DOCSLIB.ORG

Catholicism and the Italian Fascist Myth of Romanità: Between Consciousness and Consent

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Catholicism and the Italian Fascist Myth of Romanità: Between Consciousness and Consent HAOL, Núm. 17 (Otoño, 2008), 139-146 ISSN 1696-2060 CATHOLICISM AND THE ITALIAN FASCIST MYTH OF ROMANITÀ: BETWEEN CONSCIOUSNESS AND CONSENT Jan Nelis Universiteit Gent, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected] Recibido: 2 Julio 2008 / Revisado: 31 Julio 2008 / Aceptado: 4 Septiembre 2008 / Publicación Online: 15 Octubre 2008 Abstract: Drawing on current scholarly informed about fascism’s origins and nature. research on “political religions,” as well as on Apart from the myth of the nation, the myth of the “politicisation” of religion, this article the Great War (which was seen as a purifying presents a study of the Jesuitical periodical La experience), and the myth of the uomo and Stato Civiltà Cattolica, of which it analyses the years nuovo, one idea in particular stood out as central 1922-1943. The specific focus is on the Catholic to the creation of the new, Italian fascist discourse on Roman antiquity: as the fascist identity: a spiritual heritage from Roman regime made ample use of a supposed antiquity, better known as romanità “spiritual” heritage from antiquity –an idea (“Romanness”). which was summarised in the notion of romanità (“Romanness”)-, the Catholic press When one observes Mussolini’s discourse on reacted by defining its position in this debate, antiquity5, it seems so that already quite early especially with regard to the relationship on, he realised the effectiveness of an between pagan and Christian, fascist and identification with the greatness of Roman Catholic Rome. This study joins the already antiquity. Even if initially opposed to all that extensive body of research concerning the invoked the city of Rome, its inhabitants and its fascist myth of romanità. history6, he quite suddenly changed his mind, Keywords: Catholicism, Jesuits, Italian fascism, baptising his 1922 takeover of power the romanità, political religion, religious politics, “March on Rome,” in a clear reference to Julius discourse analysis, propaganda. Caesar’s example. From now on, the myth of ______________________ romanità would penetrate the most diverse levels of the cultural spectrum, such as ince the milestone work of Emilio architecture, sculpture, painting and, last but not Gentile1, Italian fascism has repeatedly least, scholarship of antiquity. S been analysed as a form of “political religion,” an approach which takes into account Whereas many of the above aspects have been factors which traditionally are not included, or the object of extensive research7, the are considered as only minor features. First of relationship between romanità and traditional all, there is the role of culture, which is seen as Catholic religion has only led to a very limited not only “determined by” politics, but also as amount of publications8. These mainly focus on actively determining the latter activity, the way in which antichisti (classicists, sometimes even as a form of politics in its own historians of antiquity and archaeologists) and right. In this sense, literature, the visual arts literary authors inserted references to etcetera can be studied as active participants in Catholicism and Catholic antiquity in their the creation of fascist reality2. The same can also discourse on pagan antiquity, in order to be said for the masses3. Another central feature promote the idea of pagan Rome as a is the religious, mythical predisposition of early praeparatio of Christianity, and of Christian fascist leaders and of their supporters4. As a Rome in its turn as a forerunner to the ultimate, consequence, fascism’s religious core was made fascist and Catholic, “Third Rome.” up of various myths, “stories” –in the etymological sense of the Greek muthos- which © Historia Actual Online 2008 139 Catholicism and The Italian Fascist Myth Jan Nelis As this aspect has been exclusively studied from vigilant, focus on religious themes and aspects, the viewpoint of non-clerical agents, the present as can be seen, among other things, in a 1924 paper intends to widen the scope, by considering review article of a dictionary of Christian the way in which an important Catholic archaeology and liturgy: whereas the overall periodical, the Jesuitical La Civiltà Cattolica, tone of the review is positive, the author’s handled issues related to (pagan and Christian) depiction of early Christians as “insultors of antiquity during the heyday of romanità, the Rome” is being condemned12. ventennio fascista (the twenty years during which fascism was in power, from 1922 until Only very hesitatingly, pagan antiquity is being 1943). In so doing, it contributes not only to the given its “due:” apart from a continuous series mentioned study of fascism as a political of reviews of books concerning Latin poet religion, but also to the degree of ‘politicisation’ Vergil (cf. infra), only in 1925 a book on the of traditional religious discourse9. Roman Forum and Palatine Hill is being considered important “per la Roma classica e 1. LA CIVILTÀ CATTOLICA AND per la cristiana insieme”13, whereas in the same ANTIQUITY DURING THE FIRST HALF year imperial Rome can be presented as the “più OF THE VENTENNIO FASCISTA grande potenza civile del mondo antico”14. However, the reviewer quickly adds that the After the October 28, 1922 fascist March on mentioned greatness only counts “fino Rome, La Civiltà Cattolica’s discourse on all’avvento del cristianesimo”15. antiquity does not undergo any substantial changes: in the same way as fascism itself is In some contributions, pagan antiquity is not apparently only considered to be a phenomenon only being ignored, but even criticised, or in any of minor, temporary importance10, the new case strongly dissociated from its Christian regime’s interest in ancient Rome does not seem follow-up. Most of these texts are published to be of major concern. Indeed during the near the end of the twenties, when, after twenties the myth of romanità does not yet Mussolini has become a dictator, romanità possess the rhetorical strength and omnipresence increasingly starts to invade fascist propaganda. which will characterise it during the thirties. As Whereas for example in 1926 Vergil can still be a consequence, the Catholic discourse on presented as the ancient poet who incarnates antiquity can remain relatively unaltered, in “un’età che ingenerò i germi della civiltà del some cases even questioning, or contradicting, mondo, ed ebbe preparato e spianato il campo the increasing fascist appropriation of the della pugna e della vittoria ai banditori del ancient past. Vangelo di Cristo”16, in subsequent reviews no more references to the poet’s apparent Generally speaking, contributions dealing with religiosity can be found17. Furthermore, the antiquity (articles and above all book reviews) notion of romanità, by now indissolubly linked are characterised by two major tendencies: to fascism, is only mentioned once, and in a very predominance of themes related to Christianity prudent manner18. (and linked to this omission of paganism) and opposition to the idea of pagan Rome as a La Civiltà Cattolica’s preoccupation to distance praeparatio of Christian and fascist Rome. In itself from fascist reception of antiquity reaches other words, no clear echo is produced of the a high point at the beginning of the thirties, sort of romanità which is at that time being when two articles are published in which, developed by numerous antichisti (cf. supra). through the figure of Vergil, the idea of pagan romanità as a precursor to Christian Rome is Being a confessional publication, La Civiltà rejected19. This is done by literally stating, Cattolica has only one interest when treating among other things, that “Virgilio […] non with historical subjects, one agenda: stressing scorse il Messia, non divinò il Salvatore the importance of Catholic faith. As a Nazzareno”20. As it has become the privileged consequence, in a 1923 review of a book on the domain of fascist propaganda, pagan Rome and Roman Empire by Gaetano De Sanctis, who its “greatness” are now increasingly ignored by arguably was one of Italy’s most prominent La Civiltà Cattolica or, when mentioned, antichisti, criticism can be based on the criticised and deprived of their originality. judgement of none other than Dante Alighieri, author of the religiously initiatic poem Divina Such can for example be seen in a review article Commedia11. The periodical keeps a constant, of Luigia Achillea Stella’s Italia antica sul 140 © Historia Actual Online 2008 Jan Nelis Catholicism and The Italian Fascist Myth mare21: not only does the reviewer refrain from review of a publication on Vergil goes all out in making the obvious reference to Mussolini’s its appreciation of how the book’s author 1926 speech entitled Roma antica sul mare22, presents Vergil as “maestro fra i gentili, but he also underlines the un-original character apostolo della pace, voce dell’aspettazione of parts of ancient Roman culture, even if it has universale,” and of how he “fa vedere come to be pointed out that they are eventually being l’opera di lui sia una buona preparazione umana presented as the product of Rome’s “mirabile per la carità divina…”27 potenza assimilatrice e assorbitrice…”23 In 1934, an even more explicit interpretation of The last time an identification between pagan romanità can be found when Father Rosa writes and Roman antiquity is clearly avoided, is in a about the “idea della romanità, della cultura cioè 1932 book review in which the reviewer asserts e della civiltà che Roma ha recato al mondo, that the author “è riuscito a comporre una sintesi specialmente
Load more

Recommended publications
  • I Maestri Del Pensiero Riformista / 2
    FONDATA DA FILIPPO TURATI NEL 1891 DIREZIONE GIORNALISTI EDITORI scarl Ugo Finetti Sergio Scalpelli Via Benefattori dell’Ospedale, 24 - Milano Stefano Carluccio (direttore responsabile) Rivista di Cultura Politica, Storica e Letteraria Tel. +39 02 6070789 / 02 683984 Email: [email protected] Fax +39 02 89692452 [email protected] Grafica: Gianluca Quartuccio Giordano Anno CXX – N. 10 / 2011 Email: Registrazione Tribunale di Milano n. 646 / 8 ottobre 1948 e n. 537 / 15 ottobre 1994 – Stampa: Telestampa Centro Italia - Srl - Località Casale Marcangeli - 67063 Oricola (L’Aquila) - Abbonamento annuo: Euro 50,00 Euro - 10,00 ■ CINQUE FASCICOLI SPECIALI CON GLI AUTORI E I TEMI DI 120 ANNI DELLA CRITICA SOCIALE I MAESTRI DEL PENSIERO RIFORMISTA / 2 SOMMARIO GENERALE DELL’OPERA PER L’AVANTI! ■ 120-115. DICIOTTO ANNI DOPO FILIPPO TURATI MARIO BORSA Rifare l’Italia Le case operaie in Inghilterra - 1902 L’eterna questione - 1891 25 DICEMBRE 1896 Il partito socialista - 1901 ANGELO OMODEO Il programma dell’Umanitaria - 1902 OSVALDO GNOCCHI VIANI Socialismo e Umanesimo - 1891 RERUM SCRIPTOR (SALVEMINI) Per il suffragio universale - 1905 Il 25 corrente, giorno di Natale, nel quale lontà poderosa degli amici che se l’assunsero. ACHILLE LORIA non escono di regola altri giornali, avremo La direzione del Bissolati; la competenza e Uno scritto postumo di Carlo Marx - 1891 GIOVANNI MONTEMARTINI dunque il primo numero del nostro quotidia- lo zelo amministrati vo di Morgari e Mongini; Gli uffici di collocamento (parte 1) - 1906 no socialista - il quale sarà accolto certamen- la cooperazione affettuosa dei collaboratori e FEDERICO ENGELS te, all’arrivo, con manifestazione di giubilo, dei compagni di Roma, tutto autorizza a spe- A proposito della lotta di classe - 1892 MEUCCIO RUINI dalla folla dei compagni delle principali città, rare, tutto conferma che fu buon consiglio La forza idrica e la sua socializzazione - 1907 e porterà anche nei remoti villaggi una testi- l’osare.
    [Show full text]
  • Alle Origini Di Demokratie Und Klassenkampf Im Altertum. Il
    ISSN: 2632-4091 History of Classical Scholarship 3 July 2020 Issue 2 (2020): 69–104 ALLE ORIGINI DI DEMOKRATIE UND KLASSENKAMPF IM ALTERTUM IL DIBATTITO TRA ARTHUR ROSENBERG, OTTO JENSSEN ED ETTORE CICCOTTI SULLA DEMOCRAZIA ATENIESE — VITTORIO SALDUTTI — ABSTRACT Negli anni che seguirono la presa del potere dei bolscevichi in Russia il mo- vimento socialista internazionale fu agitato da un duro scontro sulla natura della democrazia sovietica che influenzò la riflessione di Arthur Rosenberg. Nell’ottobre del 1919 lo studioso tedesco pubblicò un lavoro su una rivista dei socialdemocratici indipendenti, in cui la democrazia ateniese veniva para- gonata al moderno regime dei Consigli. L’articolo scatenò la reazione di Otto Jenssen, che aprì un dibattito, nel quale venne in un secondo momento coinvolto Ettore Ciccotti, sulla natura economica, sociale e politica dell’antico regime ateniese. La querelle ebbe un notevole impatto sulla successiva produzione di Ciccotti e sull’elaborazione di Demokratie und Klassenkampf im Altertum, il lavoro più importante di Rosenberg come antichista. In the years following the Bolsheviks’ seizure of power in Russia the inter- national Socialist movement was divided by a harsh debate on the nature of Soviet democracy, which had a major influence on Arthur Rosenberg’s thought. In October 1919, he published an article in the journal of the Independent Social Democratic Party in which he compared Athenian democracy with contem- porary workers’ councils. The piece prompted the reaction of Otto Jenssen, who opened a controversy on the economic, social and political character of the ancient Athenian polity that came to involve also Ettore Ciccotti. The exchange had a considerable impact on the later works of Ciccotti and on the writing of Demokratie und Klassenkampf im Altertum, Rosenberg’s most important con- tribution to classical scholarship.
    [Show full text]
  • HCS — History of Classical Scholarship
    ISSN: 2632-4091 History of Classical Scholarship www.hcsjournal.org ISSUE 1 (2019) Dedication page for the Historiae by Herodotus, printed at Venice, 1494 The publication of this journal has been co-funded by the Department of Humanities of Ca’ Foscari University of Venice and the School of History, Classics and Archaeology of Newcastle University Editors Lorenzo CALVELLI Federico SANTANGELO (Venezia) (Newcastle) Editorial Board Luciano CANFORA Marc MAYER (Bari) (Barcelona) Jo-Marie CLAASSEN Laura MECELLA (Stellenbosch) (Milano) Massimiliano DI FAZIO Leandro POLVERINI (Pavia) (Roma) Patricia FORTINI BROWN Stefan REBENICH (Princeton) (Bern) Helena GIMENO PASCUAL Ronald RIDLEY (Alcalá de Henares) (Melbourne) Anthony GRAFTON Michael SQUIRE (Princeton) (London) Judith P. HALLETT William STENHOUSE (College Park, Maryland) (New York) Katherine HARLOE Christopher STRAY (Reading) (Swansea) Jill KRAYE Daniela SUMMA (London) (Berlin) Arnaldo MARCONE Ginette VAGENHEIM (Roma) (Rouen) Copy-editing & Design Thilo RISING (Newcastle) History of Classical Scholarship Issue () TABLE OF CONTENTS LORENZO CALVELLI, FEDERICO SANTANGELO A New Journal: Contents, Methods, Perspectives i–iv GERARD GONZÁLEZ GERMAIN Conrad Peutinger, Reader of Inscriptions: A Note on the Rediscovery of His Copy of the Epigrammata Antiquae Urbis (Rome, ) – GINETTE VAGENHEIM L’épitaphe comme exemplum virtutis dans les macrobies des Antichi eroi et huomini illustri de Pirro Ligorio ( c.–) – MASSIMILIANO DI FAZIO Gli Etruschi nella cultura popolare italiana del XIX secolo. Le indagini di Charles G. Leland – JUDITH P. HALLETT The Legacy of the Drunken Duchess: Grace Harriet Macurdy, Barbara McManus and Classics at Vassar College, – – LUCIANO CANFORA La lettera di Catilina: Norden, Marchesi, Syme – CHRISTOPHER STRAY The Glory and the Grandeur: John Clarke Stobart and the Defence of High Culture in a Democratic Age – ILSE HILBOLD Jules Marouzeau and L’Année philologique: The Genesis of a Reform in Classical Bibliography – BEN CARTLIDGE E.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix: Einaudi, President of the Italian Republic (1948–1955) Message After the Oath*
    Appendix: Einaudi, President of the Italian Republic (1948–1955) Message after the Oath* At the general assembly of the House of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic, on Wednesday, 12 March 1946, the President of the Republic read the following message: Gentlemen: Right Honourable Senators and Deputies! The oath I have just sworn, whereby I undertake to devote myself, during the years awarded to my office by the Constitution, to the exclusive service of our common homeland, has a meaning that goes beyond the bare words of its solemn form. Before me I have the shining example of the illustrious man who was the first to hold, with great wisdom, full devotion and scrupulous impartiality, the supreme office of head of the nascent Italian Republic. To Enrico De Nicola goes the grateful appreciation of the whole of the people of Italy, the devoted memory of all those who had the good fortune to witness and admire the construction day by day of the edifice of rules and traditions without which no constitution is destined to endure. He who succeeds him made repeated use, prior to 2 June 1946, of his right, springing from the tradition that moulded his sentiment, rooted in ancient local patterns, to an opinion on the choice of the best regime to confer on Italy. But, in accordance with the promise he had made to himself and his electors, he then gave the new republican regime something more than a mere endorsement. The transition that took place on 2 June from the previ- ous to the present institutional form of the state was a source of wonder and marvel, not only by virtue of the peaceful and law-abiding manner in which it came about, but also because it offered the world a demonstration that our country had grown to maturity and was now ready for democracy: and if democracy means anything at all, it is debate, it is struggle, even ardent or * Message read on 12 March 1948 and republished in the Scrittoio del Presidente (1948–1955), Giulio Einaudi (ed.), 1956.
    [Show full text]
  • 4. ETTORE CICCOTTI 4.1. Tra I Miti Dell'adolescenza
    4. ETTORE CICCOTTI “La figura così poliedrica così multifor- me e così complessa di Ettore Ciccotti, storico, giurista, pubblicista, docente, parlamentare non può essere agevolmen- te riassunta e fermata in queste rapide e brevi note”40. Sergio DE PILATO 4.1. Tra i miti dell’adolescenza Ciccotti40Ettore, Antonio, Achille, Alberto41 nacque a Potenza il 23 marzo 1863, alle ore tredici, nella casa paterna posta a Largo Collegio Parrocchiale San Gerardo. Alcune biografie indicano quale nascita il giorno 24, ma l’esame degli atti custoditi presso gli uffici dello stato ci- vile del comune di Potenza, evidenzia che quest’ultima data si riferisce a quando il padre Pasquale diete notizia agli ufficiali del comune, ovvero il giorno in cui fu compilato l’atto n. 124, su cui fu scritto che: “L’anno milleottocentosessantatre il Ventiquattro di Marzo alle ore quindici avan- ti a noi Leonardo Antonio Montesano assessore anziano ed ufficiale dello Stato Civile di Potenza Provincia di Basilicata, è comparso Don Pasquale cavaliere Ciccotti figlio del fu Don Teodoro di anni quarantacinque professione avvocato domiciliato in Potenza, quale ci ha presentato un Bambino secondo che abbiamo oculatamente riconosciuto, ed à dichiarato lo stesso è nato da sua moglie Anna 40 S. DE PILATO , Fondi, cose e figure di Basilicata, Roma, Maglione, 1923, p.63. 41 Comune di Potenza, Ufficio Stato Civile, Estratto di nascita del 23 ottobre 2008. 39 Lauretta Addone di anni trentacinque (…) nel giorno Ventitre del suddetto mese alle ore tredici nella casa di essi signori coniugi Largo Collegio Parrocchia San Gerardo”42. Il Nostro apparteneva a una colta e doviziosa famiglia “agraria”, che sin dal 1799 fu presente nei gangli del potere provinciale, il cui nonno pater- no, Teodoro, fu commissario repubblicano di Rionero, mentre il padre Pasquale, fu avvocato iscritto nei Ruoli dei Contribuenti per un impo- nibile di 431,42 ducati.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future Italian Fascist Representations of the Roman Past
    fascism 3 (2014) 1-19 brill.com/fasc Back to the Future Italian Fascist Representations of the Roman Past Jan Nelis Université libre de Bruxelles-CIERL, Brussels, Belgium [email protected] Abstract Among the many ‘founding myths’ of Italian Fascism such as those regarding its relationship to the First World War, one element stood out as key to both its quest for absolute dominion over the Italian peninsula and its historically based self-concept and representation: the idea of present-day Italy as incarnating the spirit and virtu- ousness of Roman (late Republican and early Imperial) antiquity, creating the image of a Terza Roma, of a ‘third’, Fascist Rome. This concept was omnipresent throughout the entire period within which Mussolini dominated Italian politics. This very spe- cific use of the historical past is discussed in this article, tracing its presence in vari- ous parts of the cultural and intellectual field, identifying the manifold ways in which history can meet contemporary, and ‘futural’, prerequisites. In so doing, it is inspired by recent scholarship underlining the futural, temporal thrust of Fascism and romanità, rather than its traditionally reactionary, backward-looking dynamic. As seems, at least to a certain extent, to have been the case in Nazi Germany, for the Fascists, antiquity indeed was no faraway, dusty past, but a lively source of inspira- tion and energy revealing the regime’s modernist, revolutionary ambition to build a ‘Third Rome’ which, literally and figuratively, made visible the earlier layers of Roman heritage. Keywords Fascism – romanità – antiquity – modernism – reception – culturalism – Third Rome – Pietro De Francisci * This paper is dedicated to the memory of Jane Dunnett (1960–2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Qt7hq5t8mm.Pdf
    UC Berkeley Room One Thousand Title Water's Pilgrimage in Rome Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7hq5t8mm Journal Room One Thousand, 3(3) ISSN 2328-4161 Author Rinne, Katherine Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Katherine Rinne Illustration by Rebecca Sunter Water’s Pilgrimage in Rome “If I were called in To construct a religion I should make use of water.” From Philip Larkin, “Water,” 1964 Rome is one of the world’s most hallowed pilgrimage destinations. Each year, the Eternal City’s numinous qualities draw millions of devout Christians to undertake a pilgrimage there just as they have for nearly two millennia. Visiting the most venerable sites, culminating with St. Peter’s, the Mother Church of Catholicism, the processional journey often reinvigorates faith among believers. It is a cleansing experience for them, a reflective pause in their daily lives and yearly routines. Millions more arrive in Rome with more secular agendas. With equal zeal they set out on touristic, educational, gastronomic, and retail pilgrimages. Indeed, when in Rome, I dedicate at least a full and fervent day to “La Sacra Giornata di Acquistare le Scarpe,” the holy day of shoe shopping, when I visit each of my favorite stores like so many shrines along a sacred way. Although shoes are crucial to our narrative and to the completion of any pilgrimage conducted on Opposite: The Trevi Fountain, 2007. Photo by David Iliff; License: CC-BY-SA 3.0. 27 Katherine Rinne foot, our interest in this essay lies elsewhere, in rededicating Rome’s vital role as a city of reflective pilgrimage by divining water’s hidden course beneath our feet (in shoes, old or new) as it flows out to public fountains in an otherwise parched city.
    [Show full text]
  • VIVA ROMA Für Jugendgruppen
    Thomas Michael Glaw Dorothea Lubahn Reiseführer VIVA ROMA für Jugendgruppen Erlebnistouren Geschichte & Geschichten Schöne Aussichten & Plätze zum Chillen Gut Essen und Trinken Restaurants für Gruppen Liebe Leser*innen, Sie kennen wahrscheinlich Rom sehr gut, sonst wür- den Sie nicht mit einer Gruppe dorthin fahren. Warum also noch ein Führer? Wir möchten Ihnen zur Hand gehen, Sie anregen, Geschichten zu erzählen, Sie ermutigen, auch einmal Dinge wegzulassen. Sie können in wenigen Tagen Ihren Teilnehmer*innen nur Einblicke geben und Lust machen, zurückzukommen in die Ewige Stadt. Erschlagen Sie die Jugendlichen nicht mit Fakten, machen Sie ihre Teilnehmer*innen zu Mit-Gestaltern, indem sie selbst Führungen übernehmen oder Informationen recherchieren, und ermuntern Sie sie zu eigenen, neuen Erfahrungen. Öffnen Sie die Augen für 2000 Jahre Geschichte, ohne das heutige Rom zu vergessen. Dieser Führer und unsere Webseite Rom-U20.de unterstützen Sie bei Ihrem Besuch. Machen Sie Rom für Ihre Jugendlichen zu einem ganz besonderen Erlebnis. Dr. Thomas Michael Glaw & Dorothea Lubahn 2 Erlebnistouren Bazzecole - Restaurants Geschichte & Geschichten Orte abseits der Besucherströme für Jugendgruppen Das alte Rom Aquädukte: dem römischen Va� kan S. 83 Pala� n, Forum Romanum Wasser auf der Spur S. 61 Trastevere S. 88 & Kolosseum S. 4 Thermen in Rom S. 64 Gianicolense S. 93 Centro Storico: Friedhöfe S. 66 Centro Storico S. 95 Vom Campo dei Fiori Nordöstliche Villen S. 98 zur Spanischen Treppe S. 15 Orte der S� lle S. 68 Esquilin & Mon� S. 101 Das Reich des Papstes - Sport & Entspannen San Lorenzo S. 105 der Va� kan und seine Museen S. 25 Schöne Aussichten S. 69 Piramide S.
    [Show full text]
  • Economics, Politics and Philosophy
    ECONOMICS, POLITICS AND PHILOSOPHY Peter Harrington london We are exhibiting at these fairs 4–7 October 2018 frieze masters Regent’s Park, London frieze.com/fairs/frieze-masters 14–15 October seattle Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair Seattle Center Exhibition Hall Seattle, WA www.seattlebookfair.com 3–4 November chelsea Chelsea Old Town Hall Kings Road, London www.chelseabookfair.com 16–18 November boston Boston International Antiquarian Book Fair Hynes Convention Center Boston, MA bostonbookfair.com 30 November–2 December hong kong China in Print Hong Kong Maritime Museum www.chinainprint.com VAT no. gb 701 5578 50 Peter Harrington Limited. Registered office: WSM Services Limited, Connect House, 133–137 Alexandra Road, Wimbledon, London SW19 7JY. Registered in England and Wales No: 3609982 Coin illustrations from Ordonnance et instrvction, item 59. Design: Nigel Bents; Photography: Ruth Segarra. Peter Harrington london catalogue 146 ECONOMICS, POLITICS AND PHILOSOPHY All items from this catalogue are on display at Dover Street Dover St opening hours: 10am–7pm Monday–Friday; 10am–6pm Saturday mayfair chelsea Peter Harrington Peter Harrington 43 dover street 100 FulHam road london w1s 4FF london sw3 6Hs uk 020 3763 3220 uk 020 7591 0220 eu 00 44 20 3763 3220 eu 00 44 20 7591 0220 usa 011 44 20 3763 3220 www.peterharrington.co.uk usa 011 44 20 7591 0220 well-known to many of the key figures of the German Romantic movement, who often met each other at her Berlin salon: regulars included Friedrich Gentz, Motte Fouqué, Schlegel, Schelling, and Steffens. She was introduced to Goethe in 1795.
    [Show full text]
  • Greenfield, P. N. 2011. Virgin Territory
    _____________________________________ VIRGIN TERRITORY THE VESTALS AND THE TRANSITION FROM REPUBLIC TO PRINCIPATE _____________________________________ PETA NICOLE GREENFIELD 2011 Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Classics and Ancient History The University of Sydney ABSTRACT _____________________________________ The cult of Vesta was vital to the city of Rome. The goddess was associated with the City’s very foundation, and Romans believed that the continuity of the state depended on the sexual and moral purity of her priestesses. In this dissertation, Virgin Territory: The Vestals and the Transition from Republic to Principate, I examine the Vestal cult between c. 150 BCE and 14 CE, that is, from the beginning of Roman domination in the Mediterranean to the establishment of authoritarian rule at Rome. Six aspects of the cult are discussed: the Vestals’ relationship with water in ritual and literature; a re-evaluation of Vestal incestum (unchastity) which seeks a nuanced approach to the evidence and examines the record of incestum cases; the Vestals’ extra-ritual activities; the Vestals’ role as custodians of politically sensitive documents; the Vestals’ legal standing relative to other Roman women, especially in the context of Augustus’ moral reform legislation; and the cult’s changing relationship with the topography of Rome in light of the construction of a new shrine to Vesta on the Palatine after Augustus became pontifex maximus in 12 BCE. It will be shown that the cult of Vesta did not survive the turmoil of the Late Republic unchanged, nor did it maintain its ancient prerogative in the face of Augustus’ ascendancy.
    [Show full text]
  • The New World Mythology in Italian Epic Poetry: 1492-1650
    THE NEW WORLD MYTHOLOGY IN ITALIAN EPIC POETRY: 1492-1650 by CARLA ALOÈ A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Italian Studies School of Languages, Cultures, Art History and Music College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham September 2015 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT My thesis explores the construction of the New World mythology as it appears in early modern Italian epic poems. It focuses on how Italian writers engage with and contribute to this process of myth-creation; how the newly created mythology relates to the political, social and cultural context of the time; and investigates extent to which it was affected by the personal agendas of the poets. By analysing three New World myths (Brazilian Amazons, Patagonian giants and Canadian pygmies), it provides insights into the perception that Italians had of the newly discovered lands in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, as well as providing a greater understanding of the role that early modern Italy had in the ‘invention’ of the Americas.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future Italian Fascist Representations of the Roman Past
    fascism 3 (2014) 1-19 brill.com/fasc Back to the Future Italian Fascist Representations of the Roman Past Jan Nelis Université libre de Bruxelles-CIERL, Brussels, Belgium [email protected] Abstract Among the many ‘founding myths’ of Italian Fascism such as those regarding its relationship to the First World War, one element stood out as key to both its quest for absolute dominion over the Italian peninsula and its historically based self-concept and representation: the idea of present-day Italy as incarnating the spirit and virtu- ousness of Roman (late Republican and early Imperial) antiquity, creating the image of a Terza Roma, of a ‘third’, Fascist Rome. This concept was omnipresent throughout the entire period within which Mussolini dominated Italian politics. This very spe- cific use of the historical past is discussed in this article, tracing its presence in vari- ous parts of the cultural and intellectual field, identifying the manifold ways in which history can meet contemporary, and ‘futural’, prerequisites. In so doing, it is inspired by recent scholarship underlining the futural, temporal thrust of Fascism and romanità, rather than its traditionally reactionary, backward-looking dynamic. As seems, at least to a certain extent, to have been the case in Nazi Germany, for the Fascists, antiquity indeed was no faraway, dusty past, but a lively source of inspira- tion and energy revealing the regime’s modernist, revolutionary ambition to build a ‘Third Rome’ which, literally and figuratively, made visible the earlier layers of Roman heritage. Keywords Fascism – romanità – antiquity – modernism – reception – culturalism – Third Rome – Pietro De Francisci * This paper is dedicated to the memory of Jane Dunnett (1960–2013).
    [Show full text]