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The Historical Legacies of the Polish Partitions University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2013-05-01 The Roots of Democratic Participation: The Historical Legacies of the Polish Partitions Rocskar, Olivia Rocskar, O. (2013). The Roots of Democratic Participation: The Historical Legacies of the Polish Partitions (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/28373 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/678 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY The Roots of Democratic Participation: The Historical Legacies of the Polish Partitions by Olivia Rocskar A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE CALGARY, ALBERTA APRIL, 2013 Olivia Rocskar 2013 Abstract This thesis examines the historical legacies of Poland’s partitioned past as an explanation for contemporary regional differentiation in citizens’ democratic participation. Specifically, it considers the historical experience of the Poles prior to 1919 and their response to the occupying powers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia following the partition of the state between 1772 and 1795. In doing so, it focuses on two mechanisms: the birth of modern cultural nationalism and peasant political integration. It argues that the way these variables developed under the authority of the occupying powers accounts for a) the quality of contemporary democratic participation, and b) the persistence of political values over time. The Polish example illustrates the larger implications of the preconditions driving citizen participation and how these affect the quality of democratic development. ii Acknowledgements I owe my gratitude to a number of individuals for supporting me throughout this process. I would first like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Pablo Policzer for his guidance, encouragement and patience, but above all his unwavering belief in my abilities. His direction and support helped me overcome the challenges of writing this thesis. I would also like to thank the Department of Political Science for their invaluable support and encouragement. I have benefited from the Queen Elizabeth II Scholarship as well as the support of the Department of Political Science. I would also like to express my gratitude to my friends and colleagues who provided valuable feedback and suggestions at various stages of writing. I am also grateful for the moral support and encouragement of my family and friends. I want to thank Peter who has been with me at every step in this process, and whose love, support, encouragement, and patience have carried me through my struggle to complete this thesis. I also want to thank Dr. Gretchen MacMillan who guided me in the beginning stages of this project, but who did not live to see me complete this work. To her I dedicate this thesis. iii Dedication To the memory of Dr. Gretchen MacMillan iv Table of Contents ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER ONE: THE POLISH PUZZLE .................................................................................... 8 MAPPING VOTER TURNOUT AND PARTISANSHIP IN POLAND BETWEEN 1989-2011 .................................... 8 Voting Preferences and Turnout ................................................................................................................. 9 EXPLANATIONS OF REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION IN POLAND ......................................................................... 17 Communist Legacies (Post-Communist Transition) ........................................................................ 17 Electoral Geography ....................................................................................................................................... 19 The Lipset-Rokkan Model ............................................................................................................................ 20 Political Culture ............................................................................................................................................... 24 THE LEGACY OF INSTITUTIONAL HISTORIES ........................................................................................................ 28 Institutions ......................................................................................................................................................... 29 Partitions of Poland ........................................................................................................................................ 30 Modern Nationalism ...................................................................................................................................... 35 Peasant Political Integration ...................................................................................................................... 36 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER TWO: THE RISE OF MODERN POLISH NATIONALISM ................................ 40 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................... 40 Nationalism........................................................................................................................................................ 41 GALICIA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 45 The Church ......................................................................................................................................................... 45 Church, Religion and Society ...................................................................................................................... 47 The Church and National Identity ............................................................................................................ 49 Anticlericalism ................................................................................................................................................. 51 PRUSSIAN PARTITION ............................................................................................................................................... 53 The Church ......................................................................................................................................................... 54 Church, Religion and Society ...................................................................................................................... 56 The Church and National Identity ............................................................................................................ 57 RUSSIAN PARTITION ................................................................................................................................................. 60 The Church ......................................................................................................................................................... 62 Church, Religion and Society ...................................................................................................................... 64 The Church and National Identity ............................................................................................................ 65 CHAPTER SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................. 67 CHAPTER THREE: POLITICS OF THE PEASANTS ............................................................. 69 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................... 69 Peasant Condition and Political Integration ........................................................................................ 69 GALICIA ......................................................................................................................................................................
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