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New Railway Alignment Design Based on Geo-Informatics: a Literature Review

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New Railway Alignment Design Based on Geo-Informatics: a Literature Review Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-1, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in New Railway Alignment Design Based On Geo-Informatics: A Literature Review Jignesh Padaya1, Jayesh Juremalani2 & Indra Prakash3 1M.Tech -Transportation Engineering Student, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Parul University 2 Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Parul University 3Faculty in BISAG, Gandhinagar Abstract: This review study aptly demonstrated that 1.1 General GIS is an effective and efficient tool in railway alignment design and this review paper also Indian Railways (IR) has a network of more than discriminate between the how manual railway 64,000 route kilometres, primarily broad gauge alignment design and GIS based railway alignment (1676 mm), with an average traffic density per design is different in every aspects. However this running track kilometre of 12.67 million gross tonne review study doesn’t include the methodology, kilometres on the Broad Gauge, twice the level in evaluation factor, analyzing etc. this review research 1960/61. Railway tracks, the basic infrastructure for shows that how we can replace such method by new rail movement, constitute about 40% of the total technology and where people used it and find all capital investments of IR and are the most important over beneficial and suggesting. asset of Indian Railways (both functionally and financially). 1 Introduction Over time, Railways have evolved the technologies An area in the saurashtra province of Gujarat, and practices to design, construct and maintain currently there is lack of railway network due to tracks, with an aim to move faster and heavier traffic. some political, social, economical and lack of feasibility in this areas. A gauge conversion project Starting in 1853, when the first Railway line was of dhasa-jetlsar is going on by westerner railway this opened, IR has constructed a country wide network line is passing near amreli’s village chittal, which is of 74,460 route kilometres (till March, 2016) which near by 15 km but there is no railway network which has around 13,500 trains running on it every day.37 will connect a amreli to chittal, if it will construct The track construction works are carried out by all than it can connect to nearby passing broad gauge Zones Railways themselves. line and amreli will connect to a network of railway and it can get easily all trains which will go big cities 1.2 Types of gauges like Rajkot, baroda, ahemdabad, surat and etc. So our purpose is to construct a new railway track of 15 km Figure 1 showing Types of gauges and its dimension distance of route amreli to chital with support of Geo-informatics technology. The manual method of route alignment design selection is a tedious, time consuming, and costly so to overcome from all facing problems we are using a geographic information system (GIS). The power of Geographic information Systems (GIS) in solving basic engineering problems has not yet been fully appreciated in this part of the world. For instance, for many years now route selection has always been expensive and inefficient manual methods which involve analysis of analogue maps and ground surveying methods. This study aims to Figure 1 Types of gauges and its dimension demonstrate the potential of GIS as a practical tool in Broad Gauge is the most widely used rail gauge in railway route selection. India with approximately 108,000 km (67,000 mi) of Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 1305 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-1, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in track length and 60,000 km (37,282 mi) of route 1.2.3 Meter Gauge length in 2014. In the 1880s, when the BG tracks had been laid over In some regions Meter Gauge is common for some routes, another Governor-General considered 3 historical reasons and consists of about 4,000 km the introduction in fill 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 ⁄8 in) metre (2,485 mi) of route length, down from more than gauge MG lines to reduce the cost. Figure 3 is showing 20,000 km (12,427 mi) in late 1970s. Image of Meter gauge Narrow gauges are present on a few routes lying in hilly terrains and in some private railways because of cost considerations. Narrow gauges covered less than 2,000 km (1,243 mi) route length in 2014. Among the notable Mountain Railways of India, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway uses Meter Gauge whereas the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, the Kalka-Shimla Railway, the Kangra Valley Railway, and the Matheran Hill Railway use Narrow Gauge. 1.2.1 Broad Gauge Figure 3 Meter gauge The Governor-General of India in the 1850s chose BG for India rather than the SG. The two main reasons given were greater stability during periods of high wind and unpredictable weather and greater 1.2.4 Narrow Gauge space between the wheels for bigger inside cylinders (although this ceased to be a problem when outside Narrow gauges are present on a few routes lying in cylinders were introduced).Figure 2 is showing Image hilly terrains and in some private railways because of of Broad gauge cost considerations. Narrow gauges covered a total of 2,400 km (1,491 mi) routelengthin2011. Figure 4 is Showing Image of Narrow gauge Figure 2 Broad gauge The inability to source standard equipment was not Figure 4 Narrow gauge seen to be a problem or was overlooked. The extra cost of longer sleepers was not considered to be a problem, though later the cost saving of shorter 1.3 Key elements of a track sleepers with MG was considered to be an advantage. Track or Permanent Way is the rail-road on which train runs. It consists of two parallel rails having a specified distance in between and fastened to sleepers, which are embedded in a layer of ballast of 1.2.2 Standard Gauge specified thickness spread over the formation. Rails are joined to each other by fish plates and bolts or Small lengths of standard gauge (1435 mm) have welding and then fastened to the sleepers by various existed in India for individual projects and short line fittings like keys and spikes, etc. lengths. Until 2010, the only standard gauge line in India was the Kolkata (Calcutta) tram system. Rails – act as girders to transmit the wheel loads of trains to the sleepers Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 1306 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-1, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in Sleepers – hold the rails in proper position and environment, GIS is now a tool that finds application provide a correct gauge; transfer the load to the in most fields of human endeavour at local, regional ballast and global levels such as sitting development, agricultural soil suitability analysis, management of Fittings and fastenings – fasten sleepers to rails urban utilities, disaster management, monitoring Ballast – gives a uniform level surface, provides desertification etc . drainage and transfers the load to a larger area of formation Darvishsefat et al, their research they used MCE Formation – gives a level surface, where the ballast and least cost pathway functionalities to generate a rests and takes the total load of the track and that of railway route from Rasht to Anzali in Iran. In their the trains moving on it. study they considered several parameters including; roads, rivers, land cover, cultural heritage and 2 Study Area geology. (Feldman et al., 1995) used remotely sensed data and GIS for pipeline routing in a small section An area in the saurashtra province of Gujarat, of the proposed Caspian oil pipeline. extending from Amreli to chittal distance is 15km, is selected as the study area. Amreli which is locate at Jacobs and Vuong, they used GIS in routing high Lat 21.608103’, Lon 71.228311’ elevate at a 127m speed railway in Minnesota Province, USA. and chital is located at a Lat 22.184306’, Lon 70.480903’elevated at a 126m both area mostly Yourself Shafahi and M. J. Shahbazi, optimum covers by a coastal areas and volcanic too . The soils railway alignment, in their research, it is tried to are mostly loamy, clay, calerous, and formulate railway alignment design as an montmorillonite. optimization problem. Due to the huge amount of variables (alternative alignments) and several complex constraints. Ali Esmailian et al, they analyzed in their research; choosing best railway alternative has been investigated using a combination of Spatial Multiple Criteria Decision Making in GIS environment. Informational layers and influential ingredients, including slope, protected areas, main roads, streams, fault, privacy of village and town, geology and Land use. Chris O’Dell et al, They demonstrated how an innovative approach, aided by a GIS was utilised to analyse the multiple route options to determine a preferred corridor. Spatial data and GIS technology formed an essential part of the option assessment process for the study. Constraints and quantities were identified, summed and evaluated for each section of potential track and these sections were allocated to a route. The results of the quantity analysis were extracted, formatted and distributed to the study team and used by cost estimators to determine the preliminary capital and operating costs. These results were used to determine the preferred corridor along Figure 5 study area with other criteria, such as land use, engineering, environment, topography, ground condition and 3 Literature Review existing infrastructure. To perform these analyses, a GIS database was J.B.K. Kiema et al, their paper concludes that At established containing spatial information including least 80% of all public and private decision-making design, is based on some spatial or geographic aspects (FIG, Infrastructure, environmental, topographic and 2001).
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