DOCSLIB.ORG

The Extractive Metallurgy of Gold in South Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Extractive Metallurgy of Gold in South Africa THE EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY OF GOLD IN SOUTH AFRICA VOLUME 2 SAIMM PUBLICATIONS THE MONOGRAPH SERIES M1 Lognormal-De Wijsian Geostatistics for Ore Evaluation (2nd ed 1981) D.G. Krige M2 An Introduction to Geostatistical Methods of Mineral Evaluation (2nd ed 1981) J.-M.M. Rendu M3 Principles of Flotation (1982) Edited by R.P. King M4 Increased Underground Extraction of Coal (1982) Edited by c.J. Fauconnier and R.W.O. Kersten MS Rock Mechanics in Mining Practice (1983) (3rd imp. 1986) Edited by S. Budavari M6 Assay and Analytical Practice in the South African Mining Industry (1986) W.C. Lenahan and R. de L. Murray-Smith M7 The Extractive Metallurgy of Gold in South Africa, 2 volumes (1987) Edited by G. G Stanley THE SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS SERIES SP1 Proceedings, Underground Transport Symposium (1986) Edited by R.C.R. Edgar SAIMM PUBLICATIONS THE SYMPOSIUM SERlIES SI Mathematical Statistics and Computer Applications in Ore Valuation (1966) S2 Planning Open Pit Mines (1970) (4th imp.) Edited by P.W.J. van Rensburg S3 Application of Computer Methods in the Mineral Industry (APCOM 1973) Edited by M.D.G. Salamon S4 Infacon 1974 Edited by H. W. Glen SS Proceedings of the 12th CMMI Congress, 2 volumes (1982) Edited by H. W. Glen S6 Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines (1984) Edited by N.C. Gay and E.H. Wainwright S7 The Planning and Operation of Open Pit and Strip Mines (1986) Edited by J.P. Deetlefs S8 GOLD 100: Proceedings of the International Conference on Gold (1986) Volume 1: Gold Mining Technology Edited by H. Wagner and R.P. King Volume 2: Extractive Metallurgy of Gold Edited by e.E. Fivaz and R.P. King Volume 3: Industrial Uses of Gold Edited by G. Gafner and R.P. King S9 APCOM 87: Proceedings of the Twentieth International Symposium on the Application of Computers and Mathematics in the Mineral Industries (1987) Volume 1: Mining Edited by L. Wade, R.W.O. Kersten and J.R. Cutland Volume 2: Metallurgy Edited by R.P. King and LJ. Barker Volume 3: Geostatistics Edited by Le. Lemmer, H. Schaum and F.A.G.M. Cami­ sani-Calzolari The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Monograph Series M7 The Extractive f 1 in S Edited by G. G. Stanley VOLUME 2 This book was commissioned by the Sub-Committee of Consulting Metallurgists of the Chamber of Mines of South Africa Johannesburg 1987 Published by The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Kelvin House, 2 Hollard Street, Johannesburg, 2001 ©The Chamber of Mines of South Africa, 1987 P.O. Box 809, Johannesburg, 2000 ISBN 0 620 10944 0 Volume 2 o 620 10109 1 Volume 1 o 620 10945 9 The Set Typeset by Scientific and Technical Typesetting Kelvin House, 2 Hollard Street, Johannesburg 2001 Printed in the Republic of South Africa by National Book Printers, Goodwood Outline of Contents VOLUME 1 page Preface .......................................................................... XXXI Acknowledgements ........................................................... xxxiii Foreword by President, Chamber of Mines of South Africa ..... xxxvii Chapter 1 Geology and Mineralogy of the Principal Goldfields in South Africa ............................................. 1 Chapter 2 Sorting and Crushing ...................................... 69 Chapter 3 Milling and Classification ................................ 121 Chapter 4 Gravity Concentration .................................... 219 Chapter 5 Flotation ...................................................... 235 Chapter 6 Cyanidation ................................................... 277 Chapter 7 Recovery of Gold from Solution by Cementation .. 331 Chapter 8 Pyrometallurgy of Gold .................................. 345 Chapter 9 Application of Activated Carbon to Gold Recovery 379 VOLUME 2 Chapter 10 Refining of Gold at the Rand Refinery .............. 615 Chapter 11 Disposal of Residues ...................................... 655 Chapter 12 Retreatment of Residues and Waste Rock .......... 707 Chapter 13 Process Evaluation ......................................... 745 Chapter 14 Process Control ............................................. 793 Chapter 15 The Chemistry of the Extraction of Gold ........... 831 Chapter 16 Plant Design and Commissioning ...................... 907 Chapter 17 Loss Control and Safety Management ............... 971 Chapter 18 Laboratories and Pilot Plants ........................... 1013 Tables and Formulae ......................................................... 1053 Index .............................................................................. 1073 vu Contents VOLUME 2 page Chapter 10 Refining of Gold at the Rand Refinery, by K.G. Fisher ... ........ ........ .......................... 615 10.1 Introduction .......................................................... 615 10.2 Historical Development ... .............. ........................... 615 10.3 Function ............................................................... 616 10.4 Metallurgical Operations ......... ................................. 618 10.4.1 Summary description .................................. 618 10.4.2 Gold Refining Branch .... ............................. 618 10.4.2.1 Flow sheet 618; 10.4.2.2 Melting and sampling 619; 10.4.2.3 Refining 621; 10.4.2.4 De-golding 626; 10.4.2.5 Electrolytic gold re- fining 626; 10.4.2.6 Fume recovery and sweep treatment 628 10.4.3 Silver Refining Branch ..... ..... ......... ... .......... 630 10.4.3.1 Flow sheet 630; 10.4.3.2 Leaching and reduction 630; 10.4.3.3 Electrolytic silver refining 633 10.4.4 Coin blank production .. .............................. 637 10.4.4.1 Historical 637; 10.4.4.2 Process de­ scription 638 10.4.5 Smelter ...... ....... ............................... ........ 641 10.4.5.1 Flow sheet 641; 10.4.5.2 Sampling 641; 10.4.5.3 Blending and sintering 643; 10.4.5.4 Blast furnace smelting 644; 10.4.5.5 Cupellation 648; 10.4.5.6 Pan furnace smelting 649; 10.4.5.7 Fume collection 651 10.4.6 Assaying and chemical analysis..................... 652 10.5 Future Developments. .............................................. 652 10.6 References ............................................................. 653 Chapter 11 Disposal of Residues, by G.1. MacPhail and J.C. Wagner ............................................ 655 11.1 Aim and Scope ...................................................... 655 11.2 Planning....... ......................................................... 656 ix CONTENTS 11.2.1 Components of a residue disposal system ...... 656 11.2.2 Sizing ..................................................... 657 11.2.2.1 Depositional area requirements 657; 11.2.2.2 Allowances for services 659; 11.2.2.3 Return water system 660; 11.2.2.4 Total area 660 11.2.3 Site selection ............................................. 660 11.2.4 Site exploration ......................................... 663 11.2.5 Pollution control considerations.................... 665 11.3 Statutory Requirements........... .......... ... ..... ............... 665 11.3.1 Legal considerations ................................... 665 11.3.1.1 The Water Act 665; 11.3 .1.2 The Mines and Works Act 666 11.3.2 Licensing ................................................. 666 11.3.3 Environmental impact assessment ................. 666 11.3.3.1 Methods of assessment 667; 11.3.3.2 Remedial measures 667; 11.3.3.3 Monitoring 667 11.4 Design, Specification and Construction ....................... 668 11.4.1 Operation... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. 668 11.4.1.1 General 668; 11.4.1.2 Method of for­ mation of tailings dam 669 11.4.2 Tailings delivery ....................................... 675 11.4.2.1 Pulp concentration 675; 11.4.2.2 Pumping and piping systems 676; 11.4.2.3 Pump and pipeline design 678; 11.4.2.4 Tailings distri- bution 678 11.4.3 Return water management .......................... 678 11.4.4 Stormwater management ............................ 683 11.4.4.1 General 683; 11.4.4.2 Top surface of dam 684; 11.4.4.3 Side slopes 684 11.4.5 Slope stability .......................................... 685 11.4.5.1 Influence of foundation soils 685; 11.4.5.2 Influence of tailings product 685; 11.4.5.3 Influence of rate of rise 687; 11.4.5.4 Influence of phreatic surface 687; 11.4.5.5 In- fluence of slope geometry 689; 11.4.5.6 Stability analysis 690 11.4.6 Repair and reinstatement of operational and aban- doned impoundments .................................. 691 11.4.6.1 Common problems with old and aban- doned dams 691; Remedial measures 693 11.5 Observation and Control .......................................... 695 11.6 Closure Considerations ............................................ 698 x CONTENTS 11.6.1 General ................................................... 698 11.6.2 Boundary fence ........................................ 698 11.6.3 Access roadways ....................................... 700 11.6.4 The underdrainage system .......................... .. 700 11.6.5 The solution or effluent trench .................... 701 11.6.6 The slimes delivery pipeline ........................ .. 701 11.6.7 Surface drainage ....................................... 701 11.6.8 Ground level catchment paddocks ................ 701 11.6.9 Berms or step-backs ................................. .. 701 11.6.10 The dam surface ....................................... 703 11.6.11 Return water dam ...................................... 706 11.7 References............................................................. 706 Chapter 12 Retreatment of Residues and Waste Rock, by D.W. Bosch ............................................ 707 12.1
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Principles of Extractive Metallurgy Lectures Note
    PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY B.TECH, 3RD SEMESTER LECTURES NOTE BY SAGAR NAYAK DR. KALI CHARAN SABAT DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING PARALA MAHARAJA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BERHAMPUR DISCLAIMER This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the author for their respective teaching assignments as an additional tool for the teaching-learning process. Various sources as mentioned at the reference of the document as well as freely available material from internet were consulted for preparing this document. The ownership of the information lies with the respective author or institutions. Further, this document is not intended to be used for commercial purpose and the faculty is not accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of use of this document. The committee faculty members make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. BPUT SYLLABUS PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY (3-1-0) MODULE I (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Pyro metallurgy: Calcination and roasting, sintering, smelting, converting, reduction, smelting-reduction, Metallothermic and hydrogen reduction; distillation and other physical and chemical refining methods: Fire refining, Zone refining, Liquation and Cupellation. Small problems related to pyro metallurgy. MODULE II (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Hydrometallurgy: Leaching practice: In situ leaching, Dump and heap leaching, Percolation leaching, Agitation leaching, Purification of leach liquor, Kinetics of Leaching; Bio- leaching: Recovery of metals from Leach liquor by Solvent Extraction, Ion exchange , Precipitation and Cementation process.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Engineering & Fuel Technology
    MINERAL ENGINEERING & FUEL TECHNOLOGY (MME-203) 4th Semester B. Tech Dept. of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering V.S.S.university of Technology , Burla Sambalpur , odisha Person Name Designation Department involved And Email .id Course Gautam Assistant MME coordinator Behera professor [email protected] Course Co- Dinesh Assistant MME coordinator ku professor mishra , [email protected] Course Co- Avala Assistant MME coordinator Lava professor kumar [email protected] Goals of the subject 1-To impart knowledge about Mineral Processing [fundamental knowledge] 2-To teach you to “think” rather than “cook” 3-To encourage you to consider a career path in Mineral Processing Content Introduction to mineral processing(Engineering) Crushing and grinding Size separation methods Concentration methods Agglomeration techniques Fuel technology MODULE -I Introduction to mineral and mineral Engineering Mineral- a substance from which we get metal non metals or any valuables. Mineral Engineering ( branch of mme which deals with study of minerals and its processing )where the minerals is being processed to get a concentrate from which metals are extracted . Flow chat to show the relationship of mineral engineering with mining and extractive metallurgy engineering Subject covers Minerals definition MINERAL : Natural occur inorganic aggregate of metals and non metals . Or Inorganic compound having a definite chemical composition and crystal structure (atomic structure). Or minerals are the forms in which metals are found in the earth crust and as sea bed deposit depend on their reactivity with their environment, particular with oxygen , sulphur, and co2. Anything of economical value which is extracted from the earth. Characteristic of mineral 1-Minerals are homogeneous in physical and chemical composition.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Description of Mineral Processing Sectors And
    V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS As shown in Exhibit 5-1, EPA determined that 48 commodity sectors generated a total of 527 waste streams that could be classified as either extraction/beneficiation or mineral processing wastes. After careful review, EPA determined that 41 com modity sectors generated a total of 354 waste streams that could be designated as mineral processing wastes. Exhibit 5-2 presents the 354 mineral processing wastes by commodity sector. Of these 354 waste streams, EPA has sufficient information (based on either analytical test data or engineering judgment) to determine that 148 waste streams are potentially RCRA hazardous wastes because they may exhibit one or more of the RCRA hazardous characteristics: toxicity, ignitability, corro sivity, or reactivity. Exhibit 5-3 presents the 148 RCRA hazardous mineral processing wastes that will be subject to the Land Disposal Restrictions. Exhibit 5-4 identifies the mineral processing commodity sectors that generate RCRA hazardous mineral processing wastes that are likely to be subject to the Land D isposal Restrictions. Exhibit 5-4 also summarizes the total number of hazardous waste streams by sector and the estimated total volume of hazardous wastes generated annually. At this time, however, EPA has insufficient information to determine whether the following nine sectors also generate wastes that could be classified as mineral processing wastes: Bromine, Gemstones, Iodine, Lithium, Lithium Carbonate, Soda Ash, Sodium Sulfate, and Strontium.
    [Show full text]
  • Extractive Metallurgy & the Smelting of Bronze
    Extractive Metallurgy & the Smelting of Bronze INTRODUCTION: Seven metals were in use before the invention of writing: gold, silver, copper, iron, mercury, tin & lead. Many of these are so scarce they couldn’t be used practically (like gold). Others are rarely found in their elemental form, instead found as minerals of carbonates, oxides, or sulfides. It is the elemental form of metals that we are familiar with when we speak of their shiny, malleable and conducting properties. As minerals or ores, metals exist in combination with other elements, often as brittle, non-conducting substances (image rocks, salts & crystals). To produce a metal in its elemental form from an ore requires a chemical transformation, a process of extractive metallurgy called smelting. The fundamental problem of smelting involves the chemical reduction of metallic compounds to elemental metals, with different compounds requiring different treatment conditions. Oxide or carbonate ores are heated with charcoal, which combines with the oxygen in the ore, to release carbon dioxide and produce the elemental metal. 2 Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 + 3 C → 6 Cu + 7 CO2 + 2 H2O (1) SnO2 + C → Sn + CO2 (2) Copper was the earliest metal to come into common usage because its ores are fairly common, like that of malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2), and because it can be smelted at moderate temperatures (see equation 2 above). It is a soft metal, however, which makes it of marginal value for tools and weapons. Tin forms an alloy with copper, called bronze, which is harder than either metal alone. By 3,000 BC bronze had become the dominant metal, so much so that its use defines the Bronze Age.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Reserve Estimate & Feasibility Study
    REPORT ON THE RESERVE ESTIMATE & FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE ISABELLA PEARL PROJECT, NEVADA REPORT ON THE ESTIMATE OF RESERVES and the FEASIBILITY STUDY for the ISABELLA PEARL PROJECT MINERAL COUNTY, NEVADA for WALKER LANE MINERALS CORP. Signed by: FRED H. BROWN, PGeo Senior Resource Geologist, GRC Nevada Inc. J. RICARDO GARCIA, PEng Corporate Chief Engineer, Gold Resource Corp. BARRY D. DEVLIN, PGeo Vice President, Exploration, Gold Resource Corp. JOY L. LESTER, SME-RM Chief Geologist, Gold Resource Corp. and Gold Resource Corp. and GRC Nevada Inc. Technical Staff Effective Date: December 31, 2017 REPORT ON THE RESERVE ESTIMATE & FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE ISABELLA PEARL PROJECT, NEVADA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 SUMMARY …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14 1.1 Introduction and Purpose ...…………………………………………………………………………………14 1.2 Property Description and Ownership .………………………………………………………………………14 1.3 Geology and Mineralization …………………………………………………………………………...........15 1.4 Exploration and Mining History .…………………………………………………………………………………..15 1.5 Metallurgical Testing and Process Design Criteria .…………………………………………..…16 1.6 Economic Mineralized Material .…………………………………………………………………………………..18 1.7 Mineral Reserve Estimate .…………………………………………………………………………………..19 1.8 Mining Methods ………………………………………………………………………………………………..20 1.9 Mineral Processing and Recovery Methods …………………………………………………………..22 1.10 Project Infrastructure ………………………………………………………………………………………………..23 1.11 Environmental Studies and Permitting ……………………………………………………………………….25 1.12 Capital and Operating
    [Show full text]
  • Copper Recovery Using Leach/Solvent Extraction/Electrowinning Technology
    Copper recovery using leach/solvent extraction/electrowinning technology: Forty years of innovation, 2.2 million tonnes of copper annually by G.A. Kordosky* small scale in analytical chemistry3 and on a large scale for the recovery of uranium from Synopsis sulphuric acid leach solutions4. Generally Mills had already developed and commercialized The concept of selectively extracting copper from a low-grade dump Alamine® 336 as an SX reagent for the leach solution followed by stripping the copper into an acid recovery of uranium from sulphuric acid leach solution from which electrowon copper cathodes could be produced liquors5 and believed that a similar technology occurred to the Minerals Group of General Mills in the early 1960s. for copper recovery would be welcome. This simple, elegant idea has resulted in a technology by which However, an extensive market survey showed about 2.2 million tonnes of high quality copper cathode was produced in year 2000. The growth of this technology is traced over that the industry reception for copper recovery time with a discussion of the key plants, the key people and the by L/SX/EW technology was almost hostile. important advances in leaching, plant design, reagents and The R&D director of a large copper producer electrowinning that have contributed to the growth of this predicted at an AIME annual meeting that technology. Some thoughts on potential further advances in the there would never be a pound of copper technology are also given. recovered using solvent extraction and his comment prompted
    [Show full text]
  • I. Principles of Extractive Metallurgy
    I. PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY RAKES H KUMAR Email : [email protected] Extractive metallurgy as a discipline deals with the extraction of metals from naturally occurring and man made resources. Separation is the essence of metal extraction. Development of efficient separation schemes calls for a through understanding of extractive metallurgy principles in terms of physical chemistry (thermodynamics & kinetics); materials and energy flow/balance, transport phenomena, reactor and reactor engineering, instrumentation and process control, and environment and waste management. (Slide 1-4) In general, metallurgical separation processes involves chemical reactions, and classified as pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and electrometallurgical. The processes are also classified as ferrous [dealing with iron and steel] and nonferrous [dealing with all other metals, e.g. base metals (like Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, ...), light metals (Al, Mg, Ti), precious metals (Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, ...), rare earth (Ce, Nd, Sm, ...), nuclear metals (U, Th, ...), rare metals (Os, Ru, ...) etc]. (Slide 6) Various pyrometallurgical unit processes are: calcination, roasting, smelting, converting, refining, distillation etc. Each of these processes serves a specific purpose from the point of view of separation. They require specialized reactor depending upon the phases (solid/liquid/ gases) involved, mode of contact, temperature, environmental measures etc Calcination and roasting are used as pre-treatment prior to other pyro- and hydro- metallurgical operations. (Slide 7, 8) Smelting is the most common of pyrometallurgical operations. Reduction smelting is carried out for oxides. During the smelting, metal compound (e.g. oxide of metal) is reduced to metallic form, and the undesirable impurities (gangue) combine with flux to form slag. Immiscibility of metal and slag together with density difference forms the basis for separation.
    [Show full text]
  • Avoiding Slopping in Top-Blown BOS Vessels
    ISSN: 1402-1757 ISBN 978-91-7439-XXX-X Se i listan och fyll i siffror där kryssen är LICENTIATE T H E SI S Department of Chemical Engineering and Geosciences Division of Extractive Metallurgy Mats Brämming Avoiding Slopping in Top-Blown BOS Vessels BOS Top-Blown Slopping in Mats Brämming Avoiding ISSN: 1402-1757 ISBN 978-91-7439-173-2 Avoiding Slopping Luleå University of Technology 2010 in Top-Blown BOS Vessels Mats Brämming Avoiding Slopping in Top-blown BOS Vessels Mats Brämming Licentiate Thesis Luleå University of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering and Geosciences Division of Extractive Metallurgy SE-971 87 Luleå Sweden 2010 Printed by Universitetstryckeriet, Luleå 2010 ISSN: 1402-1757 ISBN 978-91-7439-173-2 Luleå 2010 www.ltu.se To my fellow researchers: “Half a league half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred: 'Forward, the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns' he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. 'Forward, the Light Brigade!' Was there a man dismay'd ? Not tho' the soldier knew Some one had blunder'd: Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do & die, Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.” opening verses of the poem “The Charge Of The Light Brigade” by Alfred, Lord Tennyson PREFACE Slopping* is the technical term used in steelmaking to describe the event when the slag foam cannot be contained within the process vessel, but is forced out through its opening. This phenomenon is especially frequent in a top-blown Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS) vessel, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • The Metallurgy of Antimony
    Chemie der Erde 72 (2012) S4, 3–8 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Chemie der Erde journal homepage: www.elsevier.de/chemer The metallurgy of antimony Corby G. Anderson ∗ Kroll Institute for Extractive Metallurgy, George S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States article info abstract Article history: Globally, the primary production of antimony is now isolated to a few countries and is dominated by Received 4 October 2011 China. As such it is currently deemed a critical and strategic material for modern society. The metallurgical Accepted 10 April 2012 principles utilized in antimony production are wide ranging. This paper will outline the mineral pro- cessing, pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical and electrometallurgical concepts used in the industrial Keywords: primary production of antimony. As well an overview of the occurrence, reserves, end uses, production, Antimony and quality will be provided. Stibnite © 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Tetrahedrite Pyrometallurgy Hydrometallurgy Electrometallurgy Mineral processing Extractive metallurgy Production 1. Background bullets and armory. The start of mass production of automobiles gave a further boost to antimony, as it is a major constituent of Antimony is a silvery, white, brittle, crystalline solid that lead-acid batteries. The major use for antimony is now as a trioxide exhibits poor conductivity of electricity and heat. It has an atomic for flame-retardants. number of 51, an atomic weight of 122 and a density of 6.697 kg/m3 ◦ ◦ at 26 C. Antimony metal, also known as ‘regulus’, melts at 630 C 2. Occurrence and mineralogy and boils at 1380 ◦C.
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Extractive Metallurgy
    Principles of Extractive Metallurgy by Professor Nosa O. Egiebor Environmental Engineering Program Department of Chemical Engineering Tuskegee University Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA Course Reference Texts Materials for the course were taken from multiple textbook. The main texts include: Principles of Extractive Metallurgy by Terkel Rosenquist; Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim, Norway, 2004. The Chemistry of Gold Extraction (2nd Ed) by John O. Marsden and C. Lain House, SME Littleton, Colorado, USA (2006) Process Selection in Extractive Metallurgy by Peter Hayes, Hayes Publishing Co., Brisbane, Australia (1985) Instructor’s Lecture Notes, Prof. Nosa O. Egiebor (2011) Introduction - Definitions Metallurgy is the science of extracting and refining metals from ores and the compounding of metals to form alloys. Extractive metallurgy is the branch of metallurgical science & engineering which deals with the extraction and refining of metals from ores. An ore is a rock that contains commercially viable amounts of metallic/non-metallic solid minerals. Ores are complex associations of mineral grains A mineral is a chemical compound that constitute a component of an ore, and with its own characteristic chemical composition. Introduction – Types of Ores & Minerals Most metals are combined with other elements to form minerals. Few exist as pure metals. The table below provides examples of the common types of ores with minerals, their chemical formula and Common Names: Native Metals (Can occur as Pure Metals) Silver-(Ag), Gold-(Au), Bismuth-(Bi),
    [Show full text]
  • Extractive Metallurgy of Copper This Page Intentionally Left Blank Extractive Metallurgy of Copper
    Extractive Metallurgy of Copper This page intentionally left blank Extractive Metallurgy of Copper Mark E. Schlesinger Matthew J. King Kathryn C. Sole William G. Davenport AMSTERDAM l BOSTON l HEIDELBERG l LONDON NEW YORK l OXFORD l PARIS l SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO l SINGAPORE l SYDNEY l TOKYO Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands First edition 1976 Second edition 1980 Third edition 1994 Fourth edition 2002 Fifth Edition 2011 Copyright Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@ elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-08-096789-9 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our web site at elsevierdirect.com Printed and bound in Great Britain 11 12 13 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 Photo credits: Secondary cover photograph shows anode casting furnace at Palabora Mining Company, South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Pyrometallurgy and Electrometallurgy of Rare Earths – Part A: Analysis of Metallothermic Reduction and Its Variants
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 18 March 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0463.v1 Page 1 of 14 Pyrometallurgy and electrometallurgy of rare earths – Part A: Analysis of metallothermic reduction and its variants Muhammad Musaddique Ali Rafique Eastern Engineering Solutions Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139 E: [email protected] Abstract Rare earths are classified as most important and critical material for US economy and defense by Congress and a mandate has been set to increase their in-house production, domestic resource utilization and decrease reliance on foreign resources and reserves. They are widely available in earth crust as ore (bastnaesite (La, Ce)FCO3, monazite, (Ce, La, Y, Th)PO4, and xenotime, YPO4), but their so-called economic reserves are sparsely located geographically. They may be produced by various means such as beneficiation (physical, chemical, mechanical, or electrical), reduction (direct or indirect), electrolysis (of aqueous or molten / fused single or mixed salt systems) at high temperature or hydrometallurgy. Out of these, direct reduction also known as metallothermic reduction (La and Ca reduction) is mostly utilized. Its variant, high temperature electrowinning of fused salts is also practiced widely. These processes are material and application specific. In this study, author will employ thermodynamics (Ellingham diagrams, -2 free energy of formation, reduction potential, Nernst equation, Pourbaix (Eh-pH) diagrams, E-pO diagrams), kinetics and energetic of a chemical reaction (chemical metallurgy) to reduce rare earth oxide / salt to rare earth metals (REO/RES – REM). It is shown that materials and energy requirement vary greatly depending on type of mineral ore, production facility, and beneficiation / mineral processing method selected.
    [Show full text]