of propaganda amongst the people. I think most people thought the mantoux testing was a means of curing them of tuberculosis. Many attended for examination, but unfortunately since then an epidemic of whooping cough, measles and dysentery, about which we heard yesterday, has caused a number of deaths not only in the Bakwena Reserve but in the Bangwaketse Reserve, and the result is that I am advised that there is a suspicion that the skin tests are causing the deaths and the illnesses. The result has been that attendances have dropped considerably. Now I want to make a very urgent appeal to you. We will not be able to get this x- ray unit and the experts again for a very long time to come once the survey is over, Rand unless we know what the extent of tuberculosis in the Territory is, my representations to the World Health Organization, which is the health branch of the United Nations, will probably be jeopardised. I appeal to you to explain to the people that this is a very very urgent investigation. Tuberculosis in this Territory, as in other territories, is becoming one of our most urgent health problems and I would ask you when you return to your homes to explain to your people the very urgent need to attend at the mobile clinic, to have the skin tests done, to undergo the x-ray examination and/

- 139 - and to return two or three days after at the request of the officer in charge, so that the results of the skin testing might be noted on the card index. We are spending a lot of money on this survey and it will all be wasted unless this is done. If you will help me in doing what I ask, you will also be helping yourselves and your children. MATLHABAPHIRI SANKOLOLO (BAKWENAj: Your Honour, I have one or two questions: the first question is as it has been explained to us about the mobile unit, do they just examine a person and do not give such person anything in the form of medicine? The second question is this: I hear the Director of Medical Services say - I don't know if this has been made clear to me but I heard something to the effect that these-people also see into the nutrition of the country. What I mean to ask is whether people are being fed with good food and if they dre not being fed with good food, if the unit does anything to help such a persop? This is all with regard to the question but with regard to the mobile unit, before we left the Chief called the tribe and told them that they should be ready for the mobile unit'which is to come. What surprised me was that when I returned yesterday, when I got to Gaberones I heard that these people had informed us that it had rained at Molepolole and that this being so they would not find people there and so they would go somewhere else and I heard that it was their intention to go somewhere else, and if they have done so it will mean that the people will be waiting all the time because the Chief had told them to wait. DIRECTOR OF MEDICAL SERVICES: In reply to these questions, the answer to the ,first is that they do not give medicines, they are determining to what extent tuberculosis is present amongst the pedple. When we have that information we propose following it up, introducing a mass vaccination campaign against tuberculosis. Now that is a comparatively new development in the prevention of tuberculosis. When the skin test is negative it means that that person has not had an infection of tuberculosis and we give him or her an injection of a vaccite to immunise him or her against tuberculosis in'the same way as we do to children against diphtheria. That is why we are doing skin tests. We do not inoculate with the vaccine those people who show a positive reaction, that is those who have had tuberculosis, and I repeat this team is not there to dish out medicine. They have all their work cut out to do the investigations in the time at their disposal. The second answer is that they are investigating the nutritional*status of the people, since we know that when-a person's nutritional status is low that person is more susceptible to tuberculosis. We are trying to link up all the information at our disposal. The third point, about the team not going to Molepolole, that is not correct. The team was due to go to Molepolole and start work on the 27th October but because of the attendances being smaller than originally anticipated, the team finished its work at the other centres before the scheduled/

- 140 - scheduled date. There was therefore approximately ten to twelve days between the time of finishing the work at Gaberones and the scheduled date of arrival at Molepolole. Because they were due to go to Mochudi after Molepolole on a date when schools would be closed, I suggested to the team and to' the District Commissioners concerned that they go to Mochudi first and do the school children there in those twelve days before they were due in Molepolole. I hope they will still arrive at Molepolole on the scheduled date, certainly not more than a day or two late, and if they are one or two days late the District Commissioner and the Mef will be notified in good time: Does that, Mr. Chairman, answer all the questions and statements made? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): So far, yes. This is advice perhaps Government has not yet become aware of because these people started this work at Kanye and they will have reported to Government that the Bangwaketse did not respond favourably. They came for inoculation as requested but the complaint only was their not coming back to have their skin test read. The fault was two-fold, partly that the officers in. charge sometimes would fix the time and date when they should go to the kgotla and then they don't keep that time and people went there and the officers did not turn up and they had to disperse. Sometimes people would come in dribs and drabs and the officers would give it up and go. I mean to point out that when these officers go to a large village like Molepolole this arrangement should be made at the end that people should be told on such and such a date at such and such a time they will be examined at a certain place and these officers should be there at the 4ppointed time. K. IKANENG (BAMALETE): Your Honour, with regard to the mobile unit, I do not know how the report has been made to the Director of Medical Services. At my home the time they were there, people turned out in large numbers. I have found that my people were very much in favbur of it and some of them went there asking to be inoculated. In my observation, people turned up favourably. I do not know what report they will give to the Director. This was a day when there was a number of people at the kgotla waiting for them. The Bamalete were very much in favour of this, and I do not know if it has been said that there was any slackness. TSHEKO TSHEKO (BATAWANA): Will this mobile unit go as far as the Batawana? DIRECTOR OF MEDICAL SERVICES: No: I am afraid they cannot. The type of unit precludes if from going from Francistown to Maun. It is impossible for the unit to negotiate that section of the road. It is going as far as Francistown only. We will do the skin testing of the school children later on in their reserves which have not been covered by the mobile unit, and the whole Territory will be covered by the subsequent vaccination campaign. We hope to exclude nobody from that. MOHUMAGADI/

- 141 - MOHUMAGADI E.P. MOREMI III (BATAWANA): Your Honour, I am complaining: I have no doubt that this sickness is in my country. Recently there have been many deaths due to tuberculosis. We have not come to say all the complaints. There are two serious diseases at my home and one is tuberculosis. These two things I request the Director of Medical Services should give attention to. / MONTSHO MOGALAKWE (BATAWANA): I thank the speakers for what they have said. Our complaint is that we do not get treatment in the same way as other people are getting. We always get late treatment and we complain that we are the last to be served. We are thankful for the mantoux test to school children. I know Government will send farmers who will go to do that work instead of sending doctors. I know that will happen in the Batawana. DIRECTOR OF MEDICAL SERVICES: I can assure the Batawana that the only restriction on the movement of the mobile x-ray unit to Maun and the whole of Ngamiland is that it just could not get there and I can also assure you that if I had any choice in the matter Ngamiland would certainly not have been left out of the survey. ACTING RESIDENT CCMMISjIONER: The purpose of this discussion was really to. let people know what was happening and to ask for their assistance when they go home in seeing that the maximum number of people attend the clinic and Qome back to have their skin test read, and I hope that in those districts which the clinic has still to visit the maximum assistance will be given by the authorities. That includes the attendance of adults for the x-ray examination. Shall we adjourn now and go on at half past two? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE: Yes Sir. Council adjourned at 12.55 p.m. Council resumed at 2.40 p.m. ACTING RESIDENT COMMIS.SIONER: Are we going to do item No. 38 now? KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE):' " Yes Your Honour. STANDARDIZATION/

- 142 - STANDARDIZATION OF SALARY SCALES. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour, this matter has been brought before Council and it affects what has been discussed in the past by Government and the Chiefs before they came to Council. I think in 1950 it was discussed by this Council. Afterwards four District Commissioners and three Chiefs were selected as a Select Committee to consider this matter and they gave their recommendations and put their recommendations before Government that these recommendations should be brought before this Council again. We all know that last year this Council did not meet and it was on that account that this matter was not discussed last year.. I do not think the views expressed were carried out by all the tribes completely, that the salary scales proposed should be accepted. Last year in December Government reminded us about this matter. Again this year we were also reminded that when we framed the estimates for this year we should make provision for this matter and teachers' salaries were also included. I out this before Council, pointing out the difficulties which I foresee myself, that the tribal treasuries have not got the same amount of revenue that is borne out by the salaries paid to tax collectors or to treasurers or to policemen. They perform the same duties in different tribal reserves and on accdunt of the weight of the responsibilities in the various tribal reserves the salaries paid to each of these people are different. The great difficulty that we are experiencing is that these tribal treasuries have not got the same amount of revenue and it will be difficult to standardise the salaries paid to the employees without inconveniencing the richer treasuries and overburdening the poorer treasuries. What I notice is that we cannot have a uniform pay for all these Native Treasuries. A scheme can be devised so that when we make the estimates and submit them to Government they should not hurriedly say we have provided too much for a certain employee because we will be led by something that has been agreed upon. Today when we frame these estimates at our centres there is nothing to guide us on what has been recommpended by the Finance Committee. When our recommendation. is looked at, they might not approve and will probably say no. I have nothing more to say in connection withthis item and I am not worried about the general principle put before us if there is some flexibility in the scales so that the tribes can decide as to how they could apply this in their particular reserve. The scale proposed in 1950 I consider to be rather too low, now-a-days the cost of living has risen and the responsibility held by these people now has also grown. I therefore feel that scales paid to them should be increased ' accordingly, more especially that it will be made uniform with the salaries paid to teachers. That is all, Your Honour - FIRST/

- 143 - FIRST ASSISTANT SECRETARY: Your Honour and members of Council, I am a newcomer as far as this subject is concerned, because it was raised during the time I was away, but I have dealt with it since I have been here in Mafeking. In 1950 there was this Comraittee which I will cail the "Rutherford Committeel which was appointed on the instructions of the Resident Commissioner and that Committee made certain recommendations and these were on these lines, that there should be,, if possible, a standardization of salaries and these recommendations were circularised to all the District Commissioners, considered by the Native Authorities, and finally the Committee and the District Commissioners were requested to render certain returns which would enable the Governbent to see whether it was in fact possible to have standard scales of salaries throughout the Territory and also to raise the standard of these salaries which were very low. These returns from the districts were considered by myself with the assistance of Mr. Lawrenson and Chief Bathoen. We had returns from all the treasuries. I am not going into the actual details of what we decided but I will touch on the more important features. When we had examined all these returns, we came to this conclusion that some of the treasuries were well able to meet the increased expenditure which these salary scales would entail. It was very evident that the Bamangwato Treasury- was well able to take this in its stride. In the, same way, the Bakwena and the Bangwaketse and the Barolong, even though it is a small treasury, it is I should say a wealthy treasury. Then we found that there were middleclass treasuries which were not at the moment able to carry such increases but which we felt might in future at some time be able tO do so - the Bakgatla and the Batawana Treasuries. We felt in regard to these treasuries - rightly or wrongly - that with a little more effort on the part of the people concerned they would be well abe to carry this extra expenditure. Where there was a third-class treasury which would definitely not be able to carry this, they were some of the very small treasuries like he Batlokwa Treasury, the new federated treasuries of the Tati tribes and the Bamalete Treasury. There were several functions: one was to grade these treasuries into different grades - 1, 2 or 3, and probably to apply the new standardisation of salaries to one grade or probably to the senior grade which was well able to carry these salaries and to leave those others which might not be strong to a stage where they reached the stage where they could carry them, then to adopt these scales. It seemed that the smaller ones, the "C" grade, it was'doubtful whether they would ever be in a position to adopt these grades. The other way was to try and get them to all participate in the new stanaardization of salaries, the weaker ones by assistance from the Ggvernment, as it is today the Batlokwa does in fact get assistance from the Government. I thiink we were agreed that it would be a pity to apply these new -scales, which were to my mind better and higher scales, on ly/

- 144 - only to the higher treasuries and we thought it would be in order to appeal to the Government to assist the weaker treasuries so that they might also participate in these nigher salaries. As I say the three treasuries would be the Bamalete, Tati and Batlokwa, which would need assistance. Having done this, we then turn to the proposed scales which were given to us by what I can the "Rutherford Committee" in 1950. We did this because Chief Bathoen had felt that the scales which were drawn up in 1950 were no longer suitable because of the fact that since then the cost of living has gone up. I am not going to worry you with detail but I will quote to you just the "bones" of the old scale and then compare that with the positions which we arrived at after discussion between the three of us. The old recommended scales were based on not only scales but grades: there were four or five grades and a little above that there were scales. We did not see the purpose of the grades and the scales, the reason why there should be these two things - grades and scales - we felt that it would be sufficient just to have the scales with, say, a bar from one scale to the other, which bar could only be used by a recommendation of the Finance Committee and approval of the Resident Commissioner. We agreed also that the scale should be raised. There were in the recommended salary scales eight scales, the bottom scale started at an initial salary of £24 and then went to the super-scale where the maximum amount was £240, the maximum scale being for very senior people like a Chief Secretary at a higher grade, and the very low salary of course of £24 per annum being for messengers. We reduced these eight scales to six scales: we raised the initial and very low wage of £2U4 to £36: we raised the rate of increment from £4 to £6 every year and we raised the super-scale from £240 to £402, so that is the maximum scale; and, as I say, we were satisfied on examination of the returns submitted by the districts that except for three treasuries, the treasuries would well be able to meet that expenditure. I have prepared certain papers which unfortunately have not been put before Council because they were not ready. It will be possible to circulate them now before members of Council leave. It was the intention, with the approval of the Resident Commissioner, to submit the recommendations which we have made in this small committee to the High Commissioner and request his approval in principle, so that we might be able to implement these new scales into the estimates for this coming year so that the employees of the treasuries may have the benefit of these better salary scales. I would like to say that these recommendations have not yet been placed before the Resident Commissioner so that it is not a final decision insofar as Government is concerned. I don't think I have anything more to add to that. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: There are two questions I would like to ask Mr. Germond: the first is if, for example, you have one scale of salary for a treasurer, will the treasurer of one

- 145 - of the small treasuries which needs Government help will be able to go through to the same maximum as the treasurer of one of the big treasuries? The second question is, when you' have worked out the extra cost to the treasury of introducing these new salary scales? have you done it on the basis that when a man who is going on to the new scale - would he start on the minimum or would he be starting say five notches .up the scale because he had already been in that job for five years? FIRST ASSISTANT SECRETARY: Well the first point was that we did consider the question of promotion from one scale to the other, that is why in the small treasuries we will see the treasurer will have the same chance of promotion as the treasurer in a large treasury like the Bamangwato one. We said that from one scale to the other there would be a bar and that bar could only be jumped by a recommeldation of the committee on approval of the Resident Commissioner. In making its recommendations, the committee would have in mind the ability of the man, the importance of his office and the ability of the treasury to stand that expenditure because it was obvioas in the smaller treasuries, to pay the salary of £402 would be incongruous because it would not be practical to pay the treasurer of the Batlokwa Tribe £402 for the work he has to do, for his responsibilities would never be like the man who was running the Bamangwato Treasury- For that reason the treasurer has five'scales. to his pay, and, in considering the committee's recommendation, the Resident Commissioner would look to this very point as to whether the office is such that it warrants such a salary or that the treasury is able to carry such a salary. Therefore there are safeguards to safeguard the weaker treasuries, those which would be financed partly by Government, from an increasing expenditure which would be too much of a burden. t I think the second question was, working out these returns here, we took into consideration the experience of a man or whether we merely cover him for that experience, two or three or five increments, or whether we started right from the bottom of the new scale. When we asked the District Commissioners to draw up these returns it was decided they should be worked on one increment above the scale at which they were in the old salary scale, they would be put one notch up from the one which they held under the old scale, so that they would not lose. We did consider the case of people who were drawing salaries which were really not commensurate with their ability and their experience and we said that that would be left to the Finance Committee themselves who were the best judges. There would not be very many of those - I think' there are some of them - and they would not be found among the lower ranks of the employees but among the higher ranks, because more often than not the lower ranks are passengers who are here today and gone tomorrow, they stay for one, two or three Years and then they are off, but some people like the tax collectors and treasurers have been carrying very important posts for a long time at a very low wage and by the standardization of salaries, now was the opportunity to bring them up to what we felt they should justly be receiving. KG0~I/

- 146 - KGOSI L. MONTSHIWA (BAROLONG): I have one question Your Honour: have I understood you properly, the chief factor will be the treasury and the ability of the treasury to pay that money and the ability of the person. I am asking this in connection with a smawll treasury in the event of them not having enough money, could the treasurer of that treasury go to £402? ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: I should say no, because I don't think the amount of work and responsibility in the treasury would warrant it. Any other speakers on the subject? KGOSI L.JMONTSHIWA_(BAROLONG): Your Honour, we do appreciate what this committee has -done, especially with regard to the scales because it is the first thing that has been done for the tribes. I still speak as I did before that the work of the tribes is advancing: we sometimes are unable to get the services of competent people because we are unable to pay them the salaries which they will require. This scale can be improved by us as time goes on. There is one point which we had in mind when this matter was brought up, it is in connection with teachers' salaries. Teachers have asked for certain privileges like cost of living and pensions and gratuities. We were talking about Cattle Export Levy, that the 10/should be increased and we meant that this money should be raised and should be used towards the running of our treasuries and with regard to the teachers, we said it would be difficult for us to give them all they asked for at the same time and we would perhaps consider giving them a gratuity. We were thinking that this consideration should be given to them. We also think that some of our tribes might not be included in these scales and be regarded as Grade 1, as in the Batawana. When Government does pay back the Cattle Export Levy it will be as though they are in a position to pay these salaries. K. IKANENG (BAMALETE): Your Honour, these salaries that Mr. Ger-nond tells us about, will they fulfil the request of the teachers as shown in item 27 on the agenda? FIRST ASSISTANT SECRETARY: I am not really competent to answer that and I am not aware of the scales which are paid in the Union, but certainly I don't think they are anything like as high as -the Union scales but they are a very big improvement on the present teachersi salaries in Bechuanaland. K. IKANENG (BAMALETE): That item 38, I thought that it included teachers, tax collectors and other people working in the tribal treasuries? FIRST ASSISTANT SECRETARY: Yes, it includes everybody, these two scales include everybody who is employed by the tribal tTeasury messengers/

- 147 - messengers and so on and that is why these present scales 9f the teachers will be changed in accordance with these now recommended scales which I have not read in detail and which I can say are a big improvement on your old teachers' scales. I think the details of these revised scales would be better considered later. TSHEKO TSHEKO (BATAWANA): I stand up to endorse what Chief Bathoen and other speakers have said. It has become apparent that Chiefs have lost competent people on acqount of the meagre salaries and if things were left like that tribal matters would not make any headway, because in many cases a man who started to work in a tribal office and one in a Government office doing the same uork of, typing and filing, as the years go on one finds that the one working for the Government will be in' the position to be able to employ one who has been employed by the tribe and he will have some money to.ospare. Some of us are very soon going to Natal. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Well I am not in a position to say a lot, as Mr. Germond has told you the recommendation of this committee has only just been put on paper and Government has not had an bpportunity to study it, but broadly speaking, and I emphasise 71broadly speaking", without going into the details, the proposals of the committee seem sound. Copies of these recommendations will be issued to members of Council before they leave so that they can study them at home, but I hope that this year we will be able to proceed to the framing of scales on the bases which have now been recommended. As I said before, my remarks are only to be taken to be preliminary but there are one or two things' which struck me in the course of discussion: the first is that if it is necessary for Government to subsidise one or two or possibly three treasuries, so that they can pay these salary scales, it must be understood that such a subsidy is not necessarily permanent. We would subsidise them to enable them to get over a difficult period but we shall look to them ito find means of, raising the extra revenue to relieve Government of this subsidy. Now the secbnd point, and it follows from the first, particularly in the case of some of the treasuries, is that from all appearances the collection of graded tax is not coming up to expectations. I know it is only a year or so since the graded tax was introduced as a tax by proclamation but an almost identical tax was being collected for several years before in the form of a special levy and before that it was called a War Levy, and we have come to the conclusion that in many places considerable efforts are directed towards the collection of the graded tax from wage earners, people who are working for the tribal administration, who are working in stores and people who go to the mines, but that there is not the same effort to collect from people who pay on the basis of stock holding. Now that is very understandable because it is much easier to collect from the wage earner, it is easy to get it from them, they are close to hand and it is easy to find out what they earn and what they should pay but I do think that some of the treasuries, particularly those in the second group which Mr. Germond talks about, would do very much better for themselves and have very much more money/ - 148 - money to spend if they made a determined effort to get in the graded tax from cattle owners. I think that is all that I can say on that, Mr. Chairman. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Item 9, Your Honour? LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Before I start to talk about matters affecting item 9, I have a request to make. I wish to make an addition to this item on the agenda, it should have been shown that it was proposed by the Bakwena and the Bangwaketse. This is a very important matter before Your Honour. It would appear that it has just begun to worry us recently but that is not so: it has been brought before this Council in this form previously. If I remember well it was an amended proposition and at that time it was spoken of lightly. If my memory serves me, this Council was started in 1920. It was at Gaberones in 1929 that we took a very serious view of the powers of this Council. We said that what we spoke about was all in connection with the Native Fund. The then Resident Commissioner told us that it was not so and we said it was so. At that time some members held the opinion that both Advisory Councils, African and European could be made into one under a Joint Advisory Council tecause our contention was that the Europeans were free to talk about the revenue raised by this Territory to which we subscribe. I remember that I said that the time was not ripe yet for the Joint Council and that we should continue to have separate councils. In 1931 we said it was time that a constitution was framed to control this Council. I remember that one speaker said there should be a Council solely for the Chiefs and a Council for the Chiefs' advisers but that idea was not carried any further. We attend this Council yearly and we come here with questions, requests and complaints, but I hope you will excuse me when I say that some of our requests are not answered for a very long time and sometimes we are given promises which are never fulfilled. That is why, Your Honour, you will observe in these items we are repeating most of our requests that we made in past years. I know that some of these matters could have been discussed by the Chiefs, the District Commissioners -and the tribes in their respective reserves. I mention them because they were once dibcussed in this Council and they are being discussed again in this Council. I can give an example of four of them which are here today and which were discussed in 1944. They ate being re-discussed now in 1952. This discourages us, Your Honour, and/ - 149 - and this Territory should progress. Our request at the moment is that a Legislative Council be instituted in the Territory. When a request like this is made, people usually give two views. Some people say the time is not yet ripe and some will say "You are not able to carry out work like that". My question is who will say the time is now ripe, and who is it that will determine and say "Now you are able to carry out this work'? I do not expect Your Honour to reply to this question, I will reply to it myself. It is difficult for our Government to say now the time is ripe or to say now you have the ability, because the officials in the reserves do not remain long with us. The District Commissioners as well as the Resident Commissioners keep on changing. When an official begins to understand the conditions of the people at his station he is transferred, .even when he has views which he could express, a new official is brought in and he in turn has to begin to study the con ditions. What I mentioned here about the regulations affecting native treasuries may be- taken as an example; one official ccmes in with his views and he leaves and another official comes in and imposes his own views and he leaves also. We once made a request at this Council that before Government made proclamations which affect us they should give us sufficient time to study them and to discuss these proclamations with Government. That request was accepted by Government and it was carried out for a few years. Recently it has been overlooked and discontinued altogether. We see the Proclamation published in the Gazette which we should have had time to comment on. It does not help Your Honour, to beat about the bush and I can quote an example of the regulations affecting the accounting and auditing in native treasuries. These were not sent to us to consider first. There are many proclamations which are like that one. When we see regulations which we are told affect the Bamangwato people alone, and'although at the present moment they affect the Bamangwato only, in the future they might be extended to other reserves. We know that the position in the Bamangwato Reserve necessitated that Government should hurry and cover themselves and we can overlook these regulations although we have some complaint about them. Lastly, before I sit down, we are not the only territory which is under the British Government. There are other colonies inhabited by Africans, in Central Africa and elsewhere. In those colonies Legislative Councils are already established. I have met people personally who are members of such a Council and I do not think that they are better educated than we are because it is education that makes a person advance. We have young men here in the Protectorate who are educated and who are even better educated than the people I saw in those other countries. I did not meet people from one colony only, I met them last year when I was in. England coming from various colonies which were under the British Government. Your Honour, I am of opinion that the time is now ripe and that we are lagging behind the colonies inhabited by Africans like ourselves. When/

- '150 When native treasuries were instituted some people said we would never manage to run these treasuries well, but we have managed all the same. I do not think that if such a co'uncil were started it would be too much for us: after all the art of speaking is not so complicated a thing as the handling of money. On previous occasions we have discussed matters with His Honour both at his house and elsewhere but our views have always been competent or otherwise it would have never been necessary for him to invite us time and again. I am sure that His Honour has noticed that the speakers in this Council are not the same as those in past councils. I have no doubt that as the years go on speakers of the same calibre as we have here will be present. There are some of us who have been chosen to form a small committee to discuss this privately with you at a time which you will choose. I do not say that members of Council here present today will not give their views. Our request is that we should be given that opportunity to discuss it with you. M.L. KGASA (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour, Mr. Chairman and members of Council, why are any people governed at all? Why does any government under certain given conditions have to undergo some form of or complete metamorphosis? Surely people are governed because there must be social order and, as far as possible, peace? That is why we are all keen that Government should come to some agreement with the Bamangwato at the present time. Such social order is a condition for some degree of co-operation and goodwill. Governments undergo changes because the mdnners, thoughts and attitude of the people change. Progress in civilisation is a determining factor in effecting changes among a people. The aristocracy may hinder progress in government because they may be afraid that their powers would be taken away but the peculiarity of our request today is that our aristocracy is itself keen on the formation of a legislative council: actually, I should say they are the protagonists of this scheme. We have hitherto been governed by proclamation. This has been very necessary because our state of development demanded it. The virtue that is usually attached to proclamations is that they can be amended at any time to suit the changing coiditions of man. I admit Your Honour that the bulk of our people are illiterate and primitive, but that does not constitute any sound reason for the continuation of proclamations. We request very humbly that a Legislative Council be formed as they have similar councils in West Africa, Northern Rhodesia and Central Africa. A Legislative Council would fulfil the too often unpopular but reasonable dictum that "taxation of a people should be followed up by representation of the people in the framing of laws". Furthermore, a Legislative Council would dispel the deep seated belief of the average Motswana that all Europeans who come into the territory have come to take away the land and our cattle. This belief leads to mistrust and a Legislative Council would in addition remove mistrust and bring about goodwill, co-operation, benevolence and unity in diversity. In/

- 151 In our discussions on the control of grazing, it was emphasised that the public itself should be interested in this matter. Here again Your Honour I submit that the public would undoubtedly show more co-operation if they knew that they had their political representatives to whom they would refer such public affairs. The late Earl Baldwin iii one of his essays, "This Torch of Freedom" says, "the authentic note in democracy is that the man in the street feels he is governing himself!' and the formation of a legislative council would give the people in this Territory this same attitude of mind. If this is done Your Honour, I visualise a time when Government machinery will work better, and save time and money under a legislative council. There is a fantastic idea that if Africans are given a share in legislation then they become political cranks and abuse civilization. I admit some of us are still wild, as was mentioned yesterday in the misuse of trains but civilization is not static, it is dynamic and it can never be abused, as it is not a privilege but a way of life that naturally gives birth to the request that our Government should form a Legislative Council. I am aware that I may have been very vague and not specific but I felt that I should take it in broad outline so as to avoid any confusion. LETLOLE MOSIELELE (BAKWENA): Your Honour, Mr. Chairman and members of Council: I am not going to say anything except to ask that the matter as already put forward by the two speakers should be looked into. This legislative council will be something new as it willbe something that will show that it is a step forward. It is very necessary because we Africans have not been represented in the making of the laws which govern us. If the time is ripe for some of us to be present in the framing of these laws, then we shall know indeed that law is a means of protection. I beg to remind Your Honour of the question which Chief Bathoen has asked: he said will there be anybody who will say that the time is ripe? I do not know whether Chief Bathoen had a reply to that question. As we go on our lives are changed according to changing conditions. Our lives are changed by the people with whom we come into contact and the people who visit us, and with regard to these changes it is our wish that those of them which are good should be made use 9f. My observation in the Bechuanaland Protectorate is that there have been some misunderstandings. It is my conviction that if such a council could be constituted such misunderstandings would stop because a simple person who is not a Chief would be afforded an opportunity to look into the law then he will truly see really why the law is required. ft is not easy for the Chief having met the District Commissioner to say to me this is what you shall do without giving any reason why I should do so. A Legislative Council will afford the ordinary man to take a share in the framing of the laws which govern them. Just now we have/

- 152 - haie our Reside~nt Commissioner here and his junior officers are out in the districts and they are there because of the law. They work in accordance with the law ari I say this is the time. Even though we are still backward, those who are ahead should advise us and we will very quickly understand. It is they who will lead us: The Director of Medical Services has already said that prevention is better, than cure and I believe that if a council such as this could be constituted it will prevent the troubles that have hitherto been taking place. It will encourage those of our people who have the means to learn and obtain such. education as will enable them to understand the laws which govern them. If the Government could go so far this would be protection to our Chiefs and simple men. People believe that this protection is only given to the Chiefs because it is the Chiefs only who have contact with the District Commissioners. A simple man has no way of having contact with the District Commissioner. This is what makes us think that Government is for the Chiefs only and to create a Council such as this, I believe that can wipe out this doubt, progress will be made, peace will prevail, everything will flourish in peace. M.K. MOAGI (BAMALETE): Your Honour, I have not much to say. I am sorry we have embarked upon a very big subject, as some of our Chiefs are absent through illness and other things. This matter appertains to the tribes and is a very big matter. I stand up to say that if it were not for the fact that they are unable to come here they should be present to follow the discussion. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Your Honour, I do not mean to speak twice and I am not saying anything against what the last speaker said but perhaps you may wonder why the last speaker speaks in the way he does: I just want to say that we discussed this matter before the four Chiefs went away because of illness. MATLHABAPHIRI SANKOLOLO (BAKWENA): Your Honour and Council, first I shall remind Your Honour that it is about 57 years since the formation of this Protectorate. Usually a nurse of a child is interested if she sees that child trying to walk or run: it would not interest a nurse nor will it interest a mother or father of such a child if the child is not eager to walk and run, but parents are eager to see their children walking and running because they know something might happen when a parent will have to tell the child to run away from it and the child will be able to do so. I say this to show that you are having great difficulties with regard to other powers which are interfering and corresponding with you in our connection and they also despise the way you are running this Territory. When they see us they wonder whether we are the people supposed to be under the protection of the British Crown, because we are so backward, and yet these other governments who deride us are also under the British Government. It is difficult to bring us up to the standard required now but our government can still do so sooner or later. It would be of very great interest and our Government would be very proud to see people whom they have brought/

- 153 brought up rise to such a standard that they will see them taking up positions of responsibility and participating in the running of their Territory together with their Government. By saying this, I do not think that our Government will think that we have any feeling that we would like selfgovernment. We are far from wishing for independence. What we really say is that we should take part in the matters that affect our country, it being borne in mind that we are sons of one person, i.e. the British Government, so that we could be economically independent from other governments which we envy our country. I conclude by sking that cur government should give us a hearing in this matter and consider favourably this our request. TSHEKEDI KHAMI (BAKWENA): Your Honour and Council, if my information is correct, I understand that of all the British Protectorates and Crown Colonies, the three High Commission Territorie" in Southern Africa are the only ones still without a Legislative Council. This reason alone is sufficient to convince anybody of the need for a Legislative Council in Bechuanaland. The unexplained delay in the creation of a Legislative, Council for any one of these three High Commission Territories in Southern Africa breeds a suspicion in the minds of many people. We fear that this delay has. a deeper meaning than we realise. Some critics feel this question continues to be shelved in order to placate the Government of the Union of South Africa. For our part, we feel that a Legislative Council is in fact one of the protections necessary against any aggressive political measures which the neighbouring government might direct against us. It is only through a properly constituted Council that the true; feelings of the people can be expressed when, for instance, consideration is given to the demands which will sooner or later be made by the Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa for th'e inclusion of the Protectorates into the Union of South Africa. We are told that the policy of the British Government with regard to dependent countries is to ensure that these countries will show an increasing part in the government of their own affairs. Some people have described this policy in these words that in the development of a backward Territory the guiding factors should be the aspirations of the Native people, the aspirations of the colonists and the Imperial control. It is doubtful whether this is the case with regard to Bechuanaland today. With respect, may I say here that we appear to be dealing with the aspirations of the officials and imperial control. To explain what I mean, may I take as an illustration the ranching project at Matetse and Lobatsi abattoir scheme? These suggestions do not appear to be the suggestions of the inhabitants of the Territory. I make no reference to the merits of the undertaking, as they may well tend to be of immense benefit to the Protectorate, I am merely suggesting that if the Africans and the settlers had had a fair chance in the discussions of the formation of these projects they may have made suggestions different from what we have today. A Legislative Council i6 in a sense an executive body of a number of local bodies of which the Advisory Council is one.. Members of any council which is without any means of/

- 154 - of enforcing its decisions, either partially or wholly, are bound sooner or later to lose interest in the work of the Council. This stage has been reached as regards the African Advisory Council. In 1933 Sir Alan Pimm, after making a survey of the financial and economic position of the Protectorate reported as follows:- (p.50, para. 72 of his Report) "Under the conditions prevailing in Bechuanaland, which have been set out in earlier Chapters of' this Report, administrative expenditure must tend to exceed the resources available to meet it. The imposition of a European Administration, with all its attendant Departments, over a Native organization, involves to a certain extent what almost amounts to duplication of staff, and the introduction of a new and powerful element in the shape of a European minority necessarily leads to requirements which would not be felt at all to the same extent in a purely Native territory. Another equal if not more important factor in increasing expenditure is the necessity of determining the strengths of the staff of some Departments in accordance not so much with local necessities as with the. standard set by more wealthy neighbouring countries." That report was published in 1933 and so far nothing app'ears to have been done to remedy these defects. We suggest, Sir, that the inclusion of African members in committees appointed to examine the economic position of the country may go a lone way in altering the policy of the country. For one thing, as Chief Bathoen has pointed out, a legislative council may ensure a continuity of policy, and we earnestly ask the Protectorate Government to give immediate and serious consideration to the establishment of a legislative council before the matter becomes a controversial affair and a subject for agitation with all its attendant consequences and appliances. Thank you Sir. ACTING RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: I think I ought to say before we go any further that the threats uttered by the last speaker will get us nowhere. I don't think I need say much on this now as you are appointing a sub-committee to meet me to discuss it further, but I think I ought to quote to you something that was said by the Secretary of State in answer to a question in Parliament in March this year on this very question. The question was why not have a legislative council for the Bechuana now, and the answer given by the Secretary of State was this:"The answer is that in the opinion of everybody who knows the area they are not ready for such far reaching measures as self-governing immediately. There are a great many -people who are keen to have things for which they are not quite ready. We.,iurselves are a fully fledged democracy and are proud to be so, but it has taken us 700 years to get there and/

- 155 and I am not always certain that we manage it very well now. To try to rush these people into a system which would be so alien would be, I believe, to court disaster. It must take time. The great thing is that they should take the first steps early and that these are what one may describe as infant steps in democracy and so begin in the sphere of local government. We are trying to arrange that. I do not think there is any difference of opinion between us and the noble Lords opposite in that matter" - this debate was in the house of Lords "The question of pace in constitutional advance is always a difficult one and I do not pretend that I am a person to pontificate about it but I am quite certain to attempt to go too fast would defeat its own object." Now in that reply the Secretary of State referred to arrangements being made to educate people in the sphere of local government. Well as you know, the -Native Treasuries are part and parcel of that set up, but arrangements are being made for a number of the Africans in this Territory 'to visit other Central and East African Territories to study local government in those countries. That I tell you as the last words by the Secretary of State on this matter. There have been a number of statements made today with which I cannot agree but I must tell you that there are at least four other dependancies of the Empire outside the High Cominission Territories which have not got legislative councils. I think we will leave it at that and I will meet the committee later on when we have finished Council. KGOSI BATHOEN II (BANGWAKETSE): Yes Your Honour. There is only one thing now, Your Honour, and that is our reply, as is customary, to Your Honour's Address. COUNCIL'S REPLY TO HIS HONOUR'S ADDRLSS. Your Honour, Council wishes to express its sincere regret in the absence of His Honour, the Resident Commissioner, Mr. E.B. Beetham, who has been called away to some other pressing duties, though his place has been ably filled by the Acting Resident Commissioner, Mr- W.F. MacI enzie. We wish to note that this would have been the first Council over which Mr. Beetham would have presided. African Advisory Council. Though the Council was not called during the year 1951, we wish the Government to note that it is the strong feeling of the Council that the year 1951 of all years was the time it was vital revessary for the African Advisory Council to be called. Standing/

- 156 fStanding Committee of Council. After long and serious consideration the Council is fully convinced that the suggested Standing Committee of the present Council will not serve any more useful purpose than the present Council and that in spite of frequent callings by His Honour it will not bring about any fruitful results. The President of the Council will have noticed from the discussion that it is the strong feeling of the Council that a Legislative Council should be formed for the Bechuanaland Protectorate, and it is a fear of this Council that a body such as that suggested will inevitably delay the formation of the desired Council. Obituary. In recording the deaths of some of our people who have rendered valuable services to our country in the past, the name of MOTSWAKHUMO KGO3IDINT6I was omitted. He has served in this Council for several years, and was one of the oldest inhabitants of the Territory, and a distinguished individual in matters of Tribal politics. We request that his name be recorded in the minutes of this Council. Principal Education Officer. It is the instruction of the Council that as Chairman I should if I may, state the protest of the Council to the change in the designation of our highest education officer from the title "Director of Education" to the title of "Principal Education Officer". This is because education is one of the very bulwarks of progress, and Council feels that this change in designation correspondingly lowers the status of this officer. We ask the Resident Commissioner to request His Excellency the High Commissioner to redesignate this officer as before. Regional Commissioners. In the course of the debates during the present sittings of the Council, various reasons were advanced for the formation of a Legislative Council. The creation of these posts without prior consultation with the inhabitants of the Territory is to us a significant reason for the necessity for a Legislative Council. We do not accept the submission that t~is move is one of decentralisation, but we feel it is an act of further centralisation of the Administration of the Territory in the hands of the officials. Far from speeding business,'it would now tend to slow such business. Mineral Developments. 6ouncil was pleased to note the progress which has been made in the exploitation of the asbestos deposits at Moshanen. Council share the hope of the Resident Commissioner that this venture will be a forerunner of many similar ventures in the future. Council is very pleased to note the advancement which the Geological Department is making in the discovery of minerals. It is the request of this Council that reports of these discoveries in each Tribal Reserve be given to the Chiefs of such Reserves for their records and use. Those/

- 157 - Those are the words with which we close this Council Your Honour. ACTTNG RESIDENT COMMISSIONER: Thank you for your reply to the Address, Mr. Chairman. The matters which you have raised in it will receive consideration. Before Council is adjourned i should say how sorry I am that the discussions today and partly yesterday have been conducted in the absence, for unfortunatereasons, of four of the Chiefs. It is particularly unfortunate that the combination of circumstances were such that they were all caused to absent themselves from Council. I think it only remains for me to thank you for the co-operative attitude and the helpful advice which has been given during the course of this session and to wish you a safe journey back to your homes. Council is now adjourned. Council adjourned sine die at 4.55 p.m. NOTE: After the conclusion of the session, the Chairdlan reported to the Resident Commissioner that the following members of Council had been selected as their respresentatives on the Joint Advisory Council: Chief Bathogn II, O.B.E. Chief Mokgos Mokgosi Mr, T.O. Pilane Mr. Tshekedi Khama Mr. Stephen Phetlhu Mr. M.L. Kgasa Mr. Pelaelo Ramokate Mr. Tsheko Tsheko

AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL THIRTY-SECOND SESSION. OCTOBER. 1952. PROGRESS REPORT. 1. District Branding. (8074) Government's motion (31st session Item 1) This subject has again been placed on the agenda. 2. Memorial to deceased soldiers. (1480/4) Government's motion (31st session Item 2). The estimated cost of the memorial is about £500. Owing to the reduction of the expected contribution from the Imperial War Graves Commission to £200 it is necessary to find the balance of £300 from other sources. This matter has been placed on the Agenda. 3. Bechuanaland Protectorate Gifts and Comforts Funds. (1757/36 C) Government's motion (31st Session Item 3). The balance of the Fund, £369.14.1 has been paid into the Bechuana Soldiers' Benefit Fund. 4. Medical Fees. (8660/1) Government's motion (31st Session Item 4) As agreed by Council the out-patient fees for Africans has been increased from 1/- to 2/-. 5. Registration of Branids. (8818/1 XVIII) Bangwaketse and Batawana motions (31st Session Item 6 and 22). It has not been found possible to vary the requirements of Circular Instruction No. 20 of 1950. 6. Water Law. (5637 II) Government's motion (31st Session Item 7). No further action has been taken. 7. Payment of game licence fees to Native Treasuries. (3449/4) Bangwaketse motion (31st Session Item 8). Repeal/

-2 - Repeal of Game (Amendment) Proclamation (No.54 of 1948). Batawana motion (31st Session Item 19) Shooting of small game and buffalo by Africans in UEobe District. (7501/10 It) Basubia motion (31st Session Item 24). These three items were taken togetherGovernment must retain the right to refuse a game licence to a European even though the Chief may have granted permission for him to hunt. The heavy export fee on ivory is designed to. discourage the shooting of elephants and Government is not prepared to reduce it. For the time being it is thought better that the power to try offences against the game laws should be vested in Subordinate Courts. The question of shooting in the Chobe District by Africans has again been placed on the agenda. Government is unable to agree that licence fees payable under the Game Proclamation should accrue to Native Treasuries. 8. Livestock Industry Advisory Board. (9380) Bangwaketse motion (31st session Item 9). The duties of this Board have been taken over by the Standing Committee of -the Joint Advisory Council. 9. Housing for African Officials. (2729/1 V) Bangwaketse motion. (31st Session Item 11). The money allocated in 1951/52 was not used as new type plans were under consideration. The types have been approved and the money which has been allocated this year is being spent at Francistown. The work is expected to be completed in January. 10.) Joint Advisory Council. (7583/5) Government's motion (31st Session Item 12). This Council has been constituted. 11. Building and realigning of roads. (8302/5) Bamalete motion (31st Session Item 13). The earlier instructions that Chiefs must be consulted before roads in their reserves are built or realigned have been re-issued. 12./

-3- 12. Sefhare Hospital. (6720/6 111) It has not yet been found possible to open this hospital owing to lack of funds. The buildings are at present on a caretaking basis. Regular visits to the area are made by the Medical Officer from Mahalapye. 13. Demarcation of boundaries. (8328/2) Council's~motion (31st Session Item 17). The following boundaries have so far been demarcated :(1) From beacon midway between Lwale Pan and Thistle to beacon Lephephe . 8 miles. (2) From beacon Lephephe to beacon Ramoselwana = 18.3 miles. (3) From beacon Ramoselwana to beacon Lakalas (on Notwani River) = 51 miles. (4) From beacon Lakalas to beacon Massamma Kop 10 miles. (5) From beacon Massamma Kop to South Western corner beacon of Tuli Block . 12 miles. (6) From South Western corner beacon of Tuli Block along South Western boundary of Tfli Block to where the said boundary meets the Notwani River - 7.4 miles. (7) The whole boundary from beacon midway between Lwale Pan and Thistle to corner beacon of Tuli .Block has now been beaconed - 106.7 miles. 14. Approval of Native Treasury Estimates. (4041/11 II) Batawana motion (31st Session Item 18) The 1952/53 estimates for four treasuries were approved in March, 1952 and the remainder a few months later. The last to be approved (Bamangwato) were approved in July. 15. Tolonial Development and Welfare Fund grants to become the* property of native treasuries in certain circumstances. (4283/1 XVI) Batawana motion (31st Session Item 21) Circular Memorandum No. 111 of 1950 issued on 6th September, 1950 gives the procedure by which authority may be sought for the transfer of movable equipment to the administering authority on the expiry of a Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme. 16. Appeals from Native Courts. (6411/1) Batawana motion (31st Session Item 23) Members will recollect that the difficulties which/

-4- which were raised in Council were divided into three main heads: i The first was that evidence given by witnesses at the hearing of an appeal in the District Commissioner's Court differed from that given by the same witnesses in the Native Court. In such circumstances it is for the District Commissioner, sitting as a Court of Appeal, to make up his mind, after having heard all the evidence,, where the truth of the matter lies. His position in this is no different from that in the many cases which he hears in his own Court in which he has to sift truth from untruth. The second point is the calling of witnesses by ltigants in the court of appeal who have not been called in the Native Court. Section 34(b) of Chapter 5 of the Laws gives the District Commissioner the right to refer the case back to the Native Court, but in order to avoid doing this after the case has started, District Commissioners will be asked before hearing an appeal to ascertain, by reference to the record of the case in the Native Court, whether there are more witnesses at the appeal than were originally called. If so, he would send the case back to the Chief's court where the litigants could explain the discrepancy. It is thought that if this is done on one or two occasions litigants will learn that it is of little use calling additional witnesses in the appeal court. In order to guard against any miscarriage of justice, however, it is essential that at the hearing in the Native Court, the court should satisfy itself that all witnesses whom the litigants wish to be called have in fact been called. The third matter is the question of an 4ppeal from the District Commissioner's Court to the High Court at the instigation of the Native Court. The second proviso to subsection 4 of Section 32 of the Ntive Courts Proclamation provides that the Chief Justice, sitting in Chambers, may, on the application of any court or person concerned, grant special leave to appeal against any order or decision made or given by a subordinate court under the Proclamation. There would be no objection to a Native Court making application under that proviso. 17. Production of tax receipt. (4947 V) Government's motion (31st Session Item 25) The necessary amending proclamation has been enacted as Proclamation No. 48 of 1950. 18. Payment of tax in Union by residents of the Protectorate. (467/2) Bakgatla motion (31st Session Item 26) It has been ascertained from the Union Government that they do not press for payment from their own taxpayers before the month of May and that even then they do not collect from persons who have evidence that they are Protectorate taxpayers. It is understood that in most cases where Protectorate people are made to pay in the Union, the reason is that they have no tax receipts or identity papers. The/

-5- The Rand Agencies make every effort to collect from all the Protectorate people in the Union in addition to tho-se on the mines but it is not possible for them to make contact with those who are scattered among the farms and in isolated areas. 19. Water Supplies at Tshabong. (666/9) At the 31st session a complaint was made that there was no water supply at Tshabong. The matter has been investigated and it has been ascertained that there is a borehole in Tshabong with a capacity of 600 gallons a day (assuming that the windmill pump operates for 10 hours out of 24) equipped with a 1,000 gallon tank and a pipe line to the camp about 400 yards away. The supply is connected to various buildings in the camp. In addition, outside the camp there is a Government well from which a supply can be obtained and fourteen wells scattered round Tshabong provide a supply for the other residents of the area. 20. Cattle routes to Northern markets. (Council's reply tfoHis Honour's address) (91M67/4) During foot and mouth disease outbreaks a cattle route from Francistown to Kazungula would be useful for by-passing Southern Rhodesia for cattle destined for Northern Rhodesia from the Eastern Protectorate, but Northern Rhodesia would not favour cattle for the Belgian Congo using this route. A consignment of cattle was sent some years ago from the Tati Concession to Kazungula for export during the rainy season, but for the route to be open at all times watering points would have to be established at considerable cost. In view of the Colonial Development Corporation taking over the area through which the route would have to pass, this project is no longer feasible, nor will it be necessary as the Colonial Development Corporation would probably be able to take over the cattle and when the Abattoir is in operation they would be slaughtered there.

No. WELFARE OFFICE, M A F E K I N G. 26th September, 1952. To His Honour the Resident Commissioner. Your Honour, Report of the Executive Committee of the Behuiana Soldiers' Benefit Fund. April 1st 1950 to September 3Oth 1952. In terms of Clause 13 (d) of the Constitution of the Bechuana Soldiers, Benefit Fund, the members of the Executive Committee hereby submit for transference to the National Council their report on the work of the Committee since June 1950 when last the Council met together with statements of accounts for the period April 1st 1950 to March 31st 1951 and April 1st 1951 to August 31st 1952. Supplementary figures are given in respect of the awards made at a Committee meeting held on September 24th 1952. During the periods covered by the audited accounts, meetings have been held as a result of which a total of £1,757.0.7 was paid out in grants to 91 applicants. A sum of £530 was advanced in loans to 20 applicants during the same period, leaving a balance of £4,362.5.10 to the credit of the fund. As a result of the 4th meeting held on September 24th further sums of £130 in loans and £196.10.0 in grants Were disbursed, thus reducing the balance to £4,035.15.10. In addition a sum of £3,655.2.0 remains out on loan. The total assets of the fund are therefore £7,691.3.10 which should be more than sufficient to meet the outstanding Bamangwato applications. The members of the committee consider that pressure should be brought to bear on recipients of loans in order to stimulate repayment. In clause 21 of the constitution it is laid down that when the Fund is wound up, any remaining balance shall be paid over to the Native Treasuries or funded for the benefit of districts possessing no tribal treasuries in the proportions in which the districts have contributed to the Fund, subject to the proviso that the National Council may make alternative recommendations to the High Commissioner if they so wish. The Committee recommends that when this final distribution of the balance of the fund is made, outstanding loans in each district should be charged against the districts' respective shares; in other words, that the book debts owed by ex-soldiers in each district should be handed over as part of each district's proportionate share. The life of the Fund was laid down as six years, and this period has now expired. It is known however that many more applications are still being considered by the Bamangwato District Welfare Board; and the Council may wish to extend the life of the Fund for a further limited period. e It/

- 2- It is considered that all legitimate claims from the other districts have now been dealt with, and the Council may wish to close the Fund to all but Bamangwato applicants (except for a small number of applications which at the last meeting of the Executive Committee were referred back to the District Boards for additional confirmation.) The term of office of the Executive Committee has expired and the Council is required to elect a new committee of six African members, of whom three must be Chiefs. The retiring members are:Chief Kgari Sechele. Chief Mokgosi Mokgosi. Mr. Tshekedi Khama. Mr. Sefhako Pilane. Mr. Stephen Phetlu. Mr- Molwa Sekgoma. SIGNED: J. Gardiner ...... CHAIRMAN S .V. Lawrenson A.N.W. Matthews ...... J.P. Leech ...... o...... SECRETARY TREASURER. gari Sechele Mokgosi Mokgosi ...... e...... o ...... e Stephen Phetlhu ...... e . 0 ...o..i...e Sefhako Pilane ...... o ...... 0 ... e,,e , . e......

BEOHUANA SODIERS' BENEIT A-MD. STATEMENI OF AOtOUNTS. APRIL 1st 1950 - MARCH 31st 1951. Balance Brought forward 5552. 4. 2 Government grant 72.12. 3. Loan repayments 437. 5. 0. £6,062. 1. 5. Loans Grants Travelling expenses Bank Charges Balance carried iwd. 520. 0. 0 22j+. 6.10. 7.17. 0. 2. 6. 5309.15. le £6,062. 1. 5. STATEMENT OF AOOOUNTS. APRIL 1st 1951 - AUGUST 31st 19 2. Balance brought forward 5309.15. 1. Loan repayments 576.10. 0. Grant rejeo d 15. 0. 0. Imprest account repayment 14. 0. 0. Loans Grants Printing etc. Travelling expenses Bank charges Balance carried fwd. £5,915. 5. 1. 10. 0. 0. 1532.13. 9. 5. 5. 0. 4.18. 3. 2. 3. 4362. 5.10. £5,915. 5. 1. STAT1ENT OF ACCOUNTS FRCM INOEPTION OF FUND TO AUGUST 31st. 1952. Tribal Levies Government Grants Misoellaneous Loyn repayments Imprest repayments 6106. o. o. 6887.19. 1. 7. 4. 3. 2460. 2.10. 14. 0. 0. 915,475. 6. 2. Loans Grants Printing etc. Iarest accounts Travelling Expenses Bank charges Balance 6115.10.10. 4663.11.10. 44.11.10. 196.18. 6. 8o. 3. 9. 12. 3. 7. 4362. 5.10. £15,475. 6. 2. Checked end found correct. (signed) R.F. Bowen. 26. 9. 52.

NATIONAL COUNCIL OF THE BECHUANA SOLDIERS' BENEFIT FUND. MINUTES of the ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING held at the Imperial Reserve, Mafeking, at 5 p.m. on TUESDAY, the 21st OCTOBER, 1952. PRESENT: His Honour, Acting Resident Commissioner, W. Forbes Mackenzie, C.B.E., Esq. PRESIDENT Kgosi Bathoefr II, O.B.E. VICEPRESIDENT Members of the African Advisory Council. In attendance: The Government Secretary Thb Officer in charge Southern Protectorate The Principal Education Officer The Welfare Officer MINUTES OF LAST MEETING: The Minutes of the last. meeting, having been circulated to members, it was agreed that they be taken as read. MATTERS ARISING FROM MINUTES: There were no matters arising out of the previous Minutes. REPORT OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: The Report of the Executive Committee, together with Financial Statement for 1950/51 and 1951/52, which had been circulated to members was then thrown open to discussion. The statement of accounts was passed without comment. His Honour referred to the observations of the Executive Committee in regard to clause 21 of the Constitution with regard to the winding up of the Fund, in terms of which any balance in the fund is to be divided amongst Native Treasuries established under Proclamation No. 35/1938 or funded for the benefit of those districts where Native Treasuries have not been established. He pointed out to members that a number of applications from the Bamangwato District were still under consideration by the District Board and suggested that Council might wish to extend the life of the Fund for a further brief period, to deal with these applications but that it be considered closed as regards applications from other districts. Mr. Thari Pilane proposed that the period of the Fund be extended another year to enable the Bamangwato applications to be dealt with. This was seconded by Kgosi Bathoen II. Mr.M.K.Moagi/

- 2 - Mr. M.K. Moagi proposed that the period be extended for two years, but His Honour said Mr. Leech felt that one year would be sufficient. It could always be extended further if necessary. It was finally decided that the Fund should remain open for a further period of one year, and that during this period only applications from the Bamangwato tribe should be considered, and the few applications from other tribes which were referred back to District Boards for further details by the Executive Committee at its last meeting. ELECTION OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: His Honour pointed out that the present Executive was elected on the 28th August, 1948, and had outrun its term of office by a year, but this was covered by Clause 11(2) of the Constitution. The retiring members were:Chief Kgari Sechele Chief Mokgoi Mokgosi Tshekedi Khhma Sefhako Pilane Stephen Phetlhu Molwa Sekgoma Mr. Thari Pilane proposed that the existing -Committee be re-elected en bloc. Mr. Muthi Pilane seconded this proposal. His Honour pointed out that there should be three Chiefs and three Members of Council. Chief Bathoen expressed the view that Mr. Tshekedi Khama could be re- elected to this Committee just to finalise matters and the members were inclined to agree, but His Honour said that the Constitution was binding and could not be altered, therefore they had no alternative but to elect three Chiefs and three other members. Mr. Tshekedi Khama said he did not wish to stand for nomination as he had too much work to do. Chief Bathoen then nominated Mr. L. Montshiwa to take Mr. Tshekedi Khama's place on the Executive Committee, and this was passed unanimously. GENERAL: Chief Bathoen said he thought there was some money which had not been used apart from that lent to people and he raised the question whether this money would be disposed of only after all loans had been recovered. The Welfare Officer said a suggestion had been made by he Executive Committee that when the fund is wound up and the remaining balance divided amongst the tribal areas, the outstanding loans dde by Inembers of those districts should be charged against the amount distributed to the debtor's particular' district. He said that it was not possible however, to wind up the fund until all the applications had been dealt with and His Honour therefore considered it unnecessary to discuss the point at this meeting. A lot of money was still outstanding and it had been decided that the Chiefs should bring pressure to bear on the people who owed it. Chief/

-3 Chief Bathoen said he felt that some tribes had made efforts to repay the money whereas others had not. The Welfare Officer said that the Executive Committee realised that some tribes had made great efforts to repay their loans whilst others had made very little effort and that was the whole reason behind the suggestion of the Committee that the outstanding loans should be deducted when finally disposing of the funds. His Honour pointed out that Mr. L. Montshiwa who had been elected in lace of Mr. Tshekedi Khama on the Executive Committee was not eligible for this position and asked Council to make another choice. Kgosi Kgosi Gaborone was then elected as a member of the Executive Committee. There being no further business the. meeting closed at 5,40 p.m.

INDEX Accident to lorry ...... Accommodation on railway ... Accounting Regulations for Native Treasuries... Address by Resident Commissioner ..... African Advisory Council: Member from Ghanzi... Agriculture: General review.. Arms and Ammunition Quotas... Arms Licences ...... Bamangwato College ... Bechuanaland Soldiers' Benefit of National Council.. Bechuanaland Soldiers' Benefit Executive Committee.. ... Branding, Zonal...... Bridge over Notwani ...... Fund Fund - Proceedings - Report of Cattle buying by touts...... " inoculation ...... Children, medical examination of.... Colonial Development Corporation: Note'of activities ...... Coupon system of tax collection ...... Dispensary at Goodhope. " Mobile . . District Branding Education: T, it t Bamangwato College General Review ... Teachers' salaries Title of Director. Finance: Additional revenue...... i General review ...... Forests: General review ...... Game: Licence fees ...... ":ShootingbyAfricans...... Geological Survey: general review ... Ghanzi: Member from ...... Grain prices ...... '...... " Storage and supp ies...... Grazing Control...... Grocery Licences...... a.. ... Inoculation of Cattle.. Legislative Council; formation Licences: Arms...... "t : Game, fees for ... it : Grocery ... .0 of.. ft..e ft.. ft. ft.. f..0 ft.. ft. 120 Appendix C Appendix B ...... f74 40 66 106,120 (vi), (xxvi), 123. 125. 120 8 120 156 126 22 10 39 110 10 125 47 51 55 108 66 148, 156 39 39 108 Page. 119 90 128 1 125 7 37 39 ft.. o.. ft.. ft.. *t.. f.0 0.. *t..

- 2 - Page. Medical: Dispensary at Goodhope ... .. ? Examination of school children. " : General review ...... , : Mobile Dispensary...... Tuberculosis survey ...... Maize prices ...... Memorial to deceased soldiers ... .0 Mineral development,...... Native Tax: Collection by coupon.. ... Native Treasuries: Accounting Regulations Notwani: Bridge over...... Officers-in-Charge, Northern and Southern Protectorate...... Police: General review too Progress Report.. ..I Public Works: Geaeral Review Pumping machines, repairs to Railway accommodation.. Resident Commissioner's Adress.. Revenue: Additional measures .. t : Note regarding ... Road Transportation Board ... Salaries of teachers.. .9 S Salary scales: Standardisation of. Schoolchildren: Medical examination Soil Erosion ...... 999 I'' 999 999 999 999 *999 eee 999 of.. 9.. 9ee Tax collection by coupons ...... Teachers' Salaries ...... Telephone line: Lobatsi-Kanye and MolepololeGaberones ...... too too Touts: Cattle - buying by...... 0 Trading: Grocery licences...... Transport: Road Transportation Board ...... Tuberculosis Survey ...... Veterinary: General review...... Water, dams and bridges 999 98 106, 120 11 99 137 47 114 156 125 128 40 156 16 Appendix A 17 45 90 1 126 (xxiii) 115 1 142 106,120 55 125 120 92 il 108 115 137 25 999. 9.. 99 Zonal branding.. DD-No.1252-16.L. g . 0 . * 0"" @'0 "." .0.