Principles of Extractive Metallurgy Lectures Note
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Some Problems and Potentials of the Study of Cupellation
Some problems and potentials of the study of cupellation remains: the case of post-medieval Montbéliard, France Marcos Martinon-Torres, Nicolas Thomas, Thilo Rehren, Aude Mongiatti To cite this version: Marcos Martinon-Torres, Nicolas Thomas, Thilo Rehren, Aude Mongiatti. Some problems and po- tentials of the study of cupellation remains: the case of post-medieval Montbéliard, France. Archeo- sciences, revue d’Archéométrie, G.M.P.C.A./Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2008, pp.59-70. halshs- 00599974 HAL Id: halshs-00599974 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00599974 Submitted on 19 Jun 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Some problems and potentials of the study of cupellation remains: the case of early modern Montbéliard, France Problèmes et perspectives à partir de l’étude des vestiges archéologiques issus de la coupellation : l’exemple du site de Montbéliard (France) Marcos Martinón-Torres*, Nicolas Thomas**, Thilo Rehren*, and Aude Mongiatti* Abstract: Bone-ash cupels are increasingly identified in medieval and later archaeological contexts related to the refining of noble metals in alchemy, assaying, jewellery or coin minting. These small finds may provide information on metal refining activities, the technical knowledge of different craftspeople, and the versatility of laboratory practices, which often differed from the standard protocols recorded in metallurgical treatises. -
A Review of Flotation Separation of Mg Carbonates (Dolomite and Magnesite)
minerals Review A Review of Flotation Separation of Mg Carbonates (Dolomite and Magnesite) Darius G. Wonyen 1,†, Varney Kromah 1,†, Borbor Gibson 1,† ID , Solomon Nah 1,† and Saeed Chehreh Chelgani 1,2,* ID 1 Department of Geology and Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Liberia, P.O. Box 9020 Monrovia, Liberia; [email protected] (D.G.W.); [email protected] (Y.K.); [email protected] (B.G.); [email protected] (S.N.) 2 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-41-6830-9356 † These authors contributed equally to the study. Received: 24 July 2018; Accepted: 13 August 2018; Published: 15 August 2018 Abstract: It is well documented that flotation has high economic viability for the beneficiation of valuable minerals when their main ore bodies contain magnesium (Mg) carbonates such as dolomite and magnesite. Flotation separation of Mg carbonates from their associated valuable minerals (AVMs) presents several challenges, and Mg carbonates have high levels of adverse effects on separation efficiency. These complexities can be attributed to various reasons: Mg carbonates are naturally hydrophilic, soluble, and exhibit similar surface characteristics as their AVMs. This study presents a compilation of various parameters, including zeta potential, pH, particle size, reagents (collectors, depressant, and modifiers), and bio-flotation, which were examined in several investigations into separating Mg carbonates from their AVMs by froth flotation. Keywords: dolomite; magnesite; flotation; bio-flotation 1. Introduction Magnesium (Mg) carbonates (salt-type minerals) are typical gangue phases associated with several valuable minerals, and have complicated processing [1,2]. -
Calcination) 2
Thermal Treatment of Catalysts Modern Methods in Heterogeneous Catalysis Research Friederike C. Jentoft, October 31, 2003 Outline 1. Terminology (calcination) 2. Sample vs. oven set temperature 3. Self-generated atmosphere & self-steaming of zeolites 4. Combustion 5. Glow phenomenon & zirconia catalysts 6. Crystallization 7. Loss of surface area 8. Effect of additives 9. Solid-solid wetting 10.Reductive treatments & SMSI Steps of Catalyst Preparation v IUPAC defines 3 steps of catalyst preparation 1. Preparation of primary solid, associating all the useful compounds 2. Processing of that primary solid to obtain the catalyst precursor for example by heat treatment 3. Activation of the precursor to give the active catalyst (reduction to metal, formation of sulfides, deammoniation of zeolites) Heat Treatment of Intermediate Solids or Precursors v drying v thermal decomposition of salts (nitrates, ammonium salts) v calcination v product is a "reasonably inert solid" which can be stored easily Annealing v in a general meaning: a heating of a material over a long time span; strain and cracks in a crystalline solid can be removed Origin of the Term "Calcination" v latin "calx" = playstone limestone, (greek chálix) v burning of calcium carbonate (limestone) to calcium oxide (quicklime) -1 CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 ΔH(900°C)=3010 kJ mol v used to construct Giza pyramids (ca. 2800 A.C.), burning of limestone ("Kalkbrennen") mentioned by Cato 184 A.C. v performed in kilns (ovens) at 900°C v addition of air to sustain combustion + cool product Examples for -
Petrology of Ore Deposits
Petrology of Ore Deposits An Introduction to Economic Geology Introductory Definitions Ore: a metalliferous mineral, or aggregate mixed with gangue that can me mined for a profit Gangue: associated minerals in ore deposit that have little or no value. Protore: initial non-economic concentration of metalliferous minerals that may be economic if altered by weathering (Supergene enrichment) or hydrothermal alteration Economic Considerations Grade: the concentration of a metal in an ore body is usually expressed as a weight % or ppm. The process of determining the grade is termed “assaying” Cut-off grade: after all economic and political considerations are weighed this is the lowest permissible grade that will mined. This may change over time. Example Economic Trends Economy of Scale As ore deposits are mined the high-grade zones are developed first leaving low-grade ores for the future with hopefully better technology Since mining proceeds to progressively lower grades the scale of mining increases because the amount of tonnage processed increases to remove the same amount of metal Outputs of 40,000 metric tons per day are not uncommon Near-surface open pit mines are inherently cheaper than underground mines Other factors important to mining costs include transportation, labor, power, equipment and taxation costs Classification of Ore bodies Proved ore: ore body is so thoroughly studied and understood that we can be certain of its geometry, average grade, tonnage yield, etc. Probable ore: ore body is somewhat delineated by surface mapping and some drilling. The geologists is reasonably sure of geometry and average grade. Possible Ore: outside exploration zones the geologist may speculate that the body extends some distance outside the probable zone but this is not supported by direct mapping or drilling. -
Corrosion of Refractories in Lead Smelting Reactors
CORROSION OF REFRACTORIES IN LEAD SMELTING REACTORS By LINGXUAN WEI B.Sc, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, China 1986 M.Sc, University of Science & Technology Beijing, China 1997 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF METALS AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH .UMB1A DECEMBER 2000 ©Lingxuan Wei, ZO0O UBC Special Collections - Thesis Authorisation Form http://www.library.ubc.ca/spcoll/thesauth.html In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. v 3 The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date lof 1 3/19/01 2:36 PM ABSTRACT Corrosion of refractories by slag is a complex phenomenon which, depending on the particular system, involves many processes, such as chemical wear (corrosion) and physical or mechanical wear (erosion), which may act synergistically. No single model can explain all cases of corrosion nor can it explain all corrosion mechanisms of a particular refractory in different environments, but the knowledge of the microstructure combined with the chemistry of the systems are necessary to understand the corrosion mechanism of a refractory material. -
Profits from the Past
Reprocessing and tailings reduction.qxp_proof 29/04/2020 09:50 Page 1 REPROCESSING AND TAILINGS REDUCTION In Colombia, AuVert's technology is being combined with CDE's experience in dewatering Profits from the past and tailings management to extract the remaining precious metals existing in the ground, while removing up to 93% of residual mercury which has to date prevented this land from being used by the local population reasons why mining companies may be cautious about using tailings as backfill material or relocating current day ‘waste’ to an inaccessible area of the mine, according to Gerritsen. “As technology improves, the opportunity to recover more of the metals/minerals increases,” he said. “There are elements where that may not be the case – coal ash, for example, cannot be reprocessed but can be used to produce cement. While tailings dam liabilities and falling water resources are There are certainly opportunities with gold, affecting the ability of miners to start new mines, or expand copper and even coal, for instance.” The strategies companies ultimately pursue for existing ones, these issues are strengthening the case for these ‘waste streams’ depend on the technology reprocessing and retreating ‘waste’ sites or streams. Dan available and the safety of the facilities, Gerritsen Gleeson explores an increasingly diverse market focused on remarked. revenue generation and risk reduction “For instance, it may not be economically viable to reprocess the material currently in a ith improved transparency around recycling and thickening, or SART, plant from BQE tailings storage facility and, therefore, the owner tailings dams and waste stockpiles now Water will only bolster cash reserves through the may decide to close it or put it into a non-active Wpart and parcel of being a responsible recovery of a high-grade saleable copper sulphide state,” he said. -
Mineral Engineering & Fuel Technology
MINERAL ENGINEERING & FUEL TECHNOLOGY (MME-203) 4th Semester B. Tech Dept. of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering V.S.S.university of Technology , Burla Sambalpur , odisha Person Name Designation Department involved And Email .id Course Gautam Assistant MME coordinator Behera professor [email protected] Course Co- Dinesh Assistant MME coordinator ku professor mishra , [email protected] Course Co- Avala Assistant MME coordinator Lava professor kumar [email protected] Goals of the subject 1-To impart knowledge about Mineral Processing [fundamental knowledge] 2-To teach you to “think” rather than “cook” 3-To encourage you to consider a career path in Mineral Processing Content Introduction to mineral processing(Engineering) Crushing and grinding Size separation methods Concentration methods Agglomeration techniques Fuel technology MODULE -I Introduction to mineral and mineral Engineering Mineral- a substance from which we get metal non metals or any valuables. Mineral Engineering ( branch of mme which deals with study of minerals and its processing )where the minerals is being processed to get a concentrate from which metals are extracted . Flow chat to show the relationship of mineral engineering with mining and extractive metallurgy engineering Subject covers Minerals definition MINERAL : Natural occur inorganic aggregate of metals and non metals . Or Inorganic compound having a definite chemical composition and crystal structure (atomic structure). Or minerals are the forms in which metals are found in the earth crust and as sea bed deposit depend on their reactivity with their environment, particular with oxygen , sulphur, and co2. Anything of economical value which is extracted from the earth. Characteristic of mineral 1-Minerals are homogeneous in physical and chemical composition. -
Hydrometallurgy – the Basis of Radiochemistry
The Interaction Between Nuclear Chemistry and Hydrometallurgy A Strategy for the Future By Tor Bjørnstad and Dag Øistein Eriksen April 2013 A short history of radiochemistry • 1898: Marie and Pierre Curie discovered Po and Ra by chemical separations of dissolved uranium ore • 1923: de Hevesy uses 212Pb as a tracer to follow the absorption in the roots, stems and leaves of the broad bean • 1929: Ellen Gleditsch appointed professor in inorganic chemistry. Established radiochemistry in Norway in 1916. • 1938: Hahn proves fission of uranium as Ba is separated from irradiated uranium solution • 1940: First transurane produced: Np by McMillan and Abelson • Nuclear power requires separation of fission products Primus.inter.pares AS Nuclear chemistry has contributed to the development of hydrometallurgy The need for safe, remote handling of the laborious separations required in the nuclear sector boosted innovation in: • Solvent extraction: – Continuous, counter current process enabled large quantities to be processed – Contactors like mixer-settlers were developed • Ion exchange to perform difficult purifications Primus.inter.pares AS Hydrometallurgy and nuclear chemistry Nuclear (radio-)chemistry offers special methods useful in hydrometallurgy: • Use of radioactive tracers, i.e. radioactive isotopes of the elements studied – Particularly important in liquid-liquid extraction • Neutron activation can be used on all phases: solid, aqueous-, organic phases (and gas) • AKUFVE-method very efficient in measuring extraction kinetics • Many "hydrometallurgical" elements have suitable isotopes for use as tracers – In addition, e.g. Eu(III) can be used as tracer for Am(III), and 3+ 3+ Nd has equal ionic radius as Am Primus.inter.pares AS Some strategic metals • Lithium for batteries – Scarcity of Li may be a reality. -
Treatment and Microscopy of Gold
TREATMENT AND MICROSCOPY OF GOLD AND BASE METAL ORES. (Script with Sketches & Tables) Short Course by R. W. Lehne April 2006 www.isogyre.com Geneva University, Department of Mineralogy CONTENTS (Script) page 1. Gold ores and their metallurgical treatment 2 1.1 Gravity processes 2 1.2 Amalgamation 2 1.3 Flotation and subsequent processes 2 1.4 Leaching processes 3 1.5 Gold extraction processes 4 1.6 Cyanide leaching vs. thio-compound leaching 5 2. Microscopy of gold ores and treatment products 5 2.1 Tasks and problems of microscopical investigations 5 2.2 Microscopy of selected gold ores and products 6 (practical exercises) 3. Base metal ores and their beneficiation 7 3.1 Flotation 7 3.2 Development of the flotation process 7 3.3 Principles and mechanisms of flotation 7 3.4 Column flotation 9 3.5 Hydrometallurgy 10 4. Microscopy of base metal ores and milling products 10 4.1 Specific tasks of microscopical investigations 11 4.2 Microscopy of selected base metal ores and milling products 13 (practical exercises) 5. Selected bibliography 14 (Sketches & Tables) Different ways of gold concentration 15 Gravity concentration of gold (Agricola) 16 Gravity concentration of gold (“Long Tom”) 17 Shaking table 18 Humphreys spiral concentrator 19 Amalgamating mills (Mexican “arrastra”, Chilean “trapiche”) 20 Pressure oxidation flowsheet 21 Chemical reactions of gold leaching and cementation 22 Cyanide solubilities of selected minerals 23 Heap leaching flowsheet 24 Carbon in pulp process 25 Complexing of gold by thio-compounds 26 Relation gold content / amount of particles in polished section 27 www.isogyre.com Economically important copper minerals 28 Common zinc minerals 29 Selection of flotation reagents 30 Design and function of a flotation cell 31 Column cell flotation 32 Flowsheet of a simple flotation process 33 Flowsheet of a selective Pb-Zn flotation 34 Locking textures 35 2 1. -
Experimental Design for Copper Cementation Process in Fixed Bed
Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2010) 3, 187–190 King Saud University Arabian Journal of Chemistry www.ksu.edu.sa www.sciencedirect.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE Experimental design for copper cementation process in fixed bed reactor using two-level factorial design I. Yahiaoui *, F. Aissani-Benissad Laboratoire de Ge´nie de l’Environnement (LGE), De´partement de Ge´nie des Proce´de´s, Faculte´ de la Technologie, Universite´ A.MIRA de Bejaia 06000, Algeria Received 20 July 2009; accepted 20 December 2009 Available online 18 April 2010 KEYWORDS Abstract This work deals with cementation of copper onto iron grid in a fixed bed reactor. The 2+ Copper; influence of several parameters is studied, namely: initial concentration of copper [Cu ]0, temper- Iron; ature and flow rate. Moreover, their influence on the copper cementation reaction is investigated Fixed bed reactor; statistically by the experimental design in view of industrial application. The estimation and the Factorial design comparison of the parameter’s effects are realized by using two-level factorial design. The analysis of these effects permits to state that the most influential factor is initial concentration of copper 2+ [Cu ]0 with an effect of (+2.4566), the second in the order is the temperature with an effect of (+0.18959), the third is the flow rate of the electrolytic solution with an effect of (À0.4226). The significance interactions found by the design of experiments are between initial concentrations of copper ions–flow rate (x1x3) with an effect (b13 = +0.6965). ª 2010 King Saud University. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Ultimately, this wastewater is discharged in permitted concen- trations of suspended solids and dissolved salts. -
Xstrata Technology Update Edition 13 – April 2012 Building Plants That Work
xstrata technology update Edition 13 – April 2012 Building plants that work You have to get a lot of things it takes another operator to get them right to build a plant that works. right. Someone who has lived through the problems, had to do the maintenance, operated during a midnight power Of course the big picture must be right – doing the right project, in the right place, failure, cleaned up the spill. Someone at the right time. who has “closed the loop” on previous designs; lived with previous decisions After that, the devil is in the detail. You and improved them, over and over. need a sound design, good execution, good commissioning, and ongoing This is why Xstrata Technology provides support after commissioning. You need a technology “package”. Just as a car to operate and maintain your plant in is more than an engine, technology is the long run, long after the construction more than a single piece of equipment. company has left. That’s when all the Technology is a system. All the elements “little” details become important – how of the system have to work with each easy is it to operate, how good is the other and with the people in the plant. maintenance access, what happens in We want our cars designed by people a power failure, where are the spillage who love cars and driving. So should points and how do we clean them our plants be designed by people with up? Are the instruments reliable and experience and passion to make each is the process control strategy robust one work better than the last. -
Identification and Description of Mineral Processing Sectors And
V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS As shown in Exhibit 5-1, EPA determined that 48 commodity sectors generated a total of 527 waste streams that could be classified as either extraction/beneficiation or mineral processing wastes. After careful review, EPA determined that 41 com modity sectors generated a total of 354 waste streams that could be designated as mineral processing wastes. Exhibit 5-2 presents the 354 mineral processing wastes by commodity sector. Of these 354 waste streams, EPA has sufficient information (based on either analytical test data or engineering judgment) to determine that 148 waste streams are potentially RCRA hazardous wastes because they may exhibit one or more of the RCRA hazardous characteristics: toxicity, ignitability, corro sivity, or reactivity. Exhibit 5-3 presents the 148 RCRA hazardous mineral processing wastes that will be subject to the Land Disposal Restrictions. Exhibit 5-4 identifies the mineral processing commodity sectors that generate RCRA hazardous mineral processing wastes that are likely to be subject to the Land D isposal Restrictions. Exhibit 5-4 also summarizes the total number of hazardous waste streams by sector and the estimated total volume of hazardous wastes generated annually. At this time, however, EPA has insufficient information to determine whether the following nine sectors also generate wastes that could be classified as mineral processing wastes: Bromine, Gemstones, Iodine, Lithium, Lithium Carbonate, Soda Ash, Sodium Sulfate, and Strontium.