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A n o t h e r M a r x i Also available from Bloomsbury A e s t h e t i c M a r x , edited by Samir Gandesha and Johan Hartle Capitalism: Th e Reemergence of a Historical Concept , edited by Jürgen Kocka and Marcel van der Linden Workers Unite! Th e International 150 Years Later , edited by Marcello Musto ii Another Marx Early Manuscripts to the International M a r c e l l o M u s t o Translated by Patrick Camiller iii BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3DP, UK BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2018 Copyright © Marcello Musto, 2018 Marcello Musto has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identifi ed as Author of this work. For legal purposes the Notice on p. x constitutes an extension of this copyright page. Cover design: Adriana Brioso Cover image: Karl Marx (Photo by Time Life Pictures/Mansell/The LIFE Picture Collection/ Getty Images). Manuscript page of an article by Karl Marx, published 25 January 1873 in The International Herald newspaper (photo by Getty Images). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third-party websites referred to or in this book. All internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN : HB : 978-1-4742-6732-8 PB : 978-1-4742-7339-8 e PDF : 978-1-4742-6734-2 eBook: 978-1-4742-6733-5 Typeset by Refi neCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk To fi nd out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsbury.com and sign up for our newsletters . iv To George and Ann, for their warm hospitality, unconditional help, boundless support, and – most of all – infi nite patience. v vi Contents List of Figures ix Notice x Introduction 1 1. Th e Marx revival 1 2. New research paths 4 3. Chronology of Marx’s writings 7 Part 1 Intellectual Infl uences and Early Writings 1 Childhood, Youth and University Studies 15 1. Th e rabbi manqué 15 2. At school in Trier and studiosus juris in Bonn 18 3. Into the arms of the enemy 24 4. A young Hegelian in Berlin 28 2 Th e Encounter with Political Economy 33 1. Paris: Capital of the nineteenth century 33 2. Classics of political economy and alienated labour 34 3. Manuscripts and notebooks of excerpts: Th e papers of 1844 42 4. From critical philosophy to revolutionary praxis 45 Part 2 Th e Critique of Political Economy 3 Waiting for the Economic Crisis 55 1. Continuing the study of economics 55 2. In the solitude of exile 59 3. Research notes of 1850–1853 65 4. Th e trial of the communists and personal hardships 74 5. Articles on the crisis for the New-York Tribune 76 4 At the Time of the Grundrisse 83 1. Th e fi nancial crisis of 1857 and the date with the revolution 83 vii viii Contents 2. History and the social individual 86 3. Poverty in London 95 4. In search of a method 99 5. Writing the Grundrisse 106 6. Struggling against bourgeois society 111 5 Th e Polemic against Carl Vogt 117 1. Herr Vogt 117 2. Fighting misery and disease 126 3. In the meantime ‘Economics’ waits 128 4. Journalism and international politics 131 6 Capital : Th e Unfi nished Critique 137 1. Critical analysis of theories of surplus- value 137 2. Th e writing of the three volumes 149 3. Th e completion of Volume I 155 4. In search of the defi nitive version 165 Part 3 Political Militancy 7 Th e Birth of the International Working Men’s Association 171 1. Th e right man in the right place 171 2. Organizational development and growth 178 3. Th e defeat of the mutualists 189 8 Th e Revolution in Paris 199 1. Th e struggle for liberation in Ireland 199 2. Opposition to the Franco-Prussian War 204 3. Th e Paris Commune takes power 208 4. Th e political turn of the London conference 215 9 Th e Confl ict with Bakunin 221 1. Th e crisis of the International 221 2. Marx versus Bakunin 230 3. Two opposing conceptions of revolution 236 4. Socialism in Russia? 240 Bibliography 249 Index 267 List of Figures Karl Marx in London, April 1861. Photo by Culture Club/Getty Images. 133 Karl Marx and his daughter Jenny in Margate, March 1866. Photo by Universal History Archive/ UIG via Getty Images. 134 Karl Marx and his daughter Jenny in London, 1869. World History Archive/Alamy Stock Photo. 135 ix Notic e Some of the chapters included in this volume are based, in whole or in part, on articles published in scholarly journals and chapters in books. However, they were initially conceived as components of a larger work. Chapter 2 is a thoroughly revised and extended version of ‘Marx in Paris: Manuscripts and Notebooks of 1844’, Science & Society , vol. 73 (2009), n. 3, pp. 386–402. Chapter 3 is a revised version of ‘Th e Formation of Marx’s Critique of Political Economy: From the Studies of 1843 to the Grundrisse ’, Socialism and Democracy , vol. 24 (2010), n. 2, pp. 66–100. Chapter 4 is a revised and extended version of ‘Marx’s life at the time of the Grundrisse. Biographical Notes on 1857–8’, in Marcello Musto (ed.), Karl Marx’s Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy 150 Years Later , Routledge, 2008, pp. 147–61. Chapter 6 is an extended version of ‘Th e Writing of Capital : Genesis and Structure of Marx’s Critique of Political Economy’, Critique , vol. 46 (2018), no. 1, pp. 11–26. Finally, chapters 7, 8 and 9 are based on the ‘Introduction’ to the anthology Marcello Musto (ed.), Workers Unite! Th e International 150 Years Later , Bloomsbury, 2014, pp. 1–68. Th e permission to partially reappear in this book is gratefully acknowledged. Marx’s writings have been generally quoted from the 50-volume Marx Engels Collected Works ( MECW ), Moscow/London/New York: Progress Publishers/ Lawrence and Wishart/International Publishers, 1975–2005. Sometimes the translations have been modifi ed to conform more closely to the original German. Citations from the Grundrisse have been taken from the 1973 Penguin edition translated by Martin Nicolaus, while Marx’s addresses, resolutions and speeches from the period of the International Working Men’s Association have been quoted from Marcello Musto (ed.), Workers Unite! Th e International 150 x Notice xi Years Later , Bloomsbury, 2014. Moreover, in a few cases the reader is referred to single works translated into English but not included in MECW . Texts that have not yet been translated into English are referenced to the Marx- Engels-Gesamtausgabe ( MEGA 2 ), Berlin: Dietz/Akademie/De Gruyter, 1975– . ., of which 65 of the originally planned 114 volumes have so far appeared in print. As regards the secondary literature, quotations from books and articles not published in English have been translated for the present volume. All the names of journals and newspapers have been indicated fi rst in the original language, followed by an English translation in square brackets. Indications of birth and death dates of authors and historical fi gures have been provided the fi rst time they are mentioned in the book. I would like to express my most sincere gratitude to Patrick Camiller, who, during the past ten years that we have been working together, has always translated my works with the highest competence, comradely commitment and enormous patience for my many requests. Every author dreams to collaborate with a competent translator; only few, though, have the luck of having one who knows more than they do. Th anks to Patrick, and to his vast knowledge of politics, philosophy and history, I belong to the lucky circle of the latter. Th e author would like to thank the Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies, York University, Toronto, Canada, for the fi nancial support it provided to this work. xii I n t r o d u c t i o n 1 . Th e Marx revival If an author’s eternal youth consists in his capacity to keep stimulating new ideas, then it may be said that Karl Marx has without question remained young. He has even been back in fashion since the outbreak, in 2008, of the latest crisis of capitalism. Contrary to the predictions aft er the fall of the Berlin wall, when he was consigned to perpetual oblivion, Marx’s ideas are once more the object of analysis, development and debate. Many have begun to ask new questions about a thinker who was oft en falsely identifi ed with ‘actually existing socialism’ and then curtly brushed aside aft er 1989. Prestigious newspapers and journals with a wide audience of readers have described Marx as a highly topical and far- sighted theorist. Almost everywhere, he is now the theme of university courses and international conferences.